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Amr Nadim, MD
[amrnadim@link.net]
Definition: It is the presence of more than one
fetus in the abdomen of a pregnant women.
• According to their number, they could be
categorized into:
• twins (most common),
• triplet,
• quadriplet, …etc.
• Incidence:
– According to Hellin's law [1:80 (n-1)]
• the incidence of twins is 1:80,
• for triplet 1:(80)2, for quadriplet 1:(80)3, and so on.
• This rule applies for spontaneously occuring multiple
pregnancies and not for those induced by ovulatory
stimulating drugs.
Types
• Monozygotic • Dizygotic
– Fertilization of 2 seperate
– Fertilization of a single ovum, ova
– Similar sex. – Its etiology and prevalence
– Identical in every way including the varies, with racial /
hereditary difference,
HLA genes – Its actual prevalence is
– Not genetically determined increasing due to:
• Early diagnosis by U/S.
– Constant in all races; its
• Induction of ovulation
prevalence: 1/250. • Change of the ages of
women experiencing their
first pregnancy and delivery
( > 35 years age).
Scenario 1
Monozygotic twin pregnancy
Bi-chorial and bi-amniotic
If the separation takes place just after the first cellular division [1st 3 days ]
both of the twins will have their own placenta and an amniotic sac each.
Scenario 2
Monozygotic twin pregnancy
.Mono-chorial and bi-amniotic
Separation can also take place a little later in the development [4-8 days]
of the embryonic cells but before the blastocyte has defined the roles of each cell.
Twins will be in the same placenta, but they will have 2 amniotic sacs.
Scenario 3
Monozygotic twin pregnancy
Mono-chorial & mono-amniotic
Separation takes place at the stage when the amniotic bag is already being formed
[day 8-14]
Twins will be in the same placenta, and in the same amniotic sac.
Conjoined Twins
• If the division occurred just
after embryonic disc
formation, incomplete or
conjoined twins will occur.
They may be joined
– anteriorly [thoracopagus-
commonest],
– posteriorly [pyopagus]
– cephalad [craniopagus] or
– caudal [ischiopagus].
Dyzygotic twin pregnancy
Bi-chorial and bi-amniotic.
Dyzygotic twins, are descended from a double ovulation and a double fertilization.
The 2 eggs are completely independent.
This configuration represents two thirds of all twin pregnancies.
Selective Embryo Reduction
• The presence of > 3 fetuses carries the
risk of losing them all (preterm delivery).
• The number is reduced to twins only by
injecting potassium chloride intracardiac
under U/S guidance (about 1.5 ml of 15%
solution).
– Potassium chloride may diffuse and affect
other fetuses.
Maternal Complications
• Increased maternal mortality.
• Increased pregnancy risks:
– Anemia (15%): due to iron deficiency or folic acid deficiency
– Preeclampsia- eclampsia:
– Glucose intolerance.
– Threatened or actual abortion.
– Polyhydramnios (12%): acute: more in monozygotic than dizygotic
twins. OR Chronic: not related to type.
– Mechanical effects: with the uterus larger than period of amenorrhea; it
may be associated with dyspnea, dyspepsia, pressure on ureter with
increased UTI, supine hypotension syndrome, increased varicosities
and lower limb edema.
– Rupture of membranes
– Antepartum hemorrhage: both abruption (due to PIH and folic acid
deficiency) and placenta previa (due to large placenta).
– Psychological: problem of caring, prolonged rest and hospitalization.
• Increased labor risks:
Preterm labor (50%): which may be spontaneous or
induced Uterine dystocia.
Abnormal fetal presentation.
Twins entanglement and locked twins
Cord accident
• Cord prolapse.
• Vasa Praevia (due to vilamentous insertion of the
cord).
• Two Vessel cord (7% especially monozygotic) N.B;
1% in singelton
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Puerperal Sepsis
Fetal / Neonatal Complications
• Increased abortion rate:
• Increased intra-uterine fetal death (IUFD):
– More in MZ > DZ.
– Vanishing twin syndrome: (incidence rate 21%)
– Early death = Fetus compressus (papyraceous fetus).
– Later death = macerated fetus.
– Death during delivery:
• first fetus: [prolapsed cord],
• second fetus: [ due to excess sedation, premature seperation
of placenta, constriction ring ,dystocia, operative manipulation,
hypoxia].
• Increased perinatal mortality (10-20%):
– More in monozygotic twins.
– It is mainly related to low birth weight.
– It may be due to
• preterm delivery
• IUGR with PIH
• hypoxia (placental or cord accident)
• operative manipulation: Birth trauma and CP
• congenital malformation.
• Increased low body weight:
– Neonates are lighter [due to preterm or IUGR],
– More in monozygotic and with increased fetal
number
Twin to Twin transfusion
– Vascular communication between 2
fetuses, mainly in monochorionic
placenta (10% of monozygotic twins),
– Twins are often of different sizes:
• Donor twin = small, pallied,
dehydrated (IUGR), oligohydramnios
(due to oliguria), die from anemic
heart failure.
• Recipient twin = plethoric,
edematous, hypertensive, ascites,
kernicterus (need amniocentesis for
bilirubin), enlarged liver,
polyhydramnios (due to polyuria), die
from congestive heart failure, and
jaundice.
TRAP..??
Differentiation of twins