Part (a)

CDW Aggregate vs Natural Aggregate

Problem Statement:
Explain that the size distributions of coarse and fine CDW aggregates are generally different from the
corresponding fractions of natural aggregates. Moreover explain the effect of bulk density on compressive
strength of the concrete.
Explanation:
1. The size distribution of coarse and fine CDW aggregates are generally different from the corresponding
fractions of natural aggregates due to difference in particle shape and texture of both the aggregates.
Following table shows shape parameters of CDW and natural aggregates used in different studies:

2. The proper gap grading of aggregate gives the weighty bulk density and the concentrated grading gives the
minimum value. Compressive strength of concrete which is made of the proper gap grading of aggregate is
higher than that of concrete made of the continuous grading of aggregate.

Part (b)
Quantification of Concrete Bleeding
Problem Statement:
Explain the procedure adopted for quantification of concrete bleeding.
Explanation:
ASTM standard C 232 defines the procedure for determination of the concrete bleeding. There are two methods
for determination of concrete bleeding:
1. Method A
It is used for a sample consolidated by rodding only and tested without further disturbance, thus simulating
conditions in which the concrete, after placement, is not subjected to intermittent vibration.

2. Method B
It is used for a sample consolidated by vibration and tested with further intermittent periods of vibration,
thus simulating conditions in which concrete, after being placed, is subjected to intermittent vibration.
The two test methods are not expected to yield the same test results when samples of concrete from the same
batch are tested by each method. When various concretes are to be compared, all the tests must be conducted
using the same method, and if the batches are of similar unit weight, the sample masses shall not differ by more
than 1 kg (2 lb).

Procedure:
The container with specimen is placed on a level platform or floor free
of noticeable vibration and is covered to prevent evaporation of water.
Water is drawn off (with pipet or similar instrument) the water that
has accumulated on the surface, at 10-min intervals during the first 40
min and at 30-min intervals thereafter until cessation of bleeding.
After each withdrawal, water is transferred to a 100-mL graduate. The
accumulated quantity of water is recorded after each transfer. When
only the total volume of bleeding is desired to be determined, the
periodic removal procedure shall be omitted and the entire amount
removed in a single operation.
A platform shall be provided upon which the filled container shall be
mounted. The platform shall be equipped with a suitable device so
that intermittent periods of vibration of reproducible duration,
frequency, and amplitudes will be imparted to the specimen container

Part (c)
TOPSIS Example
Problem Statement:
Solve the following problem with TOPSIS in four scenarios:
1. Equal weightage to Air Permeability, CO2 Footprint and Volume of Raw Materials
2. Higher weightage to Air Permeability as compared to CO2 Footprint and Volume of Raw Materials
3. Higher weightage to CO2 Footprint as compared to Air Permeability and Volume of Raw Materials
4. Higher weightage to Volume of Raw Materials as compared to Air Permeability and CO2 Footprint

CDW Concrete Air Permeability CO2 Footprint Vol. of Raw Materials

Mixes -9
kg-CO2/m
3
%
10 mm/s (28 Days)
Control 5.5 270 100

WB30-RA0 1 180 90

WB30-RA50 1.5 180 70

WB30-RA100 2.8 180 50

WB375-RA0 2.4 149 90

WB375-RA50 4.8 149 70

WB375-RA100 5.8 149 50

WB45-RA0 5.8 125 90

WB45-RA50 7.9 125 70

WB45-RA100 11 125 50

WB45-BS-RA0 1.2 125 90

WB45-BS-RA50 1.9 125 70

WB45-BS-RA100 2.4 125 50

1. Equal weightage to Air Permeability, CO2 Footprint and Volume of Raw Materials

i. Establishment of Decision Matrix

CDW Concrete Air Permeability CO2 Footprint Vol. of Raw Materials
Mixes -9 3
%
10 mm/s (28 Days) kg-CO2/m
Control 5.5 270 100

WB30-RA0 1 180 90

WB30-RA50 1.5 180 70

WB30-RA100 2.8 180 50

WB375-RA0 2.4 149 90

WB375-RA50 4.8 149 70

WB375-RA100 5.8 149 50

WB45-RA0 5.8 125 90

WB45-RA50 7.9 125 70

WB45-RA100 11 125 50

WB45-BS-RA0 1.2 125 90

WB45-BS-RA50 1.9 125 70

WB45-BS-RA100 2.4 125 50

Weightage 0.333333333 0.333333333 0.333333333

ii. Normalization of Decision Matrix

0.302015503 0.469687405 0.372677996

0.05491191 0.313124937 0.335410197

0.082367864 0.313124937 0.260874597

0.153753347 0.313124937 0.186338998

0.131788583 0.259197864 0.335410197

0.263577166 0.259197864 0.260874597

Normalization 0.318489076 0.259197864 0.186338998

0.318489076 0.217447873 0.335410197

0.433804086 0.217447873 0.260874597

0.604031005 0.217447873 0.186338998

0.065894292 0.217447873 0.335410197

0.104332628 0.217447873 0.260874597

0.131788583 0.217447873 0.186338998

iii. Weighted Normalization of Decision Matrix
0.100671834 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.01830397 0.104374979 0.111803399

0.027455955 0.104374979 0.086958199

0.051251116 0.104374979 0.062112999

0.043929528 0.086399288 0.111803399

0.087859055 0.086399288 0.086958199

Weighted
0.106163025 0.086399288 0.062112999
Normalization
0.106163025 0.072482624 0.111803399

0.144601362 0.072482624 0.086958199

0.201343668 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.021964764 0.072482624 0.111803399

0.034777543 0.072482624 0.086958199

0.043929528 0.072482624 0.062112999

iv. Determination of Ideal and Negative Solutions

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

0.01830397 0.072482624 0.062112999

Max/Min

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

0.201343668 0.156562468 0.124225999

v. Ideal and Negative Separation

0.006784465 0.00706942 0.003858025 0.1330861

0 0.001017122 0.002469136 0.059044543

8.37588E-05 0.001017122 0.000617284 0.041450755

0.001085514 0.001017122 0 0.045854517

0.000656669 0.000193674 0.002469136 0.057614916

0.00483791 0.000193674 0.000617284 0.075158948

+
S 0.007719214 0.000193674 0 0.08895441

0.007719214 0 0.002469136 0.100937354

0.015951031 0 0.000617284 0.128717968

0.033503531 0 0 0.183039699

1.34014E-05 0 0.002469136 0.049825066

0.000271379 0 0.000617284 0.029810444

0.000656669 0 0 0.025625558

0.010134818 0 0 0.100671834

0.033503531 0.002723534 0.000154321 0.190739053

0.030236937 0.002723534 0.001388889 0.185335803

0.022527774 0.002723534 0.003858025 0.170614575

0.024779212 0.004922872 0.000154321 0.172790059

0.012878757 0.004922872 0.001388889 0.138529846

-
S 0.009059355 0.004922872 0.003858025 0.133567404

0.009059355 0.00706942 0.000154321 0.127605235

0.003219689 0.00706942 0.001388889 0.108064788

0 0.00706942 0.003858025 0.10453442

0.032176791 0.00706942 0.000154321 0.198495674

0.027744274 0.00706942 0.001388889 0.190269765

0.024779212 0.00706942 0.003858025 0.188962051

 vi. Relative Closeness to Ideal Solution
0.430667026

0.76361721

0.817225698

0.788170605

0.74994066

0.648278478
RCC 0.60024409

0.558343352

0.456387915

0.363504269

0.799351975

0.864547367

0.880582304

Thus, best mix comes out to be WB45-BS-RA100.

2. Higher weightage to Air Permeability as compared to CO2 Footprint and Volume of Raw Materials

i. Establishment of Decision Matrix

CDW Concrete Air Permeability CO2 Footprint Vol. of Raw Materials

Mixes -9
kg-CO2/m
3
%
10 mm/s (28 Days)
Control 5.5 270 100

WB30-RA0 1 180 90

WB30-RA50 1.5 180 70

WB30-RA100 2.8 180 50

WB375-RA0 2.4 149 90

WB375-RA50 4.8 149 70

WB375-RA100 5.8 149 50

WB45-RA0 5.8 125 90

WB45-RA50 7.9 125 70

WB45-RA100 11 125 50

WB45-BS-RA0 1.2 125 90

WB45-BS-RA50 1.9 125 70

WB45-BS-RA100 2.4 125 50

Weightage 0.714 0.143 0.143

 ii. Normalization of Decision Matrix

0.302015503 0.469687405 0.372677996

0.05491191 0.313124937 0.335410197

0.082367864 0.313124937 0.260874597

0.153753347 0.313124937 0.186338998

0.131788583 0.259197864 0.335410197

0.263577166 0.259197864 0.260874597

Normalization 0.318489076 0.259197864 0.186338998

0.318489076 0.217447873 0.335410197

0.433804086 0.217447873 0.260874597

0.604031005 0.217447873 0.186338998

0.065894292 0.217447873 0.335410197

0.104332628 0.217447873 0.260874597

0.131788583 0.217447873 0.186338998

iii. Weighted Normalization of Decision Matrix

0.215639069 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.039207103 0.044776866 0.047963658

0.058810655 0.044776866 0.037305067

0.10977989 0.044776866 0.026646477

0.094097048 0.037065295 0.047963658

0.188194097 0.037065295 0.037305067

Weighted
0.2274012 0.037065295 0.026646477
Normalization
0.2274012 0.031095046 0.047963658

0.309736117 0.031095046 0.037305067

0.431278138 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.047048524 0.031095046 0.047963658

0.074493497 0.031095046 0.037305067

0.094097048 0.031095046 0.026646477

iv. Determination of Ideal and Negative Solutions

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

0.039207103 0.031095046 0.026646477

Max/Min

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

0.431278138 0.067165299 0.053292953

v. Ideal and Negative Separation

0.031128238 0.001301063 0.000710035 0.182042128

0 0.000187192 0.000454422 0.025330109

0.000384299 0.000187192 0.000113606 0.026174358

0.004980518 0.000187192 0 0.071886788

0.003012906 3.56439E-05 0.000454422 0.059185912

0.022197124 3.56439E-05 0.000113606 0.149487035

+
S 0.035417018 3.56439E-05 0 0.188288772

0.035417018 0 0.000454422 0.189397572

0.073185947 0 0.000113606 0.270738902

0.153719696 0 0 0.392071034

6.14879E-05 0 0.000454422 0.022713654

0.00124513 0 0.000113606 0.036861024

0.003012906 0 0 0.054889945

0.046500208 0 0 0.215639069

0.153719696 0.000501242 2.84014E-05 0.392745897

0.138732026 0.000501242 0.000255613 0.373482101

0.103361124 0.000501242 0.000710035 0.323376561

0.113691087 0.00090601 2.84014E-05 0.338563877

0.059089851 0.00090601 0.000255613 0.245461757

-
S 0.041565806 0.00090601 0.000710035 0.207802432

0.041565806 0.001301063 2.84014E-05 0.207111734

0.014772463 0.001301063 0.000255613 0.127785517

0 0.001301063 0.000710035 0.044845266

0.147632396 0.001301063 2.84014E-05 0.385955776

0.12729528 0.001301063 0.000255613 0.358959546

0.113691087 0.001301063 0.000710035 0.340150239

 vi. Relative Closeness to Ideal Solution

0.542241048

0.93941267

0.934507858

0.818129385

0.851198132

0.621502742
RCC 0.524632786

0.522337637

0.320646644

0.102640405

0.944420471

0.90687441

0.86105225

Thus, best mix comes out to be WB45-BS-RA0.

3. Higher weightage to CO2 Footprint as compared to Air Permeability and Volume of Raw Materials

i. Establishment of Decision Matrix

CDW Concrete Air Permeability CO2 Footprint Vol. of Raw Materials

Mixes -9
kg-CO2 /m
3
%
10 mm/s (28 Days)
Control 5.5 270 100

WB30-RA0 1 180 90

WB30-RA50 1.5 180 70

WB30-RA100 2.8 180 50

WB375-RA0 2.4 149 90

WB375-RA50 4.8 149 70

WB375-RA100 5.8 149 50

WB45-RA0 5.8 125 90

WB45-RA50 7.9 125 70

WB45-RA100 11 125 50

WB45-BS-RA0 1.2 125 90

WB45-BS-RA50 1.9 125 70

WB45-BS-RA100 2.4 125 50

Weightage 0.143 0.714 0.143

 ii. Normalization of Decision Matrix

0.302015503 0.469687405 0.372677996

0.05491191 0.313124937 0.335410197

0.082367864 0.313124937 0.260874597

0.153753347 0.313124937 0.186338998

0.131788583 0.259197864 0.335410197

0.263577166 0.259197864 0.260874597

Normalization 0.318489076 0.259197864 0.186338998

0.318489076 0.217447873 0.335410197

0.433804086 0.217447873 0.260874597

0.604031005 0.217447873 0.186338998

0.065894292 0.217447873 0.335410197

0.104332628 0.217447873 0.260874597

0.131788583 0.217447873 0.186338998

iii. Weighted Normalization of Decision Matrix

0.043188217 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.007852403 0.223571205 0.047963658

0.011778605 0.223571205 0.037305067

0.021986729 0.223571205 0.026646477

0.018845767 0.185067275 0.047963658

0.037691535 0.185067275 0.037305067

Weighted
0.045543938 0.185067275 0.026646477
Normalization
0.045543938 0.155257781 0.047963658

0.062033984 0.155257781 0.037305067

0.086376434 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.009422884 0.155257781 0.047963658

0.014919566 0.155257781 0.037305067

0.018845767 0.155257781 0.026646477

iv. Determination of Ideal and Negative Solutions

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

0.007852403 0.155257781 0.026646477

Max/Min

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

0.086376434 0.335356807 0.053292953

v. Ideal and Negative Separation

0.00124862 0.032435659 0.000710035 0.18545704

0 0.004666724 0.000454422 0.071562183

1.54151E-05 0.004666724 0.000113606 0.069251314

0.000199779 0.004666724 0 0.069760326

0.000120854 0.000888606 0.000454422 0.038260714

0.000890374 0.000888606 0.000113606 0.043503853

+
S 0.001420652 0.000888606 0 0.048054737

0.001420652 0 0.000454422 0.043302125

0.002935644 0 0.000113606 0.055220008

0.006166023 0 0 0.078524031

2.46641E-06 0 0.000454422 0.021374953

4.99448E-05 0 0.000113606 0.01278868

0.000120854 0 0 0.010993364

0.001865222 0 0 0.043188217

0.006166023 0.012496021 2.84014E-05 0.136713005

0.005564836 0.012496021 0.000255613 0.135338352

0.004146034 0.012496021 0.000710035 0.131727331

0.004560391 0.022586943 2.84014E-05 0.164850647

0.002370219 0.022586943 0.000255613 0.158785312

-
S 0.001667293 0.022586943 0.000710035 0.158000857

0.001667293 0.032435659 2.84014E-05 0.184746728

0.000592555 0.032435659 0.000255613 0.182438556

0 0.032435659 0.000710035 0.182059589

0.005921849 0.032435659 2.84014E-05 0.195923223

0.005106084 0.032435659 0.000255613 0.19441542

0.004560391 0.032435659 0.000710035 0.194180547

 vi. Relative Closeness to Ideal Solution

0.188887438

0.656405624

0.661511184

0.653773702

0.811626914

0.784942247
RCC 0.766787517

0.810119085

0.767649828

0.69866091

0.901633075

0.938279791

0.946419288

Thus, best mix comes out to be WB45-BS-RA100.

4. Higher weightage to Volume of Raw Materials as compared to Air Permeability and CO2 Footprint

i. Establishment of Decision Matrix

CDW Concrete Air Permeability CO2 Footprint Vol. of Raw Materials

Mixes -9 3
%
10 mm/s (28 Days) kg-CO2/m
Control 5.5 270 100

WB30-RA0 1 180 90

WB30-RA50 1.5 180 70

WB30-RA100 2.8 180 50

WB375-RA0 2.4 149 90

WB375-RA50 4.8 149 70

WB375-RA100 5.8 149 50

WB45-RA0 5.8 125 90

WB45-RA50 7.9 125 70

WB45-RA100 11 125 50

WB45-BS-RA0 1.2 125 90

WB45-BS-RA50 1.9 125 70

WB45-BS-RA100 2.4 125 50

Weightage 0.143 0.143 0.714

 ii. Normalization of Decision Matrix

0.302015503 0.469687405 0.372677996

0.05491191 0.313124937 0.335410197

0.082367864 0.313124937 0.260874597

0.153753347 0.313124937 0.186338998

0.131788583 0.259197864 0.335410197

0.263577166 0.259197864 0.260874597

Normalization 0.318489076 0.259197864 0.186338998

0.318489076 0.217447873 0.335410197

0.433804086 0.217447873 0.260874597

0.604031005 0.217447873 0.186338998

0.065894292 0.217447873 0.335410197

0.104332628 0.217447873 0.260874597

0.131788583 0.217447873 0.186338998

iii. Weighted Normalization of Decision Matrix

0.043188217 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.007852403 0.044776866 0.23948288

0.011778605 0.044776866 0.186264463

0.021986729 0.044776866 0.133046045

0.018845767 0.037065295 0.23948288

0.037691535 0.037065295 0.186264463

Weighted
0.045543938 0.037065295 0.133046045
Normalization
0.045543938 0.031095046 0.23948288

0.062033984 0.031095046 0.186264463

0.086376434 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.009422884 0.031095046 0.23948288

0.014919566 0.031095046 0.186264463

0.018845767 0.031095046 0.133046045

iv. Determination of Ideal and Negative Solutions

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

0.007852403 0.031095046 0.133046045

Max/Min

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

0.086376434 0.067165299 0.266092089

v. Ideal and Negative Separation

0.00124862 0.001301063 0.01770125 0.142305773

0 0.000187192 0.0113288 0.107312591

1.54151E-05 0.000187192 0.0028322 0.055089085

0.000199779 0.000187192 0 0.019671588

0.000120854 3.56439E-05 0.0113288 0.107169482

0.000890374 3.56439E-05 0.0028322 0.061304304

+
S 0.001420652 3.56439E-05 0 0.038161442

0.001420652 0 0.0113288 0.11291347

0.002935644 0 0.0028322 0.075946321

0.006166023 0 0 0.078524031

2.46641E-06 0 0.0113288 0.106448421

4.99448E-05 0 0.0028322 0.053685611

0.000120854 0 0 0.010993364

0.001865222 0 0 0.043188217

0.006166023 0.000501242 0.00070805 0.085879656

0.005564836 0.000501242 0.00637245 0.111528149

0.004146034 0.000501242 0.01770125 0.149494234

0.004560391 0.00090601 0.00070805 0.078577676

0.002370219 0.00090601 0.00637245 0.098227693

-
S 0.001667293 0.00090601 0.01770125 0.142388739

0.001667293 0.001301063 0.00070805 0.060633373

0.000592555 0.001301063 0.00637245 0.090917919

0 0.001301063 0.01770125 0.137848878

0.005921849 0.001301063 0.00070805 0.089055949

0.005106084 0.001301063 0.00637245 0.11304688

0.004560391 0.001301063 0.01770125 0.153501479

vi. Relative Closeness to Ideal Solution

0.23282812

0.444529516

0.669367427

0.883714172

0.423035683

0.615724087

RCC 0.788638029

0.349377561

0.544861612

0.63708936

0.455518968

0.678013503

0.933168943

Thus, best mix comes out to be WB45-BS-RA100.

Comparison of Results for all Four Cases