UNIT 6 Unit VI 6.1 VOCABULARY ‘These are the words you will practice in this unit VERBS —————~ NOUNS ———. apply for (a post) ply’ appoint ap-point award award? bring up claim communicate com-nv'-niveate dismiss dismiss? disturb interfere insterfere? offer of fer offer to of fer refuse refuse? refuse refuse? register rag’ister respond. respond? satisfy siisy squeeze transmit? (an) appointment appointment a background back'sground scarcer career” acell i a channel cchan’snet a choice acclaim a coast acolumn coPsumn comfort comfort (a) communication commnu'snicca (a) concentration congenra’tion a continent ‘eon’stisnent (@) disturbance dis-turb'anee anenvironment —_en-vi-ronament a factor factor a favorite fyorite (a) frequency frequency a gesture gesture 143 (noun) G noun) (+ noun + nown) (noun) ( noun) (noun) ( noun) (noun) ( noun) (with [or in] + nown) (+ noun) (+ve1b) ( noun) (# tot stem) 6 noun) (+ 10+ noun) (+ noun) (noun) (raoun) in-divvid’weal in-forsma’stion interference incor ference the interior (of) intetisor anisland island amessge message a motive motive an offer offer an organ or-gan an organism of ganssm 4 post (job) ratio rastio response response? satisfaction saisfae"stion sense (of a word) a term (a word) (a) transmission trans-mis"-sion upbringing ——_up’-bringing a voyage voy"age6.1 VOCABULARY accessible ac-ces"-sicble maccessible —_in-acsees"-sivble coastal coastal independent inle-pend’ent comfortable comfortable individual wid! aval compressed com-pressed” infrequent in-fre'-quent ‘concentrated con’-cen-trat-ed inorganic inorganic SMES Eres ee eereaee | arab inverted inverted favorite favorite organ organ’ ic firm sitisfactory satisfactory flexible flex’ ble satisfied sat isi flooded Alooded uncomfortable un-com’.fort-a-ble fre'-quent abroad elsewhere frequently fre" quently ADVERBS ——-——__ | immediately imsme'-dicatedy independently inale-pend”-ently individually individ’ wally response” PHRASES ———. back’ound 144INSTRUCTIONS: a career apply for appoint a post dismiss (Crom) (an) appointment (toa post) an appointment (40 mest someone) fe tester and applies fr® the postin ether worse oi by appointment vacant * apply for. Note the main contexts in which this two-part verb can be used. We apply for admission (to x Unit Vi 6.2 WORD STUDY Study the following words and the uses of them: A man’s career {s (a) his progress tinough life, or (6) his life work, the work which he does and which interests him, We do not use the word eareer for work in which no development of skills or progressive achievement is possible, Examples: Mr, X had an unusual er, He was first « newspaper boy, then « sailor, then a journalist, and he ended up asa schoolteacher, ‘There are many ¢____rs open to women, The war interrupted Peter's scientific In India many students do not choose their own crs; their c____18 are chosen for them by their parents, In the West, students are not always inf........ced by their p_...nts in their chee of ae (®) A post is job oF & position in an office, a business,» factory, a school, ete. A man who hholdsa post (in an office, a school, ete.) is paid wes ora sry forthe duties he perms, Ina school, for example, each p..f position {in the school system) which demands cerain tasks and duties from the man who hs the p...t. A post may be vacant (ie, empty, without anyone in if) or filled a schoo! teacher. He looks in the newspaper or in educational nt pts, and when he finds one that suits hin, lly asks to be cons..eredl for the p_t. Weappoine 2 man lo a pt, job, a position, etc, whien we choose him for Suppose a mian wants a pt naigazines or elsewhere for notices of v— that post, job, ete. and offi. ly ask him to take it, (A man ean be ap———ted to a pt by an indi.._val or by a eommittee.**) We ap... a woman as manager when we choose hher as the man__er and ask her to be the m____er. We ap. a comm.-——ee when we choose a co......0 and name its members. The appoinsment (the uncountable noun) of ‘aman to a post is the act of ap.. ng him to that post, An ap——.._.ment (@ countable noun) may mean the result of a_...__ting someone. A comm..__ee may make several app. nls in one aftemoon, Ac. _—¢e which has the duty of a___—....ing people is sometimes called an Appointments Commitee, When a man is dismassed from his job, his p__t or his employ,.nt, he is sent away from his job or his pt by his employers, ‘A worker oF an em____ee may be dis____ed for one or other of several reasons; because he does not do his work properly, because he is lazy, because he is dishonest, or because he is 2 lroublemaker, Sometimes workers are dis____ed because they are redundant (ie. because there is no work for them to da, see Unit 7). When workers are organized in trades unions il is not easy For omp.....cs fo dis....s8 them. They cartnot dis....s¢a worker without 9 very good reason, university, ete,), we apply for afficiat permission to do something, we apply for a passport or for tickets cr forms to be filled in, ‘The context is one of asking for something officially and in a non-personal relationship, usually for something not sold but given according to rules or official decisions, + a committee is a group of persons chosen or appointed to attend (a special business (see Unit 8) 14s62 WORD STUDY favorite a favorite comfort (uncountable) comfortable ‘uncomfortable (b) An appointment (a countable noun) may have a quite different meaning from the one explained just now. When I want to visit my doctor or my dentist I must make an appoint- ‘ment with him or her, I must make an arrangement to see him or her ata certain time. When your friend says she has an ap__...._ment with her dressmaker at 10 o'clock, this means she has. art___ged to meet her dressmaker at that time. A doctor usually has a secretary to make ments. A doctor is a busy person, and will see patients only Ay appoiniment unless they are seriously ill, Examples: (a) He app__—d for the p_t of headmaster, but his application was not successful. She saw the advertisment (see Unit 8) and decided to ay forthe p.__ Don't of... the p—— tothe first person who a___ies fori. Tam of ed that p_- | think I shall re_se it, The p——— requires someone with sill and tra 8 {ed him to the p___ of head gardener. Herschel was -ers of the comm___c¢ Last year the university a. a -d Chief Astronomer early in his eer, Four new me. were a_._....._ed at the last meeting. Several new a__.._____nts have been made in te Biology Department, The a__—_..__ent of a woman (0 this p___ came as a complete surprise. Only the A. _nts ee has the right 10 a_._nt new staff (ie. teachers, office workers, etc. Factory workers are not called staff), He promised the ¢_ ‘that if they ax___ted him he would cy out their pol_.ies, No one knows why he was ised from his p___. Some people sy he was d....___ed just because he asked for «higher s___ry, Others sey that there was s__ious disagreement between him and the ‘manager because he tried to intro__ee a new sy_._.m of office organ_tion. (b) Yesterday I had to miss my monthly a__..___ment with the hairdresser because I had an examination. Mary told me not to forget to Keep my a with the doctor at o'clock. You should write all your a. ‘nts in a notebook; then you won't forget then A favorite (noun), or a favorite (adj.) person or thing is one whi many others tis preferred to all others or to Examples: This book isa great fie of mine, He is not one of the king’s f____tes. ‘The students like him because he has no,f____tes. His f_____.te subject is history. His £..._te economist is Keynes. My f."_____e vehicle is trolley. Comfort is the condition of freedom fiom ill health, pain, woery, financial difficulties, ete, ‘A.man who lives in comfort has everything he needs for his health and physical welloeing, Iie fas no financial troubles. A woman is comfortable or feels comfortable when she is fre from anything which gives her pain or trouble (especially when her body is free from such things, though the word can also mean that she is free from mental (roubles) A thing e.g. chair, bed, & house) is comfortable ‘wher it makes the person or people who use it comfortable. A comfortable bed is ane which Jas nothing wrong with it and is easy (0 go (o sleepin, An uncomfortable bed is too had, or does not provide sufficient support, or is uneven so that one cannot rest on it, A comfortable hhouse is nether too hot nor too cold, has enough space for most ordinary purposes, possesses comfortable furniture, and so on, Shoes are uncomfortable if they are oo tight, A chair is uncomfortable if i is too hard or its shape doesnot fit the person who sts init, Travelin an ox-cart is very un ble because the fri_—on between the heavy wooden wheels and the ground makes the whole veh... vib.-_te, 146UNIT 6 6.2 WORD STUDY satisfy satisfied (with) Aissatisfied (with) satisfaction satisfactory unsatisfactory ‘A man is satafied or feels satisfied with his house, his job, etc. when he believes that they provide what he needs or requires, He is not satisfied with them or feels dissatisfied with them or is dissatisfied with them when, in his opinion, they do not meet his chief needs or requirements. A thing satisfies us when we believe it provides what we need or requite, It s_.fies our needs ot requirements when it actually pro__des what we n.d ot re..ire. A reason, an explanation, a statement, etc, satis us (or we ate s_....--fied with it) when ‘we believe that it is real reason, a full explanation, a true statement, etc; We ate s, ied with it when we find in it the features that we expect or require a reason, an explanation, a statement, etc. to have. Teachers ares. ied with an exereise (or it s___—_ies them) when it meets their requirements or standards Satisfaction = (a) the feeling or experience of being satisfied, A thing, event, etc. gives us sat_____tion when it gives us this feeling or experience. Satisfaction = (>) the fact or act or result of satisfying a need or requirement or demand, The satisfaction of a requirement is the action of satisfying it or the fact that itis satisfied. A thing is satisfactory when it s___fles the need, requirement or purpose we have in mind for it Wisuns_ fory when it does not s____fy that need, requirement, etc, A sa_—_—__tory reason, explanation, etc. is one which s..—fies the person to whom itis given. An UN, maeron—t0FY reason, explanation, etc. is one which does not s___—_-y the person to whom itis given, As ory plan, arrangement is ome which gives sat_——_tion to the people for whom itis made, or fo some of them, (Some of them may consider its. tory; others may not.) Results are s ‘ory when they stt___y us, je, when they are results which we wished for or which meet our standards, Examples: She is quite sat__fied with the material you bought for her. ‘This heater is ‘unsat_—___oryj it does not give enough heat, and I shall ask the shop to change it, {am sure, sit, that you will find this car sory in every way. If you are not sated with the books you can return them and get your money back. I can show you a house which will 5 see) all your requirements. His present post does not shim the work is not interesting and the sal... is 100 low, ‘The des.._.n of the kitchen is very uns. _—ory; the refrigerator is next (0 the stove and there is not sufficient cupboard space. The government’s housing pol__y is not likely tos. y anyone with an annual income of less than $30,000. I is imposs_... los. ~ everybody, but I think the arra_..ments you have made will s_ most people. Are you <____ied with the faci_ties which have been pro__ded? ‘The students are dis {ed with the cond____ns in their school, We are dis. with our smail services. Mr, Brown suid he was completely s____..ied with my essay. ‘The judge said he found the prisoner's slate___1 unsat ‘ory. The reasons he gave for his abs_e didi not say me, They were dis. jed with her examination perf......nce, The results of tive operation were quite s ory. My parents were not 5 4 with my expl_—_tion, Weare s with his application and wall ap___nt him immediately, ‘Your news gives me great sat____etfon. She expressed her sat. jon with the are_...ments which had been made, We want our customers to show their s_——.. by continuing to be our cust_—ers, The s_. duty. All people have a r_._€ to the s suid they were prepared to fight for the sat _—n of their requirements is our first —1 of their basic human needs. The workers nf their dem__ds, 1476.2 WORD STUDY disturb (a) disturbance Make sentences from the following table: (All sentences will be correct.) 1 0 au Vv Jam satisfied with the results of the experiment He is pleased with the high percentage of passes She is Aelighted with the new salary scales Weare dissatisfied with ‘our new employer the increase in profits the housing scheme the change in policy the engineer's report the facilities provided their response to our suggestion the progress that has been made their support for the scheme the final paragraph in your book ‘the research that has been done the development of the economy the erops produced this year your choice of a substitute ‘your behavior ‘The original Latin word “disturbare” meant to put something (or someone) in disorder, to ceause disorder in something (or someone). This meaning is kept in the English words Disturb and fa) disturbance are used in a great variety of contexts, We speak of something which disturbs a person when he is working, sleeping, o: thinking, We speak of a person who dbs 8 meeting or who d_——__.bs our peace and quiet, We speak of disturbances in the weather, in markets, in economic conditions, in processes of natural growth, We speak of news or public events which are d__.....bing and of people who are mentally d______bed, We speak of Dapers on a desk, or laboratory apparatus, or the smooth surface of «lake, which have been ded. The verb disturb and the corresponding noun (a disturbance have three main elements* of ‘meaning which are found in all senses and contexts, (8) Todisturd someone, or something, the action of disturbing, a disturbance is thought of as something unwanted, bad or unpleasant, A dis. 2 is often thought of as a problem, (oF as something to be put right or stopped. People do not like to be d______ed by anything or anyone, and a ances of natural processes are thought of as harmful to normal development or continuity, Even a thief doos not like to be d —ed at his work, When wwe hear on the tadio that there is a d_—.......ed westerly airstream flowing toward the country we expect bad or al least unreliable weather. We say that a person is d._..__bed by bad news, but we do not speak of people being d —é by good news. (b) The second element of meening is the central meaning of the verb. An orderly sequence, process, activity, plan, growth, ete. i.e. an order in time) is disturbed by a force or a cause, usually external, when its order is bsoken into, i, whien that force or ‘that cause prevents it from contiowing in is normal, natural or regular way. An strangement, order, or regularity of form in space (e.g. papers on a table, apparatus, the smooth surface of water) isd _d when it is disarranged or disordered by something. The balance between elements in a situation can be d._—__bed by the introduction or removal of something which ‘changes this balance, an element of meaning isa necessary ar basic part af the meaning, 148,6.2 WORD STUDY immediate immediately (©) Thirdly: to disturb something, the action or event of disturbing something, @ disturbance Js usualy thought of as temporary, or lasting only fora limited period; ori is something which itis hoped will be limited in time, A process, ativty, ete, which is bed does ‘not usually mean one which 1 so disordered or so disarranged that ft cannot return to normal again, When we say that something is d_..bed we mean that itis hoped that it will rolurn to normal, Final or complete disorder or final or total disarrangemont is not part of the meaning of a disturbance, though in some contexts a dis____anoe may be the beginning of a series of events leading to final disorder or disarrangement ‘The main contexts and uses of disturb, a disturbance, Examples: (A person who disturbs a person.) ‘The manager says he will be busy for the next three hours; he does not want anybody to d. _—b him, Last night when you came in. late you d bed me. She is asleep; don't her. {A person who disturbs an activity, a process, social order, etc J: Some boys 4. ed the meeting by shooting and throwing things at the speaker. If you open the oven door you will dn the baking process. His ideas Were important but not influential enough to — the main currents of thought of his time, A¢ the time of the President's arrival ances ia the ety. The police were unable to prevent the occurrence ces, although it was their duty to enforce law and order there were serious dis. of these d (The disturbance ofan onder in time, an orderly processor activity, etc, by impersonal factors My job involves the inv__._gatton of diseases whieh d_ plant growth. A change in the financial policy ofa single nation can d the world system of economic relationships tis not known to what extent these substances can the chemistry of the human buy. ‘There are dis_____snees in the upper atmosphere whose eauses are not fully understood, ‘The noise of the traffic d oi his work; he found it dis____ing, (The disturbance of an order or regularity or balance or arrangement in space): Don’t d_——_— the papers on my desk, Not the slightest breath of wind d...-.-.- the surface of the lake Someone has d— 4 the furniture; perhaps a thief has been here. An earthquake is « sudden d____.__ce of the earth's erust. It is risky to ¢.. ~ the b_.—_nce of nature, ‘The slightest d ce of the liquid at this low temperature will start the freezing process. (The disturbance of a person's feelings or peace of mind by causing anxiety or in other ways ‘The news from home was very di,._bing, The government's new policy has certain featuses, She said she was 6____bed by his behavior. You must remain calm; don’t allow these events (0. you, Ihave never seen a man so much d_. od. Poetry has the ng power tod. ‘our hearts (i.e. move our feelings). (The disturbance of a person's mental balance) If 2 man does something wrong while the balance (of his mind is ¢___..._.bed, the law does not hold him responsible, We have sevesal hospitals for mentally bed children (je. children whose sninds are d_____bed, who are temporarily “anbalanced”), Notice the positions of the adverb émmediately in the following sentences: He imm__iately got up and left the room, He got up and left the room ini His father called him and he came __-ly. You must send for the doctor i ly. She ~y began to talk about the politieal situation. She decided to leave Ly. She I _y decided to leave. (Note the difference in meuning between the fast two sentences; in the first of them immediately ‘modifies to leave, and in the second, immediately modifies decided.) cause oF contributing cause; see the article on faezor later in tis wnt 1496.2 WORD STUDY independent independently independence (uncountable) UNIT 6 A man does something immediately when he does it without any delay, ie, when he does ‘not wait even for a short time before le does it, or when he does it at the earliest possible ‘moment, A thing happens i. ly after something else when it happens just afterward, without any loss of time. Immediately can also be used with certain adjectives especially after not: e.g, not immediately available, not immediately possible, not immediately obvious, etc. Note the following uses of immediate: ‘The immediate future weeks). he part of the future which is nearest, i.e. the next few days or My immediate gos}, my im_. © purpose, their immediate policy (= a goal, purpose or policy for the immediate future, not a longcterm or final goal, purpose or policy). ‘one which An immediate decision, response, answer, report, statement, benefil, profit, ete. is made or given or which has effect immediately), Immediate attention (= attention which is given now, without delay, immediately), nd needs immediate ‘An immediate risk, danger, problem (= one which faces (someone) now attention), An immediate result, effect, development, etc. (= one which occurs immediately after something else. Examples: Lwill open a bank account and deposit this money iy. LL, (efter) I entered the house, the telephone rang, You must i... arrange a meeting, ly the door was opened, (he crowd sushed out, She will apply fox the post “-y. Teannot lend you the money xy. He cannot afford to buy —y. He must register for military service i —y. ~ly possible to appoint « new headmaster, ‘The meaning of his, statement was not i_________y clear. ‘The property recently acquired will be of no j_....-..te benefit to the community, We are faced by an i. _—e danger of war, Their i _—e response to my suggestion was to cancel their meeting with the employees. You should not expect your efforts to hhave any i.e results. Our i. —c policy is 10 solve our e financial problems. She is unlikely to repay the loan in the i future, ‘The adjective independent changes its sense according to the context, An independent country or nation is self-governing country or nation, An i dent thinker isa thinker who does not rely of depend on the ideas of other people, but has his own ideas. An i. ent politician is one who does not derive hes ideas and policies from any political party, but puts forward her own policies. If you have acar you are in. nt of buses and trains; this ‘means that you do niot need to rely on buses and trains as transport. Children become ‘ent when they stop depending on thoir parents, Aman acts independently when he acts alone, without help or without being influenced by others A husband andl wife take their holidays in___...__ently when they do not take their holidays together. Two peopte reach the same decision in_———ently when they reach it separately, ‘when they do not reach it after discussions with each other, ‘When a nation claims its independence (ie, demands its in. ‘the right to govern itself. Since the last war many nations have been given thelr ence asa right) It demands ence. 150UNIT 6 6.2 WORD STUDY claim claim (that) claim (to) 2 claim (to or for) an individual individual individually ence she means that she values her freedom from When a woman says she values her in Gepenutence on others or on ther ideas, Independence is the eondition of being independent, economically, politically or in one’s ideas, ‘When a man clatins something (e.g. a piece of property) he says that it lawfully belongs to him ‘oF he demands it because in his opinion it awfully belongs to him, When he claims that something is true, he demands that other people accept that it is true. A xan who claims 10 ‘be a good scientist (For example) demands that people accept him as a good scientist. A claim is a demand (For something, that something is true, etc.) which is put forward for agreement and acceptance with reference to authority—the authority ofthe law, of the truth, etc. A claim is a demand put forward with reference to some authority; it is put forward in the hope that it will be accepted, (It may or may not be accepted, as a result). Examples: You have been in the school for six years and you can ¢__._m a raise in your salary. ‘The prisoner c__..med the right to speak. No one came forward to ¢-.._-m the money. He o_..___-d imm___ate poss ion of the house. Most politicians c_.._m that their policies will benefit large sections of the population, Newton c____ed that he had invented the ealeulus. Both Wat! and Tsethevick ced {o be the inventors ofthe steam engine, Sli c...__ed that she was the ow.r of the prop. but her cousin op__sed her cl__m. After the storm the government received hundreds of om for money from people whose broperty was damaged, Pakistan does not accept India’s cm to Kashmir. His c....-m {hat Rousseau had influenced Wagner was not supported by many scholars, Not everyone ‘ecepts this government's c_.__m to represent the intezests of the people, Your ¢.__m ‘that your country fought because it was invaded is not sup-.ted by the Facts, ‘An individual is a single hunvan being, contrasted with society or with a group. Individual (adjective) refers to one of a class or group as distinguished from all the other ‘You must consider theit individual interests means “You must consider the interests of each one of them, separately from all the others.” Children require individual attention means “Each child requires attention separately, because of his own particular problems and difficulties Individually = separately; in distinction from the others; one at a time, Examples: Society is made up of in__...___Is, and only an ual can be happy or unhappy; society cannot be happy or unhappy. Are you speaking to me asanin ual, or asa representative of my country? There are certain in. Is in the community whe ‘aequire great wealth at the expense of public welfare, People who road about millions killed {na war, or killed because of their nationality, color, or teligious beliefs, often forget that those people are in. Is like themselves, We cannot love or respect masses of people; we can only love or respect in... Is He said that he knew M, and T. asin ~—Is,and that as en in. lhe felt the murder of these two harmless in. human beings. The club was financed by small in. | contributions. The economy ofa country is determined by in......_..1 choices and decisions, ‘She was not interested in the schoo!'s public Performance in examinations but in the in. development of each child, ‘They recelved ~ 1 invitations. In arranging teaching practice at the schools in our eg_—n we will bear in mind the teachers’ ind_ preferences. 1516.2 WORD STUDY a motive goal sense (of a word) in this sense, ete, aterm ‘2 name) in terms of in these terms, ete, | will discuss the problem with each of the staff in_______ly. Every house isin designed forthe family which will occupy it. The sta assocation will not be offically represented a the meeting, but members ean attend ind. ly. In this factory the machines are not regulated lly but are jointly controlled by a central computer system. If may not be possible to find enough people for each child to be looked after ind. dy. ‘A motive (s something which causes human being to act or behave in a certain way, ‘When used in a genera sense, a motive ia feeling, eg. love, ear, anger, curosity (= the desio {o know) or a physical need or drive, eg. hunger, physical pain Whe sed to refer toa particular eause, a motive may be a purpose, ie. the idea of something which someone wants to do, a particular idea which guides actions o: behavior {Faamples: Hudson sid te could not killa living thing except from the m...ve of hunger The m_—.._..s behind human actions ate various, and not all of them are physical needs The m_—ve for scientific work is sometimes curiosity, sometimes ambition, and sometimes the love of money, Her 0._—ve in leaving the country was to provide a bette edcation for her children. Even When apiece of knowledge is uninteresting in itself, a man may acquire Iie has an adequate mvt for doing so, Their m___ve in reorganizing the timetable was to define tegions of esponsibility. Stupid actions offen have reasonable m s, beeause people can liave good Purposes without having the knowledge and experince to eanty them out. When people take up politics asa cee, their m..—_ve isnot always the welfare oftheir country er community ‘A goal is the object ot tesult one hopes to reach or produce by an action or a series of actions {cis not the result itslF but the result which is hoped for and worked for. People may succsed or not succeed in reaching their goals, Originally the word meant a boundary or timit, and it soon came to mean an end point or some: thing which must be reached in 2 race or ina game, The wotd is still used in this sense; in reces People run toward the goal pos, snd in football the goal isthe two posts botween which players tay to send the ball samples: (In games and races}: One player on a hockey team is called the goaltender. The ball stopped two inches in front of the g_| {in the derived sense): Het 1 was to graduate with honors His gis the independence of his country, but he has not made much progress toward it, Ambition isa dangerous mye ‘Tits gis unlimited power, People with timid g_—_s are mate likely to succeed in reaching them, Philosophers say that material wealth isa g_—1 which does not sat_.fy the people who ssuveced in ach_._ving it A Sense of a word is one of ils meanings, whether these meanings are very different from each Other of related in some way. Wen we speak of using a word inthis sense, in another sense, etc., we refer to the meaning of the word which is being used. 4 form Gin the sense defined here) is a word, often a word with «precise meaning (og. a Sclentific term, a technical term, a legal term), of a word which is given a precise meaning in the context When we describe region it terms of its geographical features, or in geographical terms, we think ofits geographical features and use “geographical” words to desevibe it. Whon we desetibe ‘region in terms ofits historical features, or in historical terms, we think of the places init which6.2 WORD STUDY offer offer offer 10 offered {past tense) mi offer are historically importan( and use “historical” words to deseribe it. We can also describe 4 region in terms of its economic features, ils natural beatity, and so on, When we speak of something or deseribe it in terms of featuses of a certain kind, our thoughts and ous words refer to a special sphere oF interest ane to the features (and only to the features) of the thing Which are related to that interest, In terms of may also refer to the manner in which we speak of something, He spoke of her in terms of high praise means “The words which he used abou hher showed his wish to praise her.” Examples: A “motive,” inone s__.. of the word, is 4 feeling ot physical need which drives People to act ina certain way. In another s___. of the word itis puspose controlling an ‘action or a series of actions. ‘The s____ of the word “independent” changes according 10 the context, In the phrases “an independent nation” and “an independent thinker” the adjective has two different (though related) s_..__s, Through the historical process of their use in various situations and contoxts, some words acquire quite different s....._s; the later s_.....8are only indirectly related (0 the original ss. The word “career,” for example, is derived from the Latin word earrus = a cart, Its original s__e in English was a nace couse, Then it came 1o mean “the running of a horse over a short distance at full speed.” From this “in full earcor” came to have the sof “at full speed.” The next sof this word Was “the Aight ofa bird." Then it came to have its first modern s_...0, “the progress of a person through lif” and finally its seconé modem pation or profession allowing opportunities for development or advancement.” (The English words “carry,” “eaygo,” “career,” “charge,” are all derived from the Latin word eargus,) When a word has several different Sf iLis etsy to conf them, Only a few technicat t_._ms are included in these workbooks, because the technical t_—ms used in one field wall not be useful to siudents whose field of study is different, and because most ‘echnical and scientific (__ms are best taught by teachers of science and technology. i philosophy, anthropology and the social sciences, special t__ms are often used, o¢ t ms are used special s_..¢s which are defined by the writer ‘When you are asked (0 describe a region in a geography examination you are expected to describe it in geographical (_s. You are not expected to describe it... its history o its natural beauty. Some teachers think that when we teach chiklren a language (or anything else) we should introduce the subject... _ their own interests. But we should not forget that children are capable of interest in something new. We will now discuss the industrial evolution its influence on world trade. Machines can be described —_ their construction or ~~~ the principles they involve, When you speak of your friends in these (___s, its difficult o imagine why you want to be friends, ‘The wealth of a country shiould be measured — the material goods it ean praduee, the health and happiness of its people, not only ——_ When t offer you something, l ask you i you axe willing to take it or accept itor I hold it out to you so that you can either accept it or not accopt it, When I offer you something I do not actually give i to you, but I show that Tam ready to give il 10 you, if you are willing to accept it Similarly, when 1 offer to do something, 1 say that twill doit if my offer is accepted, ie if | am asked (0 do what Tsay Lam willing to do. Examples: She 0.._...ed me @ cup of tea, but I did not accept it because I was not thirsty. He \was o—..d the post of economic adviser (o the islands and accepted it immediately. It was very kind of you to 0____ to help me. The employers o. the workers a share in the profits in retutn for 2 reduction in overtime rates of pay. If he iso. .d a post abroad at 4 salary equivalent to his present salary, he will take it. She o. «them separate rooms, but they prefested to share a i vont, Ih sone countries iis 4 convention t0 twa62 WORD STUDY refuse refute to fold flexible to every guest, and it is not considered polite to refuse. He o. d 10 remove my furniture in his car, but I had already hited a truck. Two firms have 0d to supply us with coal at a very low price; which 0... shall we accept? Her or of financial help has come at a very convenient time. 1 imm.—___ly 0..___d my set__ces, but they were ref___ed. She °. dime the job before ad for it When someone offers me something and Ido not accept it, refuse it. When someone asks me, ‘or tells me, (o do something and | say 1 will not do it, I refuse ro do it. In some contexts refusing to do something means deciding not to do something one is expected to do. Bxamples: Uf they 0.1 you the job, will you t_..._¢ it? The facilities they or are so oor that they are not worth considering; I shall r____e the offer immediately, Pm afraid we ‘must r....__¢ him because he does not have the necessity experience. "asked him to repeat his statement, but he r_.__ed. ‘They r_____ed to consider the Possibility of an invasion. He agreed to revise his estimates, but refused to make the suggested improvements. Why do you 1... even to listen (0 her suggestions?He __..._.ed to accept any responsibility for what had occurred, because no notice was taken of his predictions. We should r.._..¢ (o imitate the conventions of Western societies, He red to take any interest in his surroundings Ke rr ae by Here is an envelope with a letter beside it, 1 want to put the letter into the envelope. But the letter is bigger than the envelope. ‘The envelope is six inches long and four inches wide, The letter is seven inches long and five inches wide. How can I put it in the envelope? will fold it, Twill fold it in the middle. : Now the letters folded. When tis fed po fy is five inches long and 3 Inches wid ow it q Fou. will no he mele a ‘When I wash my sheets I hang them up to dry. 4 when they are dry 11 themand pot then in the closet, Before I po to bed] =. my clothes and put them on a chair. When they are £___ed they look tidy. We can easily bend a pieve of thin wire; it is flexible. Soft eather is fl___ble; it ean be bent, folded and twisted, A branch of a young tree is f___ble; you ean bend it and it will not break, But the thick trunk of an old tree is not f.._ble. In a heavy storm tree trunks sometimes break. The pressure of the wind breaks them because they cannot bend; they are not f..___ble, Our approach to this problem should be f_...__ble; we should consider all the possibitities. The government’s agricultural policy is f_ conditions or changed situations). -ble (ie. it changes to fit new lstUNIT 6 6.2 WORD STUDY squeeze ekewhere nterfere interference (uncountable) When we wash our clothes they are full of water; we must pross them hard onal sides to get the wates out; we must squeeze them to get the water oul, If you squ..e a halloon too hard it will burst. When we want a drink of orange juice we squ..2e oranges to get the juice ‘out. I don’t like the way Mr. Smith shakes people’s hands; he squ——zes them too hard. Tom’s ‘uncle said to him “You can't squ...ze any more money out of me.” He mean! that no amount of pressure would get any more money from him. tt oF to some other place (or other places) Examples: If | can’t get an apartment in this district T must look for one e—. Apartments are expensive in New York City but ¢ re they are cheaper. He has some influence in the university but he has no influence ere. If you find this house un- comfortable, why don't you goe___.e? doubt whether you will find better shopping Facilities .@. She has property in the center of the city and several acres of land e_....__e. You ean’ leave your furniture here; you must st_re ite re. You have stated e—. te in this letter that you are only interested in a perm nt pst When two people have « quarrel which is not connected with you in any way, and when you actively support one of them (or try to stop the quartel) without being asked to do so, you interfere ia the quareel. When someone is doing a job (e.. classifying letters in an office) and you tty to give her help or advice which she does not want, you interfere with her work. A man interferes with a machine when he tries to make some change in its meckanism or method of opesation which he isnot asked fo make, or not allowed to make, andl which may cause damage. We interfere with people when we try to change or prevent or dstuth their activities or plans without invitation and against their wishes. People do not like interference with their plans or activities, They like to do things in their own way, without interference ‘There isan important technical (or semi-technical) sense of the word interference. We speak of interference with » message, e.g. a radio message, when there ate noises unconnected with the ‘message which prevent us from teceiving it and understanding it properly. When we try to listen toa foreign radio program there is sometimes interference from other Foreign radio stations: the noises from these stations ineerfere with the program we are trying to receive. camples: The two counties said they dit not want America or Russia toi their dispute (a dispute =a sharp argument or a quarrel). It is not always wise to in your childven’s quarsels. [ hope that nothing will te with your arcangements for the holiday. He will not allow any i, ~enee in his running of the school, Too much ‘government i ence is bad for production, A disturbing feature of present-day international finance is the ease with which one n_.ion ean in the currencies, trade balances and ce....__ie rela_ions of other n__ions. The design of some exp ments involves int ing with natural pro...sses. The journalists were questioned, but afterward they were allowed to go on their way without further #..._____ee. "There was friction between Tom and his father because his father (ied to int__fere in his private life We could not hear the news on the radio; there was a lot of i ce from storms in the Pacific. They have invented a new device which will enable us to hear most short-wave Stations sharply and clearly without i_____.____e. When a teacher tries to teach too many things at the same time, some of the items i Fe with others and students do nol understand br remember what they are taught ‘The word cel! is derived from the Latin word cella, which means a very small room forming part ofa larger buildings the word still has this meaning in English, though now itis used only for a Jitdle room in a prison in which a man is imprisoned, or for a little soon in which monks or nuns say their prayers, 1586.2 WORD STUDY an organism an organ channel column ‘The word has various meanings in modern English, All of them sefer to a small, individual lunit (Forming part of a lager thing) whieh has its own containing wall, a wall which covers it ‘and separates it from the other units. A cellular thing is a thing made up of cell, of full of| small oles separated from each other by the substance which surrounds them, ‘The most important meaning of @ cell in science is very small unit of living substance, a unit of a plant or an animal which is contained in a covering called a cell wall, Scientists also speak of cell division, which isa process by which a cell divides into two ot more new cells The c_... theory is the theory that all plants and animals are made up of celis and of the substances produced by ¢...., and that all growth and development and the production of new cells are the result ofc... division, ‘An organism is a living thing, Some ce are independent or ms, but most or are made up of groups of ¢__.s. An ongan isa part ofa living thing which is clearly marked off from the other parts and which has special functions, for example the root ofa plant or the heart, ‘othe brain of an animel. Organic substance or material is living material, or matestal which originally came from an orm, Inorganic material is non-living material, or material not originally derived from an 0... ism. Examples: Small ot......_sms may be distinguished from one another by the kind of «__-s they have and by the functions of these cs, Larger, more complicated o_..__sms are usually distinguished from one another by the function, size and shape of their o..-ns. ‘The o....n which chiefly distinguishes human beings from other animals isthe brain: the human brain is unusually large and has funetions~especially speech functions~which the brains of other animals Go not have. In studying a living or@_—__am we must dis___b it to some degree, Coal and petroleum are called oie substances, because they are the remains of living things. Coal was originally woods itis the remains of ancient forests. O__.ic chemistry is the chemistry of substances produced by 0_.____-smis. Metals andl glass are in________ie substances. A channel is a way or passage along which a liquid can flow, oF a way oF passage or band of waves along which news, messages, information, ete. may travel Examples: The English Channel is the ocean passage dividing England and France. ‘The two lakes are joined by a narrow ch___el. ‘To prevent interference, each radio station is only allowed to send signals and messages on certain ch_..._Is for television programs. He was cut off from the outside world by the snow and his only ch..__1 of information was the telephone, ‘A colunm isa fall, vertical pices of stone supporting a building or standing alone, oF something similar in sbape (Ge. tll, marrow, usually vertical). A e——.n of smoke is « narrow stream of smoke rising up into the sky. A _n of figures isa series of figures arranged under one another. A cn in a newspaper isa long, narrow section! of newsprint running from top to bottom. On each page of a newspaper there ate usually several cs. We can also speak ofa e___..n of ships or a c_——..n of soldiers (Le. a straight, narrow line Of ships or of soldiers) though these ae not vertical but horizontal 156uNiT 6 6.2 WORD STUDY concentrated (on) (@) concentration an environment respond (to) a response (to) in response to When a person's whole attention is directed on one thing and not on anything else it is, ‘concentrated on that thing. When rays of light are all directed onto one point or spot they are concentrated on that spot. When forces ae all directed on the same abject or on the ‘sume point they are concentrated on that object or point Mathematics requires concentration; it requires the direction of all one's attention on the problem to be solved. ‘The laser bear is capable of tion on avery small area. ‘Things are concentrated when they are very close together, when they are massed or crowded Lo a small space. A substance is concentr__._d when it is pure and nat mixed with other substances. A substance dissolved in liquid (this is called a solution) isc ated when i is strong, when there is not much liquid (for example e. ated coffee is strong coffee, i.e. coffee without much liquid). A strong c. ration of a dissolved substance © 4 solution) is one which does not have much liquid init, Examples: Please will you give me your ¢— ated attention, The beams from three search lights were ¢ ated on the airplane, so that i could be clearly seen, This work requires considerable ¢_ ion ‘The enemy forees are concentr. c_——tralion of military forees in that area, This orange juice is highly c. you should add water to it. Most of the country's iron deposits are north, The population of Britain is not eventy distributed; a large proportion of itis ted in the big towns and cities, ed on the north side of the town, There isa strong tated; din the ‘The environment of a living thing (or group of living things) is al the external conditions and forces which have an effect on its existence and development, The environment of a house, a city, ete is its surroundings. Examples: Organisms cannot be understood independently of their en...._ment, because all living processes depend on an exchange of material or messages between the or ...stn and itsen_....___ment. No two individuals have the same en_—_._-ment; for example [am part ment ancl you are part of mine. The en__._....ment in which children. Brow up has a permanent influence on thei: The study of organisms in relation to their . --...1 has a special name; it is called ecology. Students of sociology ate interested in the domestic and social en ‘ments of different classes of people. This school has a healthy en ment. The com....jty you belong to, the auth.__._les you obey ane! _—als who inf_.enve you or attr_t you, all these Form part of your A living thing, an organism, does not exis independently ofits environment, Events in its environment have an effect on it. A living thing responds ro these events; it changes in some way, moves, acts or teplies, IC changes, moves, sets, oF replies iu response co the ovcurrences ‘hich have an effect on it. It makesa response when something acts on il. Some ses 4e physical; some are psychological (mental). 1f you press the skin of your hand hard with one finger of the other hand, you will see a change in color. The skin becoines white where you hhave pressed it, ‘This is a physical r__..__se, If you press t still harder, you may feel pain This Feeling of pain isa psychological se. When people ask us questions we usally Fone to theit questions by tying to answer them, When a boy hits his brother, his brother may 1 4 to this action by hitting him back. The study of behavior of every kind iva study of r_—..._se to situations and events. 1576.2 WORD STUDY a factor aratio compressed ‘compress A living thing ean also an animal's stomach becomes empty the animal will. food. The roots of « pfant will dig down deeper into the soil in t_ paris of the plant internal events and to changes inside its own body. When —d to this situation by looking for s¢ to the needs of other We sometimes speak of ar. © when a noneliving thing moves or changes as a result of some event in its envisonment. Cars have signals (indicating that the ear will tun left or right) which rd when the driver touches a button, Liquids rd to changes in temperature, Anything which contributes toward an effect or a result isa factor in producing that effect or at result Exarnpies; Various £____1s were responsible for the unrest among French students; one was the absence of contact between staff and students; another was the low rate of passos in university examinations; another was the failuze of their society to offer them hope for the future. ‘Au important {____r in the rapid increase in the world’s population isthe effect of recent allvances in medical science, From earliest times the economic f relations of Southeast Asia, 1 has been of key importance in the international Climate is not the only factor which determines the extent to which fand can be used for growing crops. Another f____r is the nature of the soil itself. Seientists have sug__sted that changes and differences in the temperature of land masses both above and below the sea may be important f........8 in earthquakes ‘The development of national and regional economies, apart from agricultural development, dopends on three f______s, forests, power resources, and minerals. The school is not the only £____r in a child's env. i. The pressure of the industrial en antiga fin the high lev.1 of tobacco consum___.n A ratio isa relation between two amounts, determined by the number of times one contains the other. Thus the rs of J £0 5 and 20 to 100 ate the same, Finish the following: 1, In our elass there are 5 girls and 30 boys. The ratio of girls to boys is | to. 2. Ina city with a population of 300,000 there are 200,000 cars, The ratio of ears to people is2t0 __ 3. Thave 10 acres of land. 1 use 8 actes for wheat and the rest For vegetables. The ratio of vegetable fields to wheat fields is to. 4. Last year Mr, Fielding cared $4500 and spent $3000, The r_.....0 af his income to his expenditure was 10 Air, gas, etc. is compressed when it is forced by pressure to accupy a smaller space. The inner tubes of bicycle and car tices are filled with c_____ssed air, We can also say that solid things ~ssed when they are prossed or packed into a smaller space, though this use of the word is less common, One way of dealing with waste material is to comp....ss it until it isa fraction of its original size, then use it to fill holes 1586.2 WORD STUDY inverted frequently frequency (uncountable) a frequency {countable) infrequent \usned upside down, u ‘This is an inverted R Beotloce ‘This row of figures is ined Here isa cup, Here is the same cup; now itis inverted, ‘The basic idea of firm and firmly is “resisting pressuse” or “strong” (or strongly”) enough to sexist pressure, ‘The adjective firm can apply (o surfaces. The ground is firm, or snow is fm if it remains hhard and does not change its shape or sink when itis pressed or when it has a heavy weight on it ‘The adverb firmly often applies to the way in which something is held, or the way in which a (hing is fixed to (or in) another thing, or the way in which things are fixed together, A thing is held or fixed fy when it cannot be pulled away or separated frou) the thing whieh holds it or From the thing itis fixed to. miples: Please hold this end of the rope fly. This tree is not very f, in the ground. The ends of the wires must bef... joined together. y rooted A petson speaks fly, or acts f__.__..., when his words or actions show his ability ¢o resist pressure, opposition, or efforts to shake his purpose. Af___ belief, af... character, « f___ purpose, a f__— decision, a f_.__ promise, is one which cannot be (or cannot easily be) changed or influenced, Theories, ideas, philosophies, ete. have a f___ basis when the facts, beliefs, etc, on which they are based ate very difficult to disprove, shake, attack, ete, AA frequent occurrence is one which I often. pens often. Something oceurs frequently when it hap ‘The frequency (uncountable) of an occurrence isthe rate of its occurrence, the aumber of times it happens in a given period of time. In physics, a frequency (countable) is the number of waves or vibrations in & second or the number of limes an electric current changes its direction (4, the number of alternations of a current) in a second. Examples: (adj.) A storm is af int occurrence in the mountains, Because of the bad condition of the railways, delays ate f. nt. There have been [_____nt reporis of Incidents on the border. In this region there are f nt earthquakes. Her visits to New York are inf,....._nt, He isan visitor to New York. {adv.) His efforts to introduce new techniques have f_._ntly been resisted. Storms are f ntly a cause of interference with radio broadcasts. He f nndly goes south in the winter. She f_ ly takes unnecessary risks. The zoo is so badly constructed that animals ‘ly escape. In chiklren a failure (o respond fr ly indicates an absence of interest, He is 1. ly absent from work for dom.....i¢ reasons. (Note: ‘The adver frequently follows the same sentence.pattern as often, sometimes, usually, etc.) xy. The 1g depends partly on (uncountable noun) These incidents have occurred with considerable f 5, cy of plane accidents in recent months is disturbing. Learn the number and {_._._._cy of repetitions, 15962 WORD STUDY ‘ransmit transmitted (past tense) transmission a message communicate communication (uncountable) a communication (countable) information (uncountable) register a gesture interfere (with) interference respond ((0) a response in response to a signal code 4 (countable noun) Fe. cies of waves (including sound waves) are measured in units called hertz, or cycles (12. vibrations) per second. The ear besomes less sensitive tof. ‘greater than 4000 eyeles per second. Vibrations with a f.........ey of 20,000 eycles per second can scarcely be heard, though the limit of hearing depends on the individwal. Some ‘animals (for exemple dogs) can respond to f higher than 30,000 cycles per second. Most commercial power stations supply alternating electric current at a f.. hertz (eyeles per second). y of $0 A communication is a letter, a telephone call, 2 radio call, a telegram, 2 notice; it is something ‘which requires or expects a response; it is amessage. Jam in communication with her means tat we exchange messages. Communication with the space ship is lost means that no informaztion ( facts communicated) from the earth produces a r______se from the space ship, A message is 3 commu nn. When we send and receive m____ges, we e_ When we gansmit m__—_pes (i.e, send them over a distance) anid receive a 1e...se, we co cate, The m____ge goes from the sender to the receiver: it is trans__tted from cone place to another. While the m____ge is on its way, i is called a signal. cate, Animals c_____cate, birds... te, and at least some insects te, that is to say, one of these organisms is able to make another organism nd to its m—— ge Men have made machines able to c. te with men, or with each other; they have made machines which ean rd tom. s. Am....g9 from one living thing to another say indicate the organism’s own fear, anger, pleasure or some other 1 se to something which has had an effect on it; or, ike an instrument or a machine, it may tr_—_mit particular inf____tion. For instance, a bee that has found honey is able to tr...-.mit 10 other bees the inform —__n they need in order 1o collect the honey; in what diretion itis, how far away, ‘and how much there is. A bee c_______tes by movements of its body, legs and antennae.” Communication, then (uncountable noun) is behavior through which one individual has an effect fon another. C_.........cation is part of the behavior of animals living together; it ix part of social behavior. Between human beings, much ¢......_...cation is carried out through language, through the {r.....-mission and reception of words, but human beings ean also tr 1 sounds which are not wards; and some of these sounds have words to describe them; a sigh, a cough, a Jaugh, for example, Human e.. 1s often operated by movements of the body, head and hands. The whole body can give itself a look of impatience, sadness, serious attention and so on, This is done by changing the position of the body, moving the eyes, ete. Movements of the head ean indicate Yes or No, agreement and disagreement. The eyebrows can be raised (o show surprise. The eyes can express anger and Jove; indeed, the eyes are so expressive that we speak af a “language of the eyes.” The shoulders can be raised to indicate that a person does not aface know something, ‘expressing suiprise The hands can be used (0 com_. ¢. They can be used to ..._m______s. Movements of the hands can give particular instructions, ‘They can indicate that someone should approach or go away. By moving her hands,a car driver ean register ate oF record) her own decision to go slowly, to turn left or tight, {o stop, or can inform a car driver behind her that she * antenna (plural antennae). Insects often have & pair of antennae on thelr heads. These ate long, thin, flexible, sensitive organs used to {ouch and feel what isin front of the insect or near it 160should pass, However, many bodily movements do nat cogister particular facts or bits of ation but add to the expressiveness of the spoken language by intensifying or reducing, the force of the m____ge. In all parts of the world, movements of the hands are used when people speak, Some communities use these movements more than others, and some individuals use them more freely than other individuals in the same community, We ase accustomed to the gestures (= meaningful movements of the hands, body, ete.) of our vin social group; they seem natural, and they seem to c__—___cate meaning unmistakably, so that we are surprised to find that communities differ in their understanding and use of g_——_res. In many parts of the world, including North India, moving the head up and down is ag.-———re \which shows agreement or acceptance ofa suggestion, and # movement of the head from side ¢o side shows disagreement or a refusal. In South India, a sideways swinging movement of the head isa gee indicating agreement, This is easily confused with the signal expressing disagreement or refisl;so a North Indian traveling in South India has to jearn to distinguish between his s___al for “No” and the South Indian’s s_—_I for “Yes.” It is by common understanding and acceptance, which we call convention, that a gre has « meaning among the members of a commanity. ‘A message which has & common, conventional meaning for a transmitter is part of a cade. A code is any set of si. Is whose meaning isthe same for the transmitter and the receiver; the motorists Is are ac, and a language isa cin this sense of the word), Some c.....s ate public; anyone can learn them, Some ¢——_- are private; only some people know them. Some cs are secret; only people who share the sectet know the c_...., and the cit made complicated so that people who do not know it cannot tr. esinit. - C...—--tion is social contact, or socially organized contact, by means of a c....e, Now 10 a perfect the m____ge is translated into a e—— perfectly, itis r__..tted perfectly, its received perfectly, and is understood by the receiver exactly as it was ‘understood by the tr_—_mitter. ‘There is no difference between the inf_ — which is trans_____d and the inf. --- which is received. In practice, however, few e. sare perfect. Often the trans___.er is uncertain of his m____ge, or expresses it imperfectly. Sometimes the c.. itself isnot adequate, it is 13, not able to give complete expression to the txans————er’s thoughts or wishes. Often the receiver hears the m_——ge, but hears other m....—e at the spine time—as we do when many peopl tak atthe same time in a small room, In this cae, the s___1, we say, s poorly transmitted because of interference during the trans. 1, Weall know that unwanted sls which are received simultaneously with the wanted 5 make it difficult to separate the wanted messages from the unwanted m s. They are confused with each other. OF course the unwanied ms are often ¢ ns from other receivers, but since the wanted s- Tis hidden by them, they are called by the same name ny meaningless inter__ce; they are called noise, (This i a technical term For anything which inter_..._s with a m_—__ge and confuses it) A c_—_______nis often imperfect because the receiver is not constant in his attention; sometimes the receiver reg ‘the m____ge correctly, and sometimes he reg____rs the m____ge incotrectly. Then, when the me......ge has been received, the s__Is may still be imperfectly understood, because the trans______er and the rec._....er may not read the ein the same way. A these fuets about e. 1 are Familiar, and intelligent communicators always, tay to keep their . __s free from inter_____ce and misunderstanding. We learn through experience to be careful about our m_—— ind we do not need a theory of, e. =n in order t0 know how important successful c Lavis, The 16162 WORD STUDY a coast (the coast ‘of a country) the interior (of ‘country, etc.) access (uncountable) accessible inaccessible abroad ‘theory of communication is quite recent, In 1838 a man called Mr. Morse invented a e. ‘which is used for si_—-ling by means of flashes of light or for si......ng with long and short bursts of sound trod by telegraph or by radio. The continued use of this c.. for world wide c— _--t has led to the study of the theory of communication Bxercise ind words from the passege (paragraph numbers are given fo help you) meaning 1, giveand receive a message facts communicated — 2. during the time that send over a distance 3. aliving thing show — a communication —— 4, kind of action or activity 6. done, performed — failure to agree. —— able to show feeling ~ 7. indicate or vecord raking more intense or stronger — making les strong, 4 group of people living ox working together — 8. meaningful movement of the body — axe unlike —__ willing rezeption understand the difference between ————___. 9, ase of signals which have the sume meaning for the receiver and the transmitter 10, available to everyone —_____ kept hidden from most people. ifficalt to understand... — 1. without any error — changed in form but not ia meaning —__. 12. sufficient for its purpose —— 13. atthe same time unchanging. eo xed up (G0 that mistakes are made) records (verb) something used fo send meaning In August 1492 Christopher Columbus, an Halian, sailed across the Atlantic Ovesn, He made a voyage actos the Atlantic Ocean, A voyage isa long journey by ship. Columbus’ purpose in making this v___.ge was not to reach the continent of America. Like most people of his time, he did not know or guoss that the American c. nt existed. His goal was the cont OF Asia, What are the is? They ase the great land masses of the world. ‘Theis names are Eu_..e,An.-, A, Ame, and Australasia, [AC the time when Columbus went on his v.._ge, trade with the East was difficult. Gold, ‘other valuable goods and heavy goods had to be carried overland {o Eu_.pe from the East on the backs of animals. Sailing ships could carry them part of the way. But no complete sea route from East to West was then known, 162 -neprsintecrcn tere ACO6.2 WORD STUDY In 1453 the Turks captured (= took by force) Constantinople, now called Istanbul, A large proportion of the goods brought from the East had to pass through this city or through other ports owned by the Turks, The Turks demanded payment before the goods could pass through their ports. There was a great need for another route from the ¢ nit of Europe to the nt of Asia, Columbus’ purpose was to reach the eastern coast (= the land bordering the sea) of Asia, He was one of the few people of his time who believed that the easth was sound, and he believed that he could reach the eastern ¢_—_t of Asia by suiling westward. Columbus started on his ve in August 1492, with thiee small ships, On October the 12th, 1492, one of his men roported that he had seen land. Soon everyone was able to see a small ‘sland* about five miles eway. They landed on the L....d, which Columbus named San Salvador. After that they traveled to other i___ds, including Cuba and Haiti. But on this v.-..ge Columbis did not reach the ct of America, For a long time he did not believe that he had discovered a new ¢ nt, He continued to think that he had reached a part of Asia, He thought that these i_..._.s belonged (0 Asia, which was already known to poople traveling in the opposite direction, The i he discovered are still called the “West Indies.” Columbus sailed home and described his experiences to the King and Queen of Spain. He made sto the new ¢..___..__it, and on the third v______ he veached the (of Panama, He was not, however, the first to reach the e_. of America. Amerigo Vespucci landed on the Argentine c_—_ before him, Columbus did not explore (= travel into a place to find out about it) the iaerior of the American ‘. 4. Access (= process ot way of reaching) 10 the in____or was difficult. ‘The in. « (the inside part) of a newly discovered country is often inaccessible (= impossible to reach) because there are no roads, and there may be vivers and forests whiich are difficult to cross, In modern times very few patts of the interior of North America are inace.. ible. Nosth ‘America isa rich country with excellent commamications (in this context communications means roads, railways, ete.). Only a fow mountain regions arc in. ible, But ass 10 some parts of South Ameria is stil difficult, because parts of South America, especially on the hanks of the Amazon, are still covered with thick forests, Nowadays people who go sbroad (= away from their own country) have a..s5—. most parts of the world. We can visit the coasfai cities of America or we ean visit cities in the in_....oF. We can visit the ¢_.—tal cities of India or we can visit the in__._r, Not all parts of the in__..r of Australia are easily a—___ible, because the in... of Australia is vory hhot and not many people live there Nowadays many Asian students go abd. In their own countries they do not always have 4_...$9 to universities and libraries. Setence and knowledge should be a_.....ible to everybody, Good food, clothes, houses and medical services should be a ible to every: body. Medica! ser—ees can only be a ble 10 everybody if they are prov... as fee s. by the auth, s flooded When floods cover a piece of land, we say that the land is flooded. When a farm or a village is drowned f..—....ed, some people may lose their lives when they eqnnot escape from the rising water They may be drowned. In India there ate often terrible floods, In 1968 large parts of Assam and Bengal were f_.__ded. Hundreds of villages wore f_....ded and many people were d.._ned.6.2 WORD STUDY bring up upbringing ‘a background in the background When there is. storm at sea, the storm sometimes sinks ship, and some of the people in the ship may be d...ned if they are not saved in time. Sometimes swimmers are d.__._ned when they swim too far out and do not have the strength to swim back. A Prime Minister of Austsalia was d__.ned when he went sivinining, Patents or those who ave responsible fos children and live with them bring them up. Children are normally brought up by thels parents. Their parents are resp__.ble for their children’s upbringing. The way in which children are bs_.ght up, Le. taught and influenced by their parents, isa fa._tor which helps to shape their behavior, habits and character, though itis not the only f___or and therefore does not determine their habits and character, Childten may be well brought up or badly broughe up. They may be carefully or carelessly rt up. Psychologists do not always agree about the best meth..ds of br___ing up children, though most of them agree that all children need Jove and att__tion. A child's uupbr_..ging depends very much on the customs of the society in which he lives A pesson’s background is hee pinging, education, past exp—..ences and the social on. nt into which she was born. A child bor into a poor vllager's family in India obviously has a very different ba. “nd froma child bom into a wealthy Swiss banker's Panily or into a scientist’s family in Russia Anotiner, more general sense of @ background is that part of a surface (c.g. of wallpaper or cloth) ‘on which and against which x pattern, design, ete. can be seen; or that part of a natural scene ‘or a picture which lies behind or appears to lie behind the important objects, persons, etc. which are in the foreground and which hold our attention, We also say that a person {ries to remain in the background when he tries not to be noticed. 164 soremetnoermenaenn