 Chi-square test

It is one of the simplest and most widely used non-parametric tests in statistical work. The
quantity χ2 describes the magnitude of discrepancy between theory and observation. If χ2 is zero,
it means that the observation and expected frequencies completely coincides. The greater the
value of, the greater would be the discrepancy between the observed and expected frequencies.

χ2 = ∑ [(O-E) 2 /E] ~ (r-1) (c-1)

O = Observed frequency

E = Expected or theoretical frequency.

The calculated value of χ2 is compared with the table value of χ2 for the given degrees of
freedom and specific level of significant. If the calculated value is greater than the table value,
the difference between theory and observation is considered to be significant. If the calculated
value of χ2 is less than the table value, the difference is not considered significant.

The calcuted value of x2 is compared with the table value of x2 for the given
HO:

There is no significant relationship between gender and the improvement in knowledge of the
employees after the psychometric test.

H1:

There is a significant relationship between gender and the improvement in knowledge of the
employees after the psychometric test.

Chi-square method χ2 = ∑ [(O-E) 2 /E] ~ (r-1) (c-1)

O = Observed frequency

E = Expected or theoretical frequency.

 Poor Good Average Adequate Excellent Row

Total
IMPROVEMENT

GENDER

Male 14 35 20 16 8 93

Female 4 8 7 5 3 27

Column Total 18 43 27 21 11 120

Row total x Column total

Expected Frequency=

Grand total
 Ei (Oi-Ei) (Oi-Ei)2/Ei
Oi (Oi-Ei)2

14
13.95 0.05 0.0025 0.00017

4 4.05 -0.05 0.0025 0.00061

35 33.32 1.68 2.8224 0.0847

8 9.67 -1.67 2.7889 0.2884

20 20.92 -0.92 0.8464 0.0404

7 6.07 0.93 0.8649 0.142

16 16.27 -0.27 0.0729 0.0044

5 4.27 0.28 0.0784 0.0166

8 8.52 0.52 0.2704 0.0317

3 2.47 0.53 0.2809 0.1137

χ2 = ∑ [(O-E) 2 /E] = 0.723

Degrees of freedom = (r-1) (c-1)

= (2-1) (5-1)

= (1) (4)

=4

The tabulated value at 5% level of significance & 4 d.f = 9.488

Since tabulated value > calculated value, we accept (HO) null hypothesis.

RESULT:

The calculated value of χ2 is less than that of the table value. Hence, the null hypothesis is
accepted. So, we conclude that there is no significant relationship between gender and the
improvement in knowledge of the customer after the psychometric test.
HO:

There is no significant relationship between marital status and on-the job performance of the
employees.

H1:

There is a significant relationship between marital status and on-the job performance of the
employees.