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1 Problem 6.2: 1.1 Solution
1 Problem 6.2: 1.1 Solution
2
A system is defined by the wavefunction:
2πx −L L
ψ(x) = A cos for ≤x≤
L 4 4
(a) Determine the normalization constant A.
(b) What is the probability that the particle will be found between x = 0
L
and x = ?
8
1.1 Solution
1.1.1 Part (a)
Z +∞
1= ψ ∗ (x)ψ(x)dx
−∞
−L L
Z Z Z ∞
4 4 2πx
1= 0dx + A2 cos2 dx + 0dx+
−∞ −L
4
L L
4
Z L
4 2πx
1 = A2 cos2 dx
−L
4
L
L
1 = A2
4
4
A2 =
L
1
2 Problem 6.5
A particle with zero energy has a wavefunction
x2
ψ(x) = Axe− L2
Find and sketch V(x).
2.1 Solution
Start with the Schrodinger Equation.
−~2 d2 ψ(x)
+ V (x)ψ(x) = Eψ(x)
2m dx2
Notice that the particle has zero energy.
~2 d2 ψ(x)
= V (x)ψ(x) (1)
2m dx2
Now to figure out the second derivative of the wavefunction. Make sure to
use the chain rule!
dψ(x) x2 −2x − x22
= A(1)e− L2 + Ax e L
dx L2
2x2
dψ(x) x2
= A 1 − 2 e− L2
dx L
d2 ψ(x) 2x2
−4x − x22 −2x − x22
= A e L + A 1 − e L
dx2 L2 L2 L2
d2 ψ(x)
3
4x 6x x2
2
= A 4
− 2
e− L2
dx L L
Now we can plug this and the original wavefunction back into Equation 1.
~2
3
4x 6x x2 x2
A 4
− 2
e− L2 = V (x)Axe− L2
2m L L
Now we can cancel a bunch of terms out to get
~2 4x2
6
V (x) = −
2m L4 L2
This is an oscillator’s potential.
2
3 Problem 6.6
The wavefunction of a particle is given as
3.1 Solution
Start with the Schrodinger Equation.
−~2 d2 ψ(x)
+ V (x)ψ(x) = Eψ(x)
2m dx2
There’s no potential so
−~2 d2 ψ(x)
= Eψ(x) (2)
2m dx2
Calculate the second derivative of the wavefunction
dψ(x)
= −Ak sin(kx) + Bk cos(kx)
dx
d2 ψ(x)
= −k 2 (A cos(kx) + B sin(kx))
dx2
Plug this back into Equation 2
~2 k 2
[A cos(kx) + B sin(kx)] = E [A cos(kx) + B sin(kx)]
2m
So this is a solution to the Schrodinger Equation provided we have
~2 k 2 p2
E= =
2m 2m
Which is exactly what we would expect for a free particle.
4 Problem 6.11
−L L
A particle is confined to a box from ≤x≤
2 2
What are the wavefunctions and probability densities for the n = 1, 2, and
3 states? Sketch them.
3
4.1 Solution
The general solution for a particle in a box is still:
0 = −A sin(kL/2) + B cos(kL/2)
The second of these tells us
0 = A sin(kL/2) + B cos(kL/2)
The difference in sign is due to cos(x) being symmetric and sin(x) being
antisymmetric. Equating the two gives
A sin(kL/2) = −A sin(kL/2)
But this only makes sense if A = 0, so the wavefunction is
ψ(x) = B cos(kx)
Returning to the boundary conditions we have
0 = B cos(kL/2)
This means that
kL 1
= (n + )π
2 2
So
π
k= (2n + 1)
L
This makes the wavefunction
xπ
ψn (x) = A cos (2n + 1)
L
Normalizing will still yield
p
A= 2/L
So
p xπ
ψn (x) = 2/L cos (2n + 1)
L
4
This means the probability density will be
2 xπ
Pn (x) = cos2 (2n + 1)
L L
5 Problem 6.24
A solution of Schrodinger’s equation for an oscillator is
2
ψ(x) = Cxe−αx
(a) Express α in terms of m and ω. What is the energy of this state?
(b) Normalize it.
5.1 Solution
5.1.1 Part (a)
As always, start with the Schrodinger equation:
−~2 d2 ψ(x) 1 2
+ kx ψ(x) = Eψ(x)
2m dx2 2
Notice that this wavefunction is essentially the same as the one from problem
6.5 except we replaced L12 with α. This means it’s second derivative will be:
d2 ψ(x) 2
= C 4α2 x3 − 6αx e−αx
dx 2
−~2 2 1 2 2
C 4α2 x3 − 6αx e−αx + kx2 Cxe−αx = ECxe−αx
2m 2
This simplifies to
−~2 1
4α2 x2 − 6α + kx2 = E (3)
2m 2
We can see that the x2 terms must cancel each other out, giving
~2 1
4α2 x2 = kx2
2m 2
Solving for alpha gives
r
km
α=
4~2
Remember that
r
k
ω=
m
5
Plugging this in gives
mω
α=
2~
The other consequence of Equation 3 is
−~2
(−6α) = E
2m
This simplifies to
3~2 α
E=
m
Plugging in alpha gives
3
E= ~ω
2
Notice that this is the energy of a quantum harmonic oscillator in the n=1
state!
6 Problem 6.29
An electron is bound to x > 0 with the wavefunction
6
6.1 Solution
6.1.1 Part (a)
Again start with
Z +∞
1= ψ ∗ (x)ψ(x)dx
−∞
Z +∞ 2
1= C 2 e−2x 1 − e−x
0
1
1 = C2
12
C 2 = 12
0 = 2e−x − 1
Which has the solution
x = ln 2 ≈ 0.69
7
6.3 Part (c)
To find the expectation value, we use
Z +∞
hÂi = ψ ∗ (x)Âψ(x)dx
−∞
7 Problem 6.35
Which of the following are eigenfunctions of the momentum operator
d
p̂ = i~
dx
(a) ψ(x) = A sin(kx)
(b) ψ(x) = A sin(kx) − A cos(kx)
(c) ψ(x) = A cos(kx) + iA sin(kx)
(d) ψ(x) = Aeik(x−a)
7.1 Solution
The generic eigenvalue problem for an operator  is
Âψ = cψ
d
Where c is a constant and an eigenvalue of Â. In our case  = p̂ = i~
dx
8
7.3 Part (b)
d
i~ (A sin(kx)−A cos(kx)) = i~k(A sin(kx)+A cos(kx)) 6= c(A sin(kx)−A cos(kx))
dx
So it is NOT an eigenfunction.
c = −~k = −p
c = −~k = −p
8 Additional Problem
8.1 Solution
The wavefunction is:
1/2
2 mω 3/2 2
ψ(x) = √ xe−αx
π ~
With
mω
α=
2~
2 mω 3/2 ∞ 3 −2αx2
Z
hxi = √ x e dx
π ~ −∞
hxi = 0
2
Since x3 is odd (antisymmetric) and e−2αx is even (symmetric), their prod-
uct is odd. Integrating an odd function over an eve interval will give zero
9
8.1.2 Part (b)
Z +∞
2
hx i = ψ ∗ (x)x̂2 ψ(x)dx
−∞
2 mω 3/2 ∞ 4 −2αx2
Z
2
hx i = √ x e dx
π ~ −∞
r
2 2 mω 3/2 3 π −5/2
hx i = √ α
π ~ 16 2
3 ~
hx2 i =
2 mω
8.1.4 Part(d)
Z +∞
hpi = ψ ∗ (x)p̂ψ(x)dx
−∞
2 mω 3/2 ∞ −αx2
Z
d 2
hpi = √ xe −i~ xe−αx dx
π ~ −∞ dx
3/2
Z ∞
2 mω
2 2
xe−αx (−i~) 1 − 2αx2 e−αx dx
hpi = √
π ~ −∞
These will both lead to odd functions being integrated over an even interval,
so we know it will go to zero.
hpi = 0
10
Z ∞ Z ∞
2~2 mω 3/2
2 2 4 −2αx2 2 −2αx2
hp i = − √ 4α x e dx + (−6α) x e dx
π ~ −∞ −∞
2~2 mω 3/2
r r
2 2 3 π −5/2 1 π −3/2
hp i = − √ 4α α − 6α α
π ~ 16 2 4 2
8.1.6 Part (f )
p p
∆p = hp2 i − hpi2 = hp2 i
r
3
∆p = mω~
2
11