Abstracts Neo Journalism-Libre PDF

ABSTRACTS OF
THE CONFERENCES
Listed by panels and alphabetically
(No abstracts for the jounralists and editors)
Plenary session
DEUZE Mark. Indiana University

«Beyond Journalism»
Under construction
DONAT Judith. Harvard

“Trust out of Bounds: Signals of Reliability in Networked News-gathering”
Until recently, people received news mostly from established publications or via word
of mouth from people they knew. While not always trusted, these sources were
familiar and their reputation for reliability known. The advent of online communication
has brought new sources for news: social media such as blogs, Twitter updates, online
discussions and comments, etc. Here, the source is often unknown and the potential
for deception is high. In this talk I will introduce signaling theory as a framework for
analyzing these issues, distinguishing among the varied uses people have for news,
including entertainment, establishing their own status in an information-based society,
and making life and death decisions. And, I will show how design can make it easier
for people to assess the veracity of news gathered from social media.
PARASIE Sylvain. Université Paris Est, France.

"Data-driven journalism and investigative reporting:
the North American experience"
Since the mid-2000s, some US and British news organizations have hired programmers
to design data-driven news projects and support investigative reporters within the
newsroom. But how does the rise of these “programmer-journalists”, armed with their
Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 1

skills and technical artifacts, really affect the way journalism can contribute to the
public good? Based on an empirical study in Chicago and in the San Francisco Bay
Area, I show that although they have built on previous historical developments, these
programmer-journalists have also partly challenged the epistemology conveyed by
the computer-assisted reporting tradition in the US, grounded in the assumption that
data can help journalists to set the political agenda through the disclosure of public
issues. Involved in open source communities and open government advocacy, these
programmers and their technical artifacts have conveyed challenging
epistemological propositions that have been highly controversial in the journalism
community.
Panel 1
New communication structures, blogosphere and participatory media
Nouvelles structures de communication, blogosphère
et médias participatifs
BAKKER, Piet & BAKKER, Tom (Universiteit Van Amsterdam)

Analysing and explaining successes and failures of participatory media
Participatory media, citizen journalism and user-generated content have become

mainstream concepts in journalism. While in the beginning of this century academic
debate was mainly characterized by ideological and normative approaches towards
these phenomena, recent years showed a sharp increase in empirical studies that
have analyzed users, producers, systems and facilitators of participatory journalism. A
general conclusion of the outcome of these studies is that the degree to which things
have actually led to revolutionary changes – i.e., citizens replacing professional
journalists; audiences producing a substantial amount of newsworthy content on a
daily basis; widespread public deliberation in various online forums – is, to say the
least, an exaggeration. Various studies have demonstrated that the number of
contributors to mainstream media is limited; political engagement on social networks
and Twitter is limited to a small and not representative percentage of the public. At
the same time, also dystopian views have been proved wrong. Participatory media
have been successful in the coverage of natural disasters and major events; social
media have played prominent roles in election and campaign periods; and social
media were in the centre of the political turmoil in Arab countries.
Despite the various findings from the last decade, most studies leave us in the dark
about the factors that may actually account for successful or unsuccessful
participatory media projects. Various case studies and comparative research usually
focus on elements that describe or explain the success or failure of specific cases. This
article therefore proposes a conceptual model that aims to shed light on the various
influences that play a role in the process of successful integration of participation.
Using an integrative and interdisciplinary approach, we propose a model that takes
into account factors from macro to micro level. The method is a meta-study of case
studies on user participation in media websites.
As a starting point we assume that factors working on success or failures of citizen

participation can work on different levels, ranging from the political culture in a given
country to individual skills of potential participants. On the macro level, we propose

that the cultural and political system as a whole plays a role. Some political, cultural or
religious systems (democracies versus dictatorships) might encourage debate and
participation. Censorship and other legal issues will be taken into account as well. The
media system (public versus commercial media) itself might play a role as well. On the
meso level, two categories are proposed. First institutional issues like reluctance by
media organizations; the availability of facilities and resources (money, time) and the
professional culture of media practitioners, including the legal protection of journalists.
Secondly also social issues like job socialization, payment and the recognition of
contributions possibly play a role. On the micro level, the individual is central. Drawing
on theories from psychology and political participation research, and using resource
theory and motivation theory, we argue that skills, personality, beliefs and attitudes
(internal and external efficacy, political trust and cynicism), media habits play a role,
as these variables have also proved to explain political engagement or behavior and
participation in general.
D’HEER, Evelien (IBBT-MICT - Ghent University) & PAULUSSEN, Steve

(University Of Antwerp)
The use of citizen journalism for hyperlocal news production
Hyperlocal news thrives. Community websites, event platforms and local blogs are
popping up everywhere. Online newspapers are not constrained by spatial limitations
and the emergence of citizen journalism offers new opportunities to cover news on
neighborhood or street level. Also in Belgium newspapers have jumped on the
hyperlocal bandwagon. One of them is Het Belang van Limburg, a regional
newspaper in Flanders. The newspaper actively encourages community members (i.e.
citizens, local councils and organizations) to contribute stories to the local news pages
on its website HBvL.be. For each municipality in the province of Limburg, a local news
page is created where people who have registered themselves as a ‘news hunter’
can publish their own news stories, pictures and event announcements. All citizen
contributions are immediately published on the website, where they appear next to
the professionally made news articles from the newspaper’s local correspondents.
Every week, a selection of the online news articles is published in the regional
supplement of the print edition of Het Belang van Limburg. At the end of 2011, a few
months after the hyperlocal news project was launched, HBvL.be had more than
4,000 registered citizen reporters contributing on a regularly base. Since the
professional editorial content and the user-generated news content are not
separated but coexist within the same online news environment, it is interesting to
investigate similarities and complementarities between both types of content. Our
main research question therefore is to what extent and in which ways contributions by
local citizen journalists differ from the professional editorial news content in terms of
topic selection and news values?
The concept of news values, heavily influenced by the work of Galtung & Ruge (1965),
has been mostly applied to national or international news, whereas studies on the
news values of local, let alone hyperlocal content, remain scarce. The study is based
on a content analysis of all news items published on 10 municipal pages on the
website of Het Belang Van Limburg (HBVL) over a 14 day period (N=453). The analysis
focuses on the format, the source/author (citizen versus journalist), the story category
and the news values used for each news article. In addition, a log analysis, based on
Google Analytics data, provides us with information on the readers’ appreciation of
the hyperlocal news pages online, allowing us to assess the consumption of citizen
news compared to the professional editorial content. The results of our study provide
evidence for the added value of user-generated content for hyperlocal news
production. Whereas the citizen journalists almost exclusively focus on socio-cultural
events and sports news, professional journalists tend to cover more stories related to
crime, justice and police. The study also suggests that professionals use a distinct set of
news values, emphasizing criteria such as ‘frequency’, ‘recency’ and ‘negativity’ – in
comparison, citizen journalists were more likely to judge the newsworthiness of an
event in terms of ‘cultural relevance’ and ‘reference to persons’. Somewhat
surprisingly, the log analysis showed that reader appreciation – measured in terms of
page views and time spent on the page – seems to be higher for citizen content
compared to professional editorial content. Overall, our study contributes to a better
understanding of the use of citizen journalism for professional news production and
provides some interesting insights in what may prove to become a successful pathway
of participatory journalism, namely pro-am hyperlocal news coverage. Galtung, J., &
Ruge, M. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba
and Cyprus crisis in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of International Peace
Research, 1, 64-91.
FARINOSI, Manuela (Università Di Udine)

Citizen journalism in a post-disaster context
The aim of this contribution is to explore the motivations that drove many ordinary
citizens to produce grassroots information after the earthquake that destroyed the
Italian city of L’Aquila in 2009. Using in-depth interviews, we investigate the motivations
behind the production of user generated content related to the postearthquake
situation. In particular, we pose the following research questions: “What motivations
have driven citizens to produce grassroots information in the post-quake phase?”;
“What kind of obstacles do the actors producing grassroots information have to
face?” Findings highlight that people were mainly pushed to upload their content
online to contrast the quake-related news provided by Italian mainstream media.
Moreover, results show that grassroots information spread on multiple online platforms,
especially blogs and social media (Facebook, YouTube). Eventually, our analysis show
that these non professional journalists had to face a series of obstacles such as
fragmentation, lack of financial resources and time, issues of visibility and risks of self-
referentiality.
SCHMIDT, Jan Jinrik (Hans Bedrow Institut)

Journalism and participatory media - Blurring and reinforcement of
boundaries between journalism and audiences ?
Networked digital media contribute to various changes in the structures of public

spheres. Among these is a re-configuration of the relationship between journalists and
their audience. Academic and broader social discourse, but also the journalistic
profession itself have scrutinized and debated these developments under labels such
as “participatory journalism”, “citizen journalism” or “participatory news”. These
concepts may vary in particular nuances, but usually agree on the observation that
we are witnessing new combinations of professional, participatory and technical
intermediation. Professional journalism online is complemented by new forms of
participation via user-generated content and social filtering, and all this happens
within a technological context where new intermediaries such as Google News or
Facebook select and structure information via algorithms.
The presentation will focus on both theoretical and empirical findings from an ongoing
research project on “(Re-)Discovering the audience”. It relies on an analytical
framework derived from sociological inclusion theory which can account both for

increasing participatory activities as well as for tendencies or strategies of boundary
work and demarcation, thus identifying areas of blurring boundaries or increased
stability between journalistic and audience roles. More specifically, the theoretical
model identifies various categories of inclusion performance and inclusion
expectations, which can be analyzed both on the journalism and the audience side.
• Inclusion performance consists of practices which use mediating technologies to

stimulate, articulate and aggregate interaction between journalism and audience.
This interaction can become manifest directly in journalistic output, but can also take
place in communication spaces ‘outside’ journalistic media such as blogs or social
network sites, which nevertheless become part of journalism by referencing its output.
Within journalism, these practices are part of professional routines and structures;
within the audience, these practices form the networked audiences which exhibit
different degrees of community orientation.
• Inclusion performance is framed by inclusion expectations, which in turn are (re-)

produced or changed through participatory practice. Within journalism, these
expectations are an important part of professional self-images, which consist of
conceptions of the journalistic role as well as perceptions of the audience and its
place and function within journalistic practices, but also of frames and criteria guiding
strategic decisions of media organizations. Among the audience, expectations are
mediated by motivations for participation and assessments of the impact these
contributions might have on journalism, both as individual and collective practice.
Within the project, we apply the theoretical framework by means of a multi-method

approach combining qualitative and quantitative instruments. In particular, between
2012 and 2014 we’ll conduct six case studies of different news media in Germany
which act within the convergence areas of TV-Online and Print-Online respectively.
The presentation will provide results from the first case study conducted: From January
to July 2012, inclusion performance and inclusion expectations for the leading
German TV news broadcast “Tagesschau” and its online platform “tagesschau.de”
will be examined. Methodologically, we will perform (and present results of)
(a) in-depth interviews with chief editors and selected members of editorial staff who
manage audience activities (target n=6) as well as
(b) in-depth interviews with viewers/users (target n=6);
(c) standardized online surveys among the full editorial department as well as
(d) standardized online surveys among the users of the online platform.
Taken together and interpreted within the theoretical framework of inclusion theory,
these findings will help to point out whether, where and to what extent old boundaries
between professional journalism and its audience are shifting and new ones drawn in
news journalism.
SIMONSON, Mathieu (CRIDS, University Of Namur)

How blogging affects of the practices of francophone political journalists
Francophone news media have adopted blogs as a media at the end of the last
decade. It has now become a common way of expression for many practitioners,
both inside and outside the online news medias. The present paper paper deals with
both of these realities : media blogs (i.e. blogs that are hosted by news websites) as
well as personal journalistic blog (that are detached from the news media). Its aim is

to present the underlying logics and aims that have been persued by journalists
through these different tools. New journalistic practices and ethics are been
defended by these j-bloggers. Though these practices and values may differ a lot
from one blog to another, we will defend the idea that they follow general trands, that
we will analyze in detail.
Panel 2
(Online) media and language use
Usages linguistiques et langage des médias (en ligne)
DOUDAKI, Vaia, Cyprus University Of Technology

SPYRIDOU, Paschalia-Lia, Cyprus University Of Technology
Print and Online News:
Remediation Practices in Content and Form
Drawing upon the notions of remediation and bricolage, the present study
investigates the content relationship of print and online news. The article analyses
main characteristics and occurring changes in the news form over time and across
media at a time when cultural, technological and economic imperatives nurture a
new ethos in the practices of professionals and organizations. Print and online
newspapers in Greece seem to share a symbiotic relationship, with the
representational power of the print -articulated in news form and relevant news values
and criteria- still being strong.
Although displacement effects are hard to claim both print and online media tend to
refashion themselves. It remains to be seen whether this refashioning process will lead
the two media to stronger amalgamating, bringing them even to merge into one or
whether divergence processes will prevail generating distinct news forms.
JOHANSSON, Marjut, University Of Turku, Finland

Remixing opinions:
Video quotes and stances in digital news videos.
In this paper, we analyse digital press videos that are composed of several video
quotations. The media sources of these quotations are different, but they are
intertextually linked as they contain opinions about the same political events. The
quoted voices express stances about these events. In these evaluations, the voices
align and disalign themselves with one another. The quotes are edited into a new
media story in which the quotations and their stances create a new story. This means
that a digital press review is a hybrid genre. While it is based on selection of journalistic
content and interpretation of media material, the digital review has novel
characteristics that make it a transformed genre. First, in the data analysed, there is no
explicit journalistic voice to comment on the quoted material or quoted persons, and
the origin of the quoted situation is not identified in every case. Second, the
journalistic stance consists of composing a new story that relies on the viewers’
capacity to read through quoted material and conclude the meaning of the news
information on his or her own.

SIMON, Justine, Université De Lorraine, France
Journalistic writing on printed and online press:
Towards a change of enunciative contract?
In order to examine the journalistic writing, using enunciative studies and

argumentation’s tradition of discourses analysis, we present a comparative study of
papers published just after the election of the 44th President of United States, Barack
Obama, on November 4th of 2008, in printed and online newspapers. We aim to see if
there is a real difference of enunciative contract between printed and online press, to
contribute to a current question concerning the deep changes of journalistic writing
induced by new technologies. Starting with a corpus of three French daily national
newspapers (Le Monde, Libération and Le Figaro), both in printed and online version,
and three online pure players (Rue89.com, LePost.fr and Mediapart.fr), we try to show
that a keen observation of the journalists’ enunciative positions, towards the opinions
they put in their speech, enlights the interpretation of those contracts.
SPINA, Stefani, Università Per Stranieri Di Perugia, Italia

The usable discourse. A comparative analysis
of the language of online and printed news in Italy
Previous studies on newspaper language have already pointed out how the
language of written news has undergone significant changes in the last two or three
decades. The aim of this study is to move a step forward and to compare the use of
selected linguistic features in native online and in printed Italian news. The main
hypothesis is that Internet and communication technologies have introduced
important transformations in the way news is written, organized and delivered, and
that the consequences of these transformations are observable at all levels of
linguistic analysis.
Panel 3
New journalistic practices
Nouvelles pratiques journalistiques
DEGAND Amandine. Université De Louvain, Belgium.

Journalistic (self)-criticism about online news work
This article addresses the issue of convergence through the lens of journalistic views.
One of the objectives of this research is to evaluate the effect of various managerial
strategies (integration, involvement, economic strategies) on jour nalist
representations. It present the results of an extensive ethnographic survey conducted
between 2009 and 2010, in 11 newsrooms of French-speaking Belgium. 101 interviews
with journalists were gathered.
This article shows that some strategic options have managed to improve the
consideration of Web teams or weaken some resistance towards collaborative work
with the Web. However, journalists appear particularly critical in regard to
webjournalism. All of them keep their distance from Web team work, which is

overwhelmingly considered unrewarding. This intense criticism by journalists is
interpreted as one of the main drivers of the permanent reshaping of journalism, on
two levels. Firstly, criticism is a possible fulcrum for editorial reorganization. It is by taking
into account journalistic criticism that the management can establish convergence
according to methods that will be judged more balanced by the journalists
concerned. Secondly, criticism is a node that allows the issue of identity to be
addressed. Criticism indeed allows journalists to rethink and constantly reassess their
commitment to their profession.
PALOMO TORRES Bella. University Of Malaga, Spain.

Levels of Professional Polyvalence in Spanish Multimedia Groups
The same scenario, different models and degrees of convergence. This sentence
summarizes the Spanish case, although there is a common link in all these
experiences: professional polyvalence is the key to understanding the processes of
convergence that has started in Spain. The main trend in media business is to
implement complete polyvalence of the journalist, and this is an irreversible process.
However, opposing realities exist even within the same multimedia group; for example,
in Vocento there are dailies where polyvalence is not enforced, whereas other media
have become a benchmark regarding multitask journalists both on paper and on the
web. From this point of view, we can observe a professional digital divide inside
multimedia companies. From a broader perspective it is clear that newspapers are
more reluctant to implement fully professional polyvalence, which is paradoxical
because newspapers companies show the highest rates of media polyvalence, i.e.,
the highest flow levels of communication between media. Only in magazines and on
radio stations have some cases of complete isolation been identified. These are some
of the data from a national study on the impact of convergence in the Spanish media
system, developed by the Infotendencias group between 2008 and 2009. The
methodology consisted of a first phase in which 138 media from the main Spanish
multimedia groups were interviewed by telephone. A second qualitative phase was
realized where 55 interviews were conducted with professionals in 12 media to get an
inside view of the convergence process.
PIGNARD CHEYNEL Nathalie. Université Grenoble 3, France.

SEBBAH Brigitte. Université De Metz, France.
Le « live », nouvelle forme d’écriture journalistique ?
Cette communication propose une analyse des pratiques de production de contenus

et d’écriture journalistique à travers un dispositif particulier qui s’est fortement
développé au cours des derniers mois sur les sites d’information : la couverture-live.
Cette forme de narration et d’explication d’un événement a été initialement
adoptée pour la couverture d’événements sportifs, puis étendue à l’information
d’actualité (judiciaire, politique, culturelle mais également aux événements non
prévisibles – catastrophes naturelles, faits divers, etc.). L’ « affaire DSK » a
indéniablement marqué un tournant, popularisant cette forme de travail
journalistique auprès du public et la légitimant dans l’activité des rédactions. C’est
pourquoi nous avons choisi d’étudier la couverture de cet événement par lemonde.fr,
plus spécifiquement le live des 15 et 16 mai 2011 qui a suivi l’arrestation du directeur
du FMI à New-York.
Cette première étude exploratoire mettra en évidence les spécificités de ce type

d’écriture journalistique que l’on peut intuitivement rapprocher de modèles

journalistiques éprouvés (comme le direct). La première spécificité, qui peut paraître
paradoxale, est la dimension temporelle : tout en empruntant à la logique du flux et
du temps réel, la couverture-live de l’affaire DSK s’est étalée sur un temps
exceptionnellement long comparé aux productions journalistiques classiques avec 40
heures ininterrompues de diffusion. La deuxième caractéristique touche à la
configuration collective du dispositif qui réunit des équipes de 2 à 3 journalistes (les
locuteurs principaux et initiateurs du flux d’information), mais également des dizaines
de milliers de lecteurs invités à réagir et à co-construire l’information et quelques
dizaines de sources dont les informations sont relayées grâce à Twitter notamment. La
troisième spécificité est liée à la précédente et a trait à la dimension explicitement
participative.
Ainsi, derrière un dispositif apparemment peu innovant, sont mises en tension des
notions qui touchent à la définition même de la profession de journaliste telles que le
rapport au public, aux sources, à l’information et à l’événement. Ces notions
questionnent le rôle et la place du journaliste par rapport à la fonction traditionnelle
de gatekeeping ébranlée par la nature collective et participative du dispositif, ainsi
que les modalités d’écritures qu’il exploite, caractérisées par une logique de flux, de
délinéarisation, mais également de construction en direct et en transparence d’une
information qui parfois précède l’événement.
Ce travail entend dans un premier temps décortiquer le dispositif particulier de

fabrication et diffusion de l’information. D’un point de vue méthodologique, le
corpus, qui s’étend sur une période de 40 heures et comprend près de 800 messages
publiés (tous interlocuteurs confondus) sera appréhendé comme une entité, une
unité de sens (tel un article), que nous avons soumis à la technique de l’analyse de
contenu à l’aide du logiciel Lexico 3. Ces analyses nous conduirons à expliciter les
formes de mise en scène du locuteur (le journaliste) et les processus de
(co)construction de l’information avec le lecteur et les sources intégrées au dispositif
(en nous attachant notamment à l’usage des liens hypertextes et à leur renvoi interne
ou externe au site du monde.fr). L’analyse de contenu nous conduira également à
analyser les spécificités d’écriture et de narration et les processus de construction de
l’événement médiatique ainsi que les modalités expressives de mise à nu de la
pratique journalistique à travers le repérage d’indices textuels permettant
l’explicitation en direct du travail du journaliste dans son rapport aux sources et à
l’événement.
SIRE Guillaume. Université Paris 2, France.

La Multi-Une :comment les sites de presse en ligne
s’adressent au lecteur potentiel.
A partir d’une étude effectuée dans la rédaction de lexpress.fr, nous analysons ici de
quelles manières un éditeur de presse en ligne se saisit des différentes interfaces
public/contenu sur le web, en fonction principalement de la marge de manœuvre
qui est la sienne, des enjeux économiques et des enjeux liés à sa notoriété. Nous
montrons quelle est la fonction de chaque type de « Une », et comment celles-ci sont
rassemblées au sein d’un même dispositif stratégique, que nous nommons « Multi-
Une ». Enfin, nous expliquons comment, selon nous, de la gestion de ce dispositif, sur
lequel l’éditeur n’est pas seul à avoir la main, dépend l’inscription des contenus
produits par les journalistes à « l’avant-scène » de l’espace public, considéré ici
comme une échelle de visibilité au sein de laquelle certains propos sont plus publics
que d’autres.

WITSCHGE Tamara. Cardiff University / University Of Groningen.
Neo-Journalism: A profession between tradition and change?
If twentieth century journalism was characterised by ‘a trained professional delivering

objectively validated content to a reader (or viewer, or listener)’, where there was
room ‘for a journalism of analysis and opinion delivered by an authoritative public
voice’ (McNair, 2009: 347), and we agree that journalism is changing, the question is
where journalism in the 21st century is heading. This paper examines this question from
the perspective of journalists: How do they perceive their daily practice to be
changing and what are the main challenges they are faced with?
This paper empirically examines the tensions in newsrooms as journalists are caught
between on the one hand change in their profession and on the other their strong
commitment to traditional values. The way in which journalists discuss the challenges
that they are faced with –changing work environment, amateur contributions, and
increased economic pressures– tell us much about the way in which they consider the
profession to be changing, what journalism is, and what they would like it to be.
Based on a large-scale qualitative study (170 interviews and ethnographies in three

newsrooms) in the UK field of journalism (broadcast, newspaper and print), this paper
addresses the following tensions that are lived out each day in the newsroom
between change and tradition:
- The loyalty to traditional media in a time of multi-media, converged newsrooms;
- Commercial versus public interests that journalists seek to serve at the same time;
- The ‘embrace’ of amateur contributions while upholding professional standards.
As I will show, journalists define their profession by referring to their traditional values.
They argue that this is what sets them apart from amateurs now entering the field of
news media. I conclude, however, that they are unable to practice to these high
standards, as their everyday practice is limited by the commercial pressures they
operate under.
Plenary session
HERMIDA Alfred. University Of British Columbia, Canada.

The Ambient News Network: Twitter and the reconfiguration of journalism
Twitter has developed as a network for real-time news and information, influencing
how news organisations respond to breaking news, how journalists go about their
reporting and whose voices are heard. Twitter facilitates the instant, online
dissemination and reception of short fragments of information from sources outside
the formal structures of journalism, creating social awareness streams that provide a
constantly updated collective representation of the experiences, interests and
opinions of its users. As an ambient news network, Twitter offers a mix of information
and comment, usually connected to current reality but without an established order.
This talk explores how journalism is adapting to the logic of media systems such as
Twitter where knowledge, expertise and authority are networked and distributed.

Panel 4
New media regulation
La régulation des nouveaux médias
Under construction
Panel 5
Analysis of the online contents
Analyse des contenus informationnels en ligne
CROISSANT Valérie. Institut De La Communication.Université Lyon 2, France.

TOUBOUL Annelise. Institut De La Communication.Université Lyon 2, France.
« Datajournalism » : promesses et limites d’un nouveau genre journalistique
La communication se propose d’interroger l’émergence d’un nouveau genre de

production journalistique, le datajournalism ou journalisme de données. L’étude
souligne les filiations du datajournalism qui se trouve à la croisée des chemins de
l’informatique, des statistiques, du graphisme et du journalisme.
L’analyse porte dans un premier temps sur les discours des acteurs pour mettre au jour
les présupposés du nouveau contrat de communication dessiné par les promoteurs
du journalisme de données. Dans un second temps, les discours sont confrontés à
l’offre à travers l’étude sémiotique de quelques réalisations primées par les
professionnels du secteur. Il s’agit alors de questionner les promesses d’intelligibilité
instantanée, de transparence et d’objectivité avancées dans les discours.
DE MAEYER Juliette. Université Libre De Bruxelles, Belgium

Liens Hypertextes et Journalisme :
Une archéologie des discours méta-journalistiques
Cet article dresse une cartographie des discours méta-journalistiques portant sur les
liens hypertextes, afin d’en déployer et d'en expliciter les enjeux. Loin de constituer un
objet technique anodin et univoque, le lien hypertexte distingue l'information en ligne
de ses équivalents hors-ligne, et est au centre d'enjeux de natures diverses, structurant
la production journalistique (citations, sources, agrégation, circulation des nouvelles,
flux et modèles économiques, formats d'écriture, etc.). Les milieux experts du
journalisme en ligne s’emparent régulièrement de la question du lien — s'interrogeant
sur son statut, ses fonctions, sa pertinence — et s’expriment dans un foisonnement de
discours méta-journalistiques.
Cette recherche vise à dépasser le simple constat de complexité et à mettre au clair

l’hétérogénéité de ces discours. Une analyse qualitative de ceux-ci est menée, après
les avoir rassemblés en suivant une méthode de sérendipité, en saute-moutons : sur
base de points d’entrée déterminés (des publications professionnelles à la croisée de
plusieurs types d’expertises), il s’agit de remonter les connexions afin de reconstituer le
domaine des discours méta- journalistiques sur les liens hypertextes. L’analyse
chronologique, vise à répondre aux questions suivantes : qui dit quoi, à quel moment
et dans quel contexte? De cette manière, on identifie des points nodaux qui
permettent de structurer les conversations disparates : lors de moments précis,
certains acteurs mobilisent certaines idées, qui deviennent provisoirement les centres
de gravité des discours. Ceux-ci disparaissent, mutent, ou évoluent. Retracer, de
connexion en connexion, l’évolution des discours nous permet de montrer comment
la question du lien hypertexte ne constitue jamais qu'un objet concret, qui sert de
prétexte ou de déclencheur pour permettre aux milieux du journalisme en ligne de
débattre d'objets formels autrement plus important : les enjeux contemporains qui
traversent le journalisme.
MADIBA Marie Sophie. Université Lumière Lyon 2, France.

Les journaux gratuits d’information en France : nouveaux dispositifs et
stratégies de captation ou outils de dispersion de l’identité discursive
journalistique ?
Les années 60 marquent la crise du journalisme en France, en Belgique, Italie... Au

même moment, une crise des campus universitaires traverse l’Europe et les Etats-Unis
donnant naissance à un New journalism. Issu des techniques d’écriture nord
américaines, cette forme de journalisme entre en France en 1975 alors que prime un
journalisme à consonante littéraire et politique. En effet, le néo ou nouveau
journalisme désigne un retour aux cadres, valeurs et méthodes d’écriture communs
aux journalistes tout autant qu’une réappropriation de ceux-ci dans des dispositifs
d’information différents. Le néo-journalisme émerge avec le développement d’objets
techniques et la naissance de nouveaux acteurs au sein du journalisme. Lorsque la
presse gratuite d’information (Pgi) s’installe en France en 2002, elle suscite des
interrogations quant-à l’homogénéité de son dispositif d’écriture et les valeurs
historiquement établies par ses prédécesseurs. Cette communication vise à analyser
et comparer les dispositifs et stratégies de mise en visibilité et lisibilité d’une Pgi issue
du 21ième siècle (Métro et 20 Minutes) à ceux d’une presse née au 20ième siècle (Le
Figaro et Le Monde) dans l’espace français. A partir d’une approche sémio-
linguistique inspirée de Bakhtine et Charaudeau, nous avons étudié la mise en page
de ces journaux et les images de leur une entre 2007 et 2012. Les résultats montrent
que les journaux gratuits sont une manifestation de l’hétérogénéité des dispositifs
d’interaction journalistiques bien qu’ils gardent une certaine homogénéité avec les
quotidiens d’information de référence.
MARTY Emmanuel. Université De Nice Sophia Antipolis, France.

REBILLARD Franck. Université Paris 3 - Sorbonne Nouvelle, France
La guerre sur le web.Les cadrages journalistiques
du conflit libyen dans les sites français d'actualité.
Le web constitue désormais l’un des principaux moyens d’expression publique. Plus
particulièrement, le secteur contemporain de l'information d'actualité en ligne
accueille ainsi à la fois des médias professionnels, des initiatives d'amateurs et de
puissants infomédiaires tels que Google (Rebillard & Smyrnaios, 2010). De ce point de
vue, la sphère publique numérique pourrait être comparée à une arène, un lieu de
concurrences et de contradictions, plutôt qu’à un paisible marché des idées (Peters,
2004). L'offre d'actualités sur l'internet résulte de telles différences dans les stratégies
éditoriales, politiques et industrielles (Mosco, 2009; Fenton, 2009). Dans ce contexte, les
sites d’information se positionnent au sein d'un continuum opposant la productivité à
la créativité, et la réactivité à la réflexivité. En effet, lorsque l’on pose la question du
pluralisme de l’information en ligne, on peut observer une ligne de fracture entre ses
acteurs : d’un côté se trouvent se trouvent des sites d’information jouissant d’un
important trafic, avec de fortes contraintes commerciales et étroitement dépendants
des agences de presse pour leur production ; de l’autre des sites d’information avec
une fréquentation bien plus faible, mais plus autonomes, créatifs et souvent moins
dépendants de contraintes financières et temporelles.
De précédents résultats obtenus dans le cadre du programme de recherche IPRI

(Internet, Pluralisme et Redondance de l’Information) ont montré en quoi le pluralisme
pouvait coexister sur le web avec de fortes tendances à la redondance dans
l'information délivrée (Smyrnaios et al., 2010). Les actualités semblent à la fois variées
et très inégalement distribuées : un nombre restreint de sujets d'actualité, considérés
comme les plus importants dans l’agenda médiatique, occupent la majorité des
contenus produits en ligne.
Deux raisons principales peuvent expliquer cette situation: la première est la nature de
l’information numérique qui permet une reproduction à grande échelle des contenus;
la seconde concerne les contraintes particulières de l’économie de l’information en
ligne, qui détermine la manière de fonctionner des rédactions. En effet, l’énorme
quantité d’information produite et reproduite quotidiennement sur la toile par un
large spectre d’entités aboutit à une situation d’offre excédentaire. L’information est
systématiquement stockée et/ou traitée par des programmes sur les réseaux
informatisés, permettant de procéder à moindre coût à une reproduction massive
des contenus. Cette offre de contenus informationnels numériques est alors mise à la
disposition de millions d’utilisateurs dans le monde, à travers une mutliplicité de
canaux et d’outils (flux rss, moteurs de recherche, sites de réseaux sociaux, portails
personnalisés, agrégateurs, blogs, etc.) qui, dans leur grande majorité, ne produisent
pas de contenu original. De plus, comme l’ont montré de récentes recherches, il
existe à présent une tendance lourde à la forte productivité dans les rédactions web
(Domingo and Paterson, 2011). Contraints par des délais très courts de publication et
par une sorte d’injonction permanente à l’immédiateté, attenante au web, les
journalistes ont tendance, sur la toile, à se concentrer sur la réécriture et la
publication, en s’appuyant sur le matériau rédactionnel existant, aux dépens du
reportage de terrain (Degand, 2011).
A la lumière de ces constats, on peut considérer que l’accroissement de la quantité

d’information qui circule en ligne ne se traduit pas nécessairement par une plus
grande diversité en termes journalistiques. Nos précédentes recherches, dans le
cadre du programme IPRI (cf. supra), étaient fondées sur une approche de l’agenda-
setting (Dearing & Rogers, 1992) destinée à identifier la variété des sujets abordés par
différents sites d’actualité. L'étude présentée dans ce texte vise à analyser la diversité
de l’information en ligne, en France, d’un autre point de vue. Son but est de
compléter les précédents résultats quantitatifs obtenus en se focalisant sur un sujet
particulier : le traitement journalistique de la Révolution libyenne en 2011. Plus
précisément, il s’agit d’une analyse lexicométrique de la couverture du soulèvement
contre Muammar Khadafi par les sites français d’actualité. Une première analyse
quantitative de l’agenda des actualités françaises en ligne, menée parmi plus de 200
sites web du 7 au 17 mars 2011, a montré que ce sujet avait alors été très largement
traité. Notre objectif ici est de poursuivre notre analyse de la question du pluralisme
dans la perspective d’une analyse des cadres mobilisés par les médias en ligne
(Entman, 1993). La question est alors de déterminer si la multiplicité des sites favorise
ou non une variété dans les cadres journalistiques, à propos d’un sujet tel que le
soulèvement libyen, dominant alors l’agenda. En effet, la notion de pluralisme ne
renvoie pas uniquement à l’éventail de sujets abordés par les medias, mais

également à la manière dont ces sujets sont couverts, y compris du point de vue des
opinions et des débats politiques qui leurs sont attenants.
Panel 6
Reception : Public’s trust in new media
Réception : La conﬁance du public envers les nouveaux médias
BAKKER, Tom, Department Of Communication Science, University Of

Amsterdam
TRILLING, Damian, Department Of Communication Science, University Of
Amsterdam
HELFER, Luzia, Department Of Political Science, Leiden University
SCHÖNBACH, Klaus, Department Of Communication, University Of Vienna
De Vreese, Claes, Department Of Communication Science, University Of
Amsterdam
The context of content:
The impact of source and setting on the credibility of news
With the emergence of citizen journalism and social media, there has been an
increasing interest in people’s trust in news media and the credibility of new
information sources. As people for their political information primarily rely on news
media, it is of key importance to understand how specific elements of news coverage
influence trustworthiness. Can journalists replace face-to-face interviews with quotes
from Twitter without any consequences? To what extent is credibility affected if
people increasingly rely on partisan information sources instead of established
journalistic media?
Media that enjoy higher levels of trust are most influential on citizens' political opinions
and evaluations (Miller & Krosnick, 2000), and in this process, new media have
become increasingly important. Well-known examples are of course the use of social
media in the Obama campaign Smith & Rainie, 2008) and the growing prominence of
Twitter content in mainstream news media (Arceneaux & Schmitz Weiss, 2010). Given
citizens’ reliance on mainstream media for political information, we investigate the
credibility of Twitter content within mainstream news and formulate the following
research question: How credible do people perceive arguments from Twitter as
opposed to arguments from a face-to-face setting?
In source credibility research, there traditionally has been much focus on the influence
of expertness (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1959). Based on social judgment theory (Sherif
& Hovland, 1961) and the Elaboration Likelihood Model, it has been found that people
use various cues that are unrelated to the actual content to evaluate the credibility of
information. Therefore, we investigate in how far this is also true for new media
sources, using the following research questions: Does source expertise moderate the
influence of the setting (Twitter vs. face-to-face) on credibility? and Does the
credibility of an argument differ when presented in a partisan context as opposed to
a journalistic context?
By means of an experiment, we compare credibility of news content, varying sources

(experts vs. citizens), settings (interview vs. tweet) and contexts (journalistic outlet vs.
partisan outlet). In a large representative online survey (N=2,954), we assigned
participants to eight different treatment conditions and one control condition. After

measuring controls like topic involvement and media use, the respondent was
presented with a manipulated article on a political topic. Subsequently, credibility was
gauged, as well as attitude change and intended behavioral change.
In general, people seem to attribute similar levels of credibility, regardless of the

context that information is presented in. Arguments presented in a partisan context
(partisan activist website) did not significantly decrease credibility (RQ3). In general,
Twitter is not rated less credible (RQ1), but we rather find an interesting interaction
effect for younger people (RQ2): While lay persons on Twitter are perceived less
credible than experts, there seems to be no difference between the credibility of lay
persons and experts if the arguments are given in a face-to-face setting. Thus,
journalists seem to be able to raise the credibility of lay persons. At the same time,
expert sources do not directly benefit from such a journalistic treatment.
References
Arceneaux, N., & Schmitz Weiss, A. (2010). Seems stupid until you try it: Press coverage of Twitter,
2006-9. New Media & Society, 12(8), 1262-1279. doi:10.1177/1461444809360773
Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. (1959). Communication and persuasion. Psychological
studies of opinion change (3rd ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Miller, J. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (2000). News media impact on the ingredients of presidential
evaluations: Politically knowledgeable citizens are guided by a trusted source. American
Journal of Political Science, 44(2), pp. 301-315.
Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1961). Social judgement: Assimilation and contrast effects in
communication and attitude change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Smith, A., & Rainie, L. (2008). The Internet and the 2008 election. Washington, DC: Pew Internet &
American Life Project.
DE HAAN Yael. Hogeschool Utrecht / Journalismlab, Nederlands.

Public engagement, accountability and transparency:
media’s effort to regain the trust of the public
Media and journalism across Europe have been subject to higher degree of external
scrutiny. This has been intensified by substantial structural media changes in the past
decades including a fiercer competitive media climate. Media are accused of not
verifying facts, acting like parrots following each other, taking incidents out of context
and creating media hypes. Moreover, they are criticized for failing to see the
concerns within society creating an ever-widening gap with the public. The
accusations on media performance have fed an ongoing debate about the social
responsibility of the media and their public trust and how they can be held
accountable and responsive for serving the public interest.
This research answers how media are responding to these accusations and growing
demand for accountability and responsive measures to come to terms with the
public. Data was collected through three in-depth case studies of a Dutch
newspaper, the news broadcast of the Dutch PSB, and a Dutch commercial
broadcasting news organization. Spending a total of one year in the field, data was
gathered, using multiple sources of evidence, including document analysis,
observations and more than 100 interviews.
Results show that where there is a growing demand among politicians for media to be
more accountable to the public, this study shows that media are more preoccupied
with amending the gap with the public by interacting and tailoring to the concerns
of “the man on the street”; of being responsive to the public. New online
technologies seem to facilitate this process. However, this new public oriented
approach, particularly the online dialogue, have created dilemmas for journalist of

how to find a balance between taking the public into account and the potentially
conflicting norms of independence and journalism responsibility.
This is not to say that accountability and transparency is not being taken seriously.
There is acknowledgement of the need for more openness and justifying for the
mistakes and choices made, and among many journalists this is now even considered
a necessity. However, when it comes to applying it in daily routine, there is a general
resistance as it does not live with their professional autonomy and authority. New
online instruments have created more opportunities with more platforms and
possibilities for the public to participate and to voice their opinion. However, at this
point for news organisations the online instruments put new constraints on the social
system of the organisation with unforeseen activities and costs which questions the
aimed effect of the instruments.
OSEPASHVILI, Dali, Tbilisi State University, Georgia

Trust and georgian online news media
The purpose of this paper is to present the research results how much Georgian
society trusts to the online news and whether it gives advantage to it compared with
traditional or vertical media; furthermore, to establish which key factors determine
confidence towards online news.
With this aim we conducted the survey of the audience and studied 500 internet
customers. According to the research showed majority of the inquired mainly prefer
the online news spread by the informational agencies due to information selectivity
and timeliness. Therefore, Georgian internet users generally grant advantage to the
online news and receive information just from it, in their opinion, the news provided by
the traditional media is much more confident as it is mostly prepared on base of many
sources, balanced and the information is provided more deeply too.
As for Citizen Journalism that implies production and broadcasting of the news by
citizens (http://www.ireporter.ge/) has just been launched in Georgia, though
confidence towards this type of news is less because most information is unchecked
and less reliable. The online news produced by the professionals is much more popular
that is spread through online newspapers publications and news agencies’ web sites.
Keywords: Online News Media, Credibility, Trust, New Media, Georgian Media, Online
Journalism
ROSAS, Omar V., Research Centre Information, Law And Society (CRIDS),
FUNDP, Namur
Public engagement with and trust in online
news media in french-speaking Belgium
This paper analyzes the French-speaking Belgian public’s reception of, and trust in,
online news media. Based on a qualitative research carried out in 2009-2010, it will be
showed that online newsreaders hold divided conceptions of media credibility and
trust, some of which fall out of the theoretical/methodological canon of current
media credibility research. Furthermore, respondents appeared to draw upon four
heuristics to decide whether or not they place their trust in online news: the
transparency heuristic, the accountability heuristic, the reputation heuristic, and the
recommendation heuristic. The relevance of these heuristics to trust is clear insofar as
they affect both newsreaders’ attributions of trustworthiness to online journalists and

news media, and their willingness to engage in trusting relationships with them. At the
end of the paper, some conclusions and implications for future research on trust in
online news are discussed.
Panel 7
Journalists and social networks
Journalistes et réseaux sociaux
JEANNE-PERRIER Valérie. Université Paris Sorbonne, France.

Le journaliste assis, debout ! Pour des représentations médiatiques positives du
journaliste éloigné des terrains de l’information mais proche de « ses » publics
grâce aux remédiations des réseaux sociaux
Dans le cadre d’un visionnage critique à destination de cours de sociologie des

médias pour des étudiants de licence en sciences de l’information et de la
communication, nous avons pu tenté d’approcher cette question de la figure du
journaliste dans les émissions portant sur les médias, en presse et télévision (voir
l’analyse proposée plus bas). Dans le cadre de notre proposition, nous souhaitons
repartir de l’analyse initiale posée dans le cadre de la séquence de cours, en
poursuivant la recherche par des entretiens semi-directifs auprès des journalistes
concernés et des producteurs des émissions et par des observations participantes.
Elle nous permettrait de comprendre comment se négocient les places des

journalistes dans ces émissions et quelles visions sont mises en œuvre pour définir et
dire ce que les techniques médiatiques émergentes font aux médias et à leurs
professionnels. Les deux émissions analysées concernées sont françaises et sont
diffusées sur Europe 1, radio privée (Des clics et des claques), et sur France 5, dans le
cadre d'une émission de télévision publique (Le Grand Webze). Nous nous
permettons, plus bas, de joindre, pour un premier cadrage des deux émissions, les
analyses que nous avons pu mener, à partir d’une analyse sémiologique, à compléter
par les deux approches mentionnées un peu plus haut.
Le journaliste qui y est décrit et mis en scène est celui d’un journaliste assis, mais qui
s’assume et se revendique comme tel : un journaliste assis, « debout » pourrions-nous
dire, loin de la dichotomie classique qui repousse, comme représentation négative du
métier, le journaliste qui reste derrière des écrans, des dispositifs, loin du terrain. Le
journaliste qui est représenté se situe dans une autre posture de valorisation, présent
sur les plateaux et dans les studios, il suit la logique du journaliste du lien, de la
médiation.
Nous voudrions avancer l’hypothèse que les représentations du journaliste, liées à des
configurations s’attachant à la notion de terrain sont désormais accompagnées
d’autres normes positives, davantage liées aux relations instituées aux publics des
différents médias concernés et par la médiatisation de gestes techniques
professionnels tels que celui de l'agrégation, de la veille, de l'innovation par le biais
des réseaux sociaux et de leurs marques.

LARSSON OLOF Anders. Uppsala University, Sweden.
Reaching out to the audience? Journalists use of Twitter in a talk show context
As the latest in the long line of Internet-based platforms believed to influence the
relationship between journalists and audiences, Twitter has recently enjoyed
considerable attention among journalism scholars and practitioners alike (e.g.
Arceneaux and Weiss, 2010). Twitter is often conceptualized as a “micro blog”,
allowing its users to share short messages (“tweets”) of up to 140 characters to a
network of followers. Users can also “tag” their messages with so-called hashtags in
order to signal relevance to a specific theme. Furthermore, users can send directed
messages to each other (so called @ messages) and redistribute messages sent by
others (called retweeting).
The Twitter platform, as put to use in the context of online journalism, has been studied
in a number of ways. For example, Lasorsa et al (2011) studied Twitter use by
mainstream journalists by content analyzing 22 000 of their tweets, finding that
journalists using Twitter tended to more freely express their opinions rather than
following more traditional journalistic norms. Moreover, research has suggested that
Twitter can be useful for keeping up with ongoing, on-the-spot news (Ahmad, 2010;
Hermida, 2010).
Building on the findings and suggestions of previous research, the focus for the paper
at hand is on the use of Twitter by journalists for creating and upholding a relationship
with the audience. Specifically, the Swedish talk show Hübinette, named after its host,
renowned journalist Karin Hübinette, will be placed under scrutiny with regards to
these practices. The Hübinette talk show launched in September of 2011 and was
broadcast twice weekly on Swedish state television (SVT) throughout the fall. Before
the start of the actual show, efforts were made on behalf of the journalists to build
interest in the show by establishing presences on various social media platforms. For
Twitter, the hashtag #hubinette was used to signal content relevant to the show. By
archiving all tweets tagged with the specified hashtag using the YourTwapperKeeper
application (TwapperKeeper, 2010), this paper features a structural analysis of how the
Twitter account associated with the show (e.g. @KarinHubinette) performed during
the entire season. Based on quantitative data and state-of-the-art methodology (e.g.
Bastian et al., 2009; Bruns, 2011), the study outlines the relationships between journalists
and audience members in the context of the Hübinette talk show, thereby providing
new insights into how professional journalists make use of social media to relate to their
audiences.
MERCIER Arnaud. Université De Metz, France.

Twitter l’actualité : usages et réseautage
Selon une étude ComScore, 2011, on assiste à une forte croissance de l’usage des
réseaux dans les pratiques des internautes : près de 85% des internautes européens
ont utilisé Twitter et Facebook en décembre 2010, ce qui en fait la deuxième activité
la plus populaire, derrière la recherche d’informations. Selon le rapport 2011 du Oriella
Digital Journalism Study, la moitié des 500 journalistes interrogés dans 15 pays utilisent
Twitter comme source d’information et un tiers Facebook. Des corrélations
apparaissent entre fréquentation des réseaux sociaux et hausse du trafic sur les sites
d’information. Les rédactions, en France mais aussi ailleurs, éprouvent le besoin de
commencer à (re)cadrer les pratiques de leurs rédactions sous forme de chartes des
usages pour ces nouveaux outils servant à traiter l’information. Toutes ces remarques

montrent à quel point il est devenu indispensable de s’intéresser à ce qui se passe sur
ses réseaux quand on étudie l’évolution du journalisme en ligne.
L’objet de l’étude que nous menons actuellement dans notre groupe de recherche,
dont on viendra présenter les résultats, est de fournir une cartographie complète des
usages pour l’information de Twitter, en France, à partir de la sélection d’une
centaine de comptes très actifs, de journalistes venant de titres de la presse écrite, de
l’audiovisuel, de médias nés en ligne ou encore de journalistes indépendants et autres
journalistes blogueurs. La démarche couplera approche qualitative et quantitative,
en mêlant étroitement observation des pratiques, interrogations des acteurs sur leurs
pratiques et quantification de la publication et de la circulation des informations sur
les réseaux sociaux, durant tout un mois de 2012. Les résultats à présenter seront les
suivants :
• Une typologie des usages journalistiques et rédactionnels des comptes Twitter ;
• Calcul du degré d’activisme informatif (à partir du nombre moyen quotidien de

tweets) avec une attention particulière accordée aux thèmes et sujets qui génèrent
des pics d’activité.
• Le taux de redondance des informations diffusées. Il s’agira d’évaluer le poids relatif

des informations émises sur ces réseaux qui proviennent des sites des rédactions et
celles vraiment nouvelles.
• les sources mobilisées en regardant de près si des régularités apparaissent ou non

dans les adresses URL extérieures mobilisées en fonction des titres ou les références
citées, et en faisant une étude des comptes que les journalistes suivent sur le réseau.
• Nous estimerons l’influence potentielle des comptes étudiés en mettant en

perspective le nombre de followers et leur nature
• Nous chercherons enfin à cerner l’existence ou non de « clubs Twitter » où les

journalistes s’adressent très largement à d’autres journalistes, selon une logique de
cercle permettant de transgresser certaines règles de la prise de parole
journalistique sur les autres supports publics de communication (clins d’œil,
promotion de collègues pourtant sur des supports concurrents, commentaires
ironiques…).
Panel 8
New journalistic roles and ethical issues associated to digital news
Nouveaux rôles journalistiques et enjeux déontologiques liés à l’information
numérique
COMAN Cristina. Bucarest University, Romania.

HOREA Badau. Bucarest University, Romania
COMAN Iona. Bucarest University, Romania
The Romanian journalists’ in mainstream
and online media perceptions on their professional roles
The Internet and new technologies brought changes in the daily journalistic routines
and in professional accountability. The change in the daily practice of journalists is
due to the new possibilities brought by the Internet – as tool incorporated in the daily

routines of news production and as a social institution that shapes a specific vision of
the world. Regarding professional accountability it is possible that the new journalists’
vision on their occupational roles could mean differentiation from the traditional
gatekeeping role attitude. Some scholars even described a shift in the traditional
journalist’s role: from the role of determining what is important news for the public to
the role of a partner and the one of helping the public to make sense of the
presented information (Cassidy, 2007, Deuze, 2003, Singer, 2003). Consequently, the
question becomes how journalists are reshaping their professional roles in this new
online environment.WE have indeeped this question through our research on
Romanian journalists’ job conception, as a part of a larger research program
supported by European Commission (www.mediaact.eu)
Romania is a post-communist country: the Romanian media went from a communist

model to a liberal one. Romanian journalists had difficulties in defining their role and
enforcing their credibility; now the emergence of online news, websites, blogs made it
even harder. There are very few studies on the Romanian journalists’ perceptions of
their role and especially of online news information credibility. According to recent
studies (see a synthesis in Vasilendiuc, 2008), the most important role the journalist in
Romania assumed was to be an information distributor. Other scholars asserted that
there are three main roles that a Romanian journalist plays: the objective information
disseminator, the educator/advocate and the opinion leader. Therefore, there is a
need for more research in this sense and of a correlation of these roles the journalists’
in mainstream media attributed to themselves and the ones the journalists’ in Internet
media are tempted to assume.
Our study examines the Romanian daily newspapers online and print journalists’
perceptions of the credibility of online news information and the possible relationship
between those perceptions and the professional role conceptions of these journalists.
The study applies some of research questions from the most important American and
European studies, adding some others, related to the specific Romanian case.
CARPENTIER Nico. Vrij Universiteit Brussels, Belgium.

BOGAERTS Jo. University Of Antwerp, Belgium.
The postmodern challenge to journalism.
Strategies for constructing a trustworthy identity.
The first decades of the twentieth century led to a period of high modernism
in(American) journalism because of the increasing professionalization of journalists
and the consolidation of a shared occupational ideology, as authors such as Hallin
(1992; 2006) and Zelizer (2004a) have argued. Hallin shows that both political and
economic factors contributed to the virtually uncontested status of journalism in
providing what was accepted as truthful and direct access to reality. Even though
journalism remained ‘caught between the competing imperatives of “freedom of the
press” and the “laws of the market”’ (Champagne, 2009: 48), these tensions did not
seem to affect the truth claims of high-modernist journalism. Indeed, characteristic of
journalists’ attitudes towards their work during the era of high modernism were an
a p p a re n t s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e a n d a n ‘ a b s e n c e o f a s e n s e o f d ou b t o r
ontradiction’ (Hallin, 1992: 14).
However, in subsequent decades this ‘sense of wholeness and seamlessness’ (ibid.) in
journalists’ self-image has been thoroughly shaken. By taking a cue from the field of
tension between its modernist legacy and contemporary developments in journalism
this chapter wishes to address journalistic identity politics in the face of threat.
Departing from the challenges that have confronted journalism in the last few
decades and the dwindling trust of audiences, we will first discuss the building blocks
of the mainstream professional journalistic identity, and a number of strategies that
journalists deploy in order to protect their professional identity, to maintain trust in the
profession, and to reaffirm themselves as ‘society’s truth-teller[s]’ (McNair, 1998: 65).
This focus on journalistic identity is aligned with a still underdeveloped ‘cultural turn’
within journalism studies, showing how collective identities (and their rigidities and
fluidities) structure the journalistic field.
The theoretical backbone of our analysis is provided by a discourse-theoretical

perspective, which allows us to focus on the discursive building blocks (or nodal
points) of the modernist journalistic identity, and then to analyze how these elements
have become threatened in the contemporary era of liquid modernism. This will allow
us to foreground a series of discursive coping strategies, which show how> journalism
attempts to protect its position as a vital societal field.
Given the broadness of the journalistic field, we will focus on one specific location,
namely online journalism, as this is one of the sites where these truth claims are both
maintained and contested, which in turn renders professional identities and the
coping mechanisms to protect them visible. Without aiming to create a clear-cut
dichotomy between online and traditional journalism, we would nevertheless argue
that online journalism is a useful object of investigation, evinced by the fact that
‘professional consciousness emerges at least in part round ruptures where the orders
of appropriate practice need renegotiation’ (Zelizer, 1993b: 223; cf. Matheson, 2004:
446).
GIARDINA Marco. University Of Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

On the coexistence of innovative news reporting
and traditional journalism values
Breaking news as varied as the Japan earthquake and the Arab uprisings have
demonstrated that acquiring, verifying and disseminating eyewitness, journalistic and/
or user-generated content has become increasingly complicated as the sources have
become more sophisticated and often overwhelming. Every day, more people turn to
the Internet as a primary source of news but to what extent do they engage with
online news media? Members of this growing audience are not only consumers of the
news - many are actively shaping the news agenda for themselves and others. This
phenomena, driven by the rapid expansion of the number of people and
organizations newly engaged in gathering, filtering, and contextualizing stories, is
transforming the media ecosystem and more broadly our society. However, in the
context of media convergence and citizen activism, professional, technological,
social and ethical issues that relate to new role of journalism and its professional
routines arise. This paper conceptualizes and explores media outlets and journalism
challenges and effects of including social media into routine workflow of journalists
and evaluates processes associated with gaining users trust and preserving traditional
journalism editorial values. Drawing on Al Jazeera English television show the Stream
and selected online journalism case studies, it introduces the novel concept of media
curation networks. Though empirical research, this study shows that curation of
professional journalism and social media sources from professional and user
generated content, results in new types of editorial content and experience for users.
The analysis of both professional and non-professional online journalism empirically
confirms that media curated narratives have been crafted by hundreds of both
media professionals and citizen journalists, with quite diverse end-results, to help filter
and report news. The analysis of Al Jazeera English television show The Stream social
media curation processes yields substantial insights into possible adoption of social
media curation practices within news organizations. Leveraging the social media
inherent participatory nature, social media curation networks create an environment
within the newsroom, where a journalist can foster engagement with the audience.
Preliminary exploratory results highlight that social media curation networks can
contribute in building new media experiences where several cultures and opinions are
represented. However, poorly sourced and verified stories will be evaluated negatively
from the readers. Given the ease of digital publishing, online news often carry
developing stories without complete and trough source attribution and verification.
Findings reveal that, although social media curation platforms makes it
technologically simple to display content gathered from a variety of sources,
journalists still need to invest in professional journalism in a process that has become
more forensic in nature. In a utilitarian vision of impartiality, giving space to all voices,
argue for total transparency and objectivity and always balancing between
viewership and substance are all journalism challenges. The successful inception of
social media curation platform in professional journalism should include processes
checks related to high quality journalism norms such as: impartiality, accuracy,
verification. Conclusions suggest that, no matter how the curation tools will evolve,
professional curation will still need professional journalistic activity.
MATO VEIGA Javier. Sussex University, United Kingdom.

The unforseen consequences of immediacy on online journalism.
It is mid-morning at El Mundo, whose newsroom is located on the North Madrid

outskirts. Journalists are aware that the Left-leaning president of the Spanish Cinema
Academy, Alex de la Iglesia, has been reported to be furious about the socialist
Government. The reason for this is that the law that was unveiled yesterday against
online piracy is much softer than they had expected. The elmundo.es online site has a
story on the front page about this, but they are aware that some stronger reaction
may be brewing behind the scenes. The editor on duty, José Luis Martín, has been
repeatedly advised to follow this story, and he is carefully doing so. Suddenly, among
the steady noise of the newsroom, someone shouts: “De la Iglesia resigns” as president
of the Cinema Academy. “Where is it”, replies Martín, while he curses himself. “In his
blog at El País,” the arch- rival newspaper's website, with whom elmundo.es is
struggling to keep its traditional leading rank in the Spanish online-market. José Luis
rushes to write on the screen: “Urgent: De la Iglesia resigns as President of the Spanish
Cinema Academy”. A label begins to scroll on the screen. It is about a minute since El
País displayed this story. No one has checked it, but it could well be possible that
elmundo.es had broken the news before the main El País' homepage, because the
story was first announced on De la Iglesia's blog, not necessarily the most popular
page at elpais.com. Meanwhile, reporters at the Culture section rush to write a short
story about the resignation and the reasons for it, adding some background, while an
assistant looks for a recent De la Iglesia's picture. “Should I say that the news was
broken at El País?” ask Luis Alemany, the reporter in charge. “Yes, of course”, replies
Martín. In three minutes, a 500-words story is put up on elmundo.es' front page, citing
the blog on elpais.com's as its source.
Roughly, it can be said that the scoop on elpais.com was live for no longer than three
minutes. The fiercest rival was publishing the same story, perhaps with more details,
even before the overwhelming majority of readers realised that it had happened. The
immediacy of access associated with the Net is making scoops, traditionally a
journalistic tool for differentiating among themselves, much less of an effective
instrument to show who has better contacts, better sources, and who is ahead in the
run for stories.

This paper explores, from an investigation developed inside three leading Spanish
media newsrooms, how the new values and practices associated with the Internet
are altering the traditional journalistic environment. It describes and analyses the
implications that some of the new characteristics relating to the very nature of this
channel, the Internet, bring to traditional journalistic practice and the conflicts that
the new set of values that are emerging generate on those players. It examines how,
as a result of the Internet, the exclusive nature of reporting and the speed at which it is
done, very well rooted traditions in newsrooms, are losing their paramount place in the
journalistic field while no clear substitutes are yet emerging.
Panel 9
Economy of the new medias
Economie des nouveaux médias
CARBASSE Renaud. Université Du Québec À Montréal, Canada.

GOYETTE-CÔTÉ Marc-Olivier. Université Du Québec À Montréal, Canada, Et
Université Paris 3, France.
L’impact des stratégies de convergence sur le travail journalistique :
le cas des travailleurs de l’information de Quebecor Média
Cette communication vise à évaluer les impacts de l'institutionnalisation de la

convergence chez Quebecor Média sur le travail au quotidien des journalistes. En
nous appuyant principalement sur une série d’entretiens semi-dirigés avec des
journalistes du groupe, nous examinons (1) les changements antérieurs à
l’institutionnalisation du travail multi-plate-forme (2) les principaux changements
apportés à l’organisation de la production, puis (3) l’évaluation par les journalistes de
ces changements sur la qualité de leur travail.
SMYRNAIOS Nikos. Université Toulouse 3, France.

Comment articuler indépendance économique et pratiques
journalistiques innovantes: une étude des pure-players français
Depuis quelques années maintenant l’internet a progressivement conquis une place

en tant que média d’information de masse aux côtés de l’audiovisuel et de la presse.
Selon les chiffres de Médiamétrie, en France, 25 millions d’internautes se rendent
régulièrement sur les sites d’information afin de suivre l’actualité1. Il en découle la
multiplication des sites d’information de toute sorte (version en ligne des médias
traditionnels, pure-players professionnels, sites participatifs et amateurs etc.) et le
développement du journalisme en ligne dans toute sa diversité.
Cependant, loin de favoriser l’éclosion d’un « pluralisme naturel », l’internet est

traversé par des tendance contradictoires. Comme nous avons pu le montrer ailleurs
(Smyrnaios et al., 2010, Marty et al., 2010), la diversité des contenus et des opinions en
ligne coexiste avec une certaine redondance, une inflation d’informations répétées
et reproduites en masse. Les portails, les agrégateurs et les sites des grands médias,
dans leur recherche d’une audience maximale, se transforment souvent en grandes
usines de contenu où sont publiées les mêmes dépêches d’agences, parfois
1 Chiffres pour le mois de mars 2011.

légèrement réécrites, agrémentées des systèmes de référencement sophistiqués,
pensés pour satisfaire Google. Dans ce « cyclone informationnel » dont parle Erik
Neveu (Neveu, 2001, p.99), l’antagonisme entre les valeurs traditionnelles du
journalisme, comme l’immédiateté et la fiabilité, est fort (Degand, 2011).
Notre hypothèse, dans le cadre de cette proposition est que le degré de

dépendance de la ressource publicitaire est un facteur déterminant de l’inscription
ou pas d’un site d’information à l’agenda dominant et par extension des pratiques
journalistiques qu’il met en œuvre.
Nous nous intéressons donc à l’autre extrémité de ce continuum pluralisme/

redondance où une kyrielle des sites (plus ou moins) indépendants tente de
s’affranchir de l’agenda dominant imposé par la course à l’audience et de proposer
une information différenciée. Ces pure-players tentent d’inventer un nouveau
journalisme en ligne, loin des contraintes productivistes des grands médias découlant
de leur dépendance accrue de la publicité. Les configurations entre modèles
économiques, lignes éditoriales et pratiques professionnelles au sein de ces sites sont
très diverses, tant il s’agit en réalité d’expérimentations et non pas des modèles figés.
Panel 10
KAISER-BRIL Nicolas. Journalims++, Germany.

Les bases du datajournalisme
Fort de son expérience en tant que data-journaliste au sein du pure-player français

OWNI.fr, Nicolas Kayser-Bril, aujourd'hui à la tête de l'agence spécialisée Journalism++,
se donne pour mission d’expliquer à un public diversifié, et en moins d’une heure et
demi, les bases essentielles à la pratique du datajournalisme.
Conclusions
DOMINGO David. Université Libre De Bruxelles, Belgium.

PATERSON Chris. Leeds University, United Kingdom.
An assessment of newsroom research in the Online Age.
Famous for their book « Making Online News: The Ethnography of New Media
Production » (Peter Lang, 2008), Chris Domingo and David Paterson have been
chosen to summarize the main topics discussed in the preceding sessions of the
conference. They will also conclude the Neo-journalism conference with an overview
of online newsroom ethnography : how it has evolved, how it can enrich journalism
education and what we see as future developments in the field.

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ABSTRACTS OF

DEUZE Mark. Indiana University

DONAT Judith. Harvard

PARASIE Sylvain. Université Paris Est, France.

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 1

BAKKER, Piet & BAKKER, Tom (Universiteit Van Amsterdam)

Participatory media, citizen journalism and user-generated content have become

As a starting point we assume that factors working on success or failures of citizen

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 2

D’HEER, Evelien (IBBT-MICT - Ghent University) & PAULUSSEN, Steve

FARINOSI, Manuela (Università Di Udine)

SCHMIDT, Jan Jinrik (Hans Bedrow Institut)

Networked digital media contribute to various changes in the structures of public

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 4

• Inclusion performance consists of practices which use mediating technologies to

• Inclusion performance is framed by inclusion expectations, which in turn are (re-)

Within the project, we apply the theoretical framework by means of a multi-method

(b) in-depth interviews with viewers/users (target n=6);

SIMONSON, Mathieu (CRIDS, University Of Namur)

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 5

DOUDAKI, Vaia, Cyprus University Of Technology

JOHANSSON, Marjut, University Of Turku, Finland

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 6

In order to examine the journalistic writing, using enunciative studies and

SPINA, Stefani, Università Per Stranieri Di Perugia, Italia

DEGAND Amandine. Université De Louvain, Belgium.

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 7

PALOMO TORRES Bella. University Of Malaga, Spain.

PIGNARD CHEYNEL Nathalie. Université Grenoble 3, France.

Cette communication propose une analyse des pratiques de production de contenus

Cette première étude exploratoire mettra en évidence les spécificités de ce type

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 8

Ce travail entend dans un premier temps décortiquer le dispositif particulier de

SIRE Guillaume. Université Paris 2, France.

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 9

If twentieth century journalism was characterised by ‘a trained professional delivering

Based on a large-scale qualitative study (170 interviews and ethnographies in three

- The loyalty to traditional media in a time of multi-media, converged newsrooms;

- The ‘embrace’ of amateur contributions while upholding professional standards.

HERMIDA Alfred. University Of British Columbia, Canada.

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 10

CROISSANT Valérie. Institut De La Communication.Université Lyon 2, France.

La communication se propose d’interroger l’émergence d’un nouveau genre de

DE MAEYER Juliette. Université Libre De Bruxelles, Belgium

Cette recherche vise à dépasser le simple constat de complexité et à mettre au clair

MADIBA Marie Sophie. Université Lumière Lyon 2, France.

Les années 60 marquent la crise du journalisme en France, en Belgique, Italie... Au

MARTY Emmanuel. Université De Nice Sophia Antipolis, France.

De précédents résultats obtenus dans le cadre du programme de recherche IPRI

A la lumière de ces constats, on peut considérer que l’accroissement de la quantité

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 13

BAKKER, Tom, Department Of Communication Science, University Of

By means of an experiment, we compare credibility of news content, varying sources

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 14

In general, people seem to attribute similar levels of credibility, regardless of the

DE HAAN Yael. Hogeschool Utrecht / Journalismlab, Nederlands.

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 15

OSEPASHVILI, Dali, Tbilisi State University, Georgia

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 16

JEANNE-PERRIER Valérie. Université Paris Sorbonne, France.

Dans le cadre d’un visionnage critique à destination de cours de sociologie des

Elle nous permettrait de comprendre comment se négocient les places des

Colloque Neo-journalism — Brussels — 3 and 4 octobre 2012 17