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Wastewater treatment
WASTEWATER :
Physical Contaminats:
Large solid objects
Suspended solids
Chemical Contaminats:
Biodegradable organics
Nutrients Waste Water Treatment
Refractory chemicals (WWT)
Heavy metals
Dissolved inorganic solids
Biological Contaminats:
Pathogens Treated water:
• Reuse/recycle
• Disposed off in environment

Wastewater treatment
Treatment level Wastewater constituent removed
Preliminary Rags, sticks, floatables, grit, grease etc. Objectives of Biological Treatment
Primary A portion of suspended solids and 1. Transform dissolved and particulate
organic maters biodegradable constituents into acceptable end
Advanced Enhanced removal of SS & Org M,
products.
primary usually by chemical addition or filtration 2. Capture and incorporate suspended and
Secondary BOD & SS nonsettleable colloidal solids into a biological
floc or biofilm.
Secondary with BOD, SS and nutrients (N & P) 3. Transform and remove nutrients (N & P)
nutrients
removal 4. In some cases, remove specific trace organic
constituents and compounds.
Tertiary Residual SS & disinfection
Advanced Residual TDS & TSS.

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Anaerob biodegradation
Biodegradation  Pollutant  CH4 + CO2 + biomass
 A factor that influences of microorganism grothw is  Two step process
presence of oxygen (microorganism/microbes are CH4 and CO2
classified into aerob, anaerob, facultative) CO2 and CH4 Second
Methane forming
 Each class has differerent degradation mechanism Stage
Bacteria
H 2S Organic
acid

Acid forming •Anaerob

Bacteria (fakultatif) •Sensitive to pH First
Stage
Organic Common problems:
matter
organic shock loading

Anaerob vs Aerob
Anaerob:
 Advantage  Disadvantages
 Produksi biomassa (sludge)  Proses sensitif, khususnya
rendah dan stabil dari organic shock loading
 Kebutuhan nutrient rendah  Waktu start-up relatif lama
 Tdak memerlukan energi (pertumb mo lambat)
untuk aerasi  Perlu post-treatment
 Menghasilkan gas metan (sbg
bahan bakar)
 Organic loading rates
(org/vol.waktu) tinggi
 Sludge tetap aktif meskipun
tdk ada umpan dalam waktu
lama

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Types of aerobic processes

Type Comon name Use
Suspended
growth
Activated sludge
Aerated lagoon  BOD removal
Aerobic digestion Stabilization, BOD
Activated sludge
removal
Aerated lagoon


Attached Trickling filter
growth Rotating biological
contactor BOD removal
Packed bed reactor
Hybrid Trickling filter/ Activated BOD removal
(combined) sludge
suspende &
attached

Suspended Growth Processes Activated sludge

• In Suspended Growth process, the microorganisms
responsible for treatment are maintained in liquid
suspension by appropriate mixing methods. The most
common suspended growth process used for waste water
treatment is the activated-sludge process
• Activated Sludge process was developed around 1913 in US,
and 1914 in England.
• The activated sludge process, was so named because it
involved the production of an activated mass of
microorganism capable of stabilizing a waste under aerobic
condition

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Activated Sludge Activated Sludge

• In the aeration tank, contact time is provided for mixing • An important feature of the activated sludge process is the
and aerating influent wastewater with the microbial formation of floc particles, ranging in size from 50 to 200
suspension, generally referred to as the mixed liquor m, which can be removed by gravity settling leaving a
suspended solids or mixed liquor volatile suspended solids relatively clear liquid as the treated effluent.
• Mechanical Equipment is used to provide the mixing and • Typically, greater than 99 percent of the suspended solids
transfer of oxygen into the process. can be removed in the clarification step.
• The mixed liquor then flows to a clarifier where the
microbial suspension is settled and thickened. The settled
biomass, described as activated sludge because of the
presence of active microorganisms, is returned to the
aeration tank to continue biodegradation of the influent
organic material.
• A portion of the thickened solids is removed daily or
periodically

Activated sludge with plug-flow reactor

Activated sludge with mixed-flow reactor

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Activated sludge with
Sequencing Batch
Reactor (SBR)
Aerated lagoon
• In the aerated lagoon, the aerators keep the microbial
biomass suspended and provide sufficient dissolved oxygen
that allows maximal aerobic activity.
• On the other hand, bubble aeration is commonly used
where the bubbles are generated by compressed air pumped
through plastic tubing laid through the base of the lagoon.
• A predominately bacterial biomass develops and, whereas
there is neither sedimentation nor sludge return, this
procedure counts on adequate mixed liquor formed in the
tank/lagoon
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Aerated lagoon
Aerated lagoon
• The hydraulic retention time (HRT) ranges from 3 to 8 days
based on treatment level, strength, and temperature of the
influent. Generally, HRT of about 5 days at 20°C achieves
85% removal of BOD in household wastewater. However, if
the temperature falls by 10°C, then the BOD removal will
decrease to 65%
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Aerated lagoon

Trickling filter
Rotating biological contactor

Aerial view of the

Veazie Sanitary District's aerated lagoon system.

Attached Growth Process Trickling filter

A trickling filter consists
• In attached growth processes, the microorganisms of a fixed bed of rocks,
responsible for the conversion of organic material or gravel, slag, polyurethane
nutrients are attached to an inert packing material. The foam, sphagnum peat
organic material and nutrients are removed from the moss, or plastic media
wastewater flowing pass the attached growth processes over which sewage or
include rock, gravel, slag, sand, redwood,and a wide range of other wastewater flows
plastic and other synthetic materials. downward and is
• The packing can be submerged completely in liquid or not contacted with a layer or
submerged, with air or gas space above the biofilm liquid film of microbial slime
layer covering the bed media.

• The most common aerobic attached growth process used is

the trickling filter

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A typical
complete Trickling Filter System
trickling filter • Most modern trickling filters vary in height from 5 to 10 m
system and are filled with a plastic packing material for biofilm
attachment. The plastic packing material is designed such
that about 90 to 95 percent of the volume in the tower
consists of void space

• Air circulation in the void space, by either natural draft or

blowers, provides oxygen for the microorganisms growing
as an attached biofilm.

• Influent wastewater is distributed over the packing and

flows as a non-uniform liquid film over the attached
biofilm

Trickling Filter System Trickling filter

• Excess biomass sloughs from the attached growth The process mechanism involves:
periodically and clarification is required for liquid/solid • adsorption of organic
separation to provide an effluent with an acceptable compounds in the sewage or
suspended solids concentration other wastewater by the layer
of microbial slime,
• The solids are collected at the bottom of the clarifier and • diffusion of air into the slime
removed for waste-sludge processing layer to furnish the oxygen
required for the biochemical
oxidation of the organic
compounds to release carbon
dioxide gas, water and other
oxidized end products.

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Rotating biological contactor Rotating biological contactor

• An RBC consists of a series of closely spaced circular disks of
polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride that are submerged in
wastewater and rotated through it.

• The cylindrical plastic disk are attached to a horizontal shaft and

are provided at standard unit sizes of approximately 3.5 m in
diameter and 7.5 m in length.

• The surface area of the disks for a standard unit is about 9300
m2, and a unit with a higher density of disks is also available with
approximately 13900 m2 of surface area.
RBC was first installed in 1960 in West Germany, and later introduced to US

Rotating biological contactor

• The RBC unit is partially submerged (typically 40%) in a tank Rotating biological contactor
containing the wastewater, and the disks rotate slowly at about
1-1.6 rpm.
• Mechanical drivers are normally used to rotate the units, but air-
driven units have also been installed

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Aerobic vs Anaerobic processes

Anaerobic process:
ADVANTAGES
Less energy required
Less biological sludge production
Less nutrients required
Methane production, a potential energy use
Smaller reactor volume required
Elimination of off-gas air pollution
Able to respond quickly to substrate addition Potential for odor production and
after long periods without feeding
Effective pretreatment process
Potential for lower carbon footprint
DISADVANTAGES
Longer start up time to develop necessary
biomass inventory
May require alkalinity addition
May require further treatment with an
aerobic treatment process to meet discharge
requirements
Biological nitrogen and phosporus removal
is not possible
Much more sensitive to the negative effect of
lower temperatures on reaction rates
May be more susceptible to upsets due to
toxic substances or wide feeding changes
corrosiveness of gas

Types of anaerobic processes

Type Comon name Use

Suspended Anaerobic contact process BOD removal

growth Anaerobic digestion
Stabilization, solid
destruction, pathogen kill
Attached growth Anaerobic packed and BOD removal, stabilization
fluidized bed
Sludge blanket Upflow anaerobic sludge BOD removal (esp. high
blanket strength)

Hybrid Upflow sludge BOD removal

(combined) blanket/attached growth
suspende &
attached

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Anaerobic suspended growth

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Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic packed bed

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Anaerobic fluidized bed

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

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