CHAPTER 1

Introduction
 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

OSH is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety,

health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment.

Cross-disciplinary involve interactions among many subject areas,

including:
• occupational medicine
• occupational hygiene
• public health
• safety engineering
• industrial engineering
• Chemistry
• health physics
• Ergonomics
• occupational health psychology
 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

The goals of OSH programs:

• to provide a safe and healthy work environment.

• to protect co-workers, family members, employers,

customers, and many others who might be affected by

the workplace environment.
 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

OSH can be important for:

• Moral – employee’s lives and health

• Legal – preventive, punitive, compensatory effect of
laws

• Financial - employee injury and illness related costs,

including medical care, sick leave and disability benefit
costs.
 Everyone has the right to work in a safe environment.
Through cooperative efforts, employers and employees can

learn to identify and eliminate or control hazards.

“When one cannot absolutely eliminate a dangerous
situation, One must make the occurrence of that
situation a very unlikely event”
WHY SAFETY IS A CONCERN?
 ACT,REGULATIONS,ICOP/Guidelines

• ACT
• Covers scope and basic provisions
• Approved by Parliament
• Acts which cover Occupational Safety and Health are:
OSHA 1994, FMA 1967, ABE 1990 and EQA 1974
• REGULATIONS
• Contains detailed explanations for each provision under
the Act
• Approved by the Minister
• INDUSTRY CODE / GUIDELINE
• Guidelines in fulfilling requirements of the relevant Act
• Drafting of Code of Practice can be initiated by Industry
and approved by DOSH
• Not a part of the laws of the nation
 OSH LAWS IN MALAYSIA

1. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA

94)
2. Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA 67)
3. Electricity Supply Act 1990 (ESA 90)
4. Environment Quality Act 1974 (EQA 74)
5. Employees Social Security Act (SOCSO)

9
SCOPE OF OSHA 1994

Includes
ALL WORKING PERSONS
Except
ARMED FORCES
PERSONNEL
And
CREW OF MERCHANT
SHIPS
 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
An Act to make further
provisions for securing
the safety, health and welfare
of persons at work, for protecting
others against risks to safety or
health in connection with the
activities of persons at work,
to establish the National Council
for Occupational Safety and Health
and for matters connected therewith.
 Occupational Safety and Health Act (1994)

Section 15: General duties of employers and self-employed

persons to their employees

- it shall be the duty of every employer to ensure so far as is

practicable the safety, health and welfare at work of
all his employees.
Section 20: General duties of manufacturer, etc. as regards plant for use at
work:

1. It shall be the duty of a person who design, manufactures,

imports or supplies any plant for use at work:

a. To ensure , so far as is practicable, that the plant is so designed and

constructed as to be safe and without risks to health when properly
used;

b. To carry out or arrange for the carrying out of testing and

examination as may be necessary for the performance of the duty
imposed on him;

c. To take such steps as are necessary to secure that there will be

available with the use of the plant at work adequate information about
the use for which it is designed and has been tested and about any
condition necessary to ensure that when put to that use it will be safe
and without risks to health.
 DEFINITIONS
EMPLOYER
• Main
 Owner of an industry, including owner’s
representative, manager or agent
 Person responsible for paying the salary
• Direct
 Person who deals directly with the workers, including
temporary and contract workers

WORKER
• Person employed and salaried under an employment
contract (permanent, seconded or contract)
 Part IV: GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS AND SELF-EMPLOYED
PERSONS

15 (1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to
ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work of all
his employees.
(2)(a) the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, so
far as is practicable, safe and without risks to health;
(b) the making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is practicable, safety and
absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling,
storage and transport of plant and substances;
(c) the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is
necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety and health at work of
his employees;
(d) so far as is practicable, as regards the place of work under the control of the
employer or self-employed person, the maintenance of it in a condition that is
safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of the
means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks;
(e) the provision and maintenance of a working environment for his employees
that is, so far as is practicable, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as
regards facilities for their welfare at work.
16. Duty of formulate safety and health policy.
Except in such cases as may be prescribed, it shall be the duty of
every employer and every self-employed person to prepare and as
often as may be appropriate revise a written statement of his
general policy with respect to the safety and health at work of his
employees and the organization and arrangements for the time
being in force for carrying out that policy, and to bring the statement
and any revision of it to the notice of all of his employees.

17. General duties of employers and self-employed

persons to persons other than their employees.
(1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed
person to conduct his undertaking in such a manner as to ensure, so
far as is practicable, that he and other persons, not being his
employees, who may be affected thereby are not thereby exposed
to risks to their safety or health.
Section 20: General duties of manufacturer, etc. as regards plant
for use at work:

2) It shall be the duty of a person who undertakes the design or

manufacture of any plant for use at work to carry out or arrange for
the carrying out of any necessary research with a view to the
discovery and so far as is practicable, the elimination or
minimization of any risk to safety or health to which the design or
plant may give rise.

3) It shall be the duty of a person who erects or install any plant for
use by persons at work to ensure, so far as is practicable, that
nothing about the way in which it is erected or installed makes it
unsafe or a risk to health when properly used.
Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial
Major Accident Hazards) Regulations 1996

…… assessment of the potential effects of a major

accident and which, in the circumstances of the case-

a) Is reasonably required by an inquirer to assess the

risk to his health and safety created by an industrial
accident and to know and understand what action he
should take in the event of an accident;
Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of
Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health )
Regulations 2000

1) An employer shall not carry out any work which may

expose or is likely to expose any employee to any
chemical hazardous to health unless he has made a
written assessment of the risk created by the chemical
to the health of the employee
 PENALTY

DUTY OF EMPLOYER :

RM50,000 OR TWO
FINE

YEARS JAIL OR BOTH

 Part V – GENERAL DUTIES OF DESIGNERS, MANUFACTURERS AND
SUPPLIERS
20. General duties of manufacturers, etc. as regards plant for use at work.
(1) It shall be the duty of a person who designs, manufactures, imports or supplies
any plant for use at work
(a) to ensure, so far as is practicable, that the plant is so designed and constructed
as to be safe and without risks to health when properly used;
(b) to carry out or arrange for the carrying out of such testing and examination as
may be necessary for the performance of the duty imposed on him by paragraph
(a); and
(c) to take such steps as are necessary to secure that there will be available in
connection with the use of the plant at work adequate information about the use
for which it is designed and has been tested, and about any condition necessary
to ensure that, when put to that use, it will be safe and without risks to health.
(2) It shall be the duty of a person who undertakes the design or manufacture of any
plant for use at work to carry out or arrange for the carrying out of any necessary
research with a view to the discovery and, so far as is practicable, the
elimination or minimization of any risk to safety or health to which the design or
plant may give rise.
 Explanation of PART V : SECTION 20
GENERAL DUTIES OF DESIGNERS, MANUFACTURERS
AND SUPPLIERS

• The plant should be safe and without risk;

• The plant should be tested and examined to

ensure its safety;

• Adequate information should be provided on

the safe operation of the plant;

• Research should be carried out to discover

and eliminate or minimize any risk to safety;
 Part VI – GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES
24. General duties of employees at work.
(1) It shall be the duty of every employee while at work
(a) to take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and
of other persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions
at work;
(b) to co-operate with his employer or any other person in the
discharge of any duty or requirement imposed on the employer
or that other person by this Act or any regulation made
thereunder;
(c) to wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing
provided by the employer for the purpose of preventing risks to
his safety and health; and
(d) to comply with any instruction or measure on occupational
safety and health instituted by his employer or any other person
by or under this Act or any regulation made thereunder.
Explanation of PART VI : SECTION 24
GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

• Pay attention to own and others’ safety;

• Cooperate with employer in regard to safety

in accordance with Act

• Wear PPE provided by employer;

• Obey any procedures instituted by employer

concerning safety;
 PENALTY

DUTIES OF EMPLOYEE :

RM1,000 OR THREE
FINE

MONTHS JAIL OR BOTH

 Part VII – SAFETY AND HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS

29. Safety and health officer.

(2) An occupier of a place of work to which this section applies shall employ a
competent person to act as a safety and health officer at the place of work.
(3) The safety and health officer shall be employed exclusively for the purpose of
ensuring the due observance at the place of work of the provisions of this Act
and any regulation made thereunder and the promotion of a safe conduct of work
at the place of work.

30. Establishment of safety and health committee at place of work

(1) Every employer shall establish a safety and health committee at the place of
work in accordance with this section if
(a) there are forty or more persons employed at the place of work;
(3) Every employer shall consult the safety and health committee with a view to the
making and maintenance of arrangements which will enable him and his
employees to co-operate effectively in promoting and developing measures to
ensure the safety and health at the place of work of the employees, and in
checking the effectiveness of such measures.
 Explanation of Part Vll – Safety and Health
Organizations

• Section 29: Safety and Health Officer

– Management to employ competent person as
Safety and Health Officer
– Employed solely for the purpose
• Section 30: Safety and Health Committee
– To be established if more than 40 persons at
place of work
– Management to consult committee for safety
arrangements
PART VIII - NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS, DANGEROUS
OCCURRENCE, OCCUPATIONAL POISONING AND
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES, AND INQUIRY

1) An employer shall notify the nearest

occupational safety and health office of
any accident, dangerous occurrence,
occupational poisoning or occupational
disease which has occurred or is likely
to occur at the place of work.
 Part X – INDUSTRY CODES OF PRACTICE

37. Approval of industry codes of practice.

(1) The Minister may, upon the recommendation of the Council or the
Director General, approve industry codes of practice comprising such
directions as may appear to him to be necessary or proper for the
guidance of persons in complying with the requirements of the
provisions of this Act.

(3) An industry code of practice may

(a) consist of any code, standard, rule, specification or provision relating to
occupational safety or health approved by the Minister; or
(b) apply, incorporate, or refer to any document formulated or published by
any body or authority as in force at the time the industry code of
practice is approved or as amended, formulated or published from time
to time.
Factory and Machinery Act 1967
 FMA Act 1967
• Control of
– Machinery
– Workers
– Place of work
• Machinery requiring a Certificate of
Approval from DOSH for use
– Hoisting Equipment
– Steam Boilers
– Pressure Vehicles
 FMA 1967

• Requirement of Certificate of Competency

– Crane Driver (mobile, tower)
– Scaffolding Installer
– Driver (boiler, steam engine, internal
combustion engine)
– Engineer (boiler, steam engine, internal
combustion engine)
 Electricity Supply Act 1990
- Amended 2001

• An Act to provide for the

regulation of the electricity
supply industry, the supply of
electricity at reasonable prices,
the licensing of any electrical
installation, the control of any
electrical installation, plant and
equipment with respect to
matters relating to the safety of
persons and the efficient use of
electricity and for purposes
connected therewith.
 Part V Section 23: Competent Control
(1) No installation or electrical plant equipment other than
those owned or managed by a supply authority shall be
worked or operated except by or under the control of
persons possessing such qualifications and holding such
certificates as may be prescribed, and no person not
possessing the qualifications or holding a certificate as
aforesaid shall be in charge of any installation or shall
control the operation of any plant or equipment.
(2) Any person who contravenes this section shall be guilty of
an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not
exceeding ten thousand ringgit and, if the contravention
be continued, to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit
for every day or part of a day during which the
contravention is continued after conviction.
Explanation of Part V Section 23: Competent
Control
• Electrical plant or installation can be operated
only
– By competent person holding the necessary
qualifications/certificates
– Under supervision and charge of competent person
• Failure to comply
– Fine max RM 10,000
– Each additional day after conviction max RM 1000 if
still fail to comply
Part VII Section 33: Notification of Accident or Fire

(1) Whenever any accident or fire causing or

resulting in loss of life or hurt to any person or
serious damage to property has occurred in
connection with any installation or electrical plant
or equipment, the owner, licensee or supply
authority and the management thereof shall
report the accident or fire to the Commission by
the quickest means available, and subsequently
with the least possible delay shall report in
writing to the Commission the facts of the matter
so far as they are known to them
 Part VII Section 33 (cont)
(2) The Commission shall, as soon as practicable upon receipt of
the first report, direct an authorised officer to
(a) visit the place where the accident or fire occurred;
(b) make a preliminary investigation of the circumstances;
(c) record in writing his findings which may be supported by
relevant photographs, upon the investigation;
(d) be provided with photographs, medical reports or other
relevant documents from any person or authority without
any payment of fees and such person or authority shall
comply with such request thereof;
(e) forward his report to the Chairman
(f) if there has been any loss of life or there is reason to
believe that any person has been fatally injured, send a
copy of his finding to the nearest magistrate.
 Part VII Section 33 (cont)

(3) In the event of loss of life or grievous hurt to any

person due to any accident or fire in connection with
any installation or electrical plant or equipment, no
alteration or addition shall, without the consent of
the Commission, be made to any part of the
installation, plant or equipment which may have
contributed to cause the accident or fire nor shall any
alteration be made, without that consent, to the site
of the accident or fire until the authorised officer has
completed his investigation:
Provided that nothing herein contained shall operate
to interfere with rescue work or work necessary for
the general safety of life or property.
 Part VII Section 33 (cont)
(4) If upon a preliminary investigation under subsection (2) it
appears to the authorised officer making the investigation that
there is reason to believe that the accident or fire was due to
any failure to comply with this Act or any lawful order given by
the Commission, or if the authorised officer making such
investigation is satisfied that the accident or fire might have
been prevented if proper precautions had been taken and
observed in the working of any installation or electrical plant or
equipment, the Commission may further investigate the
circumstances of the accident or fire together with the
authorised officer making the preliminary investigation and if in
the opinion of the Commission that criminal proceedings should
lie against any person, then the Commission shall forward to
the Public Prosecutor a copy of the authorised officer’s report
with the opinion of the Commission on the circumstances and
findings.
 Part VII Section 33 (cont)

(5) Any person concerned in any investigation

held under this section may be entitled, upon
payment of the prescribed fees, to receive a
copy of the report, opinion and statement of
the Commission in the course of its
investigations.
 Explanation of Part Vll Section 33

(1) Any accident/fire/damage to property to be reported

immediately to EC and followed up by written report.
(2) EC shall direct authorised officer to investigate and report
findings, with copy to magistrate if loss of life.
(3) If loss of life or serious injury, no alterations to plant until
investigations are complete without permission of EC.
(4) If preliminary investigations show accident/fire was due to
failure to comply with Act, or could have been prevented
with proper precautions, EC will investigate further, and send
a copy of the findings to the Prosecution if criminal
negligence is found.
(5) Anyone concerned with the investigations may apply for a
copy of the EC’s investigation report.
 Explanation of Part IX Section 37: Offences and
Penalty
(1) Offence
• Tamper or adjust any installation
• Import or sell any equipment
• Which causes or likely to cause
• Danger to human life or limb
• Damage to equipment/property
• Penalty
• Fine < RM 100,000
• Jail < 5 years
• Both
 Explanation of Part IX Section 37 (cont)

(2) Offence
– In respect of any installation, damage to any
person or property due to
• Rash or negligent act
• Omission
– Penalty
• Fine < RM 50,000
• Jail < 3 years
• Both
 Electricity Regulations 1994
• Regulation 39: Treatment for Electric Shock
– Instructions in Bahasa Malaysia to be provided
– Employer to confirm workmen know and understand the
procedure
• Regulation 59: Suspension and Cancellation
– Certificate of Competency can be suspended or cancelled by EC
due to serious misbehavior
• Regulation 63: Registration with EC
– All holders of Certificate of Competency must register with EC
• Regulation 110: Inspection and Testing of Installation
– Installation to be inspected and tested by Competent Person
• Regulation 111: Work on Installation
– All work on installation to be carried out by Competent Person
or under his supervision
Environmental Quality Act 1974
 A Brief History of the Establishment of OSH Act Malaysia

• Occupational safety was introduced by the Department of factory

and Machinery after the incident of “Bright Sparkler”, an illegal
firework factory operated in Sg. Buloh.

• The incident occurred on 7 May 1991 at 345pm where 26 people

killed and many others injured

• On 25th February 1994, OSH ACT was introduced and run by the
Department of Factory and Machinery in which later known as
Department of Occupational and safety (DOSH)
Bright Sparkler Incident
Bright Sparkler Incident
Bright Sparkler Incident
Bright Sparkler Incident
 OSH Act 1994 – The Principles
• Accident prevention is the most important aspect of good
management and skills
• The management and employees must work together to ensure
workplaces are free from any accident
• Top management involvement is paramount in guiding the
implementation of workplace safety
• Occupational safety and health policies should be formulated and
known by all employees in the workplace
• Organization and resources should be developed and made ​available
to support the health and safety at work
• Knowledge and best available methods are used
 OSH Act 1994

List of regulations under this Act [edit]

• Occupational Safety and Health (Employers' Safety and Health General
Policy Statements) (Exception) Regulations 1995
• Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industry Major Accident
Hazards) Regulations 1996
• Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations
1996
• Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of
Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997
• Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations
1997
• Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer) Order 1997
• Occupational Safety and Health (Prohibition of Use of Substance) Order
1999
• Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of
Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000
• Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous
Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulation
2004
 BREACH OF THE LAW

Non-compliance with regulations is a CRIMINAL

offence.

The PENALTIES are severe and IGNORANCE of

the law is not an excuse.
 Employer’s Roles
 Raising worker’sawareness of electrical hazards
 Instructing worker on how to recognize electrical hazards

 Providing ways to eliminate, remove and

prevent electrical hazards in the workplace
 Emphasizing the extreme importance of
observing all electrical safety requirements and practices
 Instructing worker on what to do during an electrical accident
(ERP)
 Definitions related to OSH

Hazard means a source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or
ill health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these.

Hazard control means the process of implementing measures to reduce the risk associated
with a hazard.

Hierarchy of control means the established priority order for the types of measures to be
used to control risks.

Hazard identification means the identification of undesired events that lead to the
materialisation of the hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired events could
occur.

Risk means a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with

specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the
health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event.

Risk assessment means the process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising from
hazards at work.

Risk management means the total procedure associated with identifying a hazard,
assessing the risk, putting in place control measures, and reviewing the outcomes.
 TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD

1. Physical Hazard 4. Ergonomic Hazard

a. Extreme Temperature a. Repetitive Motion
b. Electrical b. Musculoskeletal Injury
c. Mechanical c. Static Motion
d. Radiation d. Visual Display Unit
e. Vibration e. Lifting Weight
f. Hipobaric/Hyperbaric Pressure
g. Noise 5. Psychososial Hazard
h. Illuminations a. Occupational Stress
b. Drugs and substance addiction
2. Chemical Hazard c. Depresion, anxiety disorders
a. Acid / Alkali d. Sexual harassment
b. Anasthetic Gas
c. Solven
d. Cytotoxic Drugs
e. Disinfectant

3. Biological Hazard
a. Virus
b. Fungus
Electrical
c. Bacteria
d. Plasmodium
e. Protozoa
ELECTRICAL SAFETY AND HAZARDS
 SOME FACTS

Electricity always seeks the easiest path to the ground.

This is true regardless of whether the electricity comes

from a household lighting circuit, a home generating plant or a high
power transmission line or lightning

If a person touches two energized wires or touches an energized

wire and the ground at the same time, he becomes part of an
electrical circuit and may be killed or injured.
Legal Framework

• Energy Commission Act 2001

• Electricity Supply Act 1990
• Gas Supply Act 1993
• Electricity Regulation 1994
• Licensee Supply Regulations 1990
• Efficient Management of Electrical Energy
Regulations 2008
• Licences’ terms and conditions
• Codes and Directives.
FUNCTIONS ON SAFETY
Focusing on:

 Safe working and operation on electrical installations;

 Safe use of electricity & electrical equipment;

 Safety of personnel;

 Competency of electrical workers;

 Safety standards of electrical installations & equipment.

61
• An average of one worker is electrocuted
on the job every day
• An average of one person is electrocuted
in the home every 36 hours
• Electrical incidents are far more likely to
be fatal than other types
 Electrical Accident Statistic in Malaysia
(2002-2012)
90

79
80 75
70 69
70
62
57
60 56
55
51
48 49
50
41 41
40 36
34 34 35
33
32 30 30 30 29 29
30 27 27 28 27
23
20 21
20 18
12
10

0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
MAUT TIDAK MAUT JUMLAH
63
*Source: EC Annual Report 2010
 Kadar Mangsa/Juta Pengguna Elektrik TNB & SESB 2002-2012
14.00
5.11
5.51
12.00

10.00 4.36 3.94

3.62 3.47 5.45

8.00 7.45 4.08
3.36
3.42
6.00 2.24 4.89 5.59 5.59
4.61 6.50
3.80
4.00
3.79
3.18 3.24
2.00 2.90

5.80 6.07 6.35 6.60 6.84 7.07 7.33 7.60 7.87 8.19 8.33
0.00
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Pengguna (Juta) Tidak Maut/Juta
Maut/Juta
 CASES ACCORDING TO STATE FROM 2002 - 2012

120
104
100
83
80 72 75

61 62
60 52

40 37 34
30
18 15
20 11

0
 PUNCA-PUNCA KES KEMALANGAN ELEKTRIK 2002-2012
Punca Kemalangan 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Jumlah

1 Pemasangan / 11 18 15 24 26 34 25 27 18 23 22 243
senggaraan tidak
sempurna
2 Prosedur kerja selamat 12 18 15 22 22 23 21 13 21 16 15 198
tidak dipatuhi
3 Aktiviti kerja orang 1 3 3 3 10 7 11 6 12 6 5 65
awam berhampiran
pepasangan elektrik

4 Pencerobohan di 4 9 9 2 7 5 6 6 9 4 5 68
pepasangan elektrik
5 Salahguna sistem 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 2 2 20
pendawaian
6 Kecacatan pada 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 3 4 4 18
peralatan/ perkakasan
elektrik

7 Punca-punca lain 1 3 4 4 8 4 5 2 2 7 2 42

JUMLAH 55 654
 LOKASI KES KEMALANGAN ELEKTRIK 2002 - 2012

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 JUM

Kediaman (resident) 5 10 4 11 9 14 11 9 8 16 6 103

Sekolah 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 6
Inst.Pengajian Tinggi 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 5
Kilang (industri) 4 8 6 2 5 10 5 7 8 6 5 66
Majlis Kerajaan
Tempatan 0 3 2 0 3 0 1 1 3 2 2 17
Premis Kerajaan 0 2 1 4 4 2 2 1 0 0 2 18
Premis Swasta
(komersial) 3 2 3 6 4 5 7 4 10 4 4 52
Tapak Pembinaan 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 8
Talian atas VR utiliti 9 10 11 17 15 16 10 12 10 11 13 134
Talian atas VT utiliti 3 8 10 4 12 9 8 5 6 4 13 82
Pencawang elektrik utiliti 4 7 9 11 21 14 22 12 17 13 7 137
Kabel bawah tanah utiliti 2 1 0 0 3 0 2 1 3 2 2 16
Ladang 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 2 1 1 10
Lombong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
JUMLAH 32 51 48 57 79 75 70 56 69 62 55 654
 No.of Cases Vs Age Group 8%

60

50 Male
Female
40
No. of Cases

92%

30

20

10

0
< 10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 > 60
Non-Fatal 3 12 28 21 22 12 2
Fatal 3 20 29 20 17 5 5
 CASES AMONG PUBLIC CONTRACTORS AND UNTILITY WORKERS

MANGSA MAUT MANGSA TIDAK MAUT

Kabel Kabel
Talian Talian Talian Talian
P.Elek Bawah P.Elek Bawah
Atas VR Atas HT Atas VR Atas HT JUMLAH
Utiliti Tanah Utiliti Tanah
Utiliti Utiliti Utiliti Utiliti
PEKERJAAN MANGSA Utiliti Utiliti

Kontraktor Awam
20 11 3 3 8 23 31 6 105
Orang kompeten 1 0 1 0 1 1 12 0 16
Pekerja utiliti 3 4 5 0 15 11 36 1 75
Pekerja utiliti
( AP/CP/Kompeten) 0 0 4 0 4 0 6 1 15
JUMLAH 24 15 13 3 28 35 85 8 211
 ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS INVOLVE UTILITY WORKERS
14

12

10
bILANGAN MANGSA

0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Fatal 1 0 1 5 0 2 3 1 2 1 0
Non-Fatal 3 8 7 9 5 5 11 2 5 12 7
Perundangan Mengenai
Keselamatan Elektrik
 DOMESTIC INSTALLATION
2X1.5MM2 PVC/PVC CONCEALED
10A
R1 1 NO. CHANDELIAR
10A

RCD with Residual 10A

R2 1 NO. CHANDELIAR

operating current 100 R3 1 NO. CHANDELIAR Additional RCD

5A
mA 5A
R4 4 NOS 20W(F) & 2 BIL.KIPAS DINDING

20
R5 5 NOS 20W(F) & 2 BIL.KIPAS DINDING
Instant Water Heater (10 mA)
A

5A
R8 SPARE
Handheld tools (30 mA)
2 NOS 20W(F), 2 NOS 36W(F)
Y1
Cut-out & Neutral 5A & 2 BIL.KIPAS SILING
Y2 4 NOS 1X40W(F) & 1 BIL.KIPAS SILING
100A TPN 20A
BEKALAN 100mA Y3 2 NO 13A S/S/O
MCCB 20A
MASUK M 1 NO PENGHAWA DINGIN
Y4
100A 4POLE 20A
METER
Y8 1 NO COOKER POINT
ELCB 5A
4 NOS 1X40W(F)
B1
5A
4&NOS
1 BIL.KIPAS
1X40W(F)SILING
B2
20A & 1 BIL.KIPAS DINDING 2X2.5MM2 PVC/PVC CONCEALED
Regulation 36 (3), Electricity B3 1 NO PENGHAWA DINGIN
20
20A
Regulation 1994, Protection against B5 1 NO WATER HEATER POINT
A
R6 2 NOS 13A SOCKET OUTLET
20A 20
earth leakage current shall be B6 LENGKAP
1 10mA
NO WATER ELCB POINT
HEATER A
R7 2 NOS 13A SOCKET OUTLET
20A
afforded for any final circuit, either B8 SPARE
LENGKAP 10mA ELCB
20A
Y5 2 NO 13A S/S/O

individually or in a group, by a 30A TPN

30mA
20A
Y6 2 NO 13A S/S/O

residual current device having a 20A

Y7 2 NO 13A S/S/O

rated residual operating current not 60A TPN

KE ‘DFB’ TINGKAT ATAS
40A 4POLE 20A
B4 2 NO 13A S/S/O
exceeding 100 milliamperes ELCB 20A
B7 2 NO 13A S/S/O
20A
4X16MM2 PVC/PVC IN CONDUIT
B8 SPARE
2X2.5MM2 PVC/PVC CONCEALED
 RCD
Other (10mA)
Electrical
Equipment
Water
Earth Bar Neutral Bar Heater

RCD (100 mA) Double

Pole
Switch
60A Main Switch

The installation of RCD with leakage

current sensitivity of 10mA in a wet area is
a statutory requirement under Regulation
36 (2), Electricity Regulation 1994.

BATHROOM
A typical effects of
electrocution is burn
mark can be seen at
the point of entry
(hand) and at the point
of exit (foot)
Perbandingan Kes Kemalangan Elektrik Antara Negara-Negara

Juta Kes Persejuta Kes Persejuta Sumber

Penduduk Kemalangan Penduduk Maut Penduduk Data
Jepun (2007) 128 136 1.062 14 0.120 FISUEL
Singapura (2008) 4.8 3 0.62 2 0.410 FISUEL
Ontario (2009) 13 9 0.69 OSA
U.Kingdom (2005) 59 3272 55.45 46 0.780 FISUEL
Malaysia (2012) 28 55 1.96 28 1.000 ST
Australia & N.Zeland
(2009-2010) 25 28 1.10 ERAC
Korea (2007) 48 617 12.84 68 1.410 FISUEL
Perancis (2007)-
Domestik 60 4100 68.4 100 1.700 FISUEL
Spanyol (2007) 44 5012 113.37 162 3.620 FISUEL
Data dari persidangan FISUEL .
 Main Causes of Industrial Electrical Accidents

• Insufficient knowledge to avoid danger in the operation

of electrical systems
• Did not check at the point of work after isolation to
confirm that it has been isolated
• Isolate the wrong circuit
• Reactivation of the circuit is possible after isolation
• Unsafe equipment due to poor maintenance
• Lack of proper communication and inadequate instruction
• Lack of training and appreciation of safety rules and
regulations
• Failure to check completed work
 Definitions
(related to electrical hazards)
Arc - An arc is a flow of electrons through a gas, such as air.

Arc blast – A release of mechanical, acoustical, thermal, and

optical energy from an electric arc.
Arc
Arc flash – A release of thermal energy from an electric arc,
leading to burn or ignition of clothing.

Authorized work – Electrical work that a line manager has

permitted electrically qualified workers to perform based on
an approved safe work procedure and appropriate work
practices
.
Compelling reason – The reason for authorizing workers to
perform work on or near hazardous energized electrical
circuit parts.
Arc flash
Critical systems – Those systems that would result in
increased or additional hazards if deenergized (e.g., life De-energized – Free from any electrical connection
support equipment, emergency alarm systems, hazardous to a source of potential difference and from electrical
location ventilation equipment, area lighting, and systems charge. Not having a potential different from that of
maintaining national security). earth. Note: De-energized does not describe a safe
condition.
 Definitions
(related to electrical hazards)
Electrical hazard – A dangerous condition such that inadvertent or unintentional contact or
equipment failure can result in shock, arc flash burn, thermal burn, or blast.

Electrical work – (1) working on or near energized electrical parts; (2) design, assembly or
fabrication of potentially hazardous electrical equipment; (3) working with unlisted or
unapproved electrical equipment; and/or (4) using listed or approved equipment in a manner
not consistent with the listing or approval.

Electrically qualified worker – One who has skills and knowledge related to the construction
and operation of the electrical equipment and installations and has received safety training on
the hazards involved.

Electrically safe work condition – A state in which the conductor or circuit part to be worked
on or near has been (1) disconnected from energized parts; (2) locked/tagged out (or
equivalent) in accordance with established standards; (3) tested to ensure the absence of
voltage; and (4) grounded if determined necessary.

Energized – Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged to

have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. Note: De-energized parts
that have not been verified and locked out and tagged (or equivalent) in accordance with
established standards are considered energized.

Flash hazard – A dangerous condition associated with the release of energy caused by an arc
that suddenly and violently changes material(s) into a vapor.
 Definitions
(related to electrical hazards)
Flash protection boundary – An approach limit at a distance from exposed live parts within
which a person could receive a second-degree burn if an electrical arc flash were to occur.

Hazardous electrical work – All electrical operations in which workers may be exposed to
electrical hazards.

Limited approach boundary – An approach limit at a distance from an exposed live part within
which a shock hazard exists.

Live parts – Electric conductors, busses, terminals, or components that are uninsulated or
exposed and within which a shock hazard exists.

Prohibited approach boundary – An approach limit at a distance from an exposed live part
within which work is considered the same as making contact with the live part.

Restricted approach boundary – An approach limit at a distance from an exposed live part
within which there is an increased risk of shock, due to electrical arc over combined with
inadvertent movement, for personnel working in close proximity to the live part.
 Definitions
(related to electrical hazards)
Safety watch – A safety watch is a more stringent hazard control measure than the two-person
rule and must be implemented when there are grave consequences from a failure to follow
safework procedures. The safety watch must be an electrically qualified worker who must be
responsible for monitoring qualified workers performing high-hazard electrical work.

Shock hazard – A dangerous condition associated with the release of electrical energy caused
by contact or approach to exposed electrical conductors or circuit parts nearer than the
minimum air insulation distance.

Two-person rule – The requirement for two electrically qualified workers to be present in the
workplace and to be aware of the other worker's task while performing electrically hazardous
work.

Working near – Any activity inside the limited approach boundary or the flash protection
boundary of exposed energized electrical conductors or circuit parts that are
not put into an electrically safe work condition.

Working on – Coming in contact with exposed energized electrical conductors or circuit parts
with the hands, feet, or other body parts, with tools, probes, or with test equipment, regardless
of the personal protective equipment a person is wearing. Also, any activity inside the
prohibited approach boundary.

100% Rule – Work on or near energized parts must be performed only after all participating
electrically qualified workers are in 100% agreement on the work to be completed, on the
sequence in which it should be performed, and that the hazards are fully controlled or
mitigated.
 Definitions
(related to electrical hazards)
Safety watch – A safety watch is a more stringent hazard control measure than the two-person
rule and must be implemented when there are grave consequences from a failure to follow
safework procedures. The safety watch must be an electrically qualified worker who must be
responsible for monitoring qualified workers performing high-hazard electrical work.

Shock hazard – A dangerous condition associated with the release of electrical energy caused
by contact or approach to exposed electrical conductors or circuit parts nearer than the
minimum air insulation distance.

Two-person rule – The requirement for two electrically qualified workers to be present in the
workplace and to be aware of the other worker's task while performing electrically hazardous
work.

Working near – Any activity inside the limited approach boundary or the flash protection
boundary of exposed energized electrical conductors or circuit parts that are
not put into an electrically safe work condition.

Working on – Coming in contact with exposed energized electrical conductors or circuit parts
with the hands, feet, or other body parts, with tools, probes, or with test equipment, regardless
of the personal protective equipment a person is wearing. Also, any activity inside the
prohibited approach boundary.

100% Rule – Work on or near energized parts must be performed only after all participating
electrically qualified workers are in 100% agreement on the work to be completed, on the
sequence in which it should be performed, and that the hazards are fully controlled or
mitigated.
 integrated with an
overall OSH
program.

A plan designed so
Employers should
that neither Electrical develop and
workplace
conditions, nor the Safety implement an ESP to
give overall safety
action of people,
expose personnel
Program directions for facility
activities related to
unnecessarily to (ESP) electrical work.
electrical hazards.

Effective ESP are a

major key in
preventing electrical
incidents
 to instruct
personnel
concerning rules,
responsibilities and
procedures for
working safely in an
electrical
environment;
to encourage, and
make it easier for, to demonstrate the
each employee to be employer’s
responsible for intention to fully
his/her own comply with all
electrical safety self- 5 Key applicable laws
discipline.
Objectives
of ESP

to document general
to document general
requirements and
requirements and
guidelines for
guidelines that
providing workplace
direct the activities
facilities that are free
of personnel who
from unauthorized
could be exposed to
exposure to electrical
electrical hazards;
hazards;
 Management commitment;

Organizational support;

A Comprehensive ESP comprises

Electrical safety policy;
a) electrically safe facilities;
b) documented safe electrical work practices;

Training and qualification of all personnel;

Use of protective equipment, testers, tools, and

protective methods;

Use of electrical equipment;

Documentation;

Oversight and auditing;

Technical support;

Emergency Response/preparedness.
Element in Electrical Safety
 People

• Person in-charge must be qualified.

• A qualified person can be defined as one who is:

Knowledgeable of the construction and operation
of the equipment to be worked on.
Knowledgeable of the electrical hazards associated
with the equipment and the task.
Able to recognize when the electrical hazards are
present.
Able to avoid the hazards.
 Habits in People

• Skill - the ability to do something.

• Knowledge - know what to do.
• Will - willingness to do.
Equipment
 SAFE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

• It is required to design and install the electrical

equipment so that it is safe at all times.

• They must be tested to prove its safety.

• Adequate information should also be included to the

users – to operate, safety and defects.
Design of equipment should consider:

1. Environmental condition – dusty, corrosive,

flammable
2. Legal requirement – meet the standard
3. Human factors - categories of users (handicapped,
unskilled)
4. Suitability of equipment – suitable for certain
environment
5. Safe construction - Adequate supervision on
installation work
6. User’s instruction – provide adequate information
to users
7. Alteration – alteration in condition of use must
alter the electrical installation to preserve its safety
 Maintenance

• A provision in regulation imposes a duty on employer

to provide and maintain equipment in a safe condition
and without risk to health.

• Maintenance of equipment must be adequate to

ensure it remains safe

• There should be a schedule of inspection – comprises

information on condition, testing and action taken.
Managing System

Component of managing system

 Managing System

• Culture - build safety culture among employees and

management

• Controls are those things we put in place to help assure

that we are headed in the right direction, addressing the
right things. If there is to be progress in electrical safety
then an improvement process must be in place. Controls
include decision to use inherently safer designs in all new
installations or in overhauls.

• Procedures need to be developed based upon the

equipment, people and environment of the company or
facility. Understanding what is occurring is important for
development of applicable procedures.
Strengthening Electrical Safety Practices
through Legislation
 Bah. kabel yg rosak
PMU SongSang

PE Mentakap Sawmill2
PE SKPP

33/11 kV UMW

Spg PE Aik Seng

Lubuk
Kawah
Kerosakan kabel telah dapat di kesan pada jam lebih kurang 6.00 petang
29.10.2005 pada kedudukan kira-kira antara 10 ke 15 meter dari P/E Mentakab
Sawmill 2.

Kerosakkan kabel

PE SKPP PE M Sm 2
 PE Mentakab Sawmill2
Pagar Berkunci
Hadapan SISI

HFU OLU2 OLU1

Kabel Rosak

Suapbalik dari PE Aik Seng

Ke Alatubah dalam Pencawang

Beginilah kedudukan Mangsa 1 dan
(Mangsa 2)
Mangsa 2 seperti yang di gambarkan (Mangsa 1)
oleh saksi-saksi.

OLU 2 OLU 1

(Pelatih)

Pandangan Hadapan Pandangan Sisi

Kayu yang di selit di

celah OLU1
Ahmad Alang terpelanting kehadapan. Ini
menunjukkan sebahagian besar badannya
berada di atas ruang OLU1 Ahmad Alang
(Mangsa 1)

OLU 2 OLU 1
Baharuddin
(Mangsa 2)

Pandangan Hadapan Pandangan Sisi

Regulation 113. Competent person to issue written instruction.