Chapter II

General Description of the Pune District

2.1 Introduction

Pune district, located in the western part of Maharashtra, is geographically the second
largest district in the state. The total geographical area of the district is 15.62 lakh hectares,
constituting 5 per cent of the state’s geographical area. The district is surrounded by
Ahmednagar district on the North and East, Solapur district on the South-east, Satara district on
the south, Raigad district on the west and Thane district on North-west. Pune district is triangle
in shape and lies in the Bhima and Nira basins. It is triangle in shape with its base in Sahyadri
mountains on the west and its apex in the extreme South –east corner near Nira river. Pune
district is also important from tourism point of view. These are some worth visiting places in and
around Pune are Dehu, Alandi, Saswad, Jejuri, Nira, Narshinhpur, Ale, Morgaon, Theur,
Ranjangaon, Ojhar, Lenyadri, Pune City, Khed, Maval, Mulshi, Purandar, Shirur, Velhe,
Ambegaon, Baramati, Bhor, Daund, Indapur and Junnar.

Map 1: Location Map of Maharashtra and Pune in India

Maharashtra Pune District

India

7
2.2 District at a Glance
2.2.1 Location and Geographical Units:
Pune district lies between 17.54 to 19.24 degree North latitude and 73.19 to 75.10 degree
eastern longitude. The district comprises of 14 tehsils namely Pune city, Haveli, Mulshi, Bhor,
Maval, Velhe, Junnar, Khed, Ambegaon, Shirur, Baramati, Indapur, Daund, Purandar. Under the
Pune Zilla Parishad jurisdiction, 1866 villages are covered through 13 panchayat Samities and
1407 gram Panchayats. Pune city is located at 559 metres from the mean sea level. It is located
in the Deccan Plateau and is about 100 kms east from Konkan coast and at a distance of about
160 kms from Mumbai. It is located at the confluence of Mula-Mutha rivers. It is bounded by
hills on the western side. One can see the Sinhagad-Katraj hilly area to the south.

Map 2: Road map of Pune district

2.2.2 Demographic Profile:

As per the Census 2011, the total population of the Pune district was 94.29 lakh with a
population density of 603 per square kilometer. It consists of 57.51 lakh of rural population and
36.78 lakh of urban population. The ratio of female population per thousand of male was 915.
Out of the total population 12.51 percent belong to SC and 3.69 percent to ST communities
(Table 2.1). The district is with high literacy level of 86.15 percent, 80.98 percent in rural areas
and 89.45 percent in urban areas.

8
Table 2.1: Taluka-wise area, Number of villages, Gram Panchayats and Population of Pune District
Sr. Taluka General Population % to District total
No. Area % to No. of No. of (2011) '000 Total S.C. (%) S.T.
(sq.K.M.) total revenue Gram (%)
villages Panchayat
1 Pune city 184 1.2 0 - 3305 35.051 4.741 0.392

2 Haveli 1337 8.5 108 102 2436 25.835 3.977 0.541

3 Mulashi 1039 6.6 144 95 171 1.814 0.191 0.074

4 Bhor 892 5.7 195 155 186 1.973 0.117 0.053

5 Mawal 1131 7.2 187 102 377 3.998 0.382 0.308

6 Velha 497 3.2 130 70 55 0.583 0.032 0.021

7 Junnar 1385 8.8 183 142 399 4.232 0.191 0.859

8 Khed 1400 8.9 188 163 450 4.773 0.318 0.520

9 Ambegaon 1043 6.6 143 103 236 2.503 0.106 0.541

10 Shirur 1557 9.9 117 93 385 4.083 0.350 0.127

11 Baramati 1382 8.8 117 100 430 4.560 0.679 0.032

12 Indapur 1463 9.3 143 113 383 4.062 0.647 0.053

13 Daund 1290 8.2 103 79 380 4.030 0.605 0.106

14 Purandhar 1103 7.0 108 90 236 2.503 0.180 0.064

Total 15703 100.0 1866 1407 9429 100 12.515 3.691

Source: District Social & Economic Review- 2011 and census 2011

The taluka-wise area, number of villages, gram panchayats and population of Pune
district is presented in Table 2.1. It can be seen from the table that Pune district has 1866
villages and 1407 gram Panchayats. Pune city of course does not have any villages. The
population of the district is 94.29 lakhs with 35.05 percent of the population in Pune city. The
next most populous taluka is Haveli which accounts for 25.83 percent of the population of the
district. Thus, 61 percent of the district’s population is located in Pune city and Haveli taluka.
The sex ratio of the population consists of 52.22 percent male and 47.78 percent female
population. Pune district has 2 municipal corporations and 3 cantonment boards. The District is
extended over 13 blocks having 1866 villages and 1407 gram panchayats.
2.2.3 Topography and Agro-Climatic Conditions:
The climate of the district is characterized by dry atmosphere except during monsoon.
The summer is moderately high and temperature varies from 360 c to 460 c. The average annual
rainfall is 905 mm. The rainfall pattern varies between 5080 mm on the western hilly region to
457 mm in eastern plateau progressively declining eastwards. Pune district forms a part of the
tropical monsoon land and therefore shows a significant seasonal variation in temperature as
well as rainfall conditions. Climate of the western region of Pune is cool whereas the eastern
part is hot and dry. Pune district is divided into four agro-climatic zones as described below.

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1) Zone - 3 : Western Ghat Zone:
The area included is this zone comprises of the hilly, high lying terrains round about the
Ghats of Amboli, Fonda and Amba in Kolhapur District, Koyana and Mahabaleshwar in Satara
district, Lonawala and Khandala in Pune district, Kalsoobai hills in Akola taluka in Ahmednagar
district and Igatpuri and Trimbak in Nasik district. This zone covers 1.16 lakh hectares area of
Pune district.
2) Zone - 4 : Sub-Mountain Zone – Transition Zone-1 with red to reddish brown soils:
It comprises a narrow strip running through the western hilly flank of Kolhapur district;
western part of Bhor, Velhe and Mulshi, central part of Mawal, western strip of Khed,
Ambegaon and Junnar talukas of Pune district. The area covered by this zone is 3.08 Lakh Ha
area of district.

Map 3: Agro-Climatic Zones-Pune District

3) Zone – 5 : Western Maharashtra Plain Zone – Transition Zone-II with Grayish Black Soils
This is a wider strip running parallel and to eastern side of Transition Zone-I and extends
towards east up to the line where the Scarcity Zone starts. It extends to central part of Bhor,
western part of Haveli and eastern parts of Maval, Khed, Ambegaon and Junnar talukas in Pune
district covering 3.14 lakh hectares.
4) Zone- 6: Scarcity Zone- With kharif - cum Rabi Cropping:
The vast area in mid-western Maharashtra is traditionally known as the famine area of
the State. It comprises of Pune, Ahmedngar, Nasik and Dhule districts (excluding the portions
covered under plain Zone). This zone is the largest zone of Pune district constituting 8.21lakh

10
hectares and accounting for 53 per cent of the area of the district. It covers areas of Purandar,
Baramati, Indapur, Daund, Shirur, Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Haveli and Bhor taluka of district.
Rainfall and Temperature:
Owing to the geographical conditions within the district, the rainfall is unevenly
distributed. The Western part of the district adjacent to the West coast is hilly area having forest
cover, due to which the rainfall intensity is more in this area as compared to the eastern parts.
Most of this rain is brought by the southwest monsoon winds during the summer and about 87
percent of rainfalls during the monsoon months. The monsoon arrives in the month of June, with
the maximum intensity of rainfall during the month of July and August. Talukas falling in the
highest rainfall intensity zone are Velha, Mulshi and Maval. Talukas falling in the moderate
rainfall intensity zone are Bhor, Ambegaon, Junnar, Khed, haveli, Pune city and Purandar.
Talukas with lowest rainfall intensity, the dry and semi-arid zone are Shirur, Daund, Indapur and
Baramati (Table 2.2 and 2.3).
As mentioned earlier, over 73 percent of cropped area is cultivated under rainfed
condition in the district. Therefore, monsoon rain plays a critical role in the development of
agriculture. The average rainfall of the district is lower than the state average and the variation in
rainfall across different blocks within the district as well as across different years is one of the
major constraints in district’s agriculture. An analysis shows that the productivity of agricultural
commodities goes down sharply whenever there is a reduction in rainfall. This is because of the
fact that food grains and other crops are cultivated predominantly under rainfed condition.
Table 2.2: Taluka-wise Monthly Normal Rainfall (in mm.)
Sr.No. Taluka Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 Pune city 2 0.9 3.3 14.9 31.5 107.4 168.9 96.5 130.1 78 29.9 6
2 Haveli 2 0.9 3.3 14.9 31.5 107.4 168.9 96.5 130.1 78 29.9 6.6
3 Mulshi 1.2 0.5 2.7 10.1 24.3 235.3 680.1 437.3 164.7 73.4 29.8 3.3
4 Bhor 1.7 6.7 3 13.7 31.9 138.9 381.7 237.7 129.6 79.3 33.6 7.4
5 Maval 1.4 0.6 1.3 9.9 25.8 187.6 498.4 305.8 151.3 79 27.8 3.4
6 Velhe 0.1 0.1 2.5 10.7 62.3 417.2 1047 679.9 258.8 120.4 36.3 5.7
7 Junnar 2.2 1.1 2.6 9.7 22.9 100.9 250.6 147.5 113.3 68.3 36.1 5.7
8 Khed 1.8 0.8 1.9 8.8 33.2 103.4 186.4 114.7 136.8 70.1 32.8 5.1
9 Ambegaon 1.9 0.2 2.1 10.8 28.4 112.7 265.3 143.7 131.3 70 34.3 3.9
10 Shirur 3 2.1 1.7 7.5 25.1 106.9 74.4 48.3 144.5 62.9 30 7.2
11 Baramati 4.2 0.8 2.2 7.7 27.7 78.5 56.7 67.4 150.1 72.2 32.1 5.3
12 Indapur 4.9 1.5 3.6 10.3 21.9 92.2 63 53.1 145.3 71.7 28.7 7.6
13 Daund 3 0.9 1 9 20.7 81.5 60.2 46.7 130.7 71.3 29.1 7.4
14 Purandar 1.4 0.6 3 16.2 30.4 88.7 110.7 64 112 87.2 33.1 9.1
Source –www.agri.mah.nic.in

11
 The month of April and May are the hottest months in the district. Maximum
temperature during these months often rises above 36 degrees C. The western region of Pune
district i.e. talukas Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Maval, Mulshi and Velha are cool whereas the
eastern part i.e. talukas Shirur, Daund, Baramati and Indapur are hot and dry. December and
january are the coolest months, when average temperature falls as low as 11 degrees C.

Table 2.3: Talukawise Rainfall for the Pune District- 2002-03 to 2011-12
Rainfall in mm

2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011-
Taluka/Year 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Pune city 153.8 335.3 652.4 1229.5 1174.5 779.44 689.3 909.7 1169 979.9
Haveli (pune) 762.5 452.1 839.3 1240.36 1182.3 859.04 706.1 938.3 1147.8 979.6
Mulshi (paud) 820.6 1251 1785.4 2872.8 2755 1834 1602 1836.7 1592 1792
Bhor 1017.9 712 1284.3 1711 1632 1429.4 998 1213 1121 1129.3
Maval (wadgaon) 1357 1026 1382.6 2557 2198 1442.6 1399.5 1364.8 1168 1482
Velhe 952.3 1420 2003.4 6315.6 3880 3263 2409 1405 2043 2695.1
Junnar 605.5 648.2 719.8 1344.4 1197 880 747.4 706 862.3 769
Khed
432.5 386.3 668.5 956.9 1454.3 756.5 692.7 639.6 1018.4 637.7
(Rajgurunagar)
Ambegaon
351.2 421.8 671.2 1014 1312.3 830.9 735 732.3 823.4 836
(Ghodegaon)
Shirur
520.2 266 346 459 760 674 492 859.6 849.5 441.8
(Ghodnandi)
Baramati 262.4 113.2 425 704 510 622 454 738.8 804.6 291
Indapur 336.4 163.3 496.9 690.5 620.6 640.3 345.4 932.4 805.8 399
Daund 229.8 156.3 452.9 739 524 604.85 326.7 474.3 639.3 347.6
Purandar
223.4 215 710 1156 1441 519 497 806 602 609.4
(saswad)
Source –www.agri.mah.nic.in

Soil Type:
A variety of soils are found in Pune district ranging from deep black soils of plain &
scarcity zone to shallow, red or reddish brown soils of sub mountain & western ghat zone. Soils
of Pune district are categorized in to 5 types viz., Black (45 percent), Red (5 percent), Alluvial
(8 percent), Sandy (12 percent) and Sandy loams (30 percent).

12
 Map 4: Geomorphology map of Pune District

Land Capability Classification:

The taluka-wise land use capability classification of Pune district is presented in Table
2.4. It can be seen from the table that out of the total sample surveyed, about 60 percent of land
falls under Class III and IV Category, i.e. moderately to fairly good land for cultivation, which is
scattered in all the talukas. About 14 percent of land is of good cultivable land and remaining
land is not suitable for cultivation.
Table 2.4: Taluka-wise Land Use Capability Classification of Pune District
Total
Sr. Class Class - Class - Class Class - Class - Class -
Taluka Class - II surveyed
No. -I III IV -V VI VII VIII
area
1 Bhor 0 365 538 754 0 4016 2202 0 7875
2 Velha 0 626 2076 2100 0 4085 1615 1897 12399
3 Mawal 0 1155 3226 10163 0 3729 1143 0 19416
4 Mulashi 0 6988 10181 11310 0 38430 663 12 67584
5 Haveli 0 9568 10615 14726 0 11035 3313 6456 55713
6 Khed 0 10267 18224 26306 0 15496 14723 1502 86518
7 Ambegaon 0 4941 10773 13921 0 18242 10624 1061 59562
8 Junnar 0 11687 22498 24169 0 18258 11050 531 88193
9 Shirur 0 17350 32867 53333 0 11240 2020 0 116810
10 Baramati 0 10212 32725 29514 0 12281 1570 0 86302
11 Daund 0 17075 32354 27489 0 12183 0 0 89101
12 Indapur 0 15574 43083 36895 0 10172 850 0 106574
13 Purandhar 0 13991 27629 29102 0 16748 1866 0 89336
Total 0 119799 246789 279782 0 175915 51639 11459 885383
Notes: Class I - Very good cultivable land, Class II - Good cultivable land, Class III -Moderately good cultivable land,

13
Class IV-Fairly good land, suited for occasional cultivation-, Class V - Nearly level land not suitable for cultivation because of
stoniness, wetness, etc., Class VI -Steep slopes, highly erosion prone with shallow soils, Class VII -Steep slope with sever soil
erosion resulting in eroded stony and rough soil surfaces with shallow soil , Class VIII- hilly area very steep slope , uncultivable

Source: District Soil survey & Soil Testing Office, Pune

Map 5: Soil and Land Use Capability

Classification Map of Pune District

Fig. 2.1: Land Use Capability Classification of Pune District

Class - IV, 31.6

Class - V, 0.0

Class - VI, 19.9

Class - III, 27.9 Class - VII, 5.8

Class - VIII, 1.3

Class - II, 13.5
Class - I, 0.0

14
Soil Fertility Indices:
Soil fertility refers to the inherent capacity of the soil to supply nutrients in adequate
amounts and in suitable proportions for crop growth and crop yield. The trend in increasing the
yield by adopting high yielding varieties has resulted in deficiency of nutrients in soils and has
reflected as deficiency symptoms in plants. Hence, it is required to know the fertility status of
the soils of the district applying the required dosage of fertilizers and planning the regional
distribution of fertilizers. The soil fertility indices of PH, E.C., available organic carbon,
available phosphorus and available Potash, analyzed from 19946 total samples collected from
different talukas of the district is presented in Table 2.5. It can be seen from the table about 73
percent of the soil in the district fall under category with neutral PH, followed by 24.4 percent
soil of acidic nature and reaming is alkaline status. About 95 percent of soil in the district falls
under category of low Electrical Conductivity and about 85 percent of soil contain low Organic
Carbon. The available phosphorus and potash status in the soils of Pune district shows that more
than 96 percent of soil in the district is low in phosphorus and most of the soil in the district is
high potash (about 98 percent of soil).

Table 2.5: Soil Fertility Indices

Available Phosphorus Available Potash

No of PH E.C.(ds/m) Organic Carbon (%) (Kg/ha.) (Kg/ha.)
Soil
Taluka
Alkaline

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium
Samples
Neutral
Acidic

analysed
High

High

High

High
low

low

low

low
Bhor 769 595 174 0 750 19 0 745 21 3 768 1 0 6 2 761
Mulashi 824 759 65 0 821 3 0 784 12 28 822 0 2 7 14 803
Mawal 1247 1034 212 1 1247 0 0 1176 18 53 1228 16 3 7 16 1224
Velha 861 655 206 0 855 6 0 801 17 43 854 4 3 3 9 849
Baramati 2006 248 1680 78 1789 167 50 1448 356 202 1976 23 7 8 15 1983
Daund 1546 55 1440 51 1431 83 32 1410 68 68 1531 12 3 19 26 1501
Indapur 1425 83 1290 52 1366 48 11 1350 50 25 1358 62 5 5 8 1412
Purandhar 1853 191 1622 40 1750 92 11 1728 61 64 1707 129 17 8 50 1795
Shirur 3229 394 2609 226 2996 206 27 2691 221 317 3020 146 63 27 44 3158
Haveli 2742 550 2096 96 2498 217 27 2160 260 322 2629 101 12 43 66 2633
Khed 809 123 683 3 784 25 0 769 15 25 785 18 6 3 12 794
Ambegaon 1434 72 1362 0 1405 29 0 792 301 341 1383 38 13 5 26 1403
Junnar 1201 114 1082 5 1189 11 1 1083 101 17 1099 78 24 14 23 1164
TOTAL 19946 4873 14521 552 18881 906 159 16937 1501 1508 19160 628 158 155 311 19480
Source- District Soil Survey & Soil Testing Office, Pune

15
 Map 6: Soil Fertility Index of Available Nitrogen (on the basis of Organic Carbon %)
of Pune District

Map 7: Soil Fertility Index of Available Phosphorus of Pune District

16
Map 8: Soil Fertility Index of Available Potassium of Pune District

Map 9: Soil Electrical Conductivity of Pune District

17
 Map 10: Soil Reaction pH - Pune District

Micronutrient Status

Because of wide spread deficiencies in soils leading to reduced crop yields, an emphasis
is given on soil micronutrient sufficiency /deficiency and are being intensively studied in recent
times. The deficiencies are caused due to use of chemically pure and micronutrient free
fertilisers, cultivation of improved crop varieties with high nutrient requirements and intensive
cultivation of crops.
Table 2.6: Micronutrient Status in the Soil of Pune district
No of Soil Manganese
Sr. Name of Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Zinc (Zn)
Samples (Mn)
No. the Taluka
Analyzed S D S D S D S D
1 Bhor 3 3 0 0 3 3 0 2 1
2 Mulashi 4 4 0 1 3 4 0 2 2
3 Mawal 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
4 Velha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Baramati 38 38 0 0 38 38 0 3 35
6 Daund 132 132 0 6 126 132 0 4 128
7 Indapur 194 194 0 27 167 194 0 15 179
8 Purandhar 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
9 Shirur 214 214 0 23 191 214 0 13 201
10 Haveli 7 7 0 2 5 7 0 2 5
11 Khed 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
12 Ambegaon 75 75 0 2 73 75 0 2 73
13 Junnar 127 127 0 6 121 127 0 13 114
Total 797 797 0 68 729 797 0 57 740
Note: S- Sufficient, D-Deficient
Source- District Soil Survey & Soil Testing Office, Pune

18
 Map 11: Soil Available Micronutrient Status- Pune District

It can be seen from the Table 2.6 that the available copper and manganese status show
that the soils of the district is sufficient in copper and manganese. However, the available iron
and zinc status reveals that about 92 per cent of the soils in the district are deficient in iron
which need corrective measures for increased crop production and about 93 percent area of soils
in the district have zinc deficiency. Zinc fertilization is definitely required for sustained crop
production.

Rivers:
The rivers like Bhima, Neera, Mula, Mutha, Indrayani and Ghod flow through this
district. These rivers carry a great volume of water and many irrigation dams are constructed
across these rivers. The district presents a varied physiographic with highly undulating hilly
topography on western side and large plain stretch towards east.
Most of the talukas in Pune district are flood prone. The rivers likely to cause flooding
are river Bhima (Tal. Shirur, Daund, Indapur and Haveli), River Mula (Pune city), river
Mutha(Tal.Punecity and Mulshi), River Indrayani (Tal. Khed, Haveli and Maval), River Ghod
(Tal. Ambegaon), River Mina and Pushpavati (tal Junnar), River Nira (Tal. Indapur and
Purandar), River Pavana (Tal. Haveli).

19
 Map 12: Rivers and Reservoirs in Pune District

2.2.4 Land Use Pattern and Land holdings:

Land use pattern explains how effectively land resources are utilized for different
purposes in a state. Development in irrigation and growth in population are the two important
factors, which mostly decide the land use pattern of any region/state. Table 2.7 presents the
detailed land use pattern of the Pune district. It can be seen from the table that out of
geographical area, about 23 percent of land is under non agricultural usage i.e. forest, land under
non-agricultural use, cultivable waste, permanent pasture and miscellaneous trees and groves.
About 7 percent land is as current and other fallow and about 64 percent of land is sown. Thus,
altogether about 14.71 percent of land is available in the form of cultivable waste, permanent
pastures, land under tree crops and grooves, current as well as other follows, which can be
brought under productive use with a proper wasteland development programme.).

20
Table 2.7: Land Utilization Pattern of Pune District
Percentage to total Geographical Area

Geographical
Area (% to

Uncultivabl

Misc. Trees
Forest Area

Land under
Barren and
district)

Permanent
Cultivable

Net Sown
& Groves
Non-agri.

Cropping
Intensity
Cropped
Sr.

Current
Pasture

fallows

Fallow
Waste

Gross
e area

Other
Taluka

Area

Area
Use

(%)
No.

1 Pune city 0.77 1.96 5.59 80.11 4.16 0.00 0.00 5.46 2.68 0.04 0.04 100.0
2 Haveli 8.55 5.89 11.08 3.06 1.85 7.34 0.00 0.88 8.35 61.55 69.25 112.5
3 Mulashi 6.65 16.09 10.66 6.35 0.79 1.95 0.00 7.33 17.53 39.30 42.67 108.6
4 Bhor 5.71 13.74 17.53 1.94 0.19 22.60 0.04 3.10 0.84 40.01 53.93 134.8
5 Mawal 7.24 28.94 1.02 5.99 0.80 3.63 0.83 0.96 3.52 54.31 60.92 112.2
6 Velha 3.20 21.61 5.89 3.85 1.61 2.05 0.00 9.31 18.41 37.28 47.81 128.2
7 Junnar 8.86 15.08 4.93 2.19 0.66 1.24 0.07 0.37 2.93 72.54 86.62 119.4
8 Khed 8.79 14.62 5.48 1.45 1.35 6.89 0.67 0.63 4.18 64.73 76.56 118.3
9 Ambegaon 6.68 23.30 5.00 1.43 5.41 2.88 0.67 0.29 0.38 60.63 74.71 123.2
10 Shirur 9.97 3.87 5.80 4.30 3.61 1.41 1.01 0.88 1.54 77.66 84.28 108.5
11 Baramati 8.85 3.57 6.37 3.51 1.88 2.29 0.00 4.96 2.11 75.30 103.7 137.7
12 Indapur 9.40 5.36 1.98 3.99 1.82 0.99 12.63 2.85 1.21 69.18 76.96 111.3
13 Daund 8.26 3.80 9.35 5.64 3.27 2.11 1.36 3.32 2.91 68.23 89.52 131.2
14 Purandhar 7.06 2.01 5.05 2.39 3.38 4.28 0.95 1.81 2.38 77.75 80.77 103.9
Total 100.0 11.00 6.67 4.13 2.11 4.20 1.64 2.45 4.31 63.49 75.09 118.3
Source: Chief statistician, Commissionerate of Agriculture, Pune

Map 13: Land Use - Pune District

21
 Fig. 2.2: Land Utilisation Statistics of Pune District

Forest Area Barren and Uncultivable

11% area
7%

Land under Non- agri. Use

Net Sown Area
4%
64%

Cultivable Waste
2%

Permanent Pasture
4%

Misc. Trees & Groves

2%

Current fallows
2%

Other Fallow
4%

The land holding pattern of Pune district for the year 2011 is presented in Table 2.8. It
can be seen from the table that about 80.50 percent of farmers have land holding below 2
hectares (marginal and small farmers). However, about 19.50 percent of farmers have land
holding above 2 hectares.. Therefore, the average land holding of the marginal farmer and small
farmer of the district is 0.44 and 1.42 hectares respectively.
Table 2.8: Land holding pattern of Pune District, 2011 (Percentage to total)
% of
No. of Land % of
Size of land Holding Land
Sr. no. Holders Operated Area
(ha) Holders
(lakh) (lakh ha) operated
(100..)
1 0.0 to 1.00 4.19 1.85 56.45 18.36

2 1.0 to 2.00 1.79 2.54 24.13 25.20

3 2.0 to 5.00 1.02 2.78 13.83 27.58

4 5.0 to 10.00 0.36 2.07 4.87 20.54

5 10.00 to 20.00 0.05 0.84 0.69 8.33

Total 7.43 10.08 100 100

Source: Agriculture Census 2010-11

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Cropping Pattern:
The maximum area of Pune district is categorized as scarcity zone and agriculture is
dependent mainly on monsoons. Hence rabbi crops dominate the cropping pattern. The area
under rabi crops is 49.3 per cent, while that under kharif crops is 27.3 percent and 10 percent
area is under sugarcane. The area under summer crops is negligeble while area under fruit and
vegetables crops is 2.7 and 9.3 percent respectively . The cropping pattern in Pune district
presented in Table 2.9.
Table 2.9: Distribution of area under different crops

Sr. No. Crops Distribution of area under different Crops (%)

1 K. Jowar 0.3
2 Rice 5.6
3 Bajara 10.3
4 Other Kh. Cereals 2.0
5 Tur 0.3
6 Mung 0.6
7 Udid 0.2
8 Other Kh. Pulses 1.1
9 Sunflower 0.2
10 Soybean 0.1
11 Groundnut 4.1
12 Sugarcane 10
13 Kh. Fodder 2.1
14 Total Kharif 27.3
15 R. Jowar 35.6
16 Wheat 5.3
17 Other R. cereals 0.7
18 Gram 4.1
19 Safflower 0.7
20 R. Sunflower 0.2
21 Summer Groundnut 0.3
22 R. fodder 2.0
23 Total Rabi 49.3
24 S. fodder 0.59
25 Total summer 1
26 Total cereals 60
27 Total pulses 7.0
28 Total oilseed 6.0
29 fruits 2.7
30 vegetables 9.3
GCA 1131580 ha

23
Area, Production & Productivity of Major Crops
Kharif:
During the year 2011-12, the area under kharif crops was mostly dominated by
foodgrains, especially cereals. Out of the total area under kharif crops, cereals constituted 71 per
cent while pulses constituted only 7 percent (Table 2.10). Hence together, cereals and pulses
constituted 78 percent of total area under Kharif crops. Among cereals, Bajara and Rice was the
main crop.
Table 2.10 Production and Productivity of Main Kharif Crops in the Pune District- 2011-12

Sr. Area Production Productivity

Name of Crop
No. (00 ha) (00 mt) (Kg/ha)
1 Rice 599 795.47 1328
2 Jowar 23 23.46 1020
3 Bajra 538 553.06 1028
4 Ragi 123 131.49 1069
5 Maize 88 250.80 2850
6 Other 20 9.50 475
Total Kharif Cereals 1391 1763.78
1 Tur 16 8.03 502
2 Mung 39 18.56 476
3 Udid 9 7.55 839
4 Other 77 27.72 360
Total Kharif Pulses 141 61.87

Total Kharif Foodgrains 1532 1825.65

1 Soyabean 45 95.99 2133

2 Gr.nut 358 402.03 1123
3 Sesamum 12 3.49 291
4 Sunflower 4 3.56 890
5 Niger 12 3.97 331
Total Kharif Oilseeds 431 509.04
Sugarcane 1333 1266.35 95
Kharif Season 1963 2334.69

Among oilseeds, the main crop cultivated was groundnut and as much as 83 percent area
under oilseeds was under groundnut. Area under other oilseeds such as Sesamum and
sunflower was negligible.

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Rabi:
As mentioned earlier, agriculture in Pune district is dominated by rabi crops. The area
under rabi crops is dominated by foodgrains and as much as 99 percent of area under rabi crops
is under foodgrains. Major area (85 percent) under foodgrains is under cereals (Table 2.11). The
main foodgrain crop in the rabi season is jowar and 60 percent of area under rabi cereals is under
rabi jowar and 19 percent of area is under Wheat crop. The main pulse crop is gram which
constitutes 12 percent of area in Rabi crops. Rabi oilseeds are negligible.
Table 2.11: Production and Productivity of Main Rabi Crops in the Pune District 2011-12

Sr. Area Production Productivity

Name of Crop
No. (00 ha) (00 mt) (Kg/ha)
1 R. Jowar 1736 1348.87 777
2 Wheat 553 942.87 1705
3 Maize 139 371.13 2670
4 Other 24 10.80 450
Total Rabi Cereals 2452 2673.67
1 Gram 354 293.11 828
2 Other 62 28.95 467
Total Rabi Pulses 416 322.07
Total Rabi Foodgrains 2868 2995.73
1 Sunflower 7 4.55 650
2 Safflower 5 1.49 297
3 Sesamum 1 0.31 310
Total Rabi Oilseeds 13 6.35
Total Rabi Season 2881 3002.08

Summer:
Summer crops in Pune district are negligible. The main cereal crop is Bajara and
groundnut is the main oilseed crop cultivated in summer (Table 2.12).
Table 2.12: Production and Productivity of Summer Crops in Pune District 2011-12

Sr. Area Production Productivity

Name of Crop
No. (00 ha) (00 mt) (Kg/ha)

1 Maize 20 40.02 2001

2 Bajara 34 32.30 950
Cereals 54 72.32
Summer Food grain 54 72.32
1 Groundnut 25 47.50 1900
Summer Oilseeds 25 47.50
Summer Season 79 119.82

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 Overall, it can be concluded that in Pune district 67 percent of GCA is under food grains
with 60 percent under cereals and 7 percent under pulses. Rabi jowar is the main cereal crop.

Horticulture:

Pune district has horticulture as a major allied activity. 9.3 per cent area of total gross
cropped area was under vegetables and 2.7 percent area accounts to the fruits crops. The major
vegetables grown are Onion, tomato, potato, brinjal, cole veg.., bhendi, beans, peas, chilli, guard
and major fruits crops grown are Grapes, Guava, custard apple, banana, mango and pomogrante.

Sericulture:
Sericulture has emerged as the virtual economic lifeline for farmers in Pune District.
Thousands of farmers in this region are now rearing silkworms and also continuing with their
farming.. The process begins with farmers planting Mulberry saplings in the shade. Once these
samplings grow sufficiently, government officials are called in to inspect the tree and the leaves.
Animal Husbandry:
Animal husbandry is closely interwoven with agriculture and obviously plays an
important role in the national/state economy and also in the socio-economic development of
rural households. This is the sector where the poor contribute to growth directly instead of
getting benefit from growth generated elsewhere. The livestock sector (animal husbandry and
poultry) is one of the important allied activities of agriculture. By providing substantial income
to rural households especially in the areas where agricultural growth is poor, it helps to reduce
the rural poverty. Pune district is very rich in case of animal population. As per 18th Livestock
Census 2007, the district has 1082640 bovines (of which, 416642 are breedable crossbreed
cows, 366344 breedable indigenous cows, 299654 breedable buffaloes), 380315 sheep, 534895
goat. Also 16814630 poultry birds are being reared by the farmers. Pune district is well known
for remarkable fish production also.
Table 2.13: Livestock Population of Pune and Maharashtra, 2007
Livestock Population (‘000) % share of Pune
Particulars Pune Maharashtra
Cattle 783 16183 4.84
Buffalo 299 6072 4.94
Total Bovine 1083 22256 4.87
Sheep 380 2909 13.06
Goat 535 10391 5.15
other 16 397 4.03
Total Livestock 2014 35953 5.60
Poultry 16815 64756 25.96
Source: 18th Livestock Census, 2007
26
 Allied activities in the form of animal husbandry and dairy development play a very
important role for rural households. Besides providing additional employment, these sectors also
supplement income and enhance nutritional security. It is well known that dietary patterns are
gradually shifting towards livestock and dairy products with increase in income levels. Hence
Animal Husbandry and Dairy development can play a major role as activities allied to
agriculture.

Dairy Development:

 Govt. Milk Scheme : 1 (Pune Milk Scheme)

 Co-op. Dudh Sangh : 4
Baramati Taluka Co-op Doodh Sangh, Baramati
Pune Zilla Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh, Katraj
Doodh Ganga Co-op. Dudh Utpadak Sangh, Indapur
Subhash Anna Kul Co-op. Dudh Utpadak Sangh, Daund

Fisheries Development:

 Length of Rivers in District : 1252 Kms.

 Water spread Area Favorable for Fisheries : 28035 Ha.

 Fish Production : 7700 MT

Source- District Fishery Development Officer, Pune

Agriculture Marketing Centers:

All the APMC’s from the district are the major centers of marketing. These centers are
supported by Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board, Pune, various co-operative
marketing societies & private agencies among the district. There are 11 APMC and 19 Co-
operative Sugar factory in the district.

2.2.5 Irrigation and Groundwater:

Pune district has a net sown area (NSA) of 9.92 lakh hectares of which net irrigated area
accounts for 2.62 lakh hectares. This indicates that only 26.4 per cent of net sown area is
irrigated. The percentage of net irrigated area to net cropped area in Indapur, Baramati, Junner,
Shirur & Daund is 34 per cent, 28 percent, 31 per cent, 24 percent, 25 percent, respectively. The
percentage of irrigated area in the rest of the talukas is much lower than district Average. The
gross irrigated area of the district is 3.13 lakh hectares.

27
Table 2.14: Sources of Irrigation and Groundwater (Area in ’00 ha)
Year Surface Well Net Irrigated Gross Irrigated Percentage of % of groundwater
Irrigation Irrigation Area (NIA) Area (GIA) GIA to GCA Irrigation to NIA
1960-61 466 570 1036 1191 10.9 55.02
1970-71 550 549 1099 1400 13.7 49.95
1980-81 905 812 1717 2018 18.3 47.29
1990-91 1151 952 2103 2516 19.1 45.27
2000-01 1244 1455 2699 3200 27.3 53.91
Source: Season and Crop Report, various issues.

Fig.2.3: Sources of Irrigation

60.00 30.0

50.00 25.0
% area to NIA

% GIA to GCA
40.00 20.0

30.00 15.0

20.00 10.0

10.00 5.0

0.00 0.0
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01

Surface Irrigation (%) Well Irrigation (%) Percentage of GIA to GCA

The canal irrigation and well irrigation constitute 46.3 per cent and 53.7 per cent of the
gross irrigated area respectively. Khadakwasla, Ghod, Ujani, Veer, Pavana, Chaskaman, Kukadi
etc. dams and their irrigation canals are the major sources of irrigation of the district. The district
has been bifurcated into 71 watersheds. Out of these 44 have been categorized as safe, while 11,
2 and 14 have been categorized as semi critical, critical and over exploited respectively. The Net
Groundwater balance has been estimated at 45197 Ha-m for the district. Keeping in view the
stage of development of groundwater in the district, 9 talukas are categorized as safe and
remaining 4 talukas viz., Baramati, Purandhar, Junnar and Ambgaon are categorized as semi-
critical. The district has an area of 29027 hectares under drip irrigation.

28
 Fig. 2.4: Talukawise Area Irrigated (% of GIA to GCA)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
i

Haveli

rMulashi

Bhor
l

a
Mawal

Velha
r

Junnar

Khed
n

rAmbegaon

Shirur
i

rBaramati

Indapur
city

Pune city

Daund
r

Purandhar

District Av
Map 14: Groundwater Potential in Pune district

29
 Map 15: Groundwater Estimation in Maharashtra

2.2.6 District Income:

The sector-wise income in Pune District can be observed from Table 2.15. The per capita
income in Pune district is 1.7 times the state average. The sector wise distribution of income
indicates that out of the total district income, only 5.15 percent comes from the Primary sector.
The secondary sector contributed 39.54 percent to District income and in case of tertiary sector it
was 55.31 percent. The overall picture leads us to conclude that a major share of income is
derived from Pune city from the secondary and tertiary sector. This also possibly explains the
high per capita income in the district which is above state average.

30
Table 2.15: Sector wise district income and per capita income of Pune district for the year 2008-
09 & 2009-10 (as per 2004-05 Prices)
(figures in lakh)

Sr. Sector Year 2008-09 Year 2009-10

No. Gross Net Income Gross Net
Income Income Income
1.1 Agriculture 306575 279691 308671 280026
1.2 Forestry 60728 59800 64101 63080
1.3 Fisheries 2439 2038 2534 2078
1.4 Mines & Minerals 76 60 73 56
Total Primary Sector 369818 341589 375378 345240
(4.98) (5.15) (4.60) (4.75)
2.1 Reg. Industries 2197023 1785037 2537001 2067839
2.2 Un-reg. Industries 328707 294544 363407 325962
2.3 Construction 556786 531608 574385 546964
2.4 Elect., Gas & Water Supply 29175 11358 46338 18181
Total Secondary Sector 3111691 2622546 3521130 2958946
(41.89) (39.54) (43.12) (40.69)
3.1 Railway 25063 20666 27394 22605
3.2 Transport & Storage 233900 206352 247363 217655
3.3 Communication 148177 132514 166991 149881
3.4 Trade & Restaurants 961791 933874 1076374 1046559
3.5 Banking & Insurance 798105 787378 875521 863839
3.6 Professional Services 1063927 970796 1087394 986980
3.7 Public Admin. 418795 343819 466079 384426
3.8 Other Services 296545 273487 321636 296576
Total Tertiary Sector 3946303 3668887 4268753 3968521
(53.13) (55.31) (52.28) (54.57)
Total District Income 7427812 6633021 8165261 7272706
Per Capita Income (Rs) 102700 91711 112896 100555
Total State Income 64549187 58417848 70154963 63482862
Per Capita Income State (Rs) 59269 53640 63497 57458
% of district Income to State Income 6.38 6.5 9.93 9.64

Note: Figures in brackets are percentage to total district income.

Source- District Social & Economic Review, 2010-11

2.2.7 Intra-District Growth Differentials:

As mentioned earlier, Pune District comprises of 14 tehsils, including Pune city. The per
capita income in Pune district is 1.7 times the state average. However, the important point that
31
emerges is that 54.57 percent of the District Domestic Product (2009-10) comes from the service
sector while 40.69 percent comes from the secondary sector. However, the agricultural sector
contributes only 4.75 percent to the District Domestic Product. It is obvious that most of the
District Domestic product is generated from Pune city where the industrial and service sectors
are concentrated. Pune city occupies only 1.2 percent of the geographical area of the district. In
all other tehsils, agriculture and allied activities are the predominant activities. Districts such as
Mulshi, Shirur and Purandhar suffer from very low cropping intensity. However, Baramati
taluka is progressive and is a pioneer in agri-tourism. The main purpose of agri-tourism is to
disseminate the latest agricultural practices. Dairy, Poultry and horticulture are also important
activities in Baramati taluka.
Overall it appears that growth in Pune district is mainly due to growth in industrial and
service sector growth in Pune city. Productivity in the agricultural and allied activities sector has
to be promoted so that other tehsils are able to improve their economic position.

2.3 Development Vision and Strategy:

As stated earlier, the Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan is to achieve and sustain
desired annual growth rate during XIIth plan period, by ensuring a holistic development of
agriculture and allied sectors. Accordingly, each district has to formulate a district plan by
including resources available from the existing schemes. The district has to project
requirements for the development of agriculture and allied sector through vision and strategy to
achieve 4 percent agriculture rate of growth. On the basis of above discussion, the following the
development plan and strategy are drawn.

 To achieve a sustainable growth rate for the agriculture and allied sector of more than
4.0 percent per annum during the end of 12th Five Year Plan.
 Pune district has a huge urban population. Pune city which is entirely urban. A major
portion of the income of the district is derived from Pune city which has a huge
secondary and tertiary sector. Pune city has a huge market for agriculture and allied
sector from other talukas. Industries located in Pune city can also obtain their raw
materials from the agricultural sector.
 In the recent past, the demand for flowers in and outside the country has been
expanding rapidly. There is a huge international demand for flowers during colder
months due to festival season (Christmas, etc). The district already has a Floriculture

32
 Park at Talegaon, Pune with infrastructure facilities in the Park. Therefore increasing
exports of flowers by promoting hi-tech floriculture is envisioned in the 12th Plan.
 . The district has a conducive climate and well developed infrastructure for promoting
dairy activities by the cooperative as well as private sector. The issues addressed in the
12th Plan will aim at promoting veterinary centers which provide health care to
facilitate dairy development. Strengthening of milk collection centers and processing
schemes in cooperative sector may be strengthened.
 Provision of good class infrastructure (farm roads, internal roads, uninterrupted power
supply, water) for agro-based industries including food processing industry
 The district has great potential in poultry development especially in Maval and Haveli
Taluka. With close proximity to Mumbai and large number of corporate in the poultry
sector, there is tremendous scope for further promoting contract farming.
 Encourage contract farming in medicinal and aromatic plants (area expansion,
processing etc.)
 Exploit the potential of existing forest reserves by promoting related business like bee
keeping.
 Increase in irrigation facility in DPAP areas and promotion of consumptive use of
water in these areas.
 Development of post harvest management facilities (pack houses, cold storages. cold
chain, onion storage structures etc.)
 Establishment of soil health up to village level.
 Promotion of organic farming and inland fisheries through groups.
 Human resource development through imparting high-tech knowledge in agriculture
and allied sectors.

33