SPE 153001

Integrated Production Analysis before Implementation Pilot Water Flooding

and Surveillance & Monitoring during Pilot Water flooding on Rantau Structure
Zone 600
I Putu Suarsana and Areza Badril, Pertamina EP

Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Cairo, Egypt, 20–22 February 2012.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed
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Abstract
Rantau Field, located in the working area of PT. Pertamina EP, is considered as matured field. The field is located in North
Sumatra, Indonesia. This field started producing in primary stage in 1930, and the secondary stage had been started in 1984 by
injection of water. The water source comes from sea water with a salinity of 26000-33000 ppm. Since the injection of water quality is
not good, then it had been damaged the injection wells, and it would automatically have an effect on the production wells. The oil
production then started to decline.

Pertamina EP EOR management team tries to increase the oil production back by implement re-secondary recovery process. The
work started from field screening, study G&G, production analysis, preparing facility production, and follow up with a pattern pilot
water flooding, and finally full scale project. Pilot water flooding kick off at layer Z-600 conducted in January 2010, Pertamina EP
implemented a pilot water flooding in layer Z-600 block of C1 and C2 and managed to increase oil production from two wells (0
BOPD to 400-500 BOPD) and the reservoir pressure (from 155 Psi to 222.5 Psi in 3-month period conducted a pilot water flooding).
With the success of pilot water flooding on the blocks C1 and C2, Pertamina EP will continue to full scale water flooding phases are
planned to be carried out gradually in block A1 and A2. In addition to conducting secondary recovery, Pertamina EP will also plan
for tertiary recovery phase for blocks/compartments that have been carried out secondary recovery activities. The production
analysis is very important role in injection design, the scope include production and injection performance analysis, connectivity
between injector and producer, pattern design and surveillance and monitoring.

1. Introduction
Rantau Field is one of the oil and gas fields located in the working area of PT. Pertamina EP Sumatera Region. The field located in
North Sumatra of Indonesia (Figure 1), and has 42 layers of prolific producer of hydrocarbons. Rantau field is divided into 11 blocks
(A1, A2, B, C1, C2, D1, D2, D3, D4, E1 and E2) and began to be produced from 1930 to 2011 from a total of 587 wells. Primary
peak oil production was achieved at 31.711 BOPD with 17.2% of Water Cut in 1969. Activities of secondary recovery stage
conducted in 1984 with water injection using a staggered line drive pattern with the main target on the layers 600, 560, 640 and 660.
These activities succeed to increase oil production of 5.501 BOPD (wc 67.7%) in 1988 from the previous condition of 1.959 BOPD
(wc 75%) in block C2, D1, D2, D3 and D4 and managed to get additional production by 4:05 MMbbl (RF for 8%). In an effort to
increase the production of mature fields, Pertamina EP plans to conduct re-establishment of secondary recovery water flooding
begins to phase full scale pilot water flooding injection patterns and implementation stages of tertiary recovery (EOR).

Before implementing a pilot water flooding, G&G and reservoir study was done first to confirm the potential of the reservoir in each
zone for secondary recovery candidate. Analysis of production is one of the stages of the study from Geology, Geophysics,
Reservoir, Production, and Facilities (GGRPF), which from this study will be able to evaluate the potential reservoir of each zone.
The potential production map of each well will be overlaid with reservoir properties such as porosity map, permeability map, favies
map and net to gross ratio maps. Sealing & leaking faults that exist in the field Rantau candidates and production wells injection
wells used for water flooding pilot stage until surveillance and monitroring for pilot water flooding in layer z-600.
Pilot water flooding kicked off injection at layer of Z-600 conducted in January 2010, Pertamina EP started to implement a pilot
water flooding in layer Z-600 is only for block C1 (with the irregular pattern of five spots), managed to get increased production from
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two wells (from 0 BOPD to 400-500 BOPD) and pressure reservoir (from 155 to 222.5 Psi Psi 3-months period of pilot). Up to Dec
2011 pilot water flooding in block C1 and C2 managed to get the incremental production of 128,089 bbls. With the success of pilot
water flooding on this C1 block, Pertamina EP will continue to full scale water flooding phases are planned to be carried out
gradually in block A1 and A2 and kick off a pilot water flooding performed in December 2011 with a peripheral pattern.

2. Production Analysis Evaluation

Analysis of production conducted in layer z-600 includes an analysis prior to implementation of pilot water floodinging and also
monitoring & surveillance with supported with geological and reservoir data. The analysis conducted include:

1. Production and injection performance analysis at the primary and secondary recovery stage in previous work.
2. Connectivity between production and injection wells in an area that has been implemented water flooding pilot.
3. Planning for patterned pilot injection water flooding (five sport pattern).
4. Monitoring the pilot water flooding (production optimization, pattern balancing, and redesign ofinjection rate).

2.1 Producer and Injetor Performance for Primary and Secondary Recovery Stage
Rantau field has 42 productive layers, as many as 587 wells total wells were drilled and consists of 11 compartments (A1, A2, B1-2,
C1, C2, D1, D2, D3, D4, E1 and E2). The compartments are separated by areas that are sealing and leaking faults. This reservoir
drive mechanism is solution gas drive. The first oil produced started in 1930, the production around 10,000 BOPD. The peak
production occurred during the primaries in 1969 of 31,711 BOPD. The oil production started declining since 1969 due to the
reservoir pressures which tend to be depleted on each block, and finally the production reached 2,500 BOPD in 1984.

Secondary recovery efforts carried out at layer z-600 in compartment C2, D1, D2, D3 and D4 with staggered line drive pattern in
1984 by Japex and managed to increase the additional production of 3,000 BOPD in 1988 and increase the reservoir pressure from
500 psi to 800 psi within 5 to 12 months after injection. Limitation of the secondary recovery effort in 1984 was injection water
derived from seawater. The water quality has salinity as high as 26000-33000 ppm. Since the injection of water quality was not
good, and then become plugging in the injection wells, and the wells were automatically effect the production wells production
decline, this decline was 18% per year (Figure 2).

2.2 Producer and Injector Connectivity Analysis on secondary Recovery Period.

The purpose of connectivity analysis conducted between injection wells and production wells in the period of Japex was to analyze
positive and negative effects radially from the injection wells to production wells. The data which are analysis are reservoir pressure,
gross production (net production), water cut, and optimization of production in producing wells (Figure 3). The evaluation results
show that:

1. Areas or compartments that have the greatest production response to the injection process are block is block C2 and D3.
2. Breakthrough time (the response period of fluid travelling from injection wells to production wells) more or less 3-4 months,
with a range of distances between injection wells to the production wells from 200-300 m.
3. Blocks (compartments) which still have the potential for a pattern pilot water flooding on the block C1, A1 and A2.
4. Maximum gross production capacity of each wells production wells which already have the effect of secondary recovery
kegaiatan (250-350 bfpd).
5. Design of injection rate and the optimum injection pressure have a positive response, it is necessary to design the candidate
injection wells injection (600-900 bwpd).
6. Sealing or leaking faults that exist in each compartment at the Rantau field, for leaking fault block located between C2 and
D1, D3 and D4 blocks. Sealing is at fault blocks C1 and C2, blocks D4 and E1.

2.3 Plan design of Pattern Injection for Waterflooding

One way to increase the productivity of an oil reservoir which has reservoir pressure depletion is to inject water into the reservoir is
also called water floodinging. The purpose of the water injection is to support the energy of the reservoir itself, so the remaining oil
traped in the will move to the producer wells. Water floodinging, a secondary recovery stage recovery process, is widely used
since the water is the cheapest fluid and always available in the gas and oil industry. More specifically the purposes on water
injection are:
• Pressure maintenance, maintain the reservoir pressure above the bubble point pressure, is an injection process to the
reservoir during the primary stage. The cumulative production of oil when the reservoir has pressure maintenance is much
higher than there is no water injection.
• As an additional driving force of the natural drive that already exists so that the oil in the reservoir can hold up surfaced.
• Water flooding function increase the volume of water in the reservoir when replacing oil produced because it is basically
water in the reservoir formation to replace the oil that has produced the volume of aquifer will expand but the volume of water
therein is reduced.
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The types of injection well patterns, such as line drive, Staggered line drive line drive line drive line, five-spot, seven-spot, and nine-
spot. The position of the injector and producer wells could be arranged so the optimum recovery will be reached. The pattern of
wells where production wells are surrounded by injection wells is called a normal pattern. On the other side if the of production well
surrounding the injection wells called the inverted pattern. Decision-making in the use of injection pattern 5 spot on the block C1 and
line drive injection pattern in blocks A1 and A2 in the layers of Z-600 (Figure 4), based on:
1. Not optimal depletion during primary production, due to low reservoir pressure (secondary recovery phase has not been
done) on the block meimiliki drive solution gas drive mechanism.
2. The potential of the OOIP, remaining reserves and remaining oil in place and reservoir properties of the layer of Z-600 and
the block.
3. Peak the highest primary production and low levels of Water cut in production wells candidate.
4. Presence of sealing faults that limit each pilot water flooding in which the target block is to optimize the drainage with
secondary recovery.
5. Production and injection wells candidate has a good well integrity.

2.4 Surveillance & Monitoring of Pilot Water flooding Block C1 Layer 600
Kick off injection, pilot water flooding of layer of Z-600, conducted in January 2010. Pertamina EP conducted a pilot water flooding
in layer Z-600 block of C1 with the irregular pattern of five spots, and design rate of each injection well 600-1200 bwpd. The source
of the water injected comes from produced water and treated in the water treatment plant. P-22 production well, three months after
the injection was measured for the bottom whole pressure; there is incensement of pressure from 105.5 psi as of February 2010 to
222 psi in March 2010. The production well produced 50 BOPD with initial conditions and continues to increase up to 230 BOPD
after the water injection (Figure 5). The P-383 production well and horizontal well, there is increasing of pressure from 114.2 psi
measured in April 2010 to 285 psi measured in May 2010. Increase in BHP, the effect of producing well from 56 BOPD at initial
condition, and continues to increase up to a maximum of 250 BOPD (Figure 6). The oil incremental of production caused by some
factors, such as design injection water rate, pattern injection, and optimization of production (turnover lifting) on the production
wells.

Conclusions
1. Rantau field is considered as matured field, and already produced from secondary recovery phase with incremental cumulative
production from water flooding in block C2, D1, D2, D3 and D4 of 6:58% of OOIP. The source of the injection water from sea
water which has salinity of 26000-33000 ppm.
2. The production analysis shows that some connectivity between the injection and production wells. Some areas show that the
connectivity is good and some of them are moderate. The result of the analysis shows that leaking fault separated the block
located between C2 and D1, D3 and D4 blocks respectively. The fault considered sealing is located on blocks C1 and C2, and
blocks D4 and E1 respectively.
3. Pilot water flooding kick off injection at layer Z-600, block C1, conducted in January 2010. Pertamina EP implemented with the
irregular five spot patterns, and the results incremental oil production from two wells 0 BOPD to 400-500 BOOPD. The
reservoir pressure increased from 155 to 222.5 psi in 3-month period of injection.

Refereces
1. Abdus, S., Ph.D., & Ganesha C. Thakur,: Integrated Waterflood Asset Management PennWell Books, PennWell Publishing
Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma 1998.
2. McCain, W.D.: " The Properties of Petroleum Fluids," Petroleum Publishing Co,. Tulsa, Oklahoma (1973).
3. Willhite, G. Paul, : WaterFlooding, SPE Text Book Series, Richardson, TX, 1986.
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Figure 1. Location Map of Field Rantau

Figure 2. Producer and Injetor Performance for Primary and Secondary Recovery Stage
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Figure 3. Producer and Injector Connectivity Analysis on secondary Recovery Period.

Figure 4. Producer and Injector Connectivity Analysis on secondary Recovery Period.

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Figure 5. Production Performance Well P-22 During Pilot Waterflood

Figure 6. Production Performance Well P-383 During Pilot Waterflood