Name:______________________

Lab Exam Two

Section Three

Exercise Twelve: Skeletal Muscle Action Potentials and Muscle Fatigue (8 pts)

1) What is one test we conducted in this lab that is used by physical therapists and doctors
to pinpoint specific muscle disorders of the hand? What did we use it to test for in our
lab? (1 pt)
Pinch strength test, we used it to test strength of individual fingers.
2) What is motor unit recruitment and what is an example of an activity where this would
be needed? (1 pt)
Motor unit recruitment is when different motor units are used (recruited) as ones
before it fatigues. Any activity involving sustained muscle contration would use this.
(standing for a long time, yoga, carry something heavy, ect.)
3) What type of contraction creates/ uses small amounts of ATP and a lactic acid
byproduct? (.5 pts)
Anaerobic contraction
4) Someone who is (Left / Right)(circle one) hand dominant would have similar peaks and
valleys on their grip strength graph. The valleys are most likely due to the depletion of
___ATP______ or __Ca+______. (1.5 pts)
5) Which of the following is NOT a cause of chemical muscle fatigue? Why? (1 pt)
a. Inability of nervous system to activate an action potential
b. Depletion of Ca+ stores
c. Buildup of waste such as lactic acid
A is caused by a nervous system disorder not by chemicals building up (c) or not
having enough of a chemical (b)

Identification:
 6) On this graph label 2 places where a new motor unit is recruited. (1 pt)
.5 for each peak labelled
Please insert a continuous grip graph
7) On the graph used in question six, if we gave the subject vocal coaching (cheering them
on), would this effect the graph at all? If yes, explain how. (1 pt)
This graph would have had a slower decline or gone up momentarily as we started
cheering then if they had reieved no coaching at all.
8) On this graph, which finger has the longest tendon length and which one has the biggest
lever advantage? (1 pt)
Didget 3 (middle finger) has longest tendon length and diget 5 (pinky) has biggest lever
advantage
Please insert pinch graph

Exercise Thirteen: Introduction to Reflexes (8.5 pts)

9) True or False: A polysynaptic synapse is quicker than a monosynaptic one. Explain why.
(1 pt)
False. Polysynaptic normally has two or more synaptic delays and is therefore slower.
10) When we stimulated the patellar tendon in lab, this was an example of a(n)
(Somatic/Autonomic)(circle one) reflex. What category of receptor was stimulated in
this exercise? (1 pt)
Proprioceptors
11) A newborn baby has the Babinski reflex. How is this reflex stimulated, what does it look
like, and is this a normal reflex for a newborn? (1.5 pts)
The reflex is stimulated by pressure/ pain on the bottom of the foot, it would look like
the baby flaring their toes out, and yes this is normal for a newborn.
12) What is a reflex arc? (.5 pts)
The pathway a reflex goes through to respond to a stimulus.

Identification:
13) If someone were to poke your arm, you would feel it. Number these in the order they
would happen in order for you to experience this feeling. (3 pts)
a. __5__ Efferent neuron
b. __1__ Stimulus
c. __4__ Spinal Cord
d. __3__ Afferent neuron .5 for each correct
e. __2__ Receptor
f. __6__ Effector neuron
14) In lab when you pricked someones finger while they had their eyes closed, they (a)
pulled their arm in closer to their body and (b) extended the opposite arm away from
their body. What were each of these reflexes called and which one happens faster? (1.5
pts)
a. Withdrawal Withdrawal was faster
b. Crossed Extensor

Exercise Seven: Memory and learning (10.5 pts)

15) Fill in the blank: (2 pts)

Learning Style Part of the brain processing occurs

Visual Occipital lobe

Auditory Temporal lobe

Reading/Writing Broca’s area/Wernicke's Area/Occipital

Lobe

Kinesthetic Sensory cortex

16) In our lab section, what type of learning style did we have the LEAST of? Name an
activity we did in lab that this learning style would have excelled at. (1 pt)
 Visual, they would have excelled at concentration (using fish cards or big picture cards),
the tray activity, or puzzles.
17) Why might specific objects such as the snake from the tray activity be easier to
remember for some people? Give an example using an object we used on the trays. (1
pt)
They might have an emotional attachment to the object, snakes are “scary” or they
played with plastic dinos/ horses growing up.
18) Suppose we gave you this list of words:
- Orange, strawberry, tree, bush, berry

Then after waiting 30 seconds you wrote down:

- Orange, apple, strawberry, tree, bush, berry

What concept does this demonstrate? Which word(s) exemplify this? (1 pt)

Apple demonstrates false memory because you remembered it when it wasn’t there at
first

19) Why must consolidation occur during sleep? What does the main chemical used do
during this time period? (hint: what is the energy being used to do during sleep?)
(1.5pts)

Consolidation requires a significant amount of energy to do, so it cannot be done during

waking hours (when your body needs that energy to function). ATP is used as energy to
build new glial cells and organize synapses.  

20) At the start of lab, Candi went around and gave people pieces of candy while saying
“good afternoon”. If a student responded with “thank you” they received more candy.
What concept did this represent and what specific type of it was Candi using? What
learning style should the action of giving candy be the most helpful for? (1.5 points)
It demonstrated shaping and the type she used was positive reinforcement. This should
be helpful for kinesthetic learners.
 21) How did you use working memory to study for this quiz? (1 pt)
Using long term memory from the lab/ lecture with short term as you are studying the
new material to make connections.
22) ________negative reinforcement_____________ is a form of shaping when a reward is
taken away. ________punishment________ is a form of shaping when a “negative”
reward is given. ( 1 pt)
23) If someone was a reading/ writing learning style, which of the types of cards would be
the “easiest” for them during concentration? (.5 pts)
Regular playing cards

Exercise Eight: Receptors and General Senses (11 pts)

24) In lab, we conducted a two-point discrimination test. What were the two receptors this
stimulated? What part of the body did we find in lab to have the most of them? (1.5 pts)
Meissner corpuscles and Merkle disks, the most were on the fingertips.
25) Freddy sprained his wrist in a tennis match and needs to ice it every night. After keeping
the ice pack on for 30 minutes, he becomes accustomed to the cold, but the pain in his
wrist does not go away. (2pt.)
The ice is detected by ______thermoreceptors____________ which are (circle one)
tonic/phasic.
The pain is detected by ______nocioceptors____________ which are (circle one)
tonic/phasic
26) When we stimulated the ulnar nerve in lab using a bucket of ice, the participants felt an
unusual sensation. What did they feel and what phenomenon does this demonstrate
about the axons of pain pathways? (1 pt)
They felt tingling in ther fingertips and this demonstrated referred pain.
27) What does it mean when a receptor has a relative or absolute value? Define and give
examples of each. (2 pts)
 Relative value means the reaction changes based on past stimulus. And example is
thermoreceptors. Absolute value means it reacts the same was every time no matter
what. An example would be nociceptors
28) In lab, did we find that we had more thermoreceptors for heat or cold? Why is it
important that we have more of this type of receptor for survival? (1 pt)
Either answer could be accepted, but needs a good explanation to be correct. Needs to
mention that heat/ cold is damaging to tissues.

29) Complete the chart: (3pts)

Types of Pain Fast Slow

Axon Myelination Myelinated Unmyelinated

Time for Signal to 15-30 s 30-60 s

Reach

Pain feels like? Sharp/ burning Dull/achy

30) Define punctuate distribution (.5 pts)

Punctuate distribution is unequal distribution of receptors

Exercise 10: Taste and Smell

31) For each of the lingual papillae, list the number of taste buds on it. (2 pts)
a. Filiform: 0
b. Foliate: 1-2
c. Fungiform: 3
d. Vallate: 250
32) What cranial nerve relays information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? Which one
relays for the anterior 2/3?(1 pt)
Glossopharyngeal for post, facial (IV) for anterior.
 33) Of the five primary tastes, two directly alter the cell without using a secondary
messenger. The first, ______sour_______ is caused by acid in food and ____H+____
ions in it alter the membrane potential. The second, _____salty_______ is caused by a
salt base in the food and __Na+/Cl-_____ ions in it alter the membrane potential of the
gustatory cell. (2 pts)
34) What are the two types of mucosa found in the nose, what are their functions and
locations? (3 pts)
Olfactory mucosa, contains olfactory receptors located on top and lateral sides of nose.
Respiratory mucosa, used for lubrication and protection located everywhere else in the
nose.
35) What is the only cranial nerve to NOT synapse with the thalamus first? Where in the
brain does it synapse with instead? (1 pt)
CN1 (olfactory nerve) synapses with the parietal lobe first
36) True/False: The nerves involved in gustation and olfaction end with gustation/olfactory
bulbs. If false correct. (1 pt)
Only he olfaction nerve ends in an olfaction bulb
37) What are the three cells involved in a taste bud? Of these, which one actually senses
taste? (2 pts)
Supportive cell, gustatory cell, and stem cell. Gustatory cell senses taste.

Extra credit:

38) In lab, we did not do the activity for the consensual pupillary reflex. It would have
shown that light in one eye causes the muscles around the pupil of both eyes to
contract. Do you think this is a monosynaptic or polysynaptic pathway? Why? (1pt)

Polysynaptic because it would have to synapse with an interneuron somewhere to involve the
other eye.

39) What time does this section end?