CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction to Wireless Charging System Using Inductive Coupling

Wireless charging eliminates the cable typically required to charge mobile
phones, cordless appliances and so on. With a wireless charger, the battery inside any
battery-powered appliance can be charged by simply placing the appliance close to a
wireless power transmitter or a designated charging station. Wireless charging is the
well-known Faraday’s law of induced voltage, commonly used in motors
and transformers. This thesis is about a device to transfer power wirelessly instead of
using conventional copper cables and wires. Wireless power charging is becoming
more and more common in new gadgets like smarts phones, tablets and laptops.
Wireless power transmission is carried out between two inductive coils (transmitter
coil and receiver coil). As the current through an inductor is what generate the
electromagnetic field, this is what drove both coils. The frequency required to drive
the MOSFET is produced from the Arduino microcontroller by using pulse width
modulation (PWM). The MOSFET serves as the switching device to occur the
electromagnetic radiation from the transmitter coil synchronously. The combination
of the number of turns and the diameter determined the inductance. Wireless power
transfer technologies are shown in Fig 1.1.

Wireless Power Transfer

Electromagnetic Radio Frequency

Microwaves Laser Beams
Induction (RF) Waves

Figure 1.1 Wireless Power Transfer Technologies [15 Do]

1.2. Background Theory of Wireless Power Transfer
With Wi-Fi becoming generally acknowledged during the recent years, interest for
inventive production for wireless power technology becomes to remove the utilization of cables
have expanded. Envision taking a seat for some espresso, and the phone charges in the absence
of utilizing wires or connectors, when u place your mobile on top of the table. An individual
would be able to charge up their phone at any place like the workplace, the nearby coffee shop or
at home. This would be a great benefit where an individual won’t ever require a charger, USB
cables or adapters when travelling. Inductive power transfer is being utilized as a part of various
operations of exchanging power remotely.
To charge cell phones and alternative portable gadgets wireless, inductively coupled
chargers are utilized where these gadgets can be separated into 3 segments where the first section
would be the transceiver which electro-magnetically exchanges power by means of inductive
loops that provide a wireless exchange of power to receiving components.
Inductive coupling would be second section which would be the antenna and is
forwarded to the bridge rectifiers which change the induced AC voltage to DC voltage. Last
section would be rectifier which provides DC voltage to load. Fig 1.2 shows the classification of
wireless power transfer.

Wireless Power Transfer

Technologies

Medium Method Range Maturity

Short Radiative Commercial and

Near-field
Distance Transfer Near-commercial

Long Non-radiative
Far-field Research
Distance Transfer
 Figure 1.2. Classification of Wireless Power Transfer [15 Do]

1.3. Overview of Thesis

The three sections of the proposed system were shown in Fig 1.3. The first section was
the hybrid charged controller section. In this section, the battery was charged from AC grid line.
The microcontroller controlled the charging condition of the battery. The second section was the
transmitter section. In transmitter section, power was transferred by means of electromagnetic
field. The transmitter coil was driven by the MOSFET driver. The third section was the receiver
section. The coil was induced by electromagnetic field in receiver section. The received power
was converted to DC and then was regulated to 5V for the purpose of charging mobile phone
batteries.

1.4. Aim and Objectives

The main aim of this thesis was to construct the wireless charger using inductive coupling
and to recognize the theory of the inductive coupling with the help of calculations and theories.
In this thesis, the reduction of the loss of power transfer in wireless power transfer system by
frequency selection, inductive loop plan and position support was also aimed. These were the
objectives to be done in this thesis.
 To study on the wireless power transfer and related work.
 To recognize process of producing pulse with modulation also known as frequency
generating from the Arduino microcontroller.
 To design and construct the prototype model of the proposed system.
 To construct the power supply battery charging controlled system.
 To be able to produce the frequency for transmitter.
 To implement the program with the help of Arduino IDE.
 To design transmit and receive coil design with the help of calculations.
 To understand the theories such as Faraday’s Law, Ampere’s Law, Biot-Savart Law
and also the KCL and KVL.

1.5. Scope of the Thesis

This thesis covers the following appliances.
1. Induction Coil
The coil arrangement which is used to generates the electromagnetic waves with the help
of oscillator. An induction coil or "spark coil" is a type of electrical transformer used to produce
high-voltage pulses from a low-voltage direct current (DC) supply. To create the flux changes
necessary to induce voltage in the secondary coil, the direct current in the primary coil is
repeatedly interrupted by a vibrating mechanical contact called an interrupter.
2. Arduino IDE
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application
(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated
from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features
such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace
matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and
upload programs to an Arduino board.

2.1. Implementation Program for the System

In this thesis, Proteus Software was used to simulate all of the three main parts of the
whole system. The program coding used to upload to the Arduino microcontroller that was
written on the Arduino IDE installed on the computer with Microsoft Windows.

2.2. Outline of the Thesis

This thesis was composed of five chapters. The first chapter was the introduction to the
wireless charging system also with the aim and objectives of the block diagrams of the whole
system. The second chapter was the description and operation of each of the components used in
the proposed system. The third chapter was about the hardware design and software
implementation of the system. In this chapter, the circuit diagrams, design calculations and
program flowcharts were described. The fourth chapter was the simulations, tests and results
obtained from the working of the proposed system. The final or fifth chapter was the discussions
and conclusion of the thesis.