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Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation: Granted Autonomous Status
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation: Granted Autonomous Status
ASSIGNMENT NO. 4
The frictional losses and losses due to anchorage slip are observed in post - tensioned members
only because pre - tensioned members do not require anchorages for prestressing
When the prestress is transmitted to the concrete member, there is contraction due to prestress.
This contraction causes a loss of stretch in the wire. When some of the stretch is lost, prestress
gets reduced. Let be the compressive stress at the level of steel.
=
a) If a straight tendon is provided with an eccentricity ‘e’ throughout its length (fig. below)
b) If a parabolic cable is provided with eccentricity e1 at the ends and e2 at the centre,
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City, Philippines
Granted Autonomous Status
CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
Average stress=
In the post tensioned beams several cables are provided. The cables are stretched in succession.
When a cable is stretched, this cable suffers no loss, but the cable stretched before suffers a loss
due to prestress in the cable being stretched.
Thus, the cable which is stretched first will suffer maximum loss due to stretching of (n – 1)
cables where n is the total number of cables. The cable stretched last will not suffer any loss. To
calculate the loss due to elastic shortening, loss in the first cable is calculated and half of this
value is taken as the average loss of all the cables.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City, Philippines
Granted Autonomous Status
2. Loss due to Shrinkage of Res.
CHED CEB Concrete
076-2009
There is contraction due to drying of concrete and shrinkage strain occurs in concrete. Shrinkage
strain causes the steel to lose its stretch, resulting in the loss of prestress.
When the stresses in steel is more than half of its yield stress there is creep in steel also. Force of
prestress falls as a result of creep in steel. Then there is a loss of prestress. Percentage creep
varies from 1 to 5%. Creep in steel is also termed as relaxation of steel. Relaxation loss may be
estimated using table below:
0.5fp
0.6fp 35
0.7fp 70
0.8fp 90
Choice of proper steel helps to reduce this loss. Prestressed wires have lesser creep. Galvanised
wires also have no creep. Hence choice of proper steel will help to reduce the los of prestress
due to creep. Further, creep in steel takes place mostly during few days. Under constant strain,
creep stops entirely after about 15 days. Therefore, creep of steel could be reduced considerably
by overstressing steel about 10% above its initial stress and then releasing it to the initial stress.
Curvature effect is caused by the friction due to designed curvature of the cable. Loss due to
these effects is estimated as follows:
Consider a small length of the cable. Let ds be its length and R be the radius of curvature.
(Figure below).
Let be the angle subtended at the center by the length ds.
Let F be prestress at one end and F – dF the prestress at the other end.
or
Material in Contact
Loss of force = F – Fx
If prestress isGranted
measured Autonomous Status
at the time of pulling
CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
the wire, the stress
is termed as the jacking stress. Deducting the loss due to anchorage take-up and friction, initial
prestress is obtained. Effective stress is usually the initial stress minus other four losses namely:
Loss due to
1. elastic shortening
2. shrinkage of concrete
3. creep of concrete
4. relaxation of steel
if jacketing stress is treated as the initial stress, effective stress is jacketing stress minus all
losses. Since in most cases frictional loss and the anchorage take-up can be compensated by
overstressing, total loss is due to elastic shortening, shrinkage of concrete, creep of concrete and
relaxation of steel. Total losses for pre-tensioned and post-tensioned beams are as follows:
1. Elastic shortening 3 1
2. Creep of concrete 6 5
3. Shrinkage of concrete 7 6
4. Creep of steel 2 3
Creep Coefficient:
The ratio of the ultimate creep strain to the elastic strain at the age of loading is termed as creep
coefficient. The assumed data of creep coefficient are given below:
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1
The factors that affect creep of concrete are similar to the factors affecting shrinkage, which are
as following:
1. WATER-CEMENT RATIO:
2. HUMIDITY:
3. AGE OF CONCRETE:
The rate of creep rapidly decreases with time. The time taken by a concrete structure to attained
creep is 5 years.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City, Philippines
4. AGGREGATE:
Granted Autonomous Status
CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
Aggregates with moisture movement and low elastic modulus
cause a large amount of creep. The rate of creep generally decreases with the increase of the size
of aggregates.
5. ADMIXTURES:
Some admixtures (mainly accelerators) are also responsible for causing creep in concrete.
OTHER FACTORS:
Types of cement.
Entrained air.
Concrete strength.
Improper curing etc.
At the end of this article, an Excel file is available for download which allows to transform the
approval matrix to the two-part table automatically. The single tables can be exported to RF-
TENDON by using the clipboard. This tool simplifies the conversion of the relaxation matrix to
the two-part table input.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City, Philippines
Granted Autonomous Status
CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
Figure 1
Figure 2
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City, Philippines
Granted Autonomous Status
CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
Figure 3
Figure 4
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City, Philippines
Granted Autonomous Status
CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
Figure 5
REFERENCES:
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-various-types-of-losses-of-prestress-in-pre-
tensioned-and-post-tensioned-members
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/prestress-losses-prestressed-concrete/3287/
https://www.quora.com/What-factors-affect-the--creep-of-concrete
https://www.dlubal.com/en/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001529