1. What do you understand by transmission line?

Mention some
types.

 A transmission line is a material structure of conductors,

semiconductors, or the combination of both, used to direct the
transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves,
comprising all or part of the distance between two communicating
places.

 Transmission lines are generally classified as:

 Balanced or Differential signal:With balanced two-wire lines,
both conductors carry a current; one driver carries the signal and
the other is the return.
 Unbalanced signal or simple termination:The two
conductive lines are also used with the difference that one of them is
connected to the ground potential or reference level, while the other
is in the signal potential.
 Coaxial or concentric transmission line: widely used, for
high frequency applications, to reduce losses and to isolate
transmission paths.
Essentially, there are two types of coaxial cables:
- Rigid lines full of air.
- Flexible solid lines.
 Parallel driver transmission lines:
- Open Cable Transmission Lines:It is a parallel conductor
with two wires. It consists simply of two parallel cables, spaced very
close and only separated by air.
- Cable pair protected with armor:To reduce losses from
radiation and interference, the transmission lines of two parallel
cables are often enclosed in a conductive metal mesh. The mesh is
grounded and acts as a protection.
- Twisted pair cable: it is formed by bending (twisted) two
insulating conductors together. The pairs of braid frequently in units,
and the units, at the same time, are wired in the nucleus.
- Twin cables: they are essentially the same as an open cable
transmission line, except that the spacers between the two
conductors are replaced with a continuous solid dielectric.
2. What is a bounded transmission line?

 When the transmission lines are terminated in a load

impedance, as in the image, there are phenomena of reflection and
transmission, similar to how they occur in bounded open media

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance Z¿ .

 It is understood as the relationship between total voltage and

total current:

In terms of the impedance of the line and the load, the equation of
the burial impedance is:
Since the relationship between the physical length of the line (x) and
the wavelength () is equivalent to the electrical length ( 𝓁). The
equation for the input impedance is:

In terms of the tangent function

b. Stationary wave ratio VSWR .

 It is the relationship between the maximum voltage and the

minimum voltage within the line

When total reflection is represented, the relationship of the standing

wave becomes infinite

c. Physical length L and electrical length 𝓁.

 Physical length L:the distance traveled by a periodic

disturbance that propagates through a medium in a cycle.

 Electrical length 𝓁:It is a unit of measurement that is used in

the study of transmission lines of electrical energy, which expresses
the distance to the load as a function of the wavelength.
4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the
propagation of waves?

 The purpose of the smith letter is that laborious calculations

with complex numbers are avoided to know the input impedance to
the line or the reflection coefficient, so they are very useful in the
coupling of the transmission lines and in the Inverse calculation of a
complex number.
Since it can be said that Smith's letter is a graphic relationship
between the normalized input impedance and the reflection
coefficient of the voltage at the same point on the line.

It can also be used for a variety of purposes, including impedance

determination, impedance adaptation, noise optimization, stability
and others.