Feedstrategy202004 DL PDF

www.FeedStrategy.
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APRIL 2020
6
Latin American
feed industry
trends to watch
PLUS
6 most important additives
for ABF broiler production
Danish efforts to remove
zinc oxide from piglet feeds
Digital version at www.feedstrategy-digital.com
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2004FScover.indd 2 3/25/2020 10:07:24 AM
VOLUME 71 NUMBER 4
APRIL 2020
COVER STORY
4 6 Latin American feed industry trends to watch
Feed industry stakeholders offer their perspectives
on issues shaping feed production in the region.
JACKIE ROEMBKE
FEATURES
8 6 most important additives
for ABF broiler production
IOANNIS MAVROMICHALIS
12 Danish efforts to remove zinc oxide

from piglet feeds
16 New European categorization

for antibiotics used in animals
MARK CLEMENTS Cover image by: inkoly | iStock.com
20 Feed formulation ingredient

maximum-minimum constraints
32
24 7 considerations for improved sow performance

ZOE KAY
29 Feed quality testing: Proper samplings required

YANNE BOLOH
32 Yeast yields many benefits in ruminant diets

HELEN WARREN
36 Consumers still want value,

convenience and flavor
Costa007 | Dreamstime.com
AUSTIN ALONZO
2 In the Mix 39 Products

3 Industry Happenings 40 Advertisers’ Index
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2 ❙ FeedStrategy
www.FeedStrategy.com
IN THE MIX
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS
401 East State Street, 3rd floor
Rockford, IL 61104 USA
Tel: +1 815 966 5574, Fax +1 815 968 0941
BY JACKIE ROEMBKE, EDITOR
Subscripton questions: +1 855 896 3491
feedstrategy@omeda.com
4 ways COVID-19 may

Publisher:
Greg Watt; gwatt@wattglobal.com
Director of Content:
impact feed production

Terrence O’Keefe; tokeefe@wattglobal.com
Director of Global Agrifood Sales:
Jeff Miller; jmiller@wattglobal.com
EDITORIAL TEAM
The world is currently battling the novel coronavirus COVID-19 and, in both Editor: Jackie Roembke;
jroembke@wattglobal.com Tel: +1 815 966 5419
the short and long term, the global feed industry will soon navigate its fallout.
Digital Content Director: Jim Winter
Associate Editor: Cindy Burgos
Animal protein demand: The extent to which COVID-19 will impact Staff Reporter: Ann Reus
animal protein demand and consumption is unknown. On the grocery and retail Social Media & SEO Editor:
Kathleen McLaughlin
side, panic buying and hoarding are propelling the sale of frozen foods, canned
goods, meat and dairy products, which could be good for some. However, the ART/PRODUCTION TEAM
Senior Art Director: Elizabeth Crosby
restaurant and foodservice industries will undoubtedly be hit hard as institutions
Senior Production Coordinator:
temporarily close and diners shy away from public spaces. Connie Miller;
cmiller@wattglobal.com Tel: +1 815 966 5547
Supply chain disruptions: Today, analysis of the market impact of COVID-19 SALES TEAM
is a moving target, but all signs point to an ongoing negative global economic USA/CANADA
Regional Manager: Pam Ballard,
outlook through the first half of the year. The most immediate threat to “business as Midwest, West, Canada;
pballard@wattglobal.com Tel: +1 815 966 5576
usual” lies with supply chain disruptions. While the virus has only begun to impact
Regional Manager: Mary Harris,
some regions, down-chain suppliers in key sectors are struggling to meet demand. East, Southeast;
mharris@wattglobal.com Tel: +1 815 980 5938
This is quickly becoming evident with micro-ingredients, such as vitamins and
Sales Representative: Arthur Hartnett
minerals. The closure of factories and ports would further strain supplies. ahartnett@wattglobal.com Tel: +1 815 966 5405
Meanwhile, the animal feed industry should brace for higher commodity EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA
Frans Willem van Beemen;
costs due to limited availability and delayed deliveries. FVanBeemen@wattglobal.com Tel: +31 344 653442
EUROPE, L ATIN A MERICA
The human element: As businesses and institutions closings become Tineke van Spanje;
tvanspanje@wattglobal.com Tel: +31 495 526155
commonplace, what does this mean for livestock and poultry producers and the CHINA, SOUTHEAST ASIA
Dingding Li;
feed manufacturers they rely on? While some can work remotely, in manufacturing, dingdingli@vip.163.com Tel: +86 21 6447 4625
many cannot. How will feed mills run if the employees are sick or quarantined?
For article reprints and reprint quotes contact
Industry event cancellations: Many spring feed industry trade shows and FosteReprints
+1 800 382 0808 www.fosterprinting.com
conferences have been canceled or postponed. Also, in response to the uncertainty
of the state of the pandemic over the next several months, event organizers are
entertaining moving or have moved to virtual formats. For example, the Feed SOCIAL MEDIA
Strategy Conference Asia on mitigating swine disease has been canceled and will https://www.facebook.com/feedstrategy
instead roll out as a three-part webinar series beginning in April.

https://twitter.com/FeedStrategy
In the face of 2020’s black swan, the world’s feed industry must be prepared
https://www.linkedin.com/
to adapt to weather the unknown. ■ groups/12055651/
www.FeedStrategy.com ❙ April 2020
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FeedStrategy ❙ 3
NEWS AND ANALYSIS FOR THE

.COM GLOBAL ANIMAL FEED INDUSTRY
▶ Click the links to read FeedStrategy.com news
How are animal feed companies

coping with COVID-19?
As the new coronavirus (COVID-19) continues to spread around
Aha-Soft | Bigstock.com
the world, businesses — including those in the animal feed
industry — may be affected in various ways, such as…
https://bit.ly/2QrA1CH
Evonik declares force majeure

for amino acid product
Stokerplusss | Bigstock.com
Evonik has declared force majeure for its threonine amino acid product,
ThreAMINO, as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak…
https://bit.ly/33qTCs5
Canada ratifies US-Mexico-Canada trade pact
Jennifer Marr | Freeimages.com

The Canadian Parliament has ratified the U.S.-Mexico-Canada trade
agreement (USMCA) before taking a three-week recess
amid the new coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic…
https://bit.ly/2vuz7Or
April 2020 ❙ www.FeedStrategy.com
2004FSfeedstrategy-com.indd 3 3/25/2020 10:36:06 AM

4 ❙ FeedStrategy
6 Latin American
feed industry
trends to
watch
Feed industry stakeholders
offer their perspectives on
issues shaping, growing feed
production in the region.
JACKIE ROEMBKE
O
ver the last decade, Latin America
has been heralded as one of the fastest
growing regions for animal protein
production.
LATIN
According to Alltech’s 2020 Global Feed Survey,
Latin American feed production grew by 2.2% in
AMERICAN FEED
2019, a total of nearly 168 million metric tons. The PRODUCTION grew
largest feed manufacturing countries — Brazil, by more than 2% in
Mexico and Argentina — account for 76% of the 2019 to reach 167.9
region’s production.
million metric tons of
Several regional and international animal protein
production trends have begun to and will continue
production.
to shape feed demand and influence formulations.
Here’s a look at the six macro trends influencing production in the region increased 112%, pork
Latin American feed production: production increased 64% and beef production
1
increased 29%. The dairy industry is also seeing
Growing demand increases, with milk production up 35% over the
for animal protein past two decades. This steady increase in animal
The demand for meat in Latin America has production translates into greater feed demand —
been on an upward trajectory for more than creating opportunities for feed suppliers.”
a decade. “Between 2000 and 2018, this region has The poultry and egg sectors have seen the most
inkoly | iStock.com
seen significant increases in all meat categories,” growth — upwards of 2% in all but one Latin
explains Ben Towns, global business director, Arm American country — and, in Rabobank senior analyst
& Hammer Animal and Food Production. “Poultry Nan-Dirk Mulder’s opinion, yield the most potential.
2004FSfeedproductiontrends.indd 4 3/25/2020 10:30:03 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 5
Top 8 Latin American feed companies in 2018

Types of compound feed manufactured
x1,000 metric tons
Ruminant
Annual feed
Poultry
Equine
production
Feed mills
Aqua
Pet
Pig
Company Country
10,506 BRF Brazil O O O
4,290 Industrias Bachoco Mexico 22 O O O O O
3,400 Agrosuper Group Chile O O O
3,000 JBS S.A. Brazil 49 O O O
1,440 Aurora Alimentos Brazil 14 O O O
1,087 Marfrig Global Foods Brazil 27 O O O O O
1,000 GTFoods Group Brazil 4 O
1,000 Italcol Colombia 14 O O O O O O
© 2019 WATT Global Media
According to WATT Global Media’s Top Feed Companies database, eight Latin American companies
produced more than 1 million metric tons of compound feed in 2018. For more Top Companies insights,
read Feed Strategy’s 2019 Top Feed Companies report.
2
“From a trade perspective, Latin America abso- Technology boom
lutely has many opportunities to grow exports, As innovative technologies are adopted,
but also locally there is a good investment story,” infrastructure is improved and new trade
Mulder says. “If you look at the future, in 2050, opportunities arise, Latin American protein
there will be 120 million more people in the region. and feed production will become more profitable.
Some economies are volatile, but some countries, However, the sector has been slow to adopt new ag
in this perspective, do quite well. If you look at tech innovations.
the consumption of meat, there are large meat- “The continued growth of the Latin America live-
loving countries with high consumption levels stock industry may be hampered in some areas by
— Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil — but there are lagging production efficiency and the availability of
also other countries — Peru, Colombia, parts of new technologies, practices and genetics to enhance
Central America — with the potential to increase profitability,” Towns says. “Looking to the future, we
consumption.” expect Latin American livestock producers to achieve
Currently, Latin American consumers have been greater production efficiency by adopting new feed
slow to embrace the plant-based meat alternative technologies and practices.”
trend. However, as Alessandro Lima, Biorigin feed “Production efficiency is linked to profitability,”
business manager, points out, increasing sustain- says Alexandra Naranjo, technical director, Trouw
ability and animal welfare concerns have made Nutrition Latin America. “Feed is a large part of the
consumers more willing to change their center-plate production process and, therefore, has a significant
protein options. impact on the costs of production of protein for human

6 ❙ FeedStrategy
FEED INDUSTRY TRENDS TO WATCH
consumption. The largest challenges in our market are

aligned with the concept of digitization and the implemen-
tation of data management for decision making, as well
as for making the production process more efficient and
precise.”
3
Volatility & competition
Market volatility, inflation and negative
economic conditions challenge the Latin
American livestock, poultry and feed industries
to maintain production rates and to be competitive in a
global market scenario, Lima says.
In Feed Strategy’s 2020 Poultry Nutrition & Feed
Survey (March 2020), for example, 92% of respondents
from Latin America cited commodity costs as one of the
greatest challenges to their business; 64% cited exchange
rate fluctuations.
“Many countries in the region face currency devalu-
ation, and the high cost of imported raw materials adds BRAZIL, MEXICO AND
to overall economic challenges,” Towns adds. “Feed
ARGENTINA account
suppliers face the same economic challenges as our
customers, so we must work to gain efficiencies.”
for 76% of the region’s
2019 feed production.
4
Antibiotic elimination & reductions
While the importance of combating antimicro-
bial resistance to antibiotics is well accepted, the Latin American feed producers are increasingly
adoption of antibiotic reduction and elimination exploring AGP alternative products, such as organic acids,
strategies vary across Latin America. medium- and short-chain fatty acids, phytobiotics, yeast
Local regulations have been established to minimize derivatives, prebiotics, probiotics, essential oils, tannins
the use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry production, and enzymes directed to different substrates in the diet.
but the requirements vary from country to country, with “The addition of these products not only holds true for
several banning or moving away from antibiotics growth feed, but these concepts are also being utilized to improve
promoters (AGPs). With AGPs out of the equation, feed drinking water quality used in production and, therefore,
producers look to feed additive solutions to maintain positively impacting the gut health of the animal and its
productivity. microbiota modulation,” says Naranjo.
5
“Many feed companies look for alternatives, mainly
Food safety & biosecurity
Anson_iStock | iStock.com
natural alternatives, to improve animal health and welfare

to guarantee the production levels without sacrificing the Food safety is a high priority in Latin American
animal protein supply, opening space for feed ingredients protein production — ensuring consumer health
companies to innovate and deliver solutions for gut health and trust in the animal protein supply chain,
and immune support,” Lima says. but also to maintain export relationships. While the list of

FeedStrategy ❙ 7
measures is extensive and varies from

country to country, Brazil is leading the 3 animal feed industry trends to watch in
way in advancing food safety. 2020: https://bit.ly/2x3hky8
“What I can say is that this issue is
taken extremely seriously in Brazil by all
poultry producers and throughout Latin America by all reduction of Salmonella contamination in poultry
producers involved in international trade, i.e., exporting products is priority number one,” says Lang. “It’s
poultry to EU, Japan, China, and other major importing being addressed with a great deal of professionalism
countries,” explains Marcelo Lang, global marketing and meticulous execution of biosecurity protocols at
director - animal health & nutrition, Chr. Hansen, Inc. all links of the production chain, from procurement
To this end, strict and costly biosecurity measures have of feed ingredients to animal care, to processing,
been implemented. training of all staff handling live animals or in the
“In Brazil, for example, food safety and the processing plants, testing of all flocks prior to sending
them to slaughter and much more.”
Companies have also adopted a variety of animal
health interventions such as vaccines, organic acids,
probiotics and other product categories for reducing the
pathogen load and shedding in live animals.
6
Emphasis on animal welfare
As consumers locally and in export markets
increasingly demand improved animal
welfare standards, it is shaping the ways
poultry and livestock are fed, raised and brought to
market.
“Most [Latin American] companies follow specific
welfare protocols approved by their customers —
importing companies, mainly — or alternatively they
agree to abide by protocols created by NGO (non-govern-
mental organization) or industry associations and accept
to be inspected by those institutions to ensure they’re
following the guidelines,” Lang says.
For feed producers and nutritionists, the emphasis is
focused on quality, safe and nutritious feeds to ensure
production and animal health.
“Protecting animals for the stress they experience
throughout the life cycle in a high-performance produc-
tion chain is fundamental,” Lima says. “Investing in
quality nutrition is one of the solution producers could
harness to improve animal welfare.” ■
References available on request

8 ❙ FeedStrategy
6 most
important
additives for
ABF broiler
production
Trusted methods exist and they
should be considered first before
alternative approaches are tested,
usually at considerable cost.
W
e have been battling with the issue of six ingredients/additives before considering newer,
removing antibiotic growth-promoting agents alternative and often more costly approaches.
from animal feeds for more than a decade.
1
In the U.S., there is even a notion to switch at least Organic acids
part of the broiler production to the no-antibiotics-ever This technology is decades old and it has been
practice, which implies not even sick birds get to be proven that adding enough organic acids can
treated with antibiotics. Because coccidiostatic agents replace antibiotics, at least in healthy birds. That
are also considered antibiotics in the U.S., there is a is, organic acids can replace the growth-promoting
tremendous upheaval in the industry as there are no effect of antibiotics; they cannot cure birds suffering
real alternatives to these. Fortunately, this is (still) not from bacterial diseases. Most importantly, organic
the case in the EU and elsewhere. acids control the growth of bacteria best when used in
Nevertheless, this discussion only applies to anti- blends, and at appropriately high dosages — at least
biotics that attack microbes, and not coccidia. Thus, higher than is the average practice in the industry
based on long experiences in the field and numerous today (0.1-0.3%).
studies, one can start looking safely to the following What acids to use remains a trade secret or the
recipe of preference for each nutritionist, but as each
acid works best against a type of microorganism, it
In antibiotic-free broiler production, there are six takes little research to find a suitable blend for the type
ingredients/additives that should be considered of problems existing on each farm.
before turning to more expensive alternatives. Finally, it appears that organic acids work
Iaroslav Konnikov | Bigstock.com even better when combined with other methods of
2004FSpoultry.indd 8 3/25/2020 10:49:57 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 9
3
controlling gut microbiota, such as with phytogenic Probiotics
compounds, but this is still an area of considerable The majority of poultry nutritionists in most
investigation as the types of phytogenics remain annual nutrition polls run by WATT have
limited to a very narrow range compared with their ranked probiotics as the No. 1 choice when it comes to
abundance in nature. spending money finding alternatives to antibiotics.
Although these products do not harm harmful
2
Copper and zinc bacteria, they increase the population of beneficial
Zinc oxide, unfortunately, does not work in ones in expectation of excluding the “bad” ones
broilers as it does in piglets. But, copper sulfate through sheer competition for nutrients and space. Not
does, and it is part of the remedy in replacing antibiotics. all products are created equal and this could not have
Today, it is (still) allowed in limited doses and, being been truer in the case of probiotics.
relatively inexpensive, it makes sense to use it. These products work best when combined with a
Modern forms of copper and zinc, used at low form of “feed” for these alien microorganisms forcibly
dosages, should not be ignored as they offer substan- introduced into the gut’s natural microflora. However,
tial benefits in terms of performance, manufacturing this whole synergistic effect remains ignored by the
and premix stability — aspects often ignored. Each prebiotic manufacturers.
country (or region) has specific laws regulating the
4
levels and types of these minerals allowed in broiler Feed-grade amino acids
diets, and it is good advice always to check with These of course cannot harm bacteria, nor
authorities (or suppliers) before using such additives. even help them as they are almost completely

10 ❙ FeedStrategy
ABF BROILER PRODUCTION
Feed additives combinations yield the best results when looking for antibiotic alternatives.
Orest Lyzhechka | Dreamstime.com
absorbed in the small intestine, long

before they reach the main habitat of Will we ever truly replace antibiotic growth
gut microbiota. promoters? https://bit.ly/2wyGmoU
But they have a very prominent —
albeit little recognized — place in every
antibiotic-free nutrition program. They allow crude are looked upon with suspicion, and this removes the
protein (that contains excess amino acids that are not most powerful approach from the hands of practicing
needed for growth) to be lowered (by as much as four nutritionists. Hence, the heavy dependence on additives,
percentage points). This deprives pathogenic bacteria which often prove to be inadequate in their performance
— which thrive on protein — from their main nutrient when used alone in this respect.
source.
5
Beneficial bacteria require less protein and more Fiber, but which one?
carbohydrates, going back to the previous section where Most nutritionists today agree that we need
we need to find a way to feed the “good” bacteria only. insoluble fiber (that absorbs excess water) in
Lamentably, in some parts of the world, commercial the upper gut to control flow and water concentration,
final/complete feeds with less protein (even though and fermentable fibers in the lower gut to control good
they may contain enough of the essential amino acids) bacteria growth. At least, that is the theory.

FeedStrategy ❙ 11
There is no consensus on how to measure insoluble

and fermentable fiber, although there are many different
methods, and this makes matters rather difficult. Even
worse, there is absolutely no indication how much of
each fiber type is required. And, to complicate matters,
some nutritionists abhor insoluble fiber for its laxative
effects, whereas others detest fermentable fiber that
complicates hind gut disorders in affected birds.
Clearly, there is a need to differentiate the fiber
profile for healthy and unhealthy birds, but we are still
very far away from any practical conclusions, so all we
have is personal experiences.
6
Enzymes
Like amino acids, enzymes do not affect
microbes directly. But, in the right diets and at
the right combinations and dosages, enzymes can affect
the growth of beneficial bacteria by converting hard-to-
digest carbohydrates into simpler compounds — thus
feeding the good bacteria.
Proteases also reduce the amount of wasted
protein by increasing protein digestibility, depriving
bad bacteria from their feed. There is a reason why
enzymes have been placed last in this list, and it is
because their effect is minimal and becomes signifi-
cant enough only in certain cases, and always in
conjunction with other products.
In conclusion, it would be great but naive to expect
one single product to replace antibiotics. If such a
product existed, we would not be having this discussion
now. At best, we can use a combination of approaches
and make adjustments as needed. Replacing antibiotics is
an expensive practice as alternatives are costly, and the
extra cost is not passed to the final consumer with ease.
Nevertheless, we must work with what we have and,
although we have several working approaches, there are
always new offers on the market that deserve testing. ■
Ioannis Mavromichalis, Ph.D., is an animal nutrition

industry consultant. To contact Mavromichalis, email
imavromichalis@icloud.com.

12 ❙ FeedStrategy
Danish efforts to remove

zinc oxide from piglet feeds
Researchers report their experiences at the Animine-European
Federation of Animal Science Joint Academy in Paris.
I
t was in 1989 when Danish in Dublin that zinc oxide at phar- by Animine (France) and the
researcher Dr. H. D. Poulsen macological doses could stop European Federation of Animal
announced at the 40th annual diarrhea in weaned pigs. Thirty Science (same organization as
meeting of the European years later, now in Paris during above but with a different name)
Association for Animal Production the 3rd Academy hosted jointly that Danish researchers from the
Researchers recently reported on their experiences attempting to withdraw zinc oxide from piglet diets.
Brett Critchley | Dreamstime.com
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FeedStrategy ❙ 13
prestigious SEGES (Danish Pig Given the multipurpose role of not type, although local conditions
Research Centre) research insti- zinc oxide inside the gut and the often complicate such responses
tution reported on their attempts organism, this is not surprising, even more.
to withdraw zinc oxide from although we should not forget that
piglet diets. response on additives is almost Multifactorial approach
During the past three decades, invariably dependent on brand and The next trial followed the
Europe and Denmark in particular
have become heavily dependent
on medicated zinc oxide, espe-
cially since the ban on antibiotics
for growth-promoting purposes.
EU legislation gives until June
2022 before a complete ban on
pharmacological dosages of zinc
oxide is enforced.
Here are the researchers’ main
findings so far.
Phasing out of zinc oxide

In 2017, Danish farms were
advised to reduce levels of zinc
oxide from 2,500 parts per
million (ppm) down to 1,500
ppm. An estimate gives confor-
mation to this suggestion at the
level of 25%. Given the high
standards of hygiene in Danish
farms, especially after the ban
on antibiotics in 2006, no effect
was observed in animal produc-
tivity nor any increase in antibi-
otic use for therapeutic purposes
in farms that use this lower level
of zinc oxide. Such findings are
really encouraging.
Replacing zinc oxide

with additives
The first trial on additives indi-
cated that replacing part or all of
zinc oxide with a specific brand
of a probiotic, a seaweed, and a
yeast product was not successful.
2004FSzinc.indd 13 3/26/2020 2:07:30 PM

14 ❙ FeedStrategy
REMOVE ZINC OXIDE
principle that we already apply

in the case of antibiotics: that no
single product can replace them.
Researchers tried a similar approach
with zinc oxide: They reduced
crude protein and added four
different commercial products that
contained different additives. These
were blends of additives based on
commercial experiences offered as
a package. Common to all product
packages were organic acids,
whereas two offers included sub-
products added also in the water.
Growth was improved slightly but
statistically significantly by adding
2,500 ppm zinc from zinc oxide
(thankfully the trial contained a A multifactorial approach is required to ensure weaned pigs are super
negative control). But, only one of the healthy to require no zinc oxide in their post-weaning feeds, especially
commercial approaches gave statisti- now that they are also deprived from prophylactic antibiotic usage.
cally significant growth rate similar
to that of high levels of zinc oxide. there was reasonable expectation oxide. This combines well with
this might work equally well. the results above that indicated a
Notes on reduced We should not forget that zinc multifactorial approach is not to be
crude protein oxide often works on top of anti- discarded easily.
The Danish researchers decided biotics as it has more roles than In addition, very low diets (14%
then to investigate the impact of just controlling bacteria, but the CP) also reduced productivity —
very low crude protein levels, while focus of this trial was preventing again as expected, but they also
keeping critical amino acids at diarrhea. For pigs from 6 to 9 kg reduced diarrhea, which was the
fixed levels. As a similar approach body weight, they tested three primary goal. It remains now to
works reasonably well in the case protein levels: 19, 16.5, and 14%. investigate how to secure growth
of antibiotics, and because part of As rightfully expected, low-protein while preventing diarrhea with
the response of zinc oxide overlaps diets reduced diarrhea but not as such ultra-low protein diets.
or coincides with that of antibiotics, effectively as high levels of zinc After this trial, SEGES recom-
mends now feeding 17.5% crude
protein levels in weaned piglets.
ZINC OXIDE OFTEN WORKS on top of
Increased feed intake
antibiotics as it has more roles than just post-weaning
The Danish institution also recom-
controlling bacteria. mends taking every step possible
2004FSzinc.indd 14 3/25/2020 11:01:57 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 15
to ensure a high level of feed

intake post-weaning, especially of How to remove high zinc oxide levels from
specialty feeds. This approach, they piglet feeds: https://bit.ly/3avZtP1
reason, will help piglets transition
better during the post-weaning
period — as shown in earlier effort until a permanent solution continue, and we expect that some
trials. It remains to be seen if such was found. Again, the knowledge form of solution will be found
approach holds true in diets devoid and experience gained by the ban before the June 2022 deadline.
of antibiotics and zinc oxide. on antibiotics might prove equally Perhaps we may have to accept
We should not forget that when beneficial in the case of the zinc lower growth performance in order to
antibiotics were first banned, it oxide ban. save piglets from suffering from diar-
was high-fiber diets (that natu- It is disappointing, but under- rhea, at least until a future innovation
rally restrict feed intake) and standable, to not yet have a comes to offer a more permanent
limit-feeding methods that were definitive answer to this issue solution. This is a new challenge for
advocated as a quick-response imposed by EU legislation. Efforts the scientific community. ■
Ioannis Mavromichalis, Ph.D., is an animal nutrition industry consultant. To contact Mavromichalis,

email imavromichalis@icloud.com.
2004FSzinc.indd 15 3/25/2020 11:01:57 AM

16 ❙ FeedStrategy
New European categorization

for antibiotics used in animals
The additional antibiotic risk category should help to focus minds on
alternatives, better practices in fight against antimicrobial resistance.
MARK CLEMENTS
A
t the end of January, new change in this new advice is that by considering both the risk that
scientific advice was four risk categories of antibiotics their use in animals causes to
issued by the European A to D have been identified, public health through the possible
Medicines Agency (EMA) on the replacing the previous three development of antimicrobial
risk categorization of antibiotics categories. resistance and the need to use
for use in animals. The main The categories rank antibiotics them in veterinary medicine.
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FeedStrategy ❙ 17
The European Medicines Agency’s revisions to antibiotics categorization take into account
experience gained since the initial list was drawn up in 2014. ArtistGNDphotography | iStock.com
This update takes to individual companion animals Category C

into account the expe- under exceptional circumstances. Category C (Caution) covers anti-
rience gained since biotics for which alternatives in
the initial categoriza- Category B human medicine generally exist
tion of antibiotics in Category B (Restrict) refers to in the European Union (EU),
2014, the EMA notes, quinolones, 3rd and 4th generation but only a few alternatives are
which proposed three cephalosporins and polymyxins. available in certain veterinary
categories for the anti- Antibiotics in this category are indications. These antibiotics
biotics classified as critically important in human should only be used when there
Critically Important medicine and their use in animals are no antimicrobial substances in
Antimicrobials (CIA) should be restricted to mitigate the Category D that would be clini-
in the World Health risk to public health. cally effective.
Organization's CIA
list, for instance those
of most relevance for European Medicines Agency categorization
human health. of antibiotics for use in animals
The revised cate- Category A: AVOID Category B: RESTRICT
gorization considers ■ Antibiotics in this category are ■ Antibiotics in this category are
all classes of anti- not authorized as veterinary critically important in human
medicines in the EU medicine and use in animals
biotics and includes should be restricted to mitigate
■ Should not be used in
additional criteria, the risk to public health
food-producing animals
such as the availability ■ Should be considered only
■ May be given to companion
of alternative antibiotics in veteri- when there are no antibiotics
animals under exceptional in Categories C or D that
nary medicine. circumstances could be clinically effective
The EMA has also evalu-
■ Use should be based on
ated the impact of the route of antimicrobial susceptibility
administration in the selection of testing, wherever possible
antibiotic resistance and included
Category C: CAUTION Category D: PRUDENCE
its conclusions in a separate list
■ For antibiotics in this category ■ Should be used as first line
to consider when prescribing there are alternatives treatments, whenever possible
antibiotics. in human medicine
■ As always, should be
■ For some veterinary indications, used prudently, only when
The four classifications are: there are no alternatives medically needed
belonging to Category D
Category A
■ Should be considered only
Category A (Avoid) includes
when there are no antibiotics
antibiotics that are not authorized in Category D that could
in veterinary medicine in the be clinically effective
European Union (EU). These Source: European Medicines Agency
medicines may not be used in food- The new Category C gives prescribers both flexibility and
producing animals but may be given encouragement to think of alternatives.

18 ❙ FeedStrategy
ANTIBIOTICS USED IN ANIMALS
Category D secretary general of the UK housing for handling facilities."

Category D (Prudence) includes industry grouping Responsible He continued that the advice
antibiotics that should be used Use of Medicines in Agriculture acknowledges that there is a lack
as first-line treatments, when- Alliance (RUMA): "The introduc- of alternative treatments to many
ever possible. These antibiotics tion of Category C should encourage antibiotics in Category C should
can be used in animals in a veterinary surgeons and farmers to disease arise. Veterinary surgeons
prudent manner. This means that discuss whether lower-risk products can still prescribe Category C
unnecessary use and long treat- within Category D could be used as products to protect animal health
ment periods should be avoided, an alternative. and welfare.
and group treatment should be
restricted to situations where indi- Antibiotic resistance - 25 Global Actions
vidual treatment is not feasible. for 2025: www.WATTAgNet.com/blogs/23-
The categories are based on poultry-around-the-world/post/39131
scientific advice, which was subject
to a public consultation launched in
April 2019. "The new category should also "There is no doubt that macrolides
The new intermediate Category focus minds on what management are extremely useful in the effec-
C has been created for antibiotics changes can be made to avoid the tive treatment of some Mycoplasma
that should be used when there is no need for antibiotic treatments in the species in poultry, Lawsonia in pigs,
available product in D that would be first place — such as biosecurity, respiratory tract infections in cattle
clinically effective. vaccination, improved nutrition or and, in some circumstances, lameness
According to Chris Lloyd, alterations to infrastructure, such as in sheep," he added. ■
The downward trend in European veterinary antibiotic use

Sales of veterinary antibiotics across Europe uniform across Europe.
dropped by more than 32% between 2011 and While 19 of the 25 countries that provided
2017, reports the EMA. data for 2011-2017 saw a drop in sales of
In particular, two of the critically important veterinary antibiotics of more than 5%, three
classes of antibiotics for human medicine countries recorded an increase of more than 5%
were used less in animals: sales of polymyxins in sales during the same period. The remaining
declined by 66%, while those of 3rd and 4th three countries did not register a significant
generation cephalosporins decreased by more change in sales.
than 20%. These classes include antibiotics used The substantial decline in sales of antimicro-
to treat serious infections in humans caused by bials for some food-producing species seen in
bacteria resistant to most species some countries indicates that there is still a high
The findings include data from the 31 potential for a decrease of antimicrobial use in
countries of the European Economic Area others, the EMA notes, especially in those with
and Switzerland; however, the situation is not high consumption.

20 ❙ FeedStrategy
FEED ACADEMY
BY IOANNIS MAVROMICHALIS, PH.D.
Feed formulation ingredient

maximum-minimum constraints
Why is there is a maximum for fava beans but none for corn?
T
he ingredient database is complete with all say, 10% in the final feed and allow the rest
relevant nutrient values, and the nutrient of the protein to be covered by a more benign
specifications for the feed to be formulated protein source?
are decided and have been entered. Now is the
time to hit the “calculate” button on the screen to How to limit ingredient usage
have the fi rst least-cost formulation solution. The correct answer of course would be to have a
The proposed feed meets all minimum “nutrient” type variable for each anti-nutritional
nutrient specifications, but it contains too much factor — or any other factor that imposes a limit
salt, in fact it contains way too much salt on how much we can add from each ingredient.
for any live being. Why is that? The That would be near impossible because, most
answer is simple: We did not impose of the time, we do not have exact or even average
a maximum constraint on the values for these factors for the exact ingredient at
sodium (salt is sodium chlo- hand, and the solution of the least-cost formulation
ride) nutrient and, salt being the problem would become more and more difficult
least expensive nutrient, the software with each extra limit we would impose this way.
program filled in any gaps in formulation So, we revert to the good old system of asking
space with salt — hence the term “least cost.” the software program to restrict certain ingredi-
How we go about resolving this problem? Salt ents that we know cannot exceed certain limits.
has a maximum (and minimum) nutrient specifi- In the same way, we also force the formulation
cation that we can enter. What about fava beans program to accept certain minimum concentra-
or any other ingredient with largely unknown tions of ingredients that do not have a representa-
concentrations of anti-nutritional factors? Can we tion in the nutrient matrix.
allow the software to pull in as much fava beans For example, we know that this enzyme must
as it desires to meet, say, the minimum protein be added at 1 kg/ton or at 0.1%, and that vitamin
vasabii | Shutterstock.com
constraint, or should we restrict fava beans to, premix at 0.3%. So, we place on the ingredients’
Read blogs by Ioannis Mavromichalis: www.feedstrategy.com/blogs/

animal-nutrition-views/
2004FSfeedacademy.indd 20 3/25/2020 10:28:05 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 21
maximum-minimum limits screen the exact values two offensive ingredients, say fava beans and
we want as minimum and maximum. Most of the linseed meal, would be hesitant to use maximum
times a minimum for such ingredient is sufficient as values for both as the burden to the animal might be
they are too expensive, but it is better to be safe and too much. And, there are so many other variables
fix the amount at the exact figure we want. to consider, the most important of which is lack of
sufficient characterization.
Where do we find information?
Now, the real question that has no answer is where In the world of the internet
do we find these maximum values for all the ingre- Literature research and advice from authority
dients we read about having problems? Older books sources remains now the only option for those who
used to have such tables, even offering minimum want to use less conventional ingredients. To this
values for valuable ingredients for specific diets. end, blogs like those posted frequently by experts in
For example, chick and piglet diets were formu- feed ingredients are useful, but again they should be
lated with a minimum of, say, 5% fishmeal, whereas taken as starting points of discussion with an expe-
maximum was placed at 10%. Depending on price rienced nutritionist.
and other sources of protein available to the
problem at hand, the computer would provide MOST OF THE TIMES a minimum
a solution with anything between 5 and 10% for such ingredient is sufficient
fishmeal in the final formula. If soybean meal
as they are too expensive,
(less expensive per unit of protein) was the
only alternative, then fishmeal would be used
but it is better to be safe
at 5%. But, if wheat gluten was the only other and fix the amount at the exact
option (more expensive than fish meal per figure we want.
unit of protein), then the maximum amount of
fishmeal, 10%, would have been used. Then, the rest Journal papers presenting scientific research
would be covered by wheat gluten, unless there was should not be used in isolation by feed profes-
a maximum for that ingredient as well and then the sionals. These reports are meant to be collated
problem would probably be unfeasible, requiring the by experienced nutritionists and a final decision
presence of one more protein source, and so on. is to be made based on multiple reports and also
The problem with older book values is that they experiences.
clumped all fava beans under one name. Today, we There is a difference between an experimental
know there are new varieties with fewer anti-nutri- setup and its results that apply to the specific setup
tional factors that can be used at higher levels, but and the more generic approach required in the
books have not been updated. In fact, such books are commercial application of these findings. In the
no longer being published. There is no current book end, nutritionists will have accumulated
on feed ingredients alone in the English-speaking enough information and experience to
world. Why? Because it takes authority and risk to prepare their own ingredient minimum-
propose such values to an unknown audience that maximum constraints, but these need to
may misuse such values. be constantly evaluated as ingredients
For example, an experienced nutritionist using continue to evolve. ■
Ioannis Mavromichalis, Ph.D., is an animal nutrition industry consultant. To contact, Mavromichalis,

email imavromichalis@icloud.com.

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24 ❙ FeedStrategy
Some sows will eat the optimum amount, but others eat significantly less, which affects their potential
milk production. budabar | bigstock.com
7 considerations for improved

sow performance
Diet composition, along with meal size, frequency and timing,
influence performance of the sow and her piglets
ZOE KAY
G
enetic and manage- availability for sows in late gesta- A sow uses 36.6% of her
ment developments tion. Larger litters also influence body mass a year to develop her
have resulted in sows colostrum and milk availability for piglets, and 200% to produce milk
producing larger litters. This each piglet. Attention should be paid to feed them. It is important to
means longer farrowing times, to fiber level, energy availability and consider not only diet formula-
increasing the importance of energy feed intake for each stage. tion but inherent feeding behavior
2004FSpigs.indd 24 3/25/2020 10:39:23 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 25
to manage feeding for optimum Influence of total born piglets on litter weight
health and performance of both at birth and individual birth weights
the sow and her piglets.
Litter weight at birth Birth weight
Sow dietary decisions should 25 1.5
relate to requirements in different
phases: gestation, parturition, 20 1.2
lactation, etc. Nutritional require-
ments and feed intake should both
Kilograms/pig
15 0.9
Kilograms
be considered, while functional
nutrients and additives can also
10 0.6
play an important role.
5 0.3
Genetic improvements
While improving productivity
and efficiency is positive for 0 0.0
12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-26
the industry, it means that feed Total born piglets
Source: Krogh et al., unpublished
formulators and producers need
to adapt their strategies. In 2000, Despite the increase in litter weight, birth weight of the individual
the average litter size was 12 to 14 piglets is lower per pig in the largest compared to the smallest litters.
piglets and by 2018, it was greater
than 16. “Management and nutri- per litter per year. When comparing reduced. Diet formulation, meal
tion changes for hyperprolific litter weight at birth with total size and frequency should all be
sows are essential for optimal number of piglets born, litter weight tailored to the parity of the sow.
productivity,” said Bruno Silva, is 5.6 kilograms higher in litters of Because nutrition in each
professor at the Universidade 24 to 26 piglets compared to those lactation period is important for
Federal de Minas Gerais, in of 12 to 14. Despite the increase sow performance in subsequent
Brazil. “Genetic selection also in litter weight, birth weight of the parities, whether higher or lower
means more teats.” individual piglet is 340 grams lower than optimum, the amount and
If the teat number increases per pig in the largest compared to ratios of nutrients influence
from 16 to 18, nutritional require- the smallest litters.” productivity. For example, those
ments for both the fetus and sows with the highest lysine
the mammary gland increase Changing requirements intake during lactation had a
considerably. Experiments have with parity lower number of piglets born alive
estimated this increase to be 13 Despite weight losses after from the following pregnancy.
to 16% for metabolizable energy farrowing and increases following The ideal ratio should be 3.2 g
(ME) and 14% for standardized weaning, sows continue to grow up SID lysine per 1,000 kcal of ME,
ileal digestible (SID) lysine. to their fourth parity. This means according to recent work.
Using Danish breeds as that their requirements change
an example, Dr. Uffe Krogh whether they are gestating or Dealing with hunger
from INRA, France, evaluated lactating, but also as they become during gestation
trends in sow productivity: “From older. They have a higher meta- Hunger impacts feeding behavior.
2009 to 2019, the total number of bolic weight, require less fat but However, it has been shown that
piglets born has increased by 0.3 more protein and their feed intake feeding more than once a day
2004FSpigs.indd 25 3/25/2020 10:39:24 AM

26 ❙ FeedStrategy
IMPROVED SOW PERFORMANCE
doesn’t affect the reproductive Performance of second parity sows according

performance of sows. Instead, the to lysine ingestion during first lactation
volume of feed has a greater effect on
15 1.43 1.45
cortisol levels, an indicator of stress. 1.43
Average piglet birth weight (kilogram)

Low feed intake increases levels, 1.40
13 1.39 1.40
which in turn has a negative effect 12.1 a
No. of piglets born alive
-3
11 11.3ab 11.3ab
on birth weight. Nevertheless, there
.0
1.35
6
are natural variations influenced by 9
9.07b
gestation stage and parity order. 1.30
Feed efficiency is also affected 7
by low feed intake. Prolonged 1.25

5
fasting time activates hepatic gluco-
neogenesis, where free amino acids 3 1.20
45 50 55 60
are redirected for energy synthesis SID Lyson intake (grams/day)
and ratios become unbalanced for Source: J. Escobar et al. 2018; unpublished data
optimum performance. Sows with the highest lysine intake during lactation had a lower
Satiety depends on glycaemic number of piglets born alive the following pregnancy.
level, feed is just a vehicle for
providing the nutrients required to up to 14 hours between the birth of hours from feeding to onset of
meet targets for each gestational of the first and last piglet. The farrowing was above three, the length
phase. Energy requirements are energy demand for this process of the farrowing process increased
dynamic, varying on a daily basis can be seen in the respiration rate following the pattern of peak and
throughout gestation. Similarly, the of sows, which is around three decline of glucose uptake from feed.
required ratio of amino acids varies times higher during farrowing Trials have shown that providing
throughout gestation (2.36-3.09 Lys than in a normal state. more fiber reduces the number
SID/ME kcal). Energy from starch is taken up of stillbirths by providing slower
release energy for the process of
parturition. Scientists have recom-
UNLIKE FOR GESTATION, FEED mended supplying 500 grams of
dietary fiber a day, within around
consumption during lactation should be three kilograms of feed a day split
over three meals. Increasing dietary
maximized for optimum sow productivity. fiber in late gestation has the addi-
tional benefits of reducing constipa-
Energy for parturition from the stomach and small intestine, tion and increasing water uptake.
Larger litter sizes lead to longer with glucose levels peaking around
farrowing times, a factor that is an hour after feeding. But farrowing Colostrum production
thought to increase the number is a marathon, not a sprint, so a Colostrum intake influences pre-
of stillborn piglets. It takes on slower release of energy is required. weaning mortality, particularly
average 24 minutes to give birth This was illustrated in a series of for low birth weight piglets.
to each piglet, so there can be experiments where, when the number With more piglets, the amount of
2004FSpigs.indd 26 3/25/2020 10:39:24 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 27
Sow diet decisions should relate to the different requirements during gestation, parturition and lactation.
Countrypixel | AdobeStock.com
colostrum available to each piglet Milk production efficiency of energy use for milk
is lower, so to maximize produc- Larger litters have an increased production — 13% is lost in the
tion feed intake around farrowing demand for milk, making an conversion of ME from feed into milk.
shouldn’t be reduced below 3 kg. adequate energy and nutrient supply Often a sow’s energy intake doesn’t
However, it is interesting to note essential. Unlike for gestation, feed match their requirement. Therefore,
that 80% of the fat and lactose for consumption during lactation should body condition and nutrient intake
colostrum is synthesized after the be maximized for optimum sow should be carefully managed to opti-
onset of farrowing. Increasing the productivity. Nutritional require- mize litter performance.
energy available to sows in late ments are based on feed intake,
gestation also increases colostrum which differs between herds, breeds, Gut function
yield, in turn benefiting piglet as well as individuals over the lacta- This critical area of pig nutrition
weight gain in the first 24 hours. tion period. Some sows will eat the still a hot topic and a worthwhile
Providing more dietary fiber, optimum amount, but others eat consideration. Dr. Helle Laerke from
as an energy source, may improve significantly less, which affects their Aarhus University, in Denmark,
colostrum production, an area potential milk production. explained that “increasing the dietary
requiring more research. There is also a complexity in the fiber level increases the number of
2004FSpigs.indd 27 3/25/2020 10:39:26 AM

28 ❙ FeedStrategy
IMPROVED SOW PERFORMANCE
butyrate-producing bacteria in the

cecum and also improves satiety.” Gestation rations, sow health affect long-
When diets were supplemented term success of piglets: https://bit.ly/3apVtiR
with 15% of alfalfa, genes involved
in short-chain fatty acid absorption
and satiety were upregulated. Further possible to influence farrowing perfor- there is an increased demand for
work looked at how higher fiber levels mance, colostrum and milk produc- colostrum and milk, for which energy
delayed gastric emptying and the tion by nutritional changes. There is and nutrient ratios should be tailored
appearance of glucose. an increased importance of energy to parity. ■
Sows have changed both physi- during a longer farrowing process, so
cally and in terms of production meal frequency and size — as well as Editor’s note: This article presents
potential. Producers need to think body condition — should be optimal. information from Adisseo’s Poultry
about their feeding behavior and Increasing fiber levels cannot only and Swine conferences, held in
not just how they manage feeding. improve satiety, but also provide a Paris in October 2019.
Research has demonstrated that it is slower release of energy. Similarly,
Zoe Kay is an independent consultant providing technical services to the animal health and nutrition industry. She
can be reached at cuckooconsulting@gmail.com.
NEOVIA SAS au capital de 30 589 692 € • 636 320 038 – RCS Vannes Code APE: 1091 Z • Siret: 636 32003800038. Crédits photo : Shutterstock, iStock
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your feed better.
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2004FSpigs.indd 28 3/25/2020 10:39:26 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 29
In animal feed quality

testing, the analysis is
only as good as the
original sample.
HENADZY | AdobeStock.com
Accurate feed
testing: Proper
sampling required
Yanne Boloh
In animal feed quality management, sample preparation

often can be improved.
YANNE BOLOH
F
eed manufacturers require grain and feed to assess new raw materials. In formulation, nutritionists
analysis and testing to comply with regulations use them to learn about raw material variability and to
and to abide by their voluntary testing programs. control quality when they physically enter the factory.
Research and development departments use testing Analysis is also quite useful at the process level and, of
results to identify the best nutritional criteria and course, more widely to control biosecurity.
requirements, to study the relationships between nutri- Analysis is one of the cornerstones of assuring feed
tional requirements and production efficiency, but also quality. But even if feed manufacturers make huge
2004FSfeedquality.indd 29 3/25/2020 10:31:58 AM

30 ❙ FeedStrategy
ACCURATE FEED TESTING
How testing factors into feed mill HACCP plans: https://bit.ly/3czLv0y
investments to maintain their own lab and/or arrange for anal- important from one year to another, and from one batch
ysis by an accredited laboratory, how do they ensure the lab is to another, depending a lot on diverse factors, i.e., wheat
utilizing the right representative selection of their production? or corn variety, soil, cultural practices, field localization,
storage conditions, etc. Formulators need very accurate
Conducting feed analysis data and are, then, able to reduce feed costs.
Some samples are poor even if sampling mustn’t bear all On the contrary, and apart from economical hazards,
responsibility for measurement uncertainty. As a results in accuracy might also result in some regu-
mean, French feed factories spend a lot on anal- latory problems. For example, when on analysis
ysis — around EUR0.35/ton (US$0.39/ton) reports, the feed is said to contain more than
— when some years, they gain no an authorized level of contaminants.
more than EUR4 to EUR5 per
ton (US$4.50-US$5.60). Ensuring feed testing accuracy
In other words, reducing To level down uncertainty, one thinks
analysis costs without first of lab technical efficiency.
degrading their relevance is Ring tests and official controls
of strong economic interest. are some effective levers,
but a lab can only analyze
what it receives. Thus,
THE TOTAL SAMPLING ERROR it’s the feed manufacturer’s
responsibility to send repre-
is the sum of systematic and random errors sentative samples.
“Sampling is not as easy a tech-
throughout the process. nique as it appears,” said Fabrice
Putier, head of French technical
center Tecaliman. “The sample
Raw material management is one of the main areas of aims to provide information, and sampling quality is
interest. A 120,000-ton plant will buy for EUR3 million the basis of final quality of information itself. Anyway,
of raw materials and every optimization through accu- sampling is a science, which induces its own bias.”
rate formulation might represent its annual profitability, Sampling presents the material necessary for
explained Etienne Laffitte, Wisium technical director. measurement so that the average value of the batch
“The definition of formulation is simple even if the can be evaluated and estimated based on the x-value
Domnitsky Yaroslav | iStockPhoto.com
job is complex — assembly of raw materials, at the best obtained by the measurement. Beyond the theory,
of their nutritional values to achieve predetermined this definition shows the reality of the uncertainty
values at the lowest cost,” Laffitte said. “Accurate anal- between the actual, unknown, content of a component
ysis plan to know raw material qualities and to adjust in a batch and two other values: the actual content of
may even represent feed plant profitability as our sector the component in the sample and the final measure-
economic equilibrium is very narrow.” ment of the component.
Raw material variability is real and may be very The actual total sampling error is the sum of

FeedStrategy ❙ 31
Collective self-checking shares costs, improves efficiency

French feed manufacturers have been actively analysis and decreased the “pen mesh size.”
involved in the collective improvement of feed “Oqualim self-checking feed section
safety for farm animals. As early as 1978, proposes a collective analytical plan on chem-
feed manufacturers in France’s Brittany region ical and biological contaminants in feed, mainly
created Qualimat Association to control through feed materials,” explained Celine Ravel,
imported raw materials. Oqualim director. “This plan’s purpose is to
The association widened its actions, devel- ensure, at a collective level, sufficient control
oping, for example, guidelines for quality by carrying out analyses at the most relevant
management and certification on transportation, point in the production chain. Beyond a collec-
e.g., lorries. Since the “hygiene package” in tive response to regulatory obligation, Oqualim
2006, European regulations demand that every offers a tool that contributes to the safety of all
feed manufacturer implements a self-checking chains by monitoring quality in real-time.”
plan. It is difficult to build a plan at an individual In France, 197 factories produce 86% of the
level, so another association, Oqualim, was country’s feed and are part of the collective
created by the three professional trade unions self-checking plan for feed; 52 plants producing
to support both the certification system for the 97% of complementary feed are part of the
good manufacturing practices guide for feed specific components of the self-checking plan.
and premix plants and a collective self-checking Oqualim has also developed three other dedi-
plan. The latter allows participating companies cated self-checking plans for milk replacers
to contribute, through higher verification, to the (which cover 89% of French production);
safety of feeds. GMO-free (153 members) and organic feed
It didn’t take the individual self-checking (20 plants, which equals 85% of French organic
obligation away, but increased the relevance of feed production).
systematic errors and random errors (bias) during each on the substance being sought, on how it is distributed
step, from batch to final measurement. in the particles and on the sample size (or the number
In the case of particles and grains, warned Putier, of particles). The fundamental error is, therefore, the
basic heterogeneity induces an inevitable error in minimum incompressible sampling error.”
sampling called Fundamental Relative Error: “Indeed, Official sampling rules admit empirical rules. The
the existence of a form of heterogeneity in feed is inevi- advice is to use the fundamental error as a basis for
table because of the variability in the size of the constit- determining the tolerable error and the total weight to
uent elements of a batch (granulometry), the heteroge- be taken; to ensure sufficient correction so that the bias
neity of constitution, the possibility of agglomerates of (sum of the other errors) is less than the fundamental
particles, often underestimated, and the heterogeneity of error; and, excluding extreme cases, to assume that the
distribution, often more visible. Heterogeneity depends deviation will be at least twice the fundamental error. ■
Yanne Boloh is a French freelance journalist and a longtime contributor to WATT Global Media’s feed publications.
She may be reached at phileas.info@wanadoo.fr.

32 ❙ FeedStrategy
Yeast in ruminant diets

yields many benefits
The right strains of yeast will provide a natural gut
flora stabilizer in cows.
HELEN WARREN
Y
easts reproduce by the breakdown of dietary ingre- their growth and activity are
budding or fission dients. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) compromised and fiber digestion
resulting in growth by are the end product of bacterial is inhibited.
groups of single cells. The most fermentation of carbohydrates and
well-researched, Saccharomyces are absorbed across the rumen Yeast in ruminant diets
cerevisiae, has many diverse func- wall as the primary energy source Interest in yeast as part of rumi-
tions in both human and animal for the ruminant. nant diets has been cited as far
diets. Many different strains Diets high in soluble carbo- back as 1925, but its mode of
of this yeast exist, and all vary hydrates (starch and sugar) can action was not fully understood.
slightly with regard to their effects lead to overproduction of VFA, Over the last three decades,
on the animal. particularly propionate and lactate in-depth investigation has
Ruminants have evolved to and, ultimately, a drop in rumen revealed that the main effects of
make use of low-quality, fibrous pH, subacute acidosis (SARA) yeast relate to alteration in micro-
Fascinadora | BigStock.com
feed material via microbial and/or acute acidosis. Cellulolytic bial fermentation in the rumen.
fermentation in the reticulo- bacteria are active within a Primarily, yeast, or rather S.
rumen. This microbial ecosystem narrow pH range (above 6.0) and cerevisiae, stimulates the activity
generates sources of energy, can only survive for a relatively of cellulolytic bacteria, those that
nitrogen and other nutrients via short time below this range before utilize lactate (particularly S.
2004FSdairy.indd 32 3/25/2020 10:10:09 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 33
ruminatium) as well as total from greater incorporation of a high forage diet. Rumen pH and
anaerobic bacteria, helping to nitrogen into microbial protein. cellulolytic bacterial count were
reduce the amount of time the However, a different study also put increased, and rumen ammonia
rumen pH falls below 5.5. forward the idea of reduced prote- nitrogen decreased relative to
Most beneficial bacteria in the olysis in the rumen. control animals. Again, beneficial
rumen rely on a stable, anaerobic Dairy heifers also picked up effects were seen after only one
environment to function. S cerevi- reductions in rumen ammonia week of supplementation. It is
siae is known to scavenge (respire) nitrogen concentration. Dairy interesting to note that these posi-
oxygen entering the rumen on heifers supplemented with live tive effects were seen on a high-
feed particles, helping to promote yeast culture exhibited increased forage diet when other studies
an anaerobic environment and VFA production and a possible highlight a greater response in
promoting anaerobic bacterial stimulation of nitrogen uptake more starch- or concentrate-based
growth. Additionally, stimulatory by rumen bacteria. Researchers diets.
cofactors are thought to be involved have noted an increase in average In a study investigating the
in increasing bacterial growth effect of yeast on bulls fed a
meaning that live yeast is likely to barley beef diet, both total VFA
be more effective compared with THE MAIN and acetate production was
“dead” or inactivated yeast. EFFECTS increased without any effect on
OF yeast propionate or acetate:propionate
Benefits of yeast relate to the ratio. This, together with the
in dairy cows
Numerous beneficial effects have
alteration improved DMI, suggests an
increase in fermentation rather
been reported for the inclusion of of microbial than a shift in fermentation
yeast in ruminant diets. However, fermentation patterns. Similarly, there was a
the response of animals to yeast in the rumen. reduction in lactate concentration
inclusion is influenced by several together with an increase in pH
factors, including diet, days in when yeast was added to the diet
milk and yeast strain. rumen pH across time in dairy of steers.
Yeast is documented to stabi- cows when yeast has been added to In a linked experiment, they
lize the rumen environment with the diet. These authors used a pH also noted increased DMI and
effects including higher rumen meter resident in the rumen across subsequent milk yield in Friesian
pH, increased numbers of cellulo- periods of two weeks and state dairy cows, whereby yeast effects
lytic bacteria and reduced lactate that a beneficial effect of yeast were more noticeable at higher
concentration. Although no effect could potentially be as early as one levels of concentrate in the diet,
on rumen pH or cellulolytic week after supplementation. Yeast supporting evidence for dietary
bacteria, one study found the addi- increased propionate production influence over yeast effects.
tion of yeast reduced peak rumen but elicited only a modest effect on Overall, most yeasts are accepted
lactate concentration two to three biological efficiency. as gut flora stabilizers.
hours post-feeding in fistulated
dairy cows. Researchers also found Yeast in calf, bull diets Effect on milk production
a lower rumen ammonia concen- Moving away from dairy cows, a Increases in milk production
tration following yeast inclusion, significant improvement in rumen have often been numerical
which, they hypothesized, resulted parameters in buffalo calves fed rather than statistical. One study
2004FSdairy.indd 33 3/25/2020 10:10:10 AM

34 ❙ FeedStrategy
YEAST IN RUMINANT DIETS
demonstrated a 5.8% numerical YEAST CAN Holstein Friesians on milk perfor-

increase in milk yield and yet IMPROVE mance parameters, including milk
another trial from a different study
RUMEN yield and composition, as well as
noted a 6% nonsignificant increase.
Additionally, another saw a non-
fermentation dry matter intake (DMI). Despite
this, there was a numerical increase
significant increase in milk yield by decreasing in milk yield, which would have
of 0.6 kg/d. Milk composition lactate, which been of importance from a financial
has been shown to be affected by reduces aspect commercially. In one meta-
yeast supplementation. Significant
the risk of analysis, it was found a 1.2g/kg BW
increases in milk fat and/or milk
acidosis. increase in milk yield and a 0.05%
Costa007 | Dreamstime.com
protein have been demonstrated increase in milk fat.

in several dairy studies, as well as Performance in terms of product
numerical increases. negative energy balance (NEB) is output is not the only potential
Benefits appear to be more an issue. Yeast supplementation use for yeast cultures. Although
obvious during early lactation when has little effect in early lactation no effect on NEB in dairy cows
2004FSdairy.indd 34 3/25/2020 10:10:11 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 35
yeasts are the same and not all

commercially available products
are comparable “gram for gram.”
Commercially, there are numerous
yeast products available for use
in ruminant livestock and other
species. All are based on different
strains. Probably, the major distinc-
tion between them is whether the
yeast is alive or dead.
Summary
In conclusion, yeast cultures of S.
cerevisiae have been used both
commercially and experimentally in
ruminant diets for several decades.
There are many different strains,
all of which differ in their effects in
the animal and minimum effective
dose. The likely mode of action is
concerned with oxygen scavenging
to promote an anaerobic, more stable
environment for ruminal bacteria.
However, it is also likely that stimu-
Why the animal feed industry doesn’t latory compounds are generated by
use more yeast: https://bit.ly/39ryunN
Pasi Romppanen | freeimages.com
the activity of the yeast.

Key effects appear to be an
improvement in rumen fermentation
with a decrease in lactate, reducing
post-partum, yeast supplementation cows, researchers noted an improved the risk of acidosis. Improved DMI
improved serum insulin, the peak humoral immunity together with a has been related to improved perfor-
in oestradiol prior to ovulation and modulatory effect on uterine and mance, albeit numerical, in many
the size of the first ovulatory follicle mammary gland health. studies. Though care needs to be
post-partum. Researchers suggest While response to yeast appears taken when interpreting results from
further investigation into these varied and inconsistent in the different strains of yeast, the use of
effects. When evaluating the effect literature, overall there are trends yeast in ruminant diets has its place
of an enzymatically hydrolyzed of improvement along the lines as a natural gut flora stabilizer. ■
yeast on immunity in transition described above. However, not all References available on request.
Helen Warren, owner of HW Consulting, is currently chair of the British Society of Animal Science Industry
Association, and is a registered animal scientist and certified Cow Signals trainer.
2004FSdairy.indd 35 3/25/2020 10:10:11 AM

36 ❙ FeedStrategy
Consumers still want value,

convenience and flavor
A panel of retail executives said their customers and the market is
changing fast, but convenience is still king.
AUSTIN ALONZO
T
he American consumer keeps changing, but the It is the parent company of BI-LO, Fresco y Más,
desire for a cheap, fast and tasty meal remains. Harveys Supermarket and Winn-Dixie grocery stores
As part of the 2019 Chicken Marketing located in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,
Summit, a panel of current and former executives in Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina.
the protein supply chain for national retailers said their
consumers continue to ask for value, convenience and What diners want
flavor at meal time. The panelists also weighed in on Although there is elevated concern about concepts like
the future of the home delivery market. The event took animal welfare and environmental sustainability, the
place on July 23, 2019, in Charleston, South Carolina. deciding factors for diners and shoppers are still often
convenience, value and flavor.
The panelists were: Restaurant operators are looking to please the
■ John Atkinson, director of purchasing and fore- majority of consumers who are focused on these three
casting at PFSbrands. PFS, based in Holt’s Summit, factors. Both Scheiderer and Atkinson said they are
Missouri, is a national foodservice provider and the focusing on the fundamentals of what people like
parent company of 1,500 quick service locations in about their businesses.
grocery and convenience stores branded as Champ’s Scheiderer used Buffalo Wild Wings as an example.
Chicken, Cooper’s Express and BluTaco. The chicken wing-focused chain is refocusing its
■ Michael Billings, head of meat procurement at brand identity as America’s sports bar, and is elevating
ButcherBox. The company, based in Boston, delivers its menu as well as its food plating. In addition, it is
grass-fed beef, organic chicken, heritage breed bringing back discount promotions, like half-priced
pork and wild-caught salmon directly to consumers Tuesday, to bring the value-minded consumer in.
through a subscription model. Atkinson said his customers value consistency across
■ Tim Scheiderer, director of protein supply at Inspire locations. In the convenience space, the consumer wants
Brands Inc. Atlanta-based Inspire is a multibrand to know they are getting the same quality product every-
restaurant company with a portfolio including more where they go. Also, there is little demand for free-range
than 11,200 Arby’s, Buffalo Wild Wings, SONIC or organic products in this space.
Drive-In, Rusty Taco and Jimmy John’s restaurants
around the world. What shoppers want
■ Frank Thurlow, formerly with Southeastern Grocers Grocers, on the other hand, must please a wide audi-
Inc. (SEG). The Jacksonville, Florida, company is one ence. They cater to both higher income consumers
of the largest grocery store operators in the country. looking to explore a new trend and the lower income
2004FSsupplychain.indd 36 3/25/2020 10:54:00 AM

FeedStrategy ❙ 37
lcv | Bigstock.com
consumers looking to get as much CONSUMERS consumer trends in this depart-
value as possible. ment as best they can, Thurlow
Thurlow said grocers like SEG ARE WILLING TO said, but they depend on
operate three tiers of programs. suppliers to deliver. Increasingly,
The first tier is the value, pay a delivery he said, consumers are paying
commodity product. The second attention to the protein content
tier contains the no-antibiotics- premium for third- of food. Some packages are even
ever (NAE) products. The third printing protein per serving on
tier contains the organic and other party services, the front rather than the back to
high-end specialty products. Not win sales.
all stores have all three tiers, like Uber Eats,
he said, as stocking depends on The cost of convenience
the location of the store and the that can bring any In the Amazon age, people want
income of the clientele. everything delivered fast and free.
Another factor to consider, he restaurant home. Third-party and smartphone-based
said, is the age of the shopper and services like Uber Eats, Doordash
the time of the year. Younger consumers are more inter- and Postmates are expanding meal delivery to poten-
ested in value claims and the NAE products. Shoppers tially every restaurant. In this environment, retailers
will also spend more on higher tier and organic products need to adapt or risk falling behind.
around the holidays, too. Atkinson said for both shopper and seller, there are
Most consumers are concerned with the label two factors to consider: the cost of convenience and the
claims on their food, too. Retailers respond to state of the art in technology.

38 ❙ FeedStrategy
CONSUMERS STILL WANT VALUE
From left: Tim Scheiderer, Inspire Brands; Michael Billings, ButcherBox; John Atkinson, PFSbrands and Frank
Thurlow, formerly with Southeastern Grocers. Austin Alonzo
Register for the 2020 Chicken Marketing Summit, to be held at the Omni
Amelia Island Plantation in Fernandina Beach, Florida, July 19-21:
www.WATTGlobalMedia.com/chickenmarketingsummit
For the buyer, the cost of available but the costs to both the pickup are the center store items.
convenience translates to the restaurateur and the consumer show Grocers and online retailers, like
service charges, delivery fees that this won’t be a growth area for Amazon, are just scratching the
and other add-ons that come with the brand. Instead, it wants to drive surface of this market however,
getting a hot meal delivered to growth at the bar. Thurlow said.
the house. The question remains, The size of the delivery market, Delivery of fresh items
however, of how much is too much he said, is hard to quantify but requiring refrigeration is more
for it to be worth the convenience. nevertheless it should not be challenging. Grocers may even
For the seller, the constant ignored. For now, Inspire isn’t refrigerate more center store aisles
advances in delivery technology and formally partnering with any to stock more meal kits and ready-
infrastructure should be considered. third-party services for delivery. to-cook items aimed toward the
He said the current meal delivery Nevertheless, he said, the trend grab and go shopper. Amazon
logistics system is only going to cannot be ignored could even roll out its own limited
become more advanced. As that Thurlow said third-party meal meal kit offerings, too.
happens, the cost of delivery for couriers, meal kit companies and ButcherBox, for its part, is not
retailers, and the cost of conve- Amazon, which is now delivering seeing any slowdown in its sales
nience, will drop as well. food, created this environment and and predicts continued growth.
modern retailers need to live in it. Billings said after five years the
How retailers are delivering From a grocery standpoint, subscription-based business model
Scheiderer said at Buffalo Wild the highest area for potential is seeing no signs delivery growth
Wings, third-party delivery is growth in delivery and curbside will slow soon. ■

FeedStrategy ❙ 39
PRODUCTS
progressively increasing speeds, in ruminant diets, which works with
capable of handling up to 12,000 Lysine — also a Kemin ingredient
parcels per hour, with over 99% — for precision feeding.
singulation accuracy. MHS uses There are four products available
computer vision to measure incoming in this line: KESSENT M (a source
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available for all manual or automatic The Kemin KESSENT is a product dry, pellet-stable, rumen-protected
batching control systems. Sterling range of Kemin-developed- Methionine with improved palat-
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include as little or as much tracking
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2004FSproducts.indd 39 3/25/2020 10:53:11 AM

40 ❙ FeedStrategy
MARKETING AND SALES TEAM

USA SALES STAFF
Jeff Miller, Director of Global Agrifood Sales

jmiller@wattglobal.com; Phone +1 815 966 5582
Pam Ballard, USA Regional Sales Manager

pballard@wattglobal.com; Phone +1 815 966 5576
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Mary Harris, USA Regional Sales Manager

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Fax +1 847 908 7551
Arthur Hartnett, USA Sales Representative

ahartnett@wattglobal.com; Phone +1 815 966 5405
INTERNATIONAL SALES STAFF
Frans Willem van Beemen, Regional Sales Manager

FVanBeemen@wattglobal.com;
Phone +31 344 653442; Fax +31 344 653261
AD INDEX
American Feed Industry Assn........................ 19, 39 Tineke van Spanje, Regional Sales Manager
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Biomin Holding GmbH .................................... C2

Dingding Li, Regional Sales Manager
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SUBSCRIPTIONS: Visit https://www.FeedStrategy.com/product-portfolio or contact Customer
Service at +1 855 896 3491, +1 847 400 5960, or feedstrategy@omeda.com. Business and
DPI Global .................................................... 15 occupation information must accompany each subscription order. Single copy price US$15.00 unless
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of address.
Lignotech USA Inc............................................. 9 © Copyright 2020 WATT Global Media. All rights reserved.
ELECTRONIC SERVICE REQUESTED
MorningBio ..................................................... 3 Volume 71, Number 4. Feed Strategy (ISSN 25775251) is published monthly by WATT Global
Media, 401 East State Street, 3rd floor, Rockford, IL 61104 USA. All rights reserved. Reproduction
in whole or in part without written permission from the publisher is strictly prohibited. Feed Strategy
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POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to WATT Publishing, PO Box 468, Lincolnshire, IL
60069 Standard postage paid at Rockford, Illinois, USA and additional
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2004FScover.indd 3 3/25/2020 4:29:49 PM

THE VACCINE FOR ALL SEASONS.
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2004FScover.indd 4 3/25/2020 10:07:25 AM

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12 Danish efforts to remove zinc oxide

16 New European categorization

20 Feed formulation ingredient

24 7 considerations for improved sow performance

29 Feed quality testing: Proper samplings required

32 Yeast yields many benefits in ruminant diets

36 Consumers still want value,

2 In the Mix 39 Products

2004FStoc.indd 1 3/25/2020 10:57:21 AM

4 ways COVID-19 may

impact feed production

instead roll out as a three-part webinar series beginning in April.

www.FeedStrategy.com ❙ April 2020

2004FSedit.indd 2 3/25/2020 10:22:35 AM

NEWS AND ANALYSIS FOR THE

How are animal feed companies

Evonik declares force majeure

Canada ratifies US-Mexico-Canada trade pact

Jennifer Marr | Freeimages.com

April 2020 ❙ www.FeedStrategy.com

2004FSfeedstrategy-com.indd 3 3/25/2020 10:36:06 AM

www.FeedStrategy.com ❙ April 2020

2004FSfeedproductiontrends.indd 4 3/25/2020 10:30:03 AM

Top 8 Latin American feed companies in 2018

April 2020 ❙ www.FeedStrategy.com

2004FSfeedproductiontrends.indd 5 3/25/2020 10:30:08 AM

FEED INDUSTRY TRENDS TO WATCH

consumption. The largest challenges in our market are

natural alternatives, to improve animal health and welfare

www.FeedStrategy.com ❙ April 2020

2004FSfeedproductiontrends.indd 6 3/25/2020 10:30:11 AM

measures is extensive and varies from

April 2020 ❙ www.FeedStrategy.com

2004FSfeedproductiontrends.indd 7 3/25/2020 10:30:12 AM

www.FeedStrategy.com ❙ April 2020

2004FSpoultry.indd 8 3/25/2020 10:49:57 AM

April 2020 ❙ www.FeedStrategy.com

2004FSpoultry.indd 9 3/25/2020 10:49:57 AM

ABF BROILER PRODUCTION

absorbed in the small intestine, long

www.FeedStrategy.com ❙ April 2020

2004FSpoultry.indd 10 3/25/2020 10:49:58 AM

There is no consensus on how to measure insoluble

Ioannis Mavromichalis, Ph.D., is an animal nutrition

April 2020 ❙ www.FeedStrategy.com

2004FSpoultry.indd 11 3/25/2020 10:49:58 AM

Danish efforts to remove

www.FeedStrategy.com ❙ April 2020

2004FSzinc.indd 12 3/25/2020 11:01:54 AM

Phasing out of zinc oxide

Replacing zinc oxide

April 2020 ❙ www.FeedStrategy.com

2004FSzinc.indd 13 3/26/2020 2:07:30 PM

REMOVE ZINC OXIDE

principle that we already apply

www.FeedStrategy.com ❙ April 2020

2004FSzinc.indd 14 3/25/2020 11:01:57 AM

to ensure a high level of feed

Ioannis Mavromichalis, Ph.D., is an animal nutrition industry consultant. To contact Mavromichalis,

April 2020 ❙ www.FeedStrategy.com