APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO

SIGNAL PROCESSING

ONWUNEME ERNEST N.
2015/202141

SUPERVISOR: DR. D.F. AGBEBAKU

OCTOBER, 2019

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ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 1 / 15
 OUTLINE I
1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

2 ABSTRACT

3 INTRODUCTION
Z TRANSFORM
SIGNAL PROCESSING
4 APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO DIFFERENCE
EQUATION

5 APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO SIGNAL PROCESSING

APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO TRANSMISSION OF
INFORMATION

6 CONCLUSION
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ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 2 / 15
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this work is to apply z transform to difference equations

obtained from signal processing. In the course of this study we will
see the application of difference equation to transmission of
information as well as solutions to real life problems(model)
generated, also give an insight into the use of difference equations
and also the reason for the use of the z-transform. We will also see
the application to signal processes This work is aimed at solving as
many examples as possible.

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APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 3 / 15
 ABSTRACT

In this project we demonstrated the use of Z transform in the

solution of difference equation. In particular a system of signal whose
model is a difference equation was solved using Z transform.

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ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 4 / 15
 INTRODUCTION: Z TRANSFORM
Definition
Let {xk }∞
k=−∞ be a sequence and let z ∈ C
The z transform of a sequence {xk }∞−∞ is defined in general as
∞
X xk
Z{xk }∞
−∞ = X (z) = (10)
k=−∞
zk
whenever the sum exists.
For sequences {xk }∞−∞ that are causal, that is xk = 0(k < 0) the z
transform in (10) reduces to
∞
X xk
Z{xk }∞
k=0 = X (z) =
k=0
zk
where z is a complex number
Z is an operator
X(z) is the z transform of {xk }∞
0
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ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 5 / 15
 INTRODUCTION: EXAMPLE
Example
Given the sequence {3k } (k ≥ 0) we find the z transform of {3k }as
follows: ∞  k
3k
X 3
From definition Z{3 } = k
Σ∞
k=0 ( z k ) =
k=0
z
∞  k
X 3
We quickly observe that is a geometric series with
k=0
z
common ratio z3 between successive terms, which converges for
|z| > 3.(The region of convergence ROC of the series. Recall that
a
S∞ = 1−r
∞   k
X 3
k=0
z
z
⇒ Z{3k } = z−3
, (|z| > 3) nlogo

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APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 6 / 15
 INTRODUCTION: SIGNAL PROCESSING
Definition
The term signal is generally applied to something that conveys
information. Signals may, for example convey information about the
state or behaviour of a physical system. A signal is a physical
quantity that varies with time,space or any other independent
variable by which information can be conveyed[20]. Signals are
represented mathematically as functions of one or more independent
variables, for example as a function of time.

Definition
Signal processing refers to a technology that encompasses the
fundamental theory, application, algorithms and implementation of
processing or transferring information contained in many different
physical, symbolic or abstract formats broadly designated as
SIGNALS[22]. Signals given at different discrete times form a nlogo

sequence
ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:
APPLICATIONDR.
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Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 7 / 15
 APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO
DIFFERENCE EQUATION

Consider the function yk = f (k), k = 0, 1, ...

Define difference as ∆yk = yk+1 − yk
where ∆ is called a difference operator.
A difference equation is an equation relating the values of a function
f with one or more of its differences ∆y , ∆2 y , ..., ∆n y for each values
of x in the domain of f. That is f (∆y , ∆2 y , ..., ∆n y ) = 0
For Example Consider the model of the Rabbit Problem known as
Fibonacci Sequence which has the general form as
yk+2 = yk+1 + yk with the conditions y0 = 0, y1 = 1,. We can use z
transform to solve the problem.

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ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 8 / 15
 APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO
DIFFERENCE EQUATION: EXAMPLE
Example
The difference equation
yk+2 = yk+1 + yk with the conditions y0 = 0, y1 = 1, which generates
the Fibonacci sequence {yk }, that occurs in many practical situations.
√ for yk . Show that as k → ∞ the ratio
Obtain the general expression
yk+1
yk
tends to the constant 5+12
. This is so called Golden ratio.
Solution:
yk+2 = yk+1 + yk y0 = 0, y1 = 1
⇒ yk+2 − yk+1 − yk = 0
taking z transform and applying the initial condition, we obtain
Y (z) = √  z √5+1  − √  z √5−1 
5 z− 2
5 z+ 2
Taking the
 z transform inverse, we obtain
√ k  √ k 
yk = √15 1+2 5 − 1−2 5 nlogo

ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
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Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 9 / 15
 APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO
DIFFERENCE EQUATION: EXAMPLE
   √ k+1  √ k+1
√1 1+ 5
2
− 1−2 5
yk+1 5
yk
=  √ k  √ k 
1
√ 1+ 5
2
− 1−2 5
5

taking limit as k → ∞
  √ k+1  √ k+1 
1+ 5

yk+1

2
− 1−2 5
lim = lim   √ k  √ k 
 
k→∞ yk k→∞ 1+ 5
2
− 1−2 5
 √ 
Observe that as k → ∞, 1−2 5 −→ 0
  √ k  √  
1+ 5
2
. 1+2 5 
So that we have lim 

 √ k 
k→∞ 1+ 5
2
  √ !
yk+1 1+ 5
⇒ lim = (Golden ratio). nlogo
k→∞ yk 2
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Z TRANSFORM
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 APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO SIGNAL
PROCESSING
let’s illustrate this using discrete time system in the example below:
Example
Consider the feedback system given by

The difference equation representing this system is obtained as

follows:
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APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 11 / 15
 APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO SIGNAL
PROCESSING
Owing to the two delay blocks we have the following equations.
yk+1 = νk (24)
νk+1 = rk (25)
Due to the feedback action we have
rk = xk − aνk + byk (26)
from equation (25) and (26), we have
yk+2 = xk − ayk+1 + byk
This can be rearranged as
yk+1 + ayk+1 − byk = xk
We proceed to obtain the solution to this equation, given that
a=1,b=2 and {xk } = {1} with y0 = 0, y1 = 1
The equation governing the above system with the chosen input
variables is
yk+2 + yk+1 − 2yk = {1} , (k ≥ 0) nlogo

ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 12 / 15
 APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO SIGNAL
PROCESSING
Taking the Z transform together with initial conditions y0 = 0, y1 = 1
we have
z2
Y (z) = (z+2)(z−1) 2

To obtain the solution sequence {yk }, we must take the inverse

transform. We first resolve Y z(z) into partial fraction.
Y (z) 1 2 2
z
= 3(z−1) 2 + 9(z−1) − 9(z+2) , so that
z 2z 2z
Y (z) = 3(z−1) 2 + 9(z−1) − 9(z+2)
h i
Using the results that Z−1 z−a = {ak } and Z−1 (z−a)
 z  z
2 = {k}, we
obtain
{yk } = 13 k + 29 − 29 (−2)k , (k ≥ 0) as the solution sequence for the
difference equation satisfying the conditions y0 = 0 and y1 = 1.
Suppose that the input signal is the impulse signal. Then the z
z 2z 2z
transfer function is Yδ (z) = 3(z−1) 2 + 9(z−1) − 9(z+2) . nlogo

ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
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Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 13 / 15
 APPLICATION OF Z TRANSFORM TO
TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION
Z transform can also be applied to transmission of information, the
model is 
Mt = M t−1 + M
 t−2√ with
t the general solution given as
√ t
Mt = C1 1+2 5 + C2 1−2 5 t=0,1,2,...
The system is given below:

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Z TRANSFORM
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OCTOBER, 2019 14 / 15
 CONCLUSION
The method of Z-transform is a very useful in the solution of
difference equations. The z-transform is to difference equation while
the Laplace transform is to differential equations. In this work, we
introduced the Z transform method for solving difference equation.
We also gave examples on how Z transform can be applied to
sequences and series of numbers.
We have shown how some real world problem can be modelled
into a difference equation. Those problems whose models are in
difference equation have their variables to be discrete. In fact, any
dynamical system with discrete variable can be modelled into
difference equation. In particular, we showed how signal input and
output into a signal processing system can be modelled into
difference equation. The solution to this difference equation was
obtained using the Z- transform method.
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ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 15 / 15
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ONWUNEME ERNEST N. 2015/202141 ( SUPERVISOR:

APPLICATIONDR.
OF D.F.
Z TRANSFORM
AGBEBAKU)
TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
OCTOBER, 2019 15 / 15