Task 2 - to understandthewavesbehavior in open and enclosuremediums

Individual work

DIEGO FERNANDO MUÑOZ LEAL

Group 203058_40

1110500564

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020
 Introduction

Thiscollaborativeworkseeks to understand and assimilatethebehavior of waves in open and

closed media and investigate and developrelatedcomplementaryexercises.

Thiscollaborativeworkalso has as itsmainobjective, thequestioning and solution of

problemsregardingthesubjectsstudied.

Thecollaborativeworkallowstheintegration and contributions of themembers of thegroup,

whichis a fundamental part of therequirements of the UNAD learningmodel
 Questions: (writewithyourownwords):diego fernando muñoz leal

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

 Electromagnetic waves travel through the guides through various

configurations we call propagation modes.
One mode is the way in which energy can be propagated along the
waveguide, it is clear that all modes must satisfy certain boundary
conditions so that they can occur.
The propagation modes depend on the wavelength, polarization and guide
dimensions.
The longitudinal mode of a waveguide is a particular type of stationary
formed by waves confined in the cavity.
Transversal modes are classified into different types:

 Mode TE (Transversal electric): the electric field component in the

propagation direction is null.
 Mode TM (Magnetic Transversal): The magnetic field component in
the propagation direction is null.
 Mode TEM (Transversal electromagnetic): The component of both
the electric and magnetic fields in the direction of propagation is
null.
 Hybrid Mode: Those that do have a component in the direction of
propagation in both the electric and magnetic fields.

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

 The polarization of the electromagnetic wave is defined as the path

described by the electric field vector component in its propagation, so as
to maintain orthogonality with respect to the magnetic field vector
component.

Electromagnetic polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with

more than one orientation. In an electromagnetic wave, both the electric
field and the magnetic field are oscillating, but in different directions; both
perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation; Maxwell's equations model this behavior.

It is usually decided by agreement that for the study of electromagnetic

polarization, the electric field is exclusively cared for, ignoring the
magnetic field, since the magnetic field vector can be obtained from the
electric field vector, since it is perpendicular and proportional to it.

We can have the following types of polarization:

 Linear: In this case the trajectory of the electric field is linear. In

turn, the linear polarization can be:
1. Horizontal: This occurs when the vector component of the
electric field of the wave is horizontal to the earth's surface.

2. Vertical: This occurs when the vector component of the

electric field of the wave is perpendicular to the earth's
surface.
  Circular: In this case the electric field vector component advances
by rotating on the propagation axis, the circular polarization can be:
1. Destrógira: It occurs when the circular advance of the
electric field is to the right.
2. Levógira: It occurs when the circular advance of the electric
field is to the left.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

 We say that total reflection or total internal reflection occurs in a medium

with n1> n2 (Absolute refractive indexes of means 1 and 2 respectively),
when there is no refracted angle and there is only reflected beam. It
occurs for those incident angle values iwhose
^ value is greater than the
θ
critical angle c .
4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

 Refraction is the change in direction and speed that a wave experiences

when passing from one medium to another with a different refractive
index. It only occurs if the wave has an oblique impact on the separation
surface of the two media and if they have different refractive indices.
Refraction originates from the change in the propagation speed of the
indicated wave.
An example of this phenomenon is seen when a pencil is immersed in a
glass of water: the pencil seems broken. Refraction also occurs when light
passes through layers of air at a different temperature, on which the
refractive index depends. Mirages are produced by an extreme case of
refraction, called total reflection. Although the phenomenon of refraction
is frequently observed in electromagnetic waves such as light, the concept
is applicable to any type of wave.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

 Snell's law is a formula used to calculate the angle of refraction of light by

crossing the separation surface between two means of propagation of
light (or any electromagnetic wave) with different refractive index.

It affirms that the multiplication of the index of refraction by the angle of

incidence with respect to the normal is constant for any ray of light
affecting the separatist surface of two means. That is, the component of
the index of refraction parallel to the surface is constant. Although Snell's
law was formulated to explain the phenomena of light refraction, it can be
applied to all types of waves across a separation surface between two
media in which the speed of wave propagation varies.

The relationship between the sine of the angle of incidence and the sine of
the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio between the speed of the wave
in the first medium and the speed of the wave in the second medium, or it
can be understood as the product of the index of refraction of the first
means by the angle of incidence is equal to the product of the index of
 refraction of the second means by the sine of the angle of refraction, that
is:

n1 sin θ1=n 2 sin θ2

n1 : Index of refraction of the first medium.

θ1 : Angle of incidence.
n2 : Refractive index of the second medium.
θ2 : Angle of refraction.

Applicationexercises: diego fernando muñoz leal

2
mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P+¿=2001 , incident from the air
(η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance
η2=CCC Ω . Calculate the reflected power P−¿
1 and the transmitted power P2 to the
¿ +¿¿

wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Data:

f =¿ MHz=40 MHz
2
mW /m ¿
P+¿=120
1

η1=120 π Ω
η2=CCC Ω=111Ω
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
 To calculate the reflected power P1 and the transmitted power P2 to the
wall, we will first find the reflection coefficient

η 2−η1
r=
η2 + η1

111 Ω−120 π Ω 111 Ω−377 Ω −266 Ω °

r= = = =−0,545 Ω<180
111 Ω+120 π Ω 111 Ω+377 Ω 488 Ω

 Then we will find the reflectance and transmittance.

2
R=|r|
R=(−0,545)2=0,30=30 %
T =1−R
T =1−0,30=0,7=70 %

 And with this data we can calculate the reflected power

¿
¿

 With this data we can also calculate the transmitted power.

¿
¿
 2
mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P+¿=120
1 , coming from a wave
generator located 12 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )
perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω and 20cm thick.
The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other
side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

Data:

f =¿ MHz=40 MHz
2
mW /m ¿
P+¿=120
1

η1=120 π Ω

η2=CCC Ω=111Ω

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the

generator.

The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material.

2
μ0 η
η=
√
ϵ 0 ϵr ( )
→ ϵr = 0
η
 120 π Ω 2 377 Ω 2 142129 Ω
ϵ r= ( 111 Ω ) (
=
111 Ω
= )
12321 Ω
=11,54

Now you can calculate the phase constant of the wall.

ω
β=ω √ μ0 ϵ 0 ϵ r= √ ϵ r
c0
2 π∗40∗106 rad
β= 8 √11,54=0,284
3∗10 m

The input impedance seen from the first border in a mixture of the air
impedances on the other side of the wall and the impedance of the same
wall:
Where x = 0.10 is obtained from the wall thickness that is 10cm = 0.10m.

η2+ j η1 tan( β x )
η¿ =η1
η1 + jη2 tan ( β x )

rad
η =120 π Ω
¿
( m
∗0.20 m )
111Ω+ j120 π Ω tan 0,284

rad
120 π Ω+ j111 Ω tan ( 0,284 ∗0.20 m )
m

η¿ =364,57− j 64,21 Ω

With this input impedance seen from the first interface, the first reflection
coefficient can be calculated:

η¿ −η aire
r 1=
η ¿ +ηaire

364,57− j 64,21 Ω−120 π Ω −12,42− j64,21 Ω

r 1= =
364,57− j 64,21 Ω+ 120 π Ω 741,56− j64,21 Ω
 −12,42− j 64,21 Ω
∗741,56+ j64,21 Ω
741,56− j64,21 Ω
r 1=
741,56+ j64,21 Ω

(−12,42− j 64,21 Ω)(741,56+ j 64,21 Ω)

r 1=
(741,56− j64,21 Ω ) (741,56+ j64,21 Ω)

−9210.17− j 797.48− j 47615,56− j 2 4122,92

r 1= 2 2
741,56 −( j64,21)

−9210.17− j 797.48− j 47615,56+ 4122,92 −5087,25− j 48413.04

r 1= =
549911.23 +4122.92 554034.15

−−5087,25 j 48413.04
r 1= −
554034.15 554034.15

r 1=−0.00919− j0,08739 Ω=0,0878

As well as the first transmission coefficient:

τ 1 =1+ r 1

τ 1 =1+ (−0,00919− j0,08739 Ω ) =1−0,00919− j 0,08739 Ω

τ 1 =0,99081− j0,087 39

b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power that is transmitted to the
receiver.

We will first need to calculate the transmission power of the wall in order
to calculate the power that is transmitted to the receiver.
 2
R1=|r|
R1=(0,0878)2=0,0077=0,77 %

T 1=1−R1
T 1=1−0,0077=0,9923=99.23 %

¿
¿

¿
¿

To obtain the power received by the receiver, a second reflection that

occurs on the face of the wall facing the receiver must be taken into
account.
The reflection coefficient on the second face of the wall is calculated as:

ηaire −η pared
r 2=
η aire +η pared

120 π Ω−111 Ω 266 Ω

r 2= =
120 π Ω+111Ω 488 Ω

r 2=0,5451 Ω

 First we find the reflectance, to be able to find the [%] and [mW /m2 ] of the
power that is transmitted to the receiver.

2
R2=|r|
R2=(0,5451)2=0,2971=29,71 %
 we find the transmittance
T 2=1−R2
T 2=1−0,2971=0,7029=70,29 %

 we calculate the reflected power

¿
¿

 we find the transmitted power

¿
¿

 Calculate the total transmittance

T t=T 1 T 2

T t=99.23 %∗70,29 %=69,75 %

 3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the
graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is CCC mm thick and that at
point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is
in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

Data:

 layer thickness:111 mm
 absolute refractive index:
 Ice: n1 =1,31
 Air: n2 =1,00029
  Glass: n 4=1,5
 Angle of θa =44,9 ° .

Point A:

Calculate the angle of incidence

θa +θ 'a=90 °

θ'a =90 °−θ a

θ'a =90 °−44,9° =45,1 °

We calculate the angle of refraction at point B

n1∗sen ( θ'a ) =n2∗sen ( θ b )

1,31∗sen ( 45,1 ° )=1,00029∗sen ( θb )

1,31∗0,70833=1,00029∗sen ( θ b )

0,9279123=1,00029∗sen ( θb )

0,9279123
=sen ( θb ) →0,92764=sen ( θb )
1,00029

Arcsen(0,92764)=θ b

θb =1,18804=68,07 °

We calculate the horizontal distance between point A and B

d AB=h AB∗tan (θ b)

d AB=111∗tan( 68,07° )

d AB=111∗2,48381
d AB=275,74 mm

Point B:

Calculate the angle of refraction at point C

θb +θ c =90 °

θc =90° −θb

θc =90° −68,07 °=21,93 °

Calculate the index of refraction n3

n2∗sen ( θ b )=n3∗sen ( θc )

1,00029∗sen ( 68,07 ° )=n3∗sen ( 21,93 ° )

1,00029∗0,92764=n3∗0,37347

0,927909=n3∗0,37347

0,927909
=n3
0,37347

n3 =2,48

We calculate the horizontal distance between point B and C

d BC =hBC ∗tan(θc )

d BC =111∗tan (21,93° )

d BC =111∗0,40260

d BC =44,69 mm

Point C:
Calculate the angle of refraction at point D

n3∗sen ( θc )=n 4∗sen ( θ d )

2,48∗sen ( 21,93 ° )=1,5∗sen ( θd )

2,48∗0,37347=1,5∗sen ( θd )

0,9262056=1,5∗sen ( θ d )

0,9262056
=sen ( θd ) → 0,6174704=sen ( θd )
1,5

Arcsen(0,6174704)=θ d

θd =0,66552=38,13°

Calculate the horizontal distance between point C and D

d CD =h CD∗tan(θ d )

d CD =111∗tan(38,13 °)

d CD =111∗0,78494

d CD =87,37 mm

Calculate the horizontal distance between point A and D

d=d AB+ d BC +d CD

d=275,74 mm+44,69 mm+ 87,37 mm

d=470,8 mm
 Conclusions

 We determine thebehavioralparameters of
electromagneticwaveswhenpropagating in delimited open media,
usingmathematicalmethods to solveapplicationexercises.
 Weinvestigate and applySnell'slaw in wave refraction.
 Weapplytheconcepts of physics and electromagnetism.
 Bibliography

 Chen, W. (2005). TheElectricalEngineeringHandbook. Boston: AcademicPress,

(pp. 519-524). Recoveredfromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
 Wiley J. &Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. FixedBroadband
Wireless. (pp. 31-51).
Recoveredfromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live