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    vocabulario

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    5 views32 pages

    Vocab Unit 7-1

    Uploaded by

    pablo zarate
    vocabulario

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    UNIT 7 Unit VIL 7.1 VOCABULARY ‘These are the words you will practice in this unit: alter aster noun) borrow borrow (noun) charge (a price | for something) commit (acrime, commit (noun) ete.) ciltivate cultivate (+ noun) exhaust exhaust ( noun) export export” (+ novn) flourish flourish Reneg eeeeeeeee found (noun) Import Inport? (noun) inherit insert (noun) invest inwest? (noun) inrgate in'igate (noun) manufacture man-ufac"ture (+ noun) protect protect (+ noun) punish punish (¢ noun + for + noun) take part in (noun) undertake undertake” ( noun) undertake to undertake’ agriculture agriculture (@a) investment analteration ——_abter-a’ation irrigation irrigation (an) apparatus apepasratais alayer lay*er anarch aloss @ climate (2) means 8 commodity a a company (= 8 ami min'r firm) amineral mineral a council coun ‘mining smin’.ing crime an occupation oc.curpa’tion eximnal (@) protection pro-tec’tion Nouns —— caltiove'tion the public public @) debt punishment pun'dshment exhaustion exhaus’tion redundaney —_reedun'dancy exports ex'-ports resources ——_te"sources fertility fertility aight = (@) fertilizer fertilizer security seou'aity ) fuel fuel ashe fund, funds , @) structure structure a surplus surplus implement transport teans’ port mports? an undertaking under taking j | _(an)inheritance inher. 180 j UNIT 7 7.1 VOCABULARY ADJECTIVES —— ADVERBS PHRASES: afraid of Tegal afraid to afraid? mechanical ‘agricultural agri-cu? tural mineral mineral commercial commercial private private criminal tim’ inal public pub’slie exhausted exchaust ed redundant re-dui fertile for’stile secure sevcure? guilty (of) guilty structural strue’-tural isolated Pesodated united united joint jointly jointly Inechanically __mechan'sicaly by means of for export export in any case in case in debt in that case, ete, in some cases, te, 181 unit 7 Unit Vil 7.2. WORD STUDY INSTRUCTIONS: Study the following words and the uses of them alter We alter a thing when we change it; usually altering a thing does not mean changing it (an)alteration completely, but changing a particular part or feature of it (or particular parts or features). ‘A thing is altered when it is changed usually in appearance oF in certain parts o Features. (An) alteration is the ation or results of altering something. (Often alter, alteration, give the idea of changing something on purpose.) Examples: Uns alter the sleoves of this coat; they are too long, This dress needs ation, You hive xed the garden, but Ido not think your a. 8 are an improvement One ofthe factors which has ____d the situation isthe success of the government's new agricultural policy, { will not soeept this report unless there are considerable a_....tions, We will nota... the scheme just because a few individuals are not satisfied with it. You axe the owner ofthe property and you are financislly responsible for the a ns, Your view of the situation will be sed if you take these factors into consideration, ‘To a___+ the arrangements now will be intesf_ing with his pans. ‘charge When a man asks for thirty dollars as the price of repairing my car, he charges thirty a charge dollars for repairing my cat, He charges me thisty dollers for repairing my ear. To charge a certain amount of money (for something or for doing something) isto esk or demand that price for the thing or forthe job, To charge someone a certain amount of money is to ask that person for a certain emount of money (Fors thing or for doing a job). charge is ‘8 payment asked for something (usually for a service, sometimes for goods). Examples: What was his c......ge for the repairs? He ch_.ed me fifty dollars. Do you think he ch_-ed too much? Yes, he ch..ed more than he should have done, The grocer ch_._ed me ten cents a pound for these potatoes, You can get a loan from them, but they will c_-ge a high rate of interest, Governments should make loans to underdeveloped countries without exerting politicel pressure and without ch__..ing high rates of interest Ihe chs more than the offical rate you should r_—se to pay it, The ch_ge for diling a tooth and filling itis five dollars the ch... for taking out a tooth is ten dollars, The hall can be hi_.d at weekends, and the ch. Is forty dollars a night. exhaust We exhaust soriething (e.g. water, a supply of food, etc.) when we use it up completely. We exhausted say that something is exhausted (e.g. that the coal is exhausted) when iti all used up and exhaustion there is none left. We say that a woman is exhausted wien she isso tired that she has no (uncountable) energy left at all, A man’s paticnce is ex___.ted when he has po patience left, Exhaustion {s the condition or result of being exhausted Examples: If we ext our regular finances we must try to obtain money elsewhere. He cannot pay his debts because not only his income but his capital is ex_—__ted. In the interior supplies of water are ex....ted and the situation is very serious. If consumption ‘increases at this rate supplies will be ex__—_ted in a few years. The town's store of fuel is cx_ted because of delays in transport, You look completely ex__ted; you must go to bed immediately, He was too ex. to respond, By the end of the week everyone was in a state of ex. _n, The result of over- cultivation is the ex____tion of the soit (le. the result is that the soil loses all the chemicals, that enable it to produce crops). The ex ‘of existing funds means that we wi have to ask for further contributions. 182 7.2 WORD STUDY borrow adebt in debt afund funds inherit (Gn) inheritance We borrow money, an umbrella, a pen, etc. when the owner of the money, the umbrella, ete allows us fo take it and use it temporarily. We borrow something when we take it and use it temporarily with the permission of the owner. When we bw something we are expected to give it beck. When we b____.w money we ate expected to pay it back. When we b..w books from the public library or the university library we are expected to return them within a given period of time. Money which is b___...wed and not yet paid back is called a dedt. People who have a lot of ¢___s are people who have b__-_wed 2 ol of money (from various people, shops, etc.) and have not yet paid it back. Until we pay back the money we have b__..._ed we are in d People who buy cars, furniture, etc. through the rent-purchase system are in d__— until Usey have completed their payments. Governments which bow money from individuals ot from other governments aze in d__ until they pay back what they have b_._.wed. When a government is in d__t, we call this d__._ the “national debt." ‘cis said that the Beatles had enough money to pay back the whole of the British national d___.. In modem Western societies a very large proportion of the population are usually in _—t in some way or other. They bw money for their houses, their cars, their fumiture, and even for their holidays abroad or for their children’s education. Sometimes : they b......w money wisely, sometimes unwisely. It isnot wise t0 bow money if you know that you can never repay it, but it is often wise to b... Fequirements wien you know that you will be able to repay the d_ of time. When friends want to b. money from us we do not usualy r. it to them, though we sometimes say that we ate unable to 1... it .w money for temporary — ina limited period se to lend A fund is a sum of money which is available for a special purpose, eg. to help people whose hhomes have been destroyed by floods or earthquakes or to build a swimming pool for a School. A fund is often collected by asking the public to contribute to it, Funds (plural) i.e. the plural form of a fund, may means special sums of money for special Pusposes, Another meaning of funds (plural) is available money, mn this sense, a person who has no f__..8 is a person who has no available money. Examples: He suggested that they should start a £_... to finance sports facilities for the neighborhood. There are various f___s which provide scholarships for poor students. This f___ will indirectly benefit the whole community. The treasurer of the society has ‘opened a special account at the bank for the society's building f_.. Members of the society are asked to contribute to this f___. In future both members and non-members will be charged twenty cents for admission to film shows, and this money will be deposited 'n the building f__ account. 1 believe you can el__m some help from the students? medical f. She cannot go abroad this year because she has no {__._s. People who have no fs to build @ house usually borrow money and pay it back in monthly amounts. F_..-s available annually to the university for publishing books are exhausted for the present year. When a farmer’s f___s are ex.._._ted hte cannot buy implements (= tools, usually : agricultural tools or machines) and develop his land, The Cooperative Society's f____s Q reached their highest level last year. It is better to have f_....s than to have d__ts. She kt has fre. ly contributed to the society’s f___s. BL shohaste i tohin: Brea an de fe scale et i 183 7.2 WORD STUDY take part in undertake undertake to an undertaking instructions leaving his money, property and belongings (0 certain person or to cortain people. When he is dead, the people named in his will inherit his money, property and belongings, We can also say that a boy inherits his mother’s good looks or his father’s brains, This means that he gets his good looks from his mother or his brains from his father. An inheritance is something left by a dead person; or something left to younger people by older people or by ther parents, ete.; ra situation left by people to others who have replaced therm Examples: She inh_—_ted the house and furniture from her eunt, She had to pay heavy taxes on bis inh_.anee, Inh._ed wlth is taxed heavily. You must use your inh ce to train yourself fora eacer ‘The Labor Government in..-.ted its problems from the government which preceded it Twonder whether you in__—__ed your energy end powers of observation from your mother or your father, Alexander did not inh_—_-t an empireshe created one. The present Situation ian inh _-c¢ from the last war. A giil who is brought up away from her father may int her father's brains, even if she does not in her father's money. To take part ina discussion, a meeting, ¢ game, a conference, et. is to share in its activity. To take part in something isto be active init, to share in its activity. We use this expression only when the activity is of such a kind that # person is free to share init or not, as he wishes. (We do not say that a worker takes part in the work of the factory, because. a factory worker has no choice.) Examples: Several students di not t.... p.... in the discussion. ‘The Russian and Chinese governments were asked to — = the peace talks. Two heads of dopartments tk part in the university basketball game which was held last week Several organizations have t_. the conference on Commercial Interference with the Environment which is reported elsewhere in this periodical. The Manufacturers? Association, however, refused to ~~ the conference; i is an ass_. which prefs to express its opinions indep_—....-ly. ‘To undertake a piece of work or to undertake to do something is to make oneself responsible for the work or for doing the work. To undertake can also mean to promise in general, An undertaking is work that has been undertaken; usually itis a job involving lime, effort, organization, etc., not a light job. Another meaning of an undertaking is a promise. To give an undertaking is to promise something, Examples: ‘The new university laboratories wll be constructed this year, and Local firms ( business groups) have been asked to u—__take the work. I cannot ue to finish the job in Jes than three months, She u———took to epay the debt within three years You have refused to take part in these arrangements but you must u_. ke not to interfere with them ‘The mines are inaccessible, and the provision of transport facilities willbe a considerable uu___-taking. ‘The organization of this institute will be an expensive u_. —ing, but it will benefit the whole community, He gave them an v ing (= a promise) that he ‘would protect their interests, When a man is appointed to a post he sometimes has to give ng that he will accept the authority of his employers, The first joumey to the moon was a very risky w. ing, but travelers u ing later flights have profited from the exp____nce of those who prec___d them. He gave a ficm u_. ‘that he would finish the work in three months, 184 UNIT 7 7.2 WORD STUDY ‘mechanical mechanically apparatus (uncountable) fn apparatus (countable) alayer aloss I losses of, connected with or produced by machines, or like « machine in its behavior. by mechanical methods or in a machine-like way or manner, Examples: He invented several me.....-cal toys. In the eighteenth century there was nom. cal transport. A bicycle is a machine, but it is not operated by m. I power; it isnot m_.. ally operated, ‘This apparatus is based on an original m. I principle, When we pump water from a lower level we raise i from that level mech. tly Her work is entirely m_. 1; does not involve imagination or intelligence. Nowadays most m1 work can be carried out by machines. A lot of domestic work ism. 1, and intelligent women find it either boring or restful for that reason, He writes m_____ally, without feeling of originality. When a man is troubled or worried about domestic problems he is sometimes unable to concentrate and does his work m_. ally. The gestures of a good actor are always meaningful and never me. cal. apparatus (uncountable noun) = equipment, often mechanical equipment. an apparatus (plural = apparatuses or pieces of apparatus) = a piece of equipment, & mechanism, 2 machine or a mechanical system. Examples: This laboratory does not have sufficient a_..__tus, A dentist's a tus includes machines for polishing and repairing teeth, for drilling them and for pulling them out, The tus of a geography classroom includes maps, charts and globes. The ig of a foreign language does not demand complicated tus. ‘This traveling

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