P443 Distance Schemes A1 PDF

CUSTOMER TRAINING
2006 Page 1 of 30
Issue A.1
10 July 2006
ADVANCED P443 DISTANCE PROTECTION
DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEMES
T&D
Automation & Information Systems - St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel: +44 (0)1785 223251 – Fax: +44 (0)1785 212232
AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office: St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England: 4955841
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 2 of 30
Issue A.1
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 4
1.1. OBJECTIVE OF DEMONSTRATION............................................................................ 4
1.2. MICOM P443 SETTINGS ............................................................................................. 4
1.3. TEST SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION....................................................................... 5
1.4. CONNECTION DIAGRAMS.......................................................................................... 6
1.5. INITIAL DEMONSTRATION SET-UP ........................................................................... 7
1.5.1. CB Control .................................................................................................................... 7
1.5.2. Fault Location ............................................................................................................... 7
1.5.3. Zone 1 Extension PSL .................................................................................................. 7
1.5.4. Fibre Optic Communication Channel ............................................................................ 7
2. NON-COMMUNICATING / BACK-UP DISTANCE SCHEMES..................................... 8
2.1. BASIC DISTANCE SCHEME........................................................................................ 8
2.1.1. Demonstration of Basic Distance Zones ....................................................................... 8
2.2. ZONE 1 EXTENSION ................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Demonstration of Z1X Single Shot ................................................................................ 9
2.2.2. Demonstration of Z1X Auto Reclose ........................................................................... 10
2.3. LOSS OF LOAD ACCELERATED TRIP ..................................................................... 11
2.3.1. Demonstration of Loss of Load Scheme ..................................................................... 11
3. CHANNEL AIDED DISTANCE SCHEMES................................................................. 13
3.1. PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH TRANSFER TRIP....................................................... 13
3.1.1. Demonstration of PUR Scheme .................................................................................. 14
3.1.2. Demonstration of Out of Service with CB Open .......................................................... 14
3.2. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH TRANSFER TRIP ......................................................... 15
3.2.1. Demonstration of POR Scheme.................................................................................. 16
3.3. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH CB ECHO LOGIC ......................................................... 17
3.3.1. Demonstration of CB Echo Logic ................................................................................ 17
3.4. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH WEEK INFEED ECHO .................................................. 18
3.4.1. Demonstration of Week Infeed Logic .......................................................................... 18
3.5. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH WEEK INFEED TRIP .................................................... 19
3.5.1. Demonstration of Week Infeed Trip............................................................................. 19
3.6. BLOCKING SCHEMES............................................................................................... 20
3.6.1. Demonstration of Blocking Scheme ............................................................................ 21
3.6.2. Demonstration of Week Infeed or Out of Service with CB Open ................................. 21
3.6.3. Demonstration of Blocking Scheme Delay .................................................................. 22
3.7. Z1 EXTENSION AND LOSS OF LOAD AS BACK-UP SCHEMES.............................. 23
3.7.1. Demonstration of Communication Channel Failure Modes ......................................... 23
3.7.2. Demonstration of Scheme Failure Modes ................................................................... 23
4. DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT SCHEMES ............................................................... 24
4.1. DEF PERMISSIVE OVERREACH .............................................................................. 24
4.1.1. Demonstration of DEF POR Scheme.......................................................................... 24
4.2. DEF BLOCKING ......................................................................................................... 25
4.2.1. Demonstration of DEF Blocking Scheme .................................................................... 25
5. DELTA DIRECTIONAL SCHEMES ............................................................................ 26
5.1. DELTA PERMISSIVE OVER REACH ......................................................................... 26
5.1.1. Demonstration of DELTA POR Scheme ..................................................................... 26
5.2. DELTA BLOCKING..................................................................................................... 27
5.2.1. Demonstration of DELTA Blocking Scheme................................................................ 27
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 3 of 30
Issue A.1
6. COMPOSITE SCHEMES............................................................................................ 28
6.1.1. Demonstration of the advantages of DISTANCE and DEF in a combined scheme ..... 28
6.1.2. Demonstration of the advantages of DELTA in a combined scheme........................... 29
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 4 of 30
Issue A.1
1. INTRODUCTION
This demonstration material will enable the MiCOM P443 protection schemes to be exercised
using two Omicron CMC156 or CMC256 test sets.
1.1. OBJECTIVE OF DEMONSTRATION

The objective of the demonstration is to enable the user to become familiar with the operation of
distance protection schemes and the operation of the P443 in realising those schemes.
This is an advanced demonstration and it is assumed that the user is familiar with navigating the
front panel of MiCOM relays and the MiCOM S1 PSL software. The user does not need to have
any prior knowledge regarding Omicron software.
1.2. MICOM P443 SETTINGS

Where possible default settings are used, however to exercise the schemes certain setting
changes are required. These are described as the demonstration progresses.
The default distance protection settings are shown diagrammatically below.
Z4 (t = 1s)
Z3 (t = 0.6s)
Z2 (t = 0.2s)
Z1 (t = inst)
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
• Z1 reach is 0 to 8 with a sub-cycle operating time.

• Z2 reach is 0 to 15 with an operating time of 0.2s.
• Z3 reach is -1 to 25 with an operating time of 0.6s.
• Z4 reach is -15 to 0 with an operating time of 1s.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 5 of 30
Issue A.1
1.3. TEST SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Microsoft Excel is used to control the Omicron test sets, which allows fault setting parameters to be
applied within Excel, the calculations performed and the Omicrons controlled in one operation.
Therefore no familiarity with Omicron software is required.
An overview of the Excel control panel is shown below.
End A End B
Relay Settings Relay Settings
End A Source Pre-fault Load Line End B Source

Parameters Conditions parameters Parameters
Zone Applied Fault Fault Position

Operating Time Parameters Summary
Settings
Fault Position Apply Test
Slider Button Fault
Parameters
Relay ‘out of
service’ switches
Relay Trip
Time & Zone
of Operation
The control panel will be demonstrated by your supervisor.

CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 6 of 30
Issue A.1
1.4. CONNECTION DIAGRAMS

The hardware components are connected as shown below. Note that End A is connected to the
PC via LPT1 and End B via LPT2.
The connections between each Omicron test and MiCOM P443 are shown below.
The relay communication channels can be implemented via hardwiring electrical links, via a
modem connection or optical fibres. The most practical for demonstration purposes is optical
fibres and this is assumed in the following demonstration material.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 7 of 30
Issue A.1
1.5. INITIAL DEMONSTRATION SET-UP

The following modifications to PSL and settings are required for the demonstration. Open the
appropriate default PSL and make the alterations and add the components below, to a blank page
within the default PSL.
1.5.1. CB Control
The following PSL modification allows the Omicron test set to indicate the CB position to the relay.
Input L1 CB Aux 3ph(52-A)
DDB #032 DDB #384
Remove this link on Page 1, so that the CB healthy signal is not required.
Input L15 CB Healthy
DDB #046 DDB #400
The relay will require the following setting changes.

a) In the CB CONTROL column set the CB Control by to Local.
b) In the CB CONTROL column set the CB Status Input to 52A 3 pole.
The option to close the CB should be visible on the front panel and hence the CB position can be
observed during fault applications.
1.5.2. Fault Location

To display the fault location is Ohms, the relay will require the following setting change.
a) In the MEASURE’T SETUP column set the Fault Location to Ohms.
1.5.3. Zone 1 Extension PSL

This PSL modification enables the auto-reclose function to retract the Z1 extension when an
autoreclose sequence has commenced.
AR Reset Z1 EXT Reset Zone 1 Ext
DDB #445 DDB #446
1.5.4. Fibre Optic Communication Channel

This PSL modification is required to enable the scheme communication channel between the two
relays.
a) Delete these default PSL connections on page 1.
Input L3 Aided1 Scheme Rx
DDB #034 DDB #449
Input L4 Aided 1 COS/LGS

DDB #035 DDB #448
b) Add the following components.

Aided 1 Send IM64 Ch1 Output1
DDB #456 DDB #880
Aided 2 Send IM64 Ch1 Output2

DDB #472 DDB #881
IM64 Ch1 Input 1 Aided1 Scheme Rx

DDB #864 DDB #449
IM64 Ch1 Input 2 Aided2 Scheme Rx

DDB #865 DDB #465
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 8 of 30
Issue A.1
2. NON-COMMUNICATING / BACK-UP DISTANCE SCHEMES

The non-communicating/back-up distance schemes will be configured and demonstrated in the
following sections.
2.1. BASIC DISTANCE SCHEME

The basic distance scheme consists of graded zones of protection in isolation. The logic is
configured so that Zone 1 will trip instantaneously and zones 2, 3 & 4 will trip after their
corresponding time delays.
Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2
Z3 T3 T3 Z3
Disadvantages:
• Faults at the end of the protected line result in instantaneous tripping at one end and time
delayed tripping at the other
• Time delayed protection results in more damage and prevents high-speed auto-reclosing
for systems with stability concerns
2.1.1. Demonstration of Basic Distance Zones

To exercise the relays, configure the test software to:
a) Any fault i.e. A-N Fault
b) Single Fault Shot
c) Position the fault location to the centre of the protected line (50%)
d) Apply the test and verify that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time
The following fault locations can be exercised to verify the scheme operation.
Fault Location Relay A Relay B Test Successful

(w.r.t. Relay A) (Tick)
50% Zone 1 Zone 1 Completed
90% Zone 2* Zone 1
140% Zone 2 Zone 4
200% Zone 3 Zone 4
300% No Trip No Trip
10% Zone 1 Zone 2*
-40% Zone 4 Zone 2
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3
-200% No Trip No Trip
*Note: for a fault within the protected line there is a time delayed trip
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 9 of 30
Issue A.1
2.2. ZONE 1 EXTENSION

The objective of the Z1 extension, is to provide fast fault clearance at both ends of the line for a
transient fault anywhere along the line. The Z1 extension scheme relies on the zone 1 being
extended for the initial fault. After the initial trip the Z1 extension is contracted to its original length,
so that any subsequent auto-reclose operations result in correct system grading.
The logic ensures that for the first fault Z1X is enabled, however when the auto-reclose function
has started the extension is retracted.
A/R A/R
& &
Z1X Z1X
Z1 1 1 Trip Trip 1 1 Z1
Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2
Z T3 T3 Z
3 3
Advantages:
• Provides fast fault clearance for all faults along the protected line
• No communication channel required (can be used as a back-up when communication fails)
• Enables high-speed auto-reclose operations
Disadvantages:
• Tripping can occur for external faults
• Time delayed tripping for permanent faults
• Relies on auto-reclose being in use to maintain discrimination
2.2.1. Demonstration of Z1X Single Shot

a) In the SCHEME LOGIC column, enable the Z1 Ext Scheme
The Z1X reach is now 150% of Zone 1, i.e. reaches to 120% of the line
b) Any fault i.e. A-N Fault
c) Single Fault Shot
d) Position the fault location to 90% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
e) Apply the fault and verify that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 10 of 30
Issue A.1
2.2.2. Demonstration of Z1X Auto Reclose

To observe the Z1X zone retracting, then an auto reclose operation is required.
The relay will require the following setting chamges.
a) In the SCHEME LOGIC column, disable the SOTF status
b) In the SCHEME LOGIC column, disable the TOR status
c) In the CONFIGURATION column, enable the Auto-Reclose
d) In the AUTORECLOSE column, set the Dead Time 1 to 5s
e) Any fault i.e. A-N Fault
f) Auto Reclose: Permanent Fault
g) Increase the prefault time to 10s to allow the autoreclose function to become active
h) Position the fault location to 90 % of the protected line, with respect to relay A
i) Apply the fault and check that both relays initially operate with a zone 1 operating time
due to Zone 1 extending. There is then a 5s dead time and the system then recloses back
onto the permanent fault. Relay A then trips in zone 2 and relay B trips in zone 1 proving
the Z1X has retracted. The operating times can be verified by inspection of the fault record.
Fault Location Initial Fault Permanent Fault Test Successful

(w.r.t. Relay A) (Tick)
Relay A Relay B Relay A Relay B
50% Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1
90% Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 1 Completed
115% Zone 1* Zone 4 Zone 2* No Reclose
200% Zone 3 Zone 4 No Reclose No Reclose
300% No Trip No Trip No Reclose No Reclose
10% Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 2
-15% Zone 4 Zone 1* No Reclose Zone 2*
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3 No Reclose No Reclose
-200% No Trip No Trip No Reclose No Reclose
*Note: Zone 1 is now overreaching on the initial fault and there is still time delayed fault clearance
for a permanent fault.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 11 of 30
Issue A.1
2.3. LOSS OF LOAD ACCELERATED TRIP

The loss of load scheme provides an alternative technique, which ensures fast fault clearances at
both ends of the line for a fault anywhere along the protected line. The scheme operates by
detecting a fault clearance at the remote end of the line and therefore accelerates if Z2 has started.
The scheme has the limitation that it can only be applied for 3-phase tripping and used to
accelerate unbalanced faults. T1 is set to 40ms to enable the scheme to trigger and T2 is set to
18ms to provide security against circuit breaker pole scattering, when the remote CB opens.
LDA
LDB &
LDC T2
0
0 & Trip
T1 & Z2
1 .
.
.
Advantages:
• Provides fast fault clearance for all faults along the protected line
• No communication channel required (can be used as a back-up when communication fails)
• Enables auto-reclose operations
Disadvantages:
• Can only be used for 3-pole tripping
• Only functions for unbalanced faults
• Load current must be present before fault to ‘activate’ the scheme
2.3.1. Demonstration of Loss of Load Scheme

a) In the CONFIGURATION column, disable the Auto Reclose
b) In the SCHEME LOGIC column, disable the Z1 Ext Scheme
c) In the SCHEME LOGIC column, enable the LOL Scheme
Notice the current setting LOL <I is set to 500mA. The initial load on the system must be greater
than this level to initiate the scheme.
d) Any unbalanced fault i.e. A-N Fault
e) Single Fault Shot
f) Reduce the prefault time to 3s
g) Configure the pre-fault load to 600mA
h) Position the fault location to 90% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
i) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time, with an
LOL accelerated trip on relay A
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 12 of 30
Issue A.1
Fault Location Relay A Relay B Test

(w.r.t. Relay A) Successful
(Tick)
50% Zone 1 Zone 1
90% Zone 1 (LOL)* Zone 1* Completed
140% Zone 2 Zone 4
200% Zone 3 Zone 4
10% Zone 1* Zone 1 (LOL)*
-40% Zone 4 Zone 2
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3
*Note: The protected line is correctly tripping instantaneously.

The scheme requires a prefault above its setting of 0.5A to activate the scheme. Reduce the
prefault current below this level and check the scheme does not operate.

(wrt Relay A) Successful
(Tick)
90% Zone 2* Zone 1
10% Zone 1 Zone 2*
*Note: the scheme is not accelerating

The scheme has the disadvantage that is can only operate for unbalanced faults. Apply the
following 3-phase faults and verify that the scheme does not operate.

(Tick)
90% Zone 2* Zone 1
10% Zone 1 Zone 2*
*Note: the scheme is not accelerating

CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 13 of 30
Issue A.1
3. CHANNEL AIDED DISTANCE SCHEMES

Channel aided schemes communicate between ends, enabling coordinated fault clearance,
however they do not provide inherent back-up protection. Therefore should the communications
fail, the protection will default to either the basic distance scheme or if configured a Zone 1
Extension or Loss of Load scheme.
3.1. PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH TRANSFER TRIP

The permissive underreach scheme is a secure scheme. When a fault is applied to the remote
end of the protected line, the remote end relay zone 1 will pick-up and assert the communication
channel. If the local end receives this signal and observes zone 2 starting then the local end will
accelerate trip.
Tx Tx
0 Rx Rx 0
100 100
& &
Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1
Z2 T . . T Z2
2 2
Z3 T T Z3
3 3
Advantages:
• Only simplex channel required
• Secure scheme because channel keyed for internal faults only
Disadvantages:
• If one end is open or there is week infeed, then the scheme reverts to a basic scheme
• Resistive coverage dictated by zone 1 (an issue for MHO characteristics)
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 14 of 30
Issue A.1
3.1.1. Demonstration of PUR Scheme

a) In the SCHEME LOGIC column, check that the LOL Scheme and Z1 Ext Scheme are
Disabled
b) In the SCHEME LOGIC column, set the Aid 1 Selection to PUR
c) In the CONFIGURATION column, enable the InterMiCOM 64
d) Remove the pre-fault current if desired
e) Any fault, i.e. A-N Fault
f) Single Fault Shot
g) Position the fault location to 90% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
h) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time

(Tick)
50% Zone 1 Zone 1
90% Zone 1 (Aided)* Zone 1* Completed
140% Zone 2 Zone 4
200% Zone 3 Zone 4
10% Zone 1* Zone 1 (Aided)*
-40% Zone 4 Zone 2
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3
*Note: The protected line is tripping instantaneously
3.1.2. Demonstration of Out of Service with CB Open

The scheme does not provide for accelerated tripping when the remote end CB is open, because
there is no signal to echo back.
a) Any fault, i.e. A-N Fault
c) Position the fault location to 90% of the protected line with respect to relay A
d) Disable relay B, taking it out of service
e) Apply the test and verify that relay A operates in zone 2 for a fault on the protected line
and that relay B does not operate.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 15 of 30
Issue A.1
3.2. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH TRANSFER TRIP

The permissive overreach scheme relies on both ends of the line observing a forward zone 2 fault.
When a fault occurs within zone 2, the relay will assert the communication channel; therefore if one
end of the protected line observes a zone 2 and the channel received is asserted, then the fault
must be within the protected line between the relay points.
Rx Rx
Tx Tx
& &
Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1
Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2
Z3 T3 T3 Z3
Advantages:
• Provides good resistive coverage due to zone 2 (an issue for MHO characteristics)
• Echo logic can be used when one end is open or there is week infeed
Disadvantages:
• A duplex channel is required
• Scheme is perceived as being less secure, because channel is keyed for external faults
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 16 of 30
Issue A.1
3.2.1. Demonstration of POR Scheme

a) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 Selection to POR
b) Any fault, i.e. A-N Fault
e) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time

(wrt Relay A) (Tick)
50% Zone 1 Zone 1
140% Zone 2 Zone 4
200% Zone 3 Zone 4
-40% Zone 4 Zone 2
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3

CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 17 of 30
Issue A.1
3.3. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH CB ECHO LOGIC

The permissive overreach scheme relies on the remote end asserting the channel to enable fast
fault clearance in the remote 20% of the protected line. If the remote end is out of service, then
this signal will not be sent, resulting in time delayed zone 2 fault clearance for the last 20% of the
line. Therefore Echo logic is used to echo the received signal back, if one of the relays is out of
service with the CB open.
CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Tx Tx
1 1
& &
Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1
Z2 T . . T Z2
2 2
Z3 T T Z3
3 3
3.3.1. Demonstration of CB Echo Logic
c) Position the fault location to 90% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
d) Disable relay B, taking it out of service
e) Apply the test and check that relay A operates in zone 1 for a fault on the protected line
and that relay B does not operate with its CB position remaining open during the fault
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 18 of 30
Issue A.1
3.4. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH WEEK INFEED ECHO

Week Infeed Echo logic is used to echo the received signal back, if there is no distance pickup and
the channel is received. ‘No distance pickup’ in effect means no reverse zone 4 pickup, therefore
ensuring the fault is on the protected line in front of the relay. If the fault was in the reverse zone 4,
then there would not be a week infeed situation, because the fault is being fed from the same
source as the other end.
CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & Tx Tx & Z4
1 1
& &
Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1
Z2 T . . T Z2
2 2
Z3 T T Z3
3 3
3.4.1. Demonstration of Week Infeed Logic
d) Increase the End B Z1 and Z0 source impedance to a very high value, approximately
10000
e) Apply the test and verify that relay A operates in zone 2 for a fault on the protected line
and that relay B does not operate.
To enable the echo logic, relay B will require the following setting change.
f) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Week Infeed to Echo
g) Reapply the fault and verify that relay A, now operates in zone 1 for a fault on the
protected line and that relay B still does not operate.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 19 of 30
Issue A.1
3.5. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH WEEK INFEED TRIP

Week Infeed Echo and Trip logic is used to trip and echo the received signal back, if there is:
i) no distance pickup
ii) the channel is received and
iii) an under voltage element has picked up.
CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & Tx Tx & Z4
1 1
LDUV & & LDUV
& &
Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1
Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2
Z3 T3 T3 Z3
3.5.1. Demonstration of Week Infeed Trip

d) Maintain the End B Z1 and Z0 source impedance at a very high value, approximately
10000
To enable the echo and trip logic, relay B will require the following setting change.
e) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Week Infeed to Echo and Trip
f) Apply the fault and verify that relay A now operates in zone 1 for a fault on the protected
line and that relay B also trips, indicating a Week Infeed trip.
h) Reapply the fault and verify that relay A now operates in zone 2, and that relay B now
operates in zone 4, demonstrating the zone 4 blocking capability
i) Reset the End B Z1 and Z0 source impedance back to 10 and 40 respectively
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 20 of 30
Issue A.1
3.6. BLOCKING SCHEMES

When one of the relays protecting the line observes a reverse zone 4, then it asserts the
communication channel. The communication channel acts a block preventing the other end
tripping, however if there is no block on the communication channel and one end picks up in zone
2, then the fault must be in the protected line and the relay will accelerate trip.
& &
Rx Rx
Tx Tx
& &
Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1
Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2
Z4 T3 T3 Z4
Advantages:
• Only simplex channel required
• Provides better resistive coverage than PUR on short lines (issue for MHO characteristics)
Disadvantages:
• Supervision required to revert scheme back to basic distance if communication fails
• Less secure, because a blocking signal is required to prevent an accelerated trip
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 21 of 30
Issue A.1
3.6.1. Demonstration of Blocking Scheme

a) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 Selection to Blocking1
b) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 Dist. Dly to 20ms to allow time for the
blocking signal to be received and processed
c) Any fault, i.e. A-N Fault
d) Single Fault Shot
e) Position the fault location to 90% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
f) Apply the test and verify that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time

50% Zone 1 Zone 1
140% Zone 2 Zone 4
200% Zone 3 Zone 4
-40% Zone 4 Zone 2
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3
3.6.2. Demonstration of Week Infeed or Out of Service with CB Open

If the remote end is taken out of service or there is week infeed, then the blocking signal will not be
asserted and therefore the local end will accelerate trip for all faults along the line.
d) Increase the End B Z1 and Z0 source impedance to a very high value, approximately
10000 , or take the relay out of service
e) Apply the fault and verify that relay A still operates in zone 1 for a fault on the protected
line, relay B will not trip
f) Reset the End B Z1 and Z0 source impedance back to 10 and 40 respectively
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 22 of 30
Issue A.1
3.6.3. Demonstration of Blocking Scheme Delay

If the scheme is not delayed sufficiently to allow the blocking scheme signal to be received, then an
accelerated trip for an external fault can occur.
The relay will require the following setting change.
a) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 Dist. Dly to 0ms
e) Apply the fault and verify that relay A operates in zone 1, because the blocking signal was
not given enough time to arrive
To apply a time delay, relay A will require the following setting change.
f) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid.1 Dist. Dly to 20ms
g) Reapply the fault and check that the blocking signal now has enough time to arrive and
delay relay A to a zone 2 trip
h) Position the fault to 50% of the line and apply the fault. Notice that both relays trip with
zone 1 operating times without the additional 20ms delay
i) Position the fault to 90% of the line with respect to relay A. Reapply the fault and notice
that relay A trips with a zone 1 time delay due to an aided trip, but there is also an
additional 20ms added to the trip time
Any additional time delay used to ensure that the blocking signal has enough time to arrive must
be minimised, otherwise the fault clearance time for the last 20% of the line could be unnecessarily
extended.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 23 of 30
Issue A.1
3.7. Z1 EXTENSION AND LOSS OF LOAD AS BACK-UP SCHEMES

When the communication channel fails for whatever reason, then the channel aided schemes
cannot operate as intended.
A communication channel fail for a permissive scheme, will result in the permissive trip signal
never arriving and so the scheme will revert to basic distance, with time delayed tripping in the last
20% of the protected line. For blocking schemes a channel fail will result in an accelerated trip,
because the blocking signal never arrives.
The communication channel behaviour during a fail can be specified. When a fail occurs the
channel can be configured, for example to latch the value prior to the fail, or default to a specified
value.
3.7.1. Demonstration of Communication Channel Failure Modes

e) Apply the test and check that relay A trips in zone 2 and relay B trips in zone 4
To create a communication failure:
f) Remove the fibre connections from the back of one relay; this will result in communication
failure alarms
g) Reapply the fault and notice that relay A incorrectly trips in zone 1 for an external fault,
because the block signal cannot be received
To define the default communication parameters, the relay requires the following setting changes.
h) In the PROT COMMS/ IM64 column set the IM1 DefaultValue to 1
i) Reapply the fault and notice that both relays will now observe a block whenever a
communication fault occurs. Relay A will now trip in zone 2 whilst relay B will trip in
zone 4
3.7.2. Demonstration of Scheme Failure Modes

When an individual channel, or both, or any channel fails, then the Z1 extension or Loss of Load
schemes can be activated. To activate the Z1 extension scheme when there is a failure of the
communications, the following setting change is required.
a) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set Z1 Ext Scheme to En. Any Ch Fail
b) Position the fault location to 90% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
c) Apply the fault and relay A will trip in zone 1, because the Z1 extension scheme has been
enabled due to the communication failure
The same principle can be applied to the LOL scheme.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 24 of 30
Issue A.1
4. DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT SCHEMES

DEF schemes rely on directional earth fault protection distinguishing if the fault is in front or behind
the relay point. Directional earth fault is not a unit protection and will pick up for a fault anywhere
along the line; hence there is no concept of zones of protection just forwards or backwards.
Therefore only permissive overreaching schemes or blocking schemes are possible.
4.1. DEF PERMISSIVE OVERREACH

If both ends observe a forward fault, then the fault must be within the protected line, therefore the
protection can accelerate trip.
4.1.1. Demonstration of DEF POR Scheme

b) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 Distance to Disable, this disables the
distance schemes, the distance protection remains enabled
c) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 DEF to Enabled
d) Any earth fault, i.e. A-N Fault
e) Single Fault Shot
f) Position the fault location to 90% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
g) Apply the fault and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time
h) Now change the fault type to any phase-phase fault, i.e. A-B Fault
i) Reapply the fault and check that relay A now trips in zone 2 and relay B in zone 1, proving
the DEF scheme and not the Distance scheme is operational
The following fault locations can be exercised with an earth fault to verify the scheme operation.

50% Zone 1 Zone 1
140% Zone 2 Zone 4
200% Zone 3 Zone 4
-40% Zone 4 Zone 2
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3

The echo, week infeed and trip logic can be implemented just like the Distance POR scheme.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 25 of 30
Issue A.1
4.2. DEF BLOCKING

The blocking scheme is achieved by the relay at one end, asserting a block signal to the other end,
if it observes a reverse direction earth fault.
4.2.1. Demonstration of DEF Blocking Scheme

b) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid. 1 DEF Dly. to 20ms, which allows time for the
blocking signal to arrive
c) Any earth fault, i.e. A-N Fault
f) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time

50% Zone 1 Zone 1
140% Zone 2 Zone 4
200% Zone 3 Zone 4
-40% Zone 4 Zone 2
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3

CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 26 of 30
Issue A.1
5. DELTA DIRECTIONAL SCHEMES

Delta directional schemes use the delta protection, to distinguishing if the fault is in front or behind
the relay point. Delta directional is not a unit protection and will pick up for a fault anywhere along
the line; hence there is no concept of zones of protection just forwards or backwards. Therefore
only permissive overreaching schemes or blocking schemes are possible.
5.1. DELTA PERMISSIVE OVER REACH

If both ends observe a forward fault, then the fault must be within the protected line, therefore the
protection can accelerate trip.
5.1.1. Demonstration of DELTA POR Scheme

b) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 Distance to Disable, this disables the
distance schemes, the distance protection remains enabled
c) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid. 1 DEF to Disabled
d) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid. 1 Delta to Enabled
e) Any earth fault, i.e. A-N Fault
h) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time
i) Now change the fault type to any phase-phase fault, i.e. A-B Fault
j) Reapply the fault and check that both relays still trip in zone 1

50% Zone 1 Zone 1
140% Zone 2 Zone 4
200% Zone 3 Zone 4
-40% Zone 4 Zone 2
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3

The echo, week infeed and trip logic can be implemented just like the Distance POR scheme.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 27 of 30
Issue A.1
5.2. DELTA BLOCKING

The blocking scheme is achieved by the relay at one end, asserting a block signal to the other end,
if it observes a reverse direction earth fault.
5.2.1. Demonstration of DELTA Blocking Scheme

g) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 Selection to Blocking1
h) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid. 1 DEF Dly. to 10ms, which allows time for the
blocking signal to arrive. Delta decisions are faster then DEF, hence the smaller time delay
i) Any earth fault, i.e. A-N Fault
j) Single Fault Shot
k) Position the fault location to 90% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
l) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time

50% Zone 1 Zone 1
140% Zone 2 Zone 4
200% Zone 3 Zone 4
-40% Zone 4 Zone 2
-100% Zone 4 Zone 3

CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 28 of 30
Issue A.1
6. COMPOSITE SCHEMES
Two aided channel schemes are provided, which are two instances of the same logic and can be
independently applied. This allows incompatible schemes to be implemented through different
communication channels, over the same physical communication medium.
21 21
Independent
signalling channels
67N 67N
The provision of two channels would allow for example, the following to be implemented.
• Distance POR with DEF POR scheme operating over a common shared channel
• Distance PUR with DEF Blocking operating over separate channels due to the incompatible
scheme types
• Directional Comparison DELTA blocking on aided channel 1, and Distance with DEF
blocking operating together over the shared second aided channel 2
6.1.1. Demonstration of the advantages of DISTANCE and DEF in a combined scheme

b) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 Distance to Phase And Ground
c) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid. 1 DEF Dly. to 0ms
d) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 DEF to Enabled
To exercise the DISTANCE scheme, a zone 1 fault will be applied. The distance elements will
operate before the DEF elements. Configure the test software to:
e) Any earth fault, i.e. A-N Fault
h) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time with the
Distance Scheme indicated in the fault record. Note the operating time.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 29 of 30
Issue A.1
To exercise the DEF scheme a high resistance earth fault will be applied, which will be outside the
distance protection capabilities, configure the test software to:
i) Any earth fault, i.e. A-N Fault
j) Single Fault Shot
k) Position the fault location to 50% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
l) Add 20 of fault resistance.
m) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time with the
DEF Scheme indicated in the fault record. Note that the operating time is slightly slower
than the previous distance trip.
To demonstrate a high resistance phase-phase fault, configure the test software to:
n) Any phase-phase fault, i.e. A-B Fault
o) Single Fault Shot
p) Position the fault location to 50% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
q) Add 20 of fault resistance.
r) Apply the test and check that both relays do not operate, indicating that the distance
scheme is not able to detect high resistance faults and the DEF Scheme is not operational
for phase-phase faults.
6.1.2. Demonstration of the advantages of DELTA in a combined scheme

To demonstrate the benefits of using a DELTA protection scheme, the relay will require the
following setting change.
a) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 DEF to Disabled
b) In the SCHEME LOGIC column set the Aid 1 DELTA to Enabled
To demonstrate a high resistance phase-earth fault, configure the test software to:
c) Any earth fault, i.e. A-N Fault
f) Add 20 of fault resistance.
g) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time with the
DELTA Scheme indicated in the fault record. Note that the operating time is as fast as the
distance protection for a solid fault.
To demonstrate a high resistance phase-phase fault, configure the test software to:
h) Any phase-phase fault, i.e. A-B Fault
i) Single Fault Shot
j) Position the fault location to 50% of the protected line, with respect to relay A
k) Add 20 of fault resistance.
l) Apply the test and check that both relays operate with a zone 1 operating time with the
DELTA Scheme indicated in the fault record. Note that the operating time is as fast as the
distance protection for a solid fault.
CUSTOMER TRAINING
Page 30 of 30
Issue A.1
VERSION CONTROL
Issue Author(s) Reason for change Date
A1 C Smith Original 10-07-06

P443 Distance Schemes A1 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

P443 Distance Schemes A1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CUSTOMER TRAINING

ADVANCED P443 DISTANCE PROTECTION

DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEMES

1.1. OBJECTIVE OF DEMONSTRATION

1.2. MICOM P443 SETTINGS

• Z1 reach is 0 to 8 with a sub-cycle operating time.

1.3. TEST SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

End A Source Pre-fault Load Line End B Source

Zone Applied Fault Fault Position

The control panel will be demonstrated by your supervisor.

1.4. CONNECTION DIAGRAMS

1.5. INITIAL DEMONSTRATION SET-UP

The relay will require the following setting changes.

1.5.2. Fault Location

1.5.3. Zone 1 Extension PSL

1.5.4. Fibre Optic Communication Channel

Input L4 Aided 1 COS/LGS

b) Add the following components.

Aided 2 Send IM64 Ch1 Output2

IM64 Ch1 Input 1 Aided1 Scheme Rx

IM64 Ch1 Input 2 Aided2 Scheme Rx

2. NON-COMMUNICATING / BACK-UP DISTANCE SCHEMES

2.1. BASIC DISTANCE SCHEME

2.1.1. Demonstration of Basic Distance Zones

Fault Location Relay A Relay B Test Successful

2.2. ZONE 1 EXTENSION

2.2.1. Demonstration of Z1X Single Shot

2.2.2. Demonstration of Z1X Auto Reclose

Fault Location Initial Fault Permanent Fault Test Successful

2.3. LOSS OF LOAD ACCELERATED TRIP

2.3.1. Demonstration of Loss of Load Scheme

Fault Location Relay A Relay B Test

*Note: The protected line is correctly tripping instantaneously.

Fault Location Relay A Relay B Test

*Note: the scheme is not accelerating

Fault Location Relay A Relay B Test

*Note: the scheme is not accelerating

3. CHANNEL AIDED DISTANCE SCHEMES

3.1. PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH TRANSFER TRIP

3.1.1. Demonstration of PUR Scheme

Fault Location Relay A Relay B Test

*Note: The protected line is tripping instantaneously

3.1.2. Demonstration of Out of Service with CB Open

3.2. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH TRANSFER TRIP

3.2.1. Demonstration of POR Scheme

Fault Location Relay A Relay B Test Successful

*Note: The protected line is tripping instantaneously

3.3. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH CB ECHO LOGIC

3.4. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH WEEK INFEED ECHO

3.5. PERMISSIVE OVERREACH WEEK INFEED TRIP

LDUV & & LDUV

3.5.1. Demonstration of Week Infeed Trip

3.6. BLOCKING SCHEMES

3.6.1. Demonstration of Blocking Scheme

Fault Location Relay A Relay B Test Successful

*Note: The protected line is tripping instantaneously

3.6.2. Demonstration of Week Infeed or Out of Service with CB Open

3.6.3. Demonstration of Blocking Scheme Delay

3.7. Z1 EXTENSION AND LOSS OF LOAD AS BACK-UP SCHEMES

3.7.1. Demonstration of Communication Channel Failure Modes

3.7.2. Demonstration of Scheme Failure Modes

4. DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT SCHEMES

4.1. DEF PERMISSIVE OVERREACH