A GENERALIZED APPROACH TO THERMODYNAMIC

CYCLE ANALYSIS

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Authors Henry, Charles Daniel, 1944-

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 77-20,618

HENRY, Charles Daniel, III, 1944-

A GENERALIZED APPROACH TO THERMODYNAMIC
CYCLE ANALYSIS.

The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1977

Engineering, heat and thermodynamics

X e r o x University M i c r o f i l m s , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

 A GENERALIZED APPROACH TO

THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE ANALYSIS

by

Charles Daniel Henry I I I

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING

I n P a r t i a l Fulfillment o f the Requirements

For the Degree o f

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

In the Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

19 7 7
 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

GRADUATE COLLEGE

I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my

direction by Charles Daniel Henry III

entitled A Generalized Approach to Thermodynamic

Cycle Analys i s

be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the

degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Dissertation Dir^ctjpr Dafcte

As members of the Final Examination Conmittee, we certify

that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be

presented for final defense.

^j^t- 2. 1 ^ f f 7 7

/
jr ' ^ /A'/??

9J C y/»/ a

Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent

on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the
final oral examination.
 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This dissertation has been submitted in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t

o f requirements for an advanced degree a t The University of Arizona
and i s deposited in the University Library to be made available to
borrowers under rules o f the Library.

B r i e f quotations from this dissertation are allowable

without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment
of source is made. Requests for permission f o r extended quotation
from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may
be granted by the head o f the major department or the Dean o f
the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use o f
the material i f in the interests of scholarship. In a l l other
instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.

S1GNED: (XLju •T7T~

 PREFACE

The study on which this dissertation is based grew out o f a

suggestion by Dr. Gilbert Melese-d'Hospital, o f General Atomic

Company, and Dr. Rocco Fazzolare, of The University o f Arizona, that

thermodynamic functions based on generalized equations of state could

be used in the analysis o f the High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor

Gas Turbine (HTGR-GT) bottoming cycle. Dr. Fazzolare served as

dissertation director throughout the study. His advice on the general

course which the study should take and on solutions to problems which

the author encountered, as well as his encouragement during d i f f i c u l t

times and his help in many other ways, were instrumental in the suc­

cessful completion o f the study.

The f i r s t three months o f work on the study were carried out

while the author was employed by the General Atomic Company in San

Diego, C a l i f o r n i a . At General Atomic, Thomas W. Schoene was the

author's section leader and aided him in developing the s u p e r c r i t i c a l - .

pressure Rankine cycle analysis routine discussed in the dissertation;

Richard E. Covert provided the author with a set of HTGR-GT parameters

and with the HTGR-GT cycle analysis routine used; A1i Montakhab

generated the set o f isobutane transport properties used. Computer

code BINRYG, developed to do tne analyses discussed in the disserta­

t i o n , i s based on an e a r l i e r , smaller code developed by Monty W.

Robertson of General Atomic.

i ii
 iv

At The University of Arizona, the author received technical

advice and encouragement from many members of the faculty o f the

Department of Nuclear Engineering, especially Dr. Robert L. Seale,

Dr. Barry D. Ganapol, and Dr. Morton E. Wacks. Drs. Fazzolare,

Ganapol, and Seale, and Dr. Henry C. Perkins, J r . , and Dr. Willard

L. Rogers o f the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

reviewed the manuscript o f the dissertation and made many helpful

suggestions regarding modifications. At the University Computer

Center the author was aided in many ways by the operations and

customer support s t a f f , especially Ric Anderson.

Mr. Vasel Roberts, Program Manager, Geothermal Energy,

E l e c t r i c Power Research I n s t i t u t e (EPRI), Palo A l t o , C a l i f o r n i a ,

provided the author with the parameters of the EPRI geothermal

system discussed in the dissertation.

To a l l the above persons the author wishes to express his

gratitude and appreciation for t h e i r help i n the successful

completion of the study and the dissertation. I n addition the

author i s grateful to the e n t i r e faculties o f the Departments o f

Nuclear Engineering, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and

E l e c t r i c a l Engineering and the s t a f f o f the University Computer

Center for making his years of graduate study a t The University o f

Arizona enjoyable and p r o f i t a b l e .

The author i s also appreciative o f financial assistance made

available to him during his graduate study, including graduate

assistantships i n the Department o f Nuclear Engineering, a one-year

traineeship from the Atomic Energy Commission, and assistance from

the Veteran's Administration, the Bechtel Foundation, and the Arid

Lands Committee a t The University o f Arizona.

F i n a l l y , t o his family, who endured the long years and long

hours of graduate study along with him, the author owes a tremendous

debt.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix

LIST OF TABLES xi

ABSTRACT xiv

1. INTRODUCTION 1

Non-steam Rankine Cycle. Energy Systems 1

The A v a i l a b i l i t y of Thermodynamic Data k
Generalized Thermodynamic Functions 5
Dissertation Objectives . 7

2. BASIC THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS METHODS 9

The Secondary Cycle 9

HTGR-GT Power System 16
High-pressure Closed-cycle Geothermal System ..... 23

3. EQUATIONS OF STATE 26

Historical and Theoretical Background 26

The P r i n c i p l e o f Corresponding States 29

4. GENERALIZED THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS FOR GASES

AND LIQUIDS 36

The HBMS Equation o f State 36

Regions o f Definition 36
The—Equations of State for Each Region 39
Derivation of the HBMS Thermodynamic Functions . . . . kS
Enthalpy 49
Entropy 52
The Reciprocal o f the Slope o f the Saturated
Vapor Line on a Temperature-Entropy Diagram . . 5^
Use o f General ized Functions 58
Computer Code BINRYG 59

5. COMPARISON OF ANALYSES USING DATA-INPUT AND

GENERALIZED APPROACHES . 61

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle 61

Geothermal Systems 86

vi
 vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued.

Page

6. APPLICATIONS OF GENERALIZED APPROACH 96

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle with Refrigerant 22 97

Geothermal Systems with Refrigerant 12 106

7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ESTIMATION METHODS 114

Methods and Equations Used for Estimating

Physical Properties 115
Rihani-Doraiswamy Group Contributions Method
for Estimation o f Ideal Gas Specific Heat
a t Constant Pressure 115
Lydersen Group Contribution Method
for Estimation o f C r i t i c a l Properties 116
Watson Method for Prediction of
Normal Boiling Point 117
Stiel-Thodos Method for Transport Properties
of Dense Gases and Liquids 121
Effect o f Use o f Methods on Results 123
HTGR-GT Binary Cycle 124
Geothermal Systems 131
The Watson Method 135

8. MAXIMIZING THERMAL EFFICIENCY 140

Optimizing F l u i d Properties 140

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle 143
EPRI Geothermal System 145

9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 149

APPENDIX A: PROCEDURE STEPS IN SECONDARY

CYCLE ANALYSIS 152

APPENDIX B: DERIVATION OF EXPLICIT RELATIONS

FOR THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS 158

Enthalpy 158
Region I . Gas 158
Region I I . High Density Gas 159
Region 111 . Liquid 160
Entropy 161
Region I . Gas 161
Region I I . High Density Gas 163
Region I 11 . Liquid 164
 vi i i

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued.

Page

The Reciprocal of the Slope o f the

Saturated Vapor Line on a Temperature-
entropy Diagram 165

APPENDIX C: COMPUTER CODE BINRYG 167

Structure o f Code 167

Code Listing 167
Input/Output 225
Input Instructions 225
Sample Input Data 235
Sample Output Data 235
Definition o f Variables 235

APPENDIX D: GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS FOR RlHAN I-DORAISWAMY

METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF IDEAL GAS SPECIFIC
HEAT AT CONSTANT PRESSURE 265

APPENDIX E. GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS FOR LYDERSEN METHOD

FOR ESTIMATION OF CRITICAL PROPERTIES . . . . 268

LIST OF REFERENCES 271

 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1. Rankine Cycle Energy System 10

2. Pressure-enthalpy Diagram, Secondary Cycle ....... 11

3. Temperature-entropy Diagrams: Secondary. Cycle.' 12

4. HTGR Gas Turbine Cycle 17

5. Temperature-entropy Diagram: HTGR-GT Cycle 18

6. Comparison of Riedel Parameter and C r i t i c a l

Compressibility Factor for Different Substances . . . . 33

7. Regions o f Definition, HBMS Equation of State '. 37

8. F l u i d Temperatures in Heater: .Isobutane ........ 72

9. Fluid Temperatures i n Heater: Propane . . 73

10. Fluid Temperatures in Heater: Ammonia 74

11. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram for Heater: Isobutane . . . 78

12. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram for Heater: Propane . . . . 79

13. Temperature-enthalpy Change Diagram for Heater:

Ammon i a 80

14. Fluid Temperatures in Heater: Hutchinson-Holt

Cycle with Pj=750 psia 91

15. Fluid Temperatures in Heater: Magma Max

Power Process Cycle 92

16. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram for Heater: Hutchinson-

Holt Cycle with P ^=750 psia 93

17. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram for Heater: Magnra

Max Power Process Cycle 94

18. Fluid Temperatures i n Heater: HTGR-GT Binary Cycle,

Secondary Fluid: Refrigerant 22 102

ix
 X

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued.

Figure Page

19. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram for Heater; HTGR-GT

Binary Cycle. Secondary Fluid: Refrigerant 22 . . . . 103

20. Temperature-density Diagram for Heater: HTGR-GT

Binary Cycle. Refrigerant 22 10^

21. Fluid Temperatures in Heater: Hansen Freon Cycle;

Working Fluid: Refrigerant 12 110

22. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram for Heater: Hansen

Freon Cycle; Working Fluid: Refrigerant 12 Ill

23. Temperature-density Diagram for Heater: Hansen

Freon Cycle: Refrigerant 12 112

2k. Flow Diagram for MAIN Driver Routine 168

25. Flow Diagram for BINRYG Subroutine 169

26. L i s t of Data Cards Input f o r Typical BINRYG Code

Run 236

27- Sample o f Printed Output for Ty pical HTGR-GT

Binary Cycle BINRYG Run 237

28. Sample of Printed Output f o r Typical Geothermal

System BINRYG Run 238
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Data for HTGR-GT Cycle 20

2. Data for Geothermal System Analysis 25

3. Constants k 45
'J
4. Input Data for Generalized Approach 62

5. Secondary Cycle Parameters, HTGR-GT Binary Cycle 64

6. Characteristic Dimensions o f Heater 66

7. Average Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients,

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle 66

8. Comparison of Calculated Secondary Cycle Power Outputs,

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle; Isobutane 69

9. Comparison o f Calculated Secondary Cycle Power Outputs,

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle; Propane 70

10. Comparison o f Calculated Secondary Cycle Power Outputs,

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle; Ammonia 71

11. Maximum Percentage Differences between Predicted

Temperatures and Temperature Differences 76

12. Comparison o f Secondary Fluid Mass Flow Rates

Calculated; HTGR-GT Binary Cycle; Isobutane 83

13. Comparison o f Secondary Fluid Mass Flow Rates

Calculated; HTGR-GT Binary Cycle; Propane 84

14. Comparison o f Secondary Fluid Mass Flow. Rates

Calculated; HTGR-GT Binary Cycle; Ammonia 85

15. Temperature Differences i n Heaters o f Geothermal

Systems 87

16. Heater Surface Areas and Average Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficients: Geothermal Systems 89

xi
 xii

LIST OF TABLES—Continued.

Table Page

17. Comparison o f Power Outputs and Isobutane Mass Flow

Rates; Geothermal Systems 90

18. Input Data for Generalized Approach; Refrigerant 22 . . . 98

19.« Results o f Generalized Analysis: HTGR-GT Binary

Cycle, Refrigerant 22 100

20. Comparison" o f HTGR-GT" Bfnary^ycle Secondary "Fluids ." . . 106

21. Input Data for Generalized Approach; Refrigerant 12 . . . 107

22. Results o f Generalized Analysis; Geothermal Systems,

Refrigerant 12 . . . 113

23. Comparison of Working Fluids; EPRI Geothermal System . . 113

24. Estimated Isobutane Property Values 126

25. Effects o f Estimating Properties on Fluid

Constants; Isobutane 128

26. Percentage Differences from Data-input Approach

Results i n Secondary Cycle Power Outputs Calculated;
HTGR-GT Binary Cycle, Isobutane 129

27. Percentage Differences from Data-input Approach Results

i n Secondary Cycle Power Outputs Calculated with U
Estimated; HTGR-GT Binary Cycle, Propane 130

28. Estimated Refrigerant 12 Property Values 132

29. Effects o f Estimating Properties on Fluid Constants;

Refrigerant 12 133

30. Percentage Difference from Standard Generalized Approach

i n Power Outputs Calculated; Geothermal Systems;
Refrigerant 12 13*»

31. Input Data for Watson Method Analysis 137

32. Results o f Watson Method Analysis 137

 xiil

LIST OF TABLES—Continued.

Table Page

33. Allowable Regions for Independent Variables 142

34. Results o f Optimization; HTGR-GT Binary Cycle 144

35. Decrease i n Binary Cycle Efficiency Caused by

Changes in Variables; Optimizing Search B 144

36. Results o f Optimization; EPRI Geothermal System 146

37. Decrease i n Efficiency Caused by Changes in

Variables; Optimizing Search F 148

38. Input Instructions f o r Computer Code BINRYG 225

 ABSTRACT

Engineering studies o f Rankine cycle energy systems using

working f l u i d s other than water-steam are often hindered by lack o f

good experimental data for the thermodynamic functions (enthalpy,

entropy, internal energy, specific heat) and physical properties.

I n this dissertation the use o f thermodynamic functions based on

generalized equations of state, along with physical properties esti­

mation methods, is proposed and demonstrated. I t is shown that they

can be used t o p r e d i c t , with acceptable accuracy, the thermodynamic

properties in a system power cycle analysis. Such an analysis requires

a minimal knowledge o f a f l u i d ' s physical properties.

The performance of a binary power system with a Rankine bot­

toming cycle using various fluids is examined. The generalized

approach i s compared with analyses based on actual thermodynamic data.

Three secondary fluids (isobutane, propane, ammonia) are compared in

the High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Gas Turbine (HTGR-GT) binary

cycle in which helium is the primary f l u i d . Isobutane is examined as

a working f l u i d in several high-pressure closed-cycle geothermal power

systems in which water is the primary f l u i d . For the HTGR-GT bottoming

cycle, the calculated power outputs using the generalized approach

agree t o within 9% of those calculated using real input data; for the

geothermal systems the agreement is within 15^.

xiv
 XV

As example applications the generalized approach i s used t o

analyze an HTGR-GT binary cycle with Refrigerant 22 as secondary f l u i d

and a geothermal system with Refrigerant 12 as working f l u i d on the

assumption that complete thermodynamic data are not available for these

f 1 ui ds.

Estimation methods for physical properties are described.

They are incorporated into the generalized analysis method t o further

reduce the amount o f input data required. With the use o f estimation

methods, the minimum information concerning the working f l u i d required

can be reduced to knowledge of the chemical structure and e i t h e r the

c r i t i c a l temperature or the boiling point. Power outputs calculated

with estimation methods are within 16.5% o f those calculated using

real input data.

One possible significant application o f the generalized

approach with estimation methods i s that i t could be used i n conjunc­

tion with an optimization routine to determine desirable f l u i d proper­

t i e s and cycle conditions f o r maximizing thermal e f f i c i e n c y .

Optimizations o f this nature were attempted with reasonable results;

however, the technique i s handicapped by the presence o f a number o f

local maxima in the variable space which somewhat l i m i t s i t s useful­

ness.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Engineering studies o f Rankine cycle energy systems using

working fluids other than water-steam are often hindered by lack o f

avai l-ab-H-Hiy -of -good-experimental data-for the thermodynamic—functions

(enthalpy, entropy, internal energy, specific heat) and physical prop­

erties. In this dissertation the use of generalized thermodynamic

functions, along with physical properties estimation methods, is

proposed and demonstrated. They are used to predict with acceptable

accuracy the necessary thermodynamic properties in the system analysis

and require a minimal knowledge of a f l u i d ' s physical properties.

Non-steam Rankine Cycle Energy Systems

A variety o f applications using the Rankine cycle with working

f l u i d s other than water-steam has been proposed i n recent years. Many

o f these systems propose t o u t i l i z e , in a practical and economical way

the energy from low-temperature heat sources, i . e . , peak temperatures

less than ^00°F. At these temperatures steam ceases to be a practical

working f l u i d because i t s r e l a t i v e l y high specific volume results i n

extremely large volumetric flows and inordinately large components.

I n addition, super critical-pressure Rankine cycles which are thermo-

dynamically advantageous i n cases u t i l i z i n g variable-temperature heat

sources cannot be used because o f water's c r i t i c a l temperature of

1
 2

705.^°F. These factors favor the use o f alternate working f l u i d s .

V i r t u a l l y a l l alternate f l u i d s , with the exception o f ammonia, that

have been considered for low-temperature systems have been organic

compounds. Consequently the general term "organic fluids" will be

used herein in referring to them and should be construed to include

ammonia.

A popularly suggested application for organic f l u i d s i s in

power recovery bottoming cycles using open-cycle gas turbine exhaust

heat (Acharya and Misra, 1968; Lodwig, 1970; Luchter, 1970; Wood, 1972;

Angelino and Moroni, 1973; Morgan and Davis, 197^; Boyen, 1975, PP*186-

I89). The binary gas turbine-organic f l u i d system i s a variation o f

the "combined cycle" concept in which a gas turbine and steam cycle

are used. The concept has been extended to closed-cycle gas turbines

( R e t i , 1965). A specific application for closed-cycle gas turbines is

the proposed High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Gas Turbine (HTGR-GT)

(Sager and Paget, 1973; Markoczy, 197^; Fortescue and Quade, 197*0 •

Closely related to gas turbine exhaust heat recovery systems are sys­

tems designed to u t i l i z e waste heat from industrial processes (Ichikawa,

1970; Gyftopoulos, Lazaridis, and Wydmer, 197^, pp. 33~38) and from

stationary internal combustion engines (Angelino and Moroni, 1973).

Another proposed application f o r organic working f l u i d s i s in

the low-temperature end o f large central station steam plants (Horn

and Norris, 1966; Hassan and Shouman, 1973). The low-pressure steam

turbines can be replaced by an organic f l u i d turbine. Studies on

specific plants have included both conventional (Aronson, 1961) and

 3

nuclear (El-Ramly and Budenholzer, 1963) power plants. The main advan­

tage offered by such a binary cycle resides i n the s ig n ific a n t reduc­

tion in volumes o f low-temperature working f l u i d . In situations where

dry cooling systems are used, an organic working f l u i d ( a c t u a l l y ,

usually ammonia) in the low-temperature end of the p l a n t , because of

the resultant volume reduction, can allow replacement o f the low-

temperature water-cooled condenser(s) and the dry cooling towers by

simpler, smaller, and cheaper air-cooled condensers (Slusarek, 1969;

Steigelman, Seth, and Wachtell, 1972); intermediate-pressure steam

condensers are s t i l l required. Dickson and Waugh (1968) studied and

evaluated the potential o f replacing the e n t i r e steam cycle o f an

Advanced Gas-cooled Nuclear Reactor (AGR) power plant by an organic

f l u i d cycle (using hexaf1uorobenzene).

Organic f l u i d cycles are also being developed for use in

closed-cycle geothermal power plants in zones where low-pressure, low-

q u a l i t y steam, or just hot water, i s the heat source or where high

concentrations o f non-condensible gases are encountered. Such systems

include the Hansen Freon Cycle (Hansen, 1961), the Paratunka River

Geothermal Power P l a n t (Moskvicheva, 1 9 7 0 ) , t h e Magma Max Power G e n r

erating Plant (Rogers Engineering Co., I n c . , 1970; Anderson, 1972a, b;

Kuwada, 1972), the Hutchinson-Holt Process (Cortez, H o l t , and Hutchin­

son, 1973)» and the E l e c t r i c Power Research I n s t i t u t e (EPRI) geothermal

system (•Rpberts, 1976). The use o f organic working f l u i d s f o r s o l a r -

t o - e l e c t r i c a l energy conversion has been suggested by Bronicki (1972),

M i l l e r (197*0 > and Barber (1975).

 k
Design studies have also been done on automotive applications

using organic f l u i d Rankine cycles as accessory power systems using

exhaust heat from the engine ( B j e r k l i e and S t e r n l i c h t , 1970) or as

replacements f o r Otto and Diesel cycles in prime mover engines ( B j e r k l i e

and S t e r n l i c h t , 1969; Solberg and Hawks, 1971; M i l l e r e t a l . , 1972).

The l a t t e r application i s similar t o the steam car concept with the

steam replaced by an organic vapor.

Other applications for organic f l u i d energy systems include

use as portable ground power supplies for m i l i t a r y situations (Wigmore,

Niggemann, and O'Sullivan, 1972) and uses in the space program

(Leighton, 1968). A good summary o f organic Rankine cycle system

applications i s given by Davis and Morgan (1973)-

The A v a i l a b i l i t y o f Thermodynamic Data

A major problem i n h i b i t i n g the analysis o f non-steam systems

i s the lack of good data f o r performing detailed cycle calculations.

The sparse thermodynamic data that do exist for working fluids other

than water-steam often lack accuracy and consistency or are not readily

available over the e n t i r e domain required in Rankine cycle analyses.

I n several studies (Solberg and Hawks, 1971; Hassan and Shouman, 1973;

and Markoczy, 197^) promising f l u i d s in an energy system have been

rejected, solely on the basis that s u f f i c i e n t thermodynamic data were

not available.

There are e f f o r t s underway to improve data a v a i l a b i l i t y . The

Thermodynamic Research Center (TRC) of Texas ASM University has been

engaged since 1966 in a project to c o l l e c t , evaluate, and compile for

d i s t r i b u t i o n numerical data on the physical and thermodynamic properties

o f organic compounds and some nitrogen and sulfur compounds. The exten­

sive tables (Beach, 1975a, b ) , however, are oriented toward the chemical

and petroleum industries and often contain serious omissions for cycle

analysis purposes. Furthermore, complete tables are available only for

a few wel1-known hydrocarbons. Edmister (1961) has prepared enthalpy-

pressure charts for eight l i g h t hydrocarbons, based, in p a r t , on prop­

e r t i e s issued by American Petroleum I n s t i t u t e Research Project bb

(API b b ) , a predecessor t o the TRC e f f o r t .

Both the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration I n s t i t u t e (1967)

and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE)(MacPhee, 1972) have published tables and charts

of the thermodynamic and physical properties o f f l u i d s used as r e f r i g e r ­

ants. However, these data usually cover only the region of the pressure-

volume- temperature (PVT) domain o f interest t o r e f r i g e r a t i o n applica­

tions and are not adequate for cycle analysis, especially when super­

c r i t i c a l pressure regions are involved. Din (1956) has published

extensive tables of thermodynamic functions of some f l u i d s o f interest

to both r e f r i ge r a t i on and power engineering, including ammonia. There

also exist data scattered through the l i t e r a t u r e and available from

manufacturers, but, in general, these are incomplete.

Generalized Thermodynamic Functions

One solution to the lack o f data problem i s to use generalized

thermodynamic functions to predict the properties. Generalized func­

tions are derived from generalized equations of state that predict

enthalpy, entropy, internal energy, and specific heat f o r a f l u i d as

functions o f temperature and density (or volume) based on a minimal

amount o f the f l u i d ' s physical properties, i . e . , c r i t i c a l conditions,

boiling point, e t c . In addition, estimation methods for the physical

properties can be used to reduce the amount of input data.

L i t t l e use o f generalized thermodynamic functions for thermo­

dynamic cycle analysis i s mentioned in the l i t e r a t u r e . Pradhan (1970)

used the generalized tables o f Hougen, Watson, and Ragatz (195*0 i n

the investigation o f a closed-cycle gas turbine geothermal power p l a n t .

As part o f the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Cold Vapor Tech­

nology Program, the Martin (1967) equation o f state has been used to

develop analytical expressions for ammonia and these were used in per­

forming calculations for a nuclear steam power plant equipped with

an ammonia bottoming cycle (Milora, 1973). Wigmore et a l . (1972) used

the Hirschfelder-Buehler-McGee-Sutton (Hirschfelder et a l . , 1958a, b;

Hirschfelder, 1962) (HBMS) method for thermodynamic property prediction

in a study to optimize the cost, weight, volume, and performance o f a

s i l e n t portable e l e c t r i c power system for Army f i e l d use. The HBMS

equations were also used in Sandia Laboratories' Solar Community Study

( M i l l e r , 197*0 to prepare tables o f thermodynamic data for candidate

Rankine cycle working f l u i d s to convert solar energy into e l e c t r i c a l

powe r .

Although the accuracy of the property values calculated by

generalized functions has been generally considered and reported i n

the l i t e r a t u r e , nothing was found on the accuracy of results in cycle

 7

calculations, i . e . , the power outputs, the temperature p r o f i l e s , the

flow rates, e t c . I n addition, there apparently has been no attempt

to develop a generalized analytical method for Rankine cycle analysis

which can be applied to a number o f systems and f l u i d s .

Dissertation Objectives

The purpose o f this study was to develop an analysis method,

based on the use o f generalized thermodynamic state equations, to

study thermodynamic performance of a Rankine power cycle. The results

are presented here and were applied t o two particular s u p e r c r i t i c a l -

pressure Rankine cycle systems as examples: the HTGR-GT bottoming

cycle and a high-pressure closed-cycle geothermal power system. Exten­

sion t o other cycle applications requires only a method o f describing

the heat input. This e f f o r t was confined to supercritical-pressure

cycles, but the extension to subcritical-pressure would require only

modification o f the analytical routines in the l i q u i d gas coexistence

region.

In Chapter 2 , the basic analysis methods are described. This

is followed by a general discussion of equations o f s t a t e . One

equation in p a r t i c u l a r , the HBMS equation of s ta te , was used here.

The development o f the generalized functions i s described in Chapter k .

Analyses using the generalized approach are compared with those based

on actual thermodynamic data in Chapter 5• Example applications are

considered in Chapter 6. Physical properties estimation methods are

described in Chapter 7- They were incorporated into the generalized

analysis method to reduce further the amount o f input data required.

F i n a l l y t h i s "generalized-estimation" approach was used to determine

desirable f l u i d properties and cycle conditions for maximum thermal

efficiency. These results are presented i n Chapter 8 followed by con­

clusions and recommendations in the f i n a l chapter.

 CHAPTER 2

BASIC THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS METHODS

The basic thermodynamic analysis methodology used w i l l be

described here. Generalized functions w i l l l a t e r be incorporated into

the analysis routines.

The Secondary Cycle

A schematic diagram of the Rankine cycle considered in this

dissertation i s shown i n Fig. 1. The working fluid as a liquid is

pressurized above i t s c r i t i c a l pressure by means o f a feed pump ( 1 ) .

I t i s then heated as a pressurized l i q u i d ( 2 ) , expanded through a

turbine where i t gives up internal energy to mechanical and e l e c t r i c a l

energy ( 3 ) , and, f i n a l l y , liquefied in a water-cooled surface condenser

where heat i s rejected from the system ( 4 ) , and ( 5 ) . The f l u i d then

enters a hotwell to repeat the cycle.

The cycle is i l l u s t r a t e d on a pressure-enthalpy (P-h) diagram

in F i g . 2 with the reference numbers referring to the states shown in

F i g . 1. ( " I " in Fig. 2 stands for " i d e a l . " ) I f the f l u i d properties

and system state points are such that the saturated vapor line on a

temperature-entropy (T-S) diagram (see Fig. 3) has a positive slope,

a desuperheater may be incorporated as part o f the condenser. Because

the f l u i d s used in low-temperature systems t y p i c a l l y undergo small

enthalpy and head drops across the turbine, single-stage turbines are
 10

PRIMARY FLUID
SECONDARY
FLUID
HEATER

GENERATOR

TURBINE

(3)

CONDENSER w
HOTW ELL
(5)

(1)
FEED
PUMP

Fig. 1. Rankine Cycle Energy System.

 11

(II) (1) HEATER

IDEAL
PUMP

PUMP

IDEAL
TURBINE

— ' (31)
CONDENSER
DESUPERHEATER

Fig. 2. Pressure-enthalpy Diagram.

Secondary cycle.
 12

SATURATED VAPOR LINE

WITH NEGATIVE SLOPE
T

SATURATED VAPOR LINE

WITH POSITIVE SLOPE
T

SATURATED VAPOR LINE

WITH INFINITE SLOPE

Fig. 3• Temperature-entropy Diagrams:

Secondary Cycle.
 13

very e f f i c i e n t and a r e generally considered f o r use i n such systems.

The heater i s o f conventional heat exchanger construction. For s i m p l i ­

c i t y , no regeneration o r feed heating i s employed i n the secondary cycles

considered h e r e .

For the a n a l y s i s , the following must be known about the primary

cycle: the r e j e c t heat load, the primary f l u i d temperatures and pres­

sures a t the i n l e t and o u t l e t o f the h e a t e r , and the primary f l u i d

mass flow r a t e . In a d d i t i o n the following secondary cycle parameters

must be known or assumed: the e f f i c i e n c i e s o f pump and t u r b i n e , the

surface area and o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t ( s ) f o r the h e a t e r ,

the maximum f l u i d pressure, the f l u i d pressure drops through the heater

and the condenser, and the condensation temperature. I t i s assumed

t h a t the heater i s a counterflow heat exchanger. With t h i s information

the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the secondary f l u i d states around the secondary

c y c l e , the power output and e f f i c i e n c y can be c a r r i e d o u t .

By the s t a t e postulate o f e q u i l i b r i u m thermodynamics (Reynolds,

1968, p . 72) the number o f independently v a r i a b l e thermodynamic proper­

t i e s o f a simple f l u i d i s two. Therefore, two known independent prop­

e r t i e s a r e s u f f i c i e n t to define completely the s t a t e o f a f l u i d , and

from these two properties a l l the r e s t o f the properties may be

uniquely determined. For a f l u i d i n the saturated l i q u i d o r saturated

vapor s t a t e only one property must be known.

The analysis procedure i s summarized here. D e t a i l e d procedure

steps a r e given i n Appendix A.

 14

The cycle c a l c u l a t i o n i s begun a t the pump i n l e t , where the

f l u i d i s assumed t o be i n the saturated l i q u i d state,. The condensa­

t i o n temperature i s known, so a l l other properties there can be d e t e r ­

mined. Conditions a t the pump o u t l e t (which i s the heater i n l e t ) a r e

determined by, f i r s t , assuming i n i t i a l l y an i d e a l , 100% e f f i c i e n t pump,

operating a t constant entropy, t o get ideal conditions, and then, using

the known pump e f f i c i e n c y t o c a l c u l a t e actual conditions t h e r e .

The heater surface area i s divided i n t o a number o f equal-

sized sections along the secondary f l u i d flow path. The number o f

sections i s assumed t o be large enough t h a t the e f f e c t s o f pinch points

a r e n e g l i g i b l e w i t h i n any one section, allowing the use o f a logarithmic

mean temperature d i f f e r e n c e f o r each section (Eckert and Drake, 1959,

pp. 1 3 - 1 6 ) .

The heat t r a n s f e r c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e begun by guessing a second­

a r y f l u i d mass flow r a t e . The conditions i n each heater section with

t h i s flow r a t e a r e determined by an i t e r a t i v e technique based on the

following two independent equations f o r the amount o f heat t r a n s f e r r e d

i n the section, Q.:

Qg = w(Ah) (2.1)

Q , = AU AT, (2.2)
cal avg lmtd

where w i s the mass flow r a t e , Ah i s the enthalpy change across the

section, A i s the heat t r a n s f e r area o f the section, "U g V g i s the overal

heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t , and A T J ^ J i s the logarithmic mean temper­

ature difference. Equation ( 2 . 1 ) applies t o both the primary and the

 15

secondary f l u i d . Temperatures in the section a r e varied u n t i l and

Q , converge.
ca i
The amount o f heat t ransferred i s calculated for each section

i n t h i s manner, s t a r t i n g a t the secondary f l u i d i n l e t to the heater

and marching section by section through the h e a t e r , repeating t h i s

process f o r each section. The amount o f heat transferred i n a l l sec­

tions i s summed. The secondary f l u i d mass flow r a t e i s varied u n t i l

t h i s sum converges t o the known r e j e c t heat load.

With the heat exchanger c a l c u l a t i o n s completed, the conditions

a t the heater o u t l e t , which i s the turbine i n l e t , a r e known. Turbine

o u t l e t conditions a r e obtained by assuming i n i t i a l l y an ideal turbine

and then using the known turbine e f f i c i e n c y to get actual conditions

there. Once the conditions around the cycle are known, a l l necessary

calculations can be c a r r i e d o u t .

Calculational r e s u l t s o f the analysis are t h e primary f l u i d

and secondary f l u i d temperatures and enthalpies and the heat loads f o r

each section o f the h e a t e r , the secondary f l u i d mass flow r a t e , and the

t o t a l secondary cycle system power output and e f f i c i e n c y .

A review o f the analysis r o u t i n e shows t h a t the following

secondary f l u i d properties must be known: vapor pressure and saturated

l i q u i d entropy and enthalpy, a l l as functions o f temperature; enthalpy

as a function o f entropy and pressure; temperature as a function o f

enthalpy and pressure; and entropy as a function o f temperature and

pressure. Two-dimensional data tables o f these properties a r e estab­

lished based on input data and used i n conjunction w i t h a Lagrangian

i n t e r p o l a t i o n routine (Conte, 1965, pp. 71~7 *0 t o determine

the property values necessary f o r the a n a l y s i s . One-dimensional tables

a r e used f o r the saturated l i q u i d p r o p e r t i e s . I n the "generalized

approach" the tables a r e replaced by generalized thermodynamic func­

tions.

HTGR-GT Power System

Two primary heat sources a r e considered i n t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n :

the r e j e c t heat o f a High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Gas Turbine

(HTGR-GT) power system and a high-pressure closed-cycle geothermal

system.

Figure 4 represents the HTGR-GT power system and shows the

reference numbering o f the f l u i d s t a t e s . Pressurized primary f l u i d ,

helium, i s heated i n a High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor core;

expanded through a gas turbine which drives both the system compressor

and an e l e c t r i c power generator; passed through, f i r s t , the hot side

o f the regenerator where residual heat i s t ransferred t o cooler helium

entering the reactor core and, then, through a precooler where heat

i s r e j e c t e d t o the environment o r t o a secondary c y c l e . The helium

i s then recompressed and ducted through the cool side o f the regen­

e r a t o r t o become the receiver o f regenerator h e a t . The helium re-enters

the reactor core t o complete the c y c l e .

Figure 5 represents a temperature-entropy diagram o f the

HTGR-GT c y c l e . For the thermodynamic analysis o f the HTGR-GT c y c l e ,

the fo l l o w i n g data should be known: core thermal power; reactor o u t l e t

helium temperature; precooler o u t l e t helium temperature; compressor

 • 3 [ o A o auiqjnjL seg ygiH •*, - B j j

y///////////////////////////////////////////////////////f
JoOOSl \ 6

vmooosyd

(})MW ooot
101\/u3N393il
yoiovsy

ISd OOOl

v//)^/////////////////////////////////////////////////^
yoi

h\/y3N39
XyaNiHovwoayfii
\
^

H
 (2) (3)

HEATIN EXPANSION

REGENERATION

(10)

COMPRESSION HEAT REJECTION

F i g . 5- Temperature-entropy Diagram:
HTGR-GT Cycle.
 19

o u t l e t helium pressure; compressor pressure r a t i o ; compressor and

turbine e f f i c i e n c i e s ; regenerator e f f e c t i v e n e s s ; and the f r a c t i o n a l

pressure drop i n each duct and component, except the turbine and the

compressor, i n the system. The values assumed i n the analyses a r e

shown i n Table 1; the precooler (or secondary f l u i d heater) o u t l e t

helium temperature i s t r e a t e d as a v a r i a b l e parameter, which i s input

t o each -analysis. A three-loop~power _ system i s assumed.

Given the compressor o u t l e t helium pressure, the compressor

pressure r a t i o and the f r a c t i o n a l pressure drop i n each duct and

component (except the t u r b i n e and the compressor) the pressure a t

each s t a t e point i n F i g . k can be determined.

I t i s assumed here t h a t there a r e no temperature drops i n the

system ducts; the following conditions r e s u l t :

T9 = T8' T3 = T2' T 1 1 = T 10* T5 = TV T7 = T6' T1 = T12 (2*3)

The precooler o u t l e t temperature, Tg, and the r e a c t o r o u t l e t tempera­

ture, a r e known from i n p u t , so the compressor i n l e t temperature,

T q , and the turbine i n l e t temperature, T_, can be determined from

y i
Eqs. ( 2 . 3 ) above. The ideal compressor o u t l e t temperature, T ^ , and

the ideal turbine o u t l e t temperature, T ^ , can be found by t r e a t i n g

helium as a p e r f e c t gas w i t h constant s p e c i f i c heats and by assuming

r e v e r s i b l e a d i a b a t i c compression and turbine expansion. From the

i s e n t r o p i c p e r f e c t gas r e l a t i o n s h i p s ( E l - W a k i l , 1971b, pp. 23-2*»),

then: (v-n/v
T10. - Vp (2-*>
 20

Table 1. Data f o r HTGR-GT Cycle.

Core Thermal Power 3000 Mwth

Reactor O u t l e t Helium Temperature 1500°F

Compressor O u t l e t Helium Pressure 1000 psia

Compressor Pressure Ratio 2.35

Compressor E f f i c i e n c y 0.89

Turbine E f f i c i e n c y 0.915

Regenerator Effectiveness 0.89

AP/P Values:

Reactor 0.016

Reactor-to-Turbi ne 0.00528

Turbine-to-Regenerator 0.00783

Hot Side Regenerator 0.02

Regenerator-to-Precooler 0.00007

Precooler 0.013

Precooler-to-Compressor 0.00352

Compressor-to-Regenerator 0.0092

Cold Side Regenerator 0.0135

Regenerator-to-Reactor 0.00767
 21
(Y-I)/Y
Tk\ = T P3) (2'5)
3(V

where r i s the known compressor pressure r a t i o , y i s the r a t i o o f

s p e c i f i c heats, C^/Cy, f o r helium, and and P^ a r e the previously

calculated t u r b i n e i n l e t and o u t l e t pressures, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The

actual compressor o u t l e t temperature, T ^ Q , and the actual t u r b i n e

o u t l e t temperature, T^, a r e determined, by assuming constant helium

s p e c i f i c heats, by:

T.0 - T9 + <T.0I - V ^ c (2-6)

Tj, = T3 - n T (T 3 - Tj,,) ( 2 .7)

where n c and n-j- a r e the known compressor and turbine e f f i c i e n c i e s ,

r es p e c t i v e l y . Regenerator cold i n l e t temperature, T J J , and regenerator

hot i n l e t temperature, T,-, a r e found from Eq. (2.3). The regenerator

cold o u t l e t temperature, T12' and the regenerator hot o u t l e t tempera­

t u r e , Tg, a r e found by assuming constant helium s p e c i f i c heats and

equal helium flow on both sides o f the regenerator. From heat exchanger

theory (Kays and London, 196^*, p . 15) then:

T6 " T5 " "r ( T 5 " T I1> <2-8)

T12 = T 11 - "r< T S - Tn) (2-S)

where n r ' s the known regenerator effectiveness. Precooler i n l e t

temperature, T^, and the reactor i n l e t temperature, T j , a r e found from

Eq. ( 2 . 3 ) .
 22

With the temperature and pressure a t each s t a t e p o i n t d e t e r ­

mined, the enthalpy a t each point can be found from a t a b l e o f thermo­

dynamic properties o f helium (Page and Goodman, 1955» PP- 392-393) or

from equations obtained by curve f i t t i n g the values i n the t a b l e . The

average helium mass flow r a t e i n a reactor coolant loop i s given by:

w = P th/0v l> h N loop <2J0»

where P ^ i s the known core thermal power, i s the number o f

loops, and and h^ a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , the enthalpies a t reactor

o u t l e t and i n l e t . The power input to the compressor, P , and the

power output o f the t u r b i n e , Py, a r e then given by:

p = w(h " hg) (2.11)

c 10

PT = w(h 3 - h k ) (2.12)

where h^g and hg a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , the compressor o u t l e t and i n l e t

enthalpies and h^ and h^ a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , the turbine i n l e t and

outlet enthalpies. The net power output o f the system i s then:

P . = N, (P_ - P ) (2.13)
out • loop N T c'

The e f f i c i e n c y , n» o f the cycle i s

" - Pout/Pth (2'",)

The r e j e c t heat load per loop i s given by:

= w(h y - hg) (2.15)

 23

where h^ and hg a r e the precooler i n l e t and o u t l e t enthalpies, respec­

tively.

The outputs o f the a n a l y s i s , then, are the pressure, tempera­

t u r e , and enthalpy a t each s t a t e point shown in F i g . k , the helium mass

flow r a t e per coolant loop, the power output and thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f

the system, and the r e j e c t heat load per loop.

High-pressure Closed-cycle Geothermal System

For the high-pressure closed-cycle geothermal system the primary

f l u i d i n the heater i s assumed to be ordinary l i q u i d water a t a pressure

o f 300 p s i a . This pressure was a r b i t r a r i l y chosen as one with a s a t u r a ­

t i o n temperature ( 4 l 7 - 3 3 ° F ) greater than the maximum water temperature

(about 400°F) encountered i n geothermal zones f o r which organic f l u i d

cycles are being developed. The water temperature a t the water i n l e t

to the h e a t e r , T ; the water temperature a t the water o u t l e t t o the

wh

h e a t e r , T ; and the water mass flow r a t e , w, a r e a l l s p e c i f i e d , and

w
c
the heat load, Q^, to the secondary cycle i s calculated from:

= w(h(T W h ) - h ( T W c ) ) (2.16)

where h(T) i s the enthalpy o f water a t a temperature o f T and a pres­

sure o f 300 p s i a . h ( T ) i s obtained from a t a b l e o f the enthalpy o f

water a t 300 psia as a function o f temperature (Meyer e t a l . , 1967»

p . 163) o r from an equation in temperature obtained by curve f i t t i n g

the values in the t a b l e . The water pressure drop through the heater i s

assumed to be n e g l i g i b l e as f a r as the enthalpy c a l c u l a t i o n i s con­

cerned and i s ignored.

 2b

The values f o r the data used i n the geothermal system analyses

in t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n come from the c y c l e conditions o f four proposed

geothermal power systems: the Hutchinson-Holt (H-H) Cycle (Cortez

e t a l . , 1973), the Hansen Freon Cycle (Hansen, 1961), the Magma Max

Power Process (Rogers Engineering Co., I n c . , 1970), and the EPRI geo­

thermal system (Roberts, 1976). The values used a r e shown i n Table 2 .

Values f o r parameters not s p e c i f i e d i n the l i t e r a t u r e c i t e d a r e

assumed as indicated on the t a b l e . The Magma Max Power Process i s a

two-loop system. Except f o r the Hansen Freon Cycle, the geothermal

water is on the s h e l l side o f the h e a t e r ; the secondary f l u i d , on the

tube s i d e . The Hansen Freon Cycle has the opposite c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

For s i m p l i c i t y , geothermal systems considered here w i l l be r e f e r r e d

to by the name o f the system from which they take t h e i r parameters.

I t should be kept i n mind that the actual systems may not have ordinary

l i q u i d water a t 300 psia as the primary f l u i d .

Since the properties o f helium and water a r e well-known and

r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e , no attempt t o incorporate generalized thermodynamic

functions i n t o the primary c y c l e c a l c u l a t i o n routines has been made,

although t h i s i s a possible extension o f the work reported h e r e .

 25

Table 2 . Data f o r Geothermal System Analysis.

Water Secondary
Temperature Fluid
Water Mass Condensation
System 1n Out Flow Rate Temperature

°F °F 1bm/hr °F

H-H 400 160 1,000,000 110

Hansen Freon Cycle 386 130 1,000,000 100

Magma Max 325 179 719,000* 75

EPRI 350 150 1,200,000** go***

Secondary
Secondary F l u i d Fluid
Pressure Drop Secondary F l u i d Turbine
i n Heater Pump E f f i c i e n c y E f f i ciency

psi

H-H 5 AAA 0.85*** 0.85

Hansen Freon Cycle 5AAA 0.85*** 0.85***

Magma Max 50 0.81 0.85

EPRI 5AAA 0.85*** 0.845

* Per loop
* * Calculated from data given
* * * Assumed
 CHAPTER 3

EQUATIONS OF STATE

As previously mentioned, generalized thermodynamic functions

a r e derived from generalized equations o f s t a t e . In this dissertation

an "equation o f s t a t e " i s simply an expression o f the functional e q u i ­

l i b r i u m r e l a t i o n s h i p among the pressure, P; the s p e c i f i c volume, v ; and

the absolute temperature, T , o f a substance. Such an "equation" may

be in g r a p h i c a l , t a b u l a r , o r a l g e b r a i c form. For a l g e b r a i c equations

o f s t a t e , from a thermodynamic a n a l y s i s point o f view, i t would be most

advantageous to have the equations expressed i n terms o f s p e c i f i c volume

as a function o f pressure and temperature. However, k i n e t i c theory,

from which t h e equations a r e derived, has developed from a consideration

o f pressure as a function o f s p e c i f i c volume and temperature, so most

equations o f s t a t e a r e o f t h i s form.

H i s t o r i c a l and Theoretical Background

The simplest a l g e b r a i c equation o f s t a t e i s t h a t derived e x p e r i ­

mentally from Boyle's and Charles' laws (Quagliano, 1958) f o r a p e r f e c t

gas:

Pv = RT (3.1)

where R i s the gas constant f o r the substance under consideration,

which, i n t u r n , i s equal to:

R = SR/W (3.2)

26
 27

where 9 1 i s the universal gas constant (15^5 ft-1bf/1bmole-R°) and M i s

the molecular weight o f the substance. Equation 3- 1 has a t h e o r e t i c a l

basis i n simple k i n e t i c theory (Hsieh, 1975, p . 85) i f i t i s assumed

t h a t the molecules a r e point masses and t h a t there a r e no intermolecular

forces between molecules.

I n 1873 van der Waals proposed a modification o f Eq. (3 -1)»

based on molecular arguments, t o account f o r intermolecular forces and

f o r the f i n i t e volume occupied by molecules (Jeans, 195**, pp. 125-129).

A molecule about t o s t r i k e the w a l l i s a t t r a c t e d by other molecules

w i t h i n the gas, lessening the impulse which i t d e l i v e r s t o the wall and

reducing the pressure on the w a l l . The diminution o f pressure i s pro­

portional t o t h e number o f molecules being pulled and a l s o proportional

to the number o f molecules that perform the p u l l i n g , so t h a t the e f f e c t

o f intermolecular a t t r a c t i o n should be t o lessen the pressure by an

amount proportional t o the square o f t h e d e n s i t y . P i n Eq. ( 3 • 1 ) , then,

should be replaced by P + a / v 2 where a i s a constant. I n a d d i t i o n , due

t o the f i n i t e s i z e o f molecules, the space a v a i l a b l e f o r f r e e motion o f

each molecule i s reduced, so t h a t v i n Eq. ( 3 - 1 ) should be replaced by

v - b , where b i s a constant denoting the volume per u n i t mass excluded

from molecular motion. These q u a l i t a t i v e considerations lead t o the

van der Waals equation o f s t a t e :

(P+a/v 2 ) ( v - b ) = RT (3.3)

The constants a and b must be determined f o r each substance.

 28

I n the 1920 1 s James B e a t t i e and Oscar Bridgeman o f Massachusetts

I n s t i t u t e o f Technology ( B e a t t i e and Bridgeman, 1927; 1928a, b , c ;

B e a t t i e , 1930) used f u r t h e r molecular arguments, based on k i n e t i c theory,

to show t h a t van der Waals constants a and b were not r e a l l y constants,

but were each l i n e a r functions o f d e n s i t y . I n a d d i t i o n , when two slowly

moving molecules encounter one another, there i s a tendency f o r them t o

move under the influence o f each other f o r an appreciable length o f time,

which varies w i t h the temperature, due t o the intermolecular forces

between them. This has the same e f f e c t as a change i n the average molec­

u l a r weight o f the f l u i d and, hence, i n i t s gas constant R (see Eq.

(3*2). The e f f e c t on R was found to be d i r e c t l y proportional to the

density and inversely proportional t o the t h i r d power o f the temperature.

These considerations lead t o the Beattie-Bridgeman equation o f s t a t e :

p _ RT(1 - c / v T 3 ) (v + B (1 - b / v ) ) ^o (1 - a / v )
v2 v2

where constants Aq, a, Bq, b, and c must be experimentally determined

for each substance. It should be noted that, whereas the van der Waals

equation (Eq. 3-3) has only two constants (in addition to R) which must

be determined per substance, the Beattie-Bridgeman equation (Eq. 3.^0

has five.

In general, two approaches t o the development o f equations

o f s t a t e have been followed. One i s the t h e o r e t i c a l approach based

on e i t h e r k i n e t i c theory o r s t a t i s t i c a l mechanics involving i n t e r -

molecular forces. The basic equation o f t h i s type i s the Lennard-

Jones and Devonshire (1937, 1938) equation o f s t a t e . This approach

has l e d t o equations containing i n t e g r a l s which can be solved only f o r

h i g h l y i d e a l i z e d cases (Rodriquez, 19^9; Wentorf e t a l . , 1950); such

equations then a r e very l i m i t e d i n range o f a p p l i c a t i o n . The other

approach i s the e m p i r i c a l , o r semi t h e o r e t i c a l , approach. This i s

exemplified by the Benedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) equation (Benedict, Webb,

and Rubin, 19^0, 1951): the Martin-Hou equation (Martin and Hou, 1955;

M a r t i n , Kapoor, and de Nevers, 1959); and the Martin (1967) equation.

This approach has tended over the years t o lead t o long, complicated

equations which contain a l a r g e number o f a r b i t r a r y constants which

must be evaluated f o r each f l u i d i n order t o o b t a i n high p r e c i s i o n .

For example, the M a r t i n equation has 21 constants which must be evalu­

a t e d , and equations w i t h as high as kk a r b i t r a r y constants have been

reported ( M a r t i n , 1967)-

The e m p i r i c a l , o r s e m i t h e o r e t i c a l , equations o f s t a t e can be

made simpler t o use by a p p l i c a t i o n o f the p r i n c i p l e o f corresponding

states.

The P r i n c i p l e o f Corresponding States

In the p r i n c i p l e o f corresponding states the pressure, d e n s i t y ,

and temperature a r e expressed i n reduced u n i t s defined as f o l l o w s :

reduced pressure p = P/P c (3-5)

reduced density p = vc/v (3-6)

reduced temperature t = T/Tc (3-7)

where subscript c r e f e r s t o the value a t the c r i t i c a l p o i n t . According

to the p r i n c i p l e o f corresponding s t a t e s , the compressibility f a c t o r ,

 30

z , defined as z = Pv/RT (3.8)

i s a universal function o f reduced density and reduced temperature f o r

a l l substances:

z = z(p,t) . (3-9)

This p r i n c i p l e provided the basis f o r the z - p p l o t s , known as generalized

compressibility c h a r t s , developed by Cope, Lewis, and Weber ( 1 9 3 1 ) ; Brown,

Souders, and Smith ( 1 9 3 2 ) ; and Dodge (1932) and f o r the t ables o f depar­

t u r e o f enthalpy, entropy, and i n t e r n a l heat from ideal gas behavior

c a l c u l a t e d by Hougen e t a l . ( 1 9 5 * 0 . I n a v a r i a t i o n on the basic p r i n ­

c i p l e , Su and h i s co-workers (Su and Chang, 19^6a, b , c ; Su, 19^6)

d e f i n e an " i d e a l reduced density" as [see a l s o Obert ( 1 9 ^ 8 ) ] :

P = RT/P v (3.10)
C v *

The p r i n c i p l e o f corresponding states can be deduced by s t a t i s ­

t i c a l mechanical arguments i f i t i s assumed t h a t the molecules o f a l l

substances i n t e r a c t pairwise w i t h a two-parameter intermolecular poten­

t i a l (Hi r s c h f e l d e r , C u r t i s s , and B i r d , 1964, pp. 2 k k - 2 k " J ) . These two

parameters a r e r e l a t e d t o the s i z e o f the molecules and the maximum

energy o f t h e i r a t t r a c t i o n (Lennard-Jones, 1937; Kirkwood, Lewinson,

and A l d e r , 1952; Nelson and Obert, 1955).

The simple p r i n c i p l e o f corresponding s t a t e s , i t turns o u t , i s

not v a l i d w i t h i n the accuracy o f experimental measurements (Nelson

and Obert, 195*0. Greater accuracy can be achieved by g e n e r a l i z i n g

the p r i n c i p l e o f corresponding s t a t e s by the introduction o f a t h i r d

parameter; from a molecular point o f view t h i s i s equivalent to

 31

assuming t h a t the molecules i n t e r a c t according t o a three-parameter

p o t e n t i a l w i t h the t h i r d parameter r e l a t e d t o the shape o f the molecule

(Corner, 1948; Kihara, 1951; Trappeniers, 1951; Prigogine, Trappeniers,

and Mathot, 1953; Prigogine, Bellemans, and Naar-Colin, 1957; Hijmans,

1961). To achieve greater accuracy f o r polar molecules, a f o u r t h

parameter, r e l a t e d from a molecular point o f view t o the d i p o l e moment

o f t h e molecules (Stockmayer, 19^1» Rowlinson, 19^9» H a l l and I b e l e ,

1955) j can be introduced t o g e n e r a l i z e f u r t h e r the p r i n c i p l e o f c o r ­

responding s t a t e s .

There has been some discussion over the years as to what a r e

the two best macroscopic q u a n t i t i e s to use as the t h i r d and f o u r t h

parameters i n g e n e r a l i z i n g the p r i n c i p l e o f corresponding s t a t e s .

According t o Meissner and Seferian ( 1 9 5 1 ) , and Lydersen, Greenkorn,

and Hougen (1955)1 the best t h i r d parameter t o use i s the c r i t i c a l

compressibility f a c t o r , z , which i s the value o f the compressibility

f a c t o r a t the c r i t i c a l p o i n t :

2c = Pcvc/RTc • (3-n)

Hougen e t a l . (195 * 0 gave correction terms based on z f o r t h e i r terms.

The best q u a n t i t y t o introduce as the f o u r t h parameter, i t appears

(Hirschfelder e t a l . , 1958a), i s the Riedel parameter, a , which i s the

slope o f the vapor pressure curve a t the c r i t i c a l p o i n t :

a = d(ln pv)/d(ln t) = dpy/dt at py = t = 1 (3-12)

where p y i s the reduced vapor pressure.

 32

A p l o t o f Riedel parameter, tx, versus c r i t i c a l compressibility

factor, z (Lydersen e t a l . , 1955)» Figure 6 , shows t h a t z can be

c c
expressed as a function o f a by the approximate r e l a t i o n (Hirschfelder

e t a l . , 1958a):

z^ 1 = 3-72 + 0.25 (a-7) (3.13)

f o r many, but not a l l , substances w i t h i n the l i m i t s o f experimental

error. The existence o f exceptional substances which do not conform

t o Eq. ( 3 . 1 3 ) , the two most prominent of which a r e the polar substances

water and ammonia, shows t h a t z £ and a can indeed be used as independent

parameters i n g e n e r a l i z i n g the p r i n c i p l e o f corresponding s t a t e s .

According to the modified p r i n c i p l e o f corresponding s t a t e s ,

then, the compressibility f a c t o r i s a universal function f o r a l l sub­

stances o f reduced d e n s i t y , reduced temperature, and the c r i t i c a l com­

p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r and Riedel parameter o f the substance under

consideration:

z = z(p,t,zc,a). (3•1

I n reduced u n i t s

z = (p/pt)zc (3-15)

so a generalized equation o f s t a t e , based on the modified p r i n c i p l e o f

corresponding s t a t e s , would have the functional form:

p = p(p,t,zc,a) . (3-16)

The Riedel parameter, a , f o r nearly a l l substances can be

evaluated from any pressure-temperature point on the vapor pressure

 33

Equation ( 3 - 1 3 )

C r i t i c a l Compressibility Factor z

Fig. 6. Comparison o f Riedel Parameter and C r i t i c a l

Compressibility Factor f o r D i f f e r e n t Substances.
 3^

curve other than the c r i t i c a l point by use o f the Riedel equation f o r

vapor pressure ( H i r s c h f e l d e r , 1962):

In py = oiln t - 0 . 0 8 3 8 ( a - 3 . 7 5 ) ( 3 6 t _ 1 - 3 5 - t 6 + 4 2 I n t ) . (3.17)

The point used i s u s u a l l y the normal b o i l i n g p o i n t . Solving Eq. (3-17)

f o r a and s u b s t i t u t i n g the pressure-temperature values a t the normal

boi1ing point g i v e

(0.0838)(3.75)*(tb) - In pb /n i0X

° = 0.08384,(t b ) - I n t b (3' '

where

4»(t b ) = 3 6 t ^ - 35 - t b + 42 I n t b (3-19)

Pb = 1^.696/P c (P in units of psia) (3*20)

tb - Tb/Tc (3.21)

where T b i s the absolute normal b o i l i n g temperature. This method i s

not s u i t a b l e f o r ammonia and w a t e r , so, f o r these, e i t h e r c r i t i c a l

isochore data (since a i s equal t o the slope o f the c r i t i c a l isochore

a t the c r i t i c a l p o i n t (Martin and Hou, 1955) or vapor pressure data

near the c r i t i c a l p o i n t must be used to determine the value o f a .

Fortunately thiis only has t o be done once and the published (Hirsch­

f e l d e r e t a l . , 1958a) values a r e :

f o r ammonia a = 7•95 (3-22)

f o r water a = 7*80 (3.23)

 35

A generalized equation o f s t a t e o f the form o f Eq. ( 3 . 1 6 ) , then,

can be applied to a s p e c i f i c substance i f the three c r i t i c a l constants

( P c , v c , T ) , the molecular weight ( f o r R ) , and the normal b o i l i n g

p o i n t (or another point on the vapor pressure curve o r a i t s e l f ) o f

the substance a r e known.

 CHAPTER k

GENERALIZED THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS

FOR GASES AND LIQUIDS

A generalized equation o f s t a t e o f the functional form o f

Eq. (3*16) which i s s u i t a b l e f o r the secondary cycle analysis i s the

Hirschfelder-Buehler-McGee-Sutton (HBMS) generalized equation o f s t a t e

f o r gases and l i q u i d s (Hirschfelder e t a l . , 1958a, b ; H i r s c h f e l d e r ,

1962).

The HBMS Equation o f S t a t e

A s i g n i f i c a n t feature o f the HBMS equation o f s t a t e i s the

a r b i t r a r y d i v i s i o n o f the PVT domain i n t o three regions w i t h a d i f f e r ­

ent equation applying i n each region.

Regions o f D e f i n i t i o n

The regions o f d e f i n i t i o n a r e shown on a pressure-enthalpy

diagram i n F i g . 7- The gas region, Region I , includes the p a r t o f the

PVT domain outside the l i q u i d - g a s coexistence region f o r which density

i s less than c r i t i c a l ( p s l ) . I n the high density gas region, Region I I ,

the temperature i s above the c r i t i c a l ( t £ l ) and the density i s greater

than the c r i t i c a l ( p £ l ) . The l i q u i d region, Region I I I , includes the

p a r t o f the PVT domain outside the l i q u i d - g a s coexistence region f o r

which temperature i s below the c r i t i c a l ( t < l ) and density i s g r e a t e r

than the c r i t i c a l ( p > l ) .

36
 37

REGION I I
HIGH DENSITY GAS

REGION I I I
P
LIQUID

REGION I
GAS
LIQUID-GAS
COEXISTENCE
REGION

F i g . 7- Regions o f D e f i n i t i o n .

HBMS Equation of State.

 38

The d i f f e r e n t equations i n each region taken together d e f i n e a

s i n g l e consistent equation o f s t a t e and set o f generalized thermodynamic

functions f o r a l l values o f PVT outside the l i q u i d - g a s coexistence

region by the use o f the following boundary conditions. At the junc­

t i o n ( p = l ) between Regions I and I I , the pressure, i t s f i r s t and second

d e r i v a t i v e s w i t h respect t o d e n s i t y , and a l l i t s d e r i v a t i v e s w i t h r e ­

spect t o temperature a r e continuous. At the junction ( t = l ) between

Regions I I and I I I , the pressure, i t s f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e w i t h respect t o

temperature, and a l l i t s d e r i v a t i v e s w i t h respect t o density a r e con­

tinuous.

The d i v i s i o n o f the PVT domain i n t o three regions and the con­

t i n u i t y requirements make possible the use o f a r e l a t i v e l y simple

equation i n the gas region, but lead t o a somewhat more complicated

equation i n Region I I I than i s usually required f o r a normal l i q u i d .

The HBMS equation o f s t a t e and generalized thermodynamic func­

tions a r e not e x p l i c i t l y defined w i t h i n the l i q u i d - g a s coexistence

region. However, as w i l l be shown l a t e r i n t h i s chapter, the Clausius-

Clapeyron equation (Reynolds, 1968, p . 218) can be used i n conjunction

w i t h the HBMS equations t o permit evaluation o f thermodynamic properties

w i t h i n the region.

To s e t the boundaries o f the coexistence region, the vapor

pressure, p y , a t a given temperature, t , i s s p e c i f i e d by the Riedel

equation [Eq. ( 3 - 1 7 ) ] . The saturated vapor d e n s i t y , p y , a t the given

temperature i s then the density a t which the HBMS gas region equation

o f s t a t e , p j ( p , t ) , gives a pressure equal t o the vapor pressure:

 39

P| ( p v»t) = Pv(t) . (4.1)

The values o f p v and p v along the gas isotherms d e f i n e the vapor side

boundary o f the coexistence region. Saturated l i q u i d d e n s i t y , p^, a t

a given temperature, t , i s given by the Guggenheim (19^5) generalized

corresponding-states l i q u i d density equation:

P] = 1 + c(l-t),/3 + d(l-t) (4.2)

where c and d a r e constants which must be determined f o r each substance,

and the values o f p v and p^ along the l i q u i d isotherms d e f i n e the

l i q u i d side boundary o f the coexistence region.

The Equations o f S t a t e f o r Each Region

I n t h i s section, the equations f o r each o f the t hree regions,

together w i t h b r i e f descriptions o f t h e i r development, a r e given. A

more complete discussion i s given by H i r s c h f e l d e r e t a l . (1958a).

Region I . Gas. For gases the f ollowing g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f the

van der Waals equation can be used:

(P + a ( v , T ) / v 2 ) ( v - b ( v ) ) = RT . (4.3)

The van der Waals "constant" a i s considered to be dependent on both

temperature and volume, and van der Waals "constant" b i s t r e a t e d as

a function o f volume.

I n order to improve the t h i r d and fourth v i r i a l c o e f f i c i e n t s

o f the generalized van der Waals equation, Hirschf elder found t h a t the

excluded volume, b ( v ) , should decrease l i n e a r l y w i t h increasing d e n s i t y .

 40

Considering a , f o r a moment, once again as a constant, the generalized

van der Waals equation becomes:

(P + a / v 2 ) ( v - ( b - [ b ' / v ] ) ) = RT . (4.4)
Z 9

The three constants, a , b and b 1 may be r e l a t e d t o the c r i t i c a l con-

Z 3

stants P , v , and T by the three r e l a t i o n s a t the c r i t i c a l point

c c c
(Reynolds, 1968, p . 232):

P = P ( 4 . 5)
c

feP/3v) T =0 (4.6)

( 3 2 P/ 3 V 2)t = 0 . (4.7)

The r e s u l t s a r e :

a = PP Q V 2 (4.8)

bz = (3B 2 " 6g - l ) v c / e ( 3 g - 1) (4.9)

b' = (6 - 3 ) v 2 / ( 3 3 - 1) (4.10)
a c

where p i s a new parameter uniquely r e l a t e d t o z c by:

zc = 3(33 " D / 0 + 3 ) 3 • (4.11)

I n reduced u n i t s :

b = b / v = ( 3 3 2 - 63 - 0 / ( 3 ( 3 3 - D ) (4.12)
z c

b, = b,/v2 0 (3 . 3)/3B _ (2, 13)

a C i

Even though they a r e uniquely r e l a t e d , both 3 and z c a r e used

i n the formulation o f the HBMS equations expressed i n t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n ,

 ifl

depending on which usage i s more convenient. The usual r o u t i n e i s t o

c a l c u l a t e z c from Eq. ( 3 . 1 1 ) and i t e r a t e on Eq. Cf. 11) t o get {5. It is

extremely important, however, that z £ be exactly equal t o the r i g h t side

o f Eq. ( k . 1 1 ) . Because o f the extremely large values o f (3p/3p) near

the c r i t i c a l p o i n t , a 0.1%, or even l e s s , d i f f e r e n c e between z c and the

r i g h t side o f Eq. ( 4 . 1 1 ) can lead t o a more than 50% e r r o r i n c a l c u l a t e d

density t h e r e . This i s e s p e c i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n the c a l c u l a t i o n o f

saturated vapor d e n s i t y , p y , near the c r i t i c a l temperature s i n c e , as

w i l l be discussed l a t e r , p y i s an important parameter i n the l i q u i d

region generalized thermodynamic functions. What has been done here

i s t h a t , a f t e r a value o f 3 i s obtained by i t e r a t i o n as described above,

z £ i s recalculated from Eq. ( A . 1 1 ) .

The volume dependence o f a ( v , T ) i s determined by the behavior

o f internal energy, U. From thermodynamics (Reynolds, 1968, p . 2 1 6 ) :

(8U/8V)t = T(8P/3T)v - P (4.li*)

= T2 3(P/T)/3T]v . (4.15)

Integration o f t h i s thermodynamic r e l a t i o n along an isotherm y i e l d s :

f°°
U " Uo = " I T2[9(P/T)/3T]vdv (4.16)
v

where U Q i s the i n t e r n a l energy o f completely separated molecules a t

the given temperature. The van der Waals equation (Eq. ( 3 • 3 ) p r e d i c t s

t h a t U - U Q varies l i n e a r l y with"density and i s the same f o r a l l i s o ­

therms. The experimental v a r i a t i o n o f U - U q (Michels, Lunbeck, and

Wolkers, 1951)» however, suggests t h a t i t i s dependent on temperature

 42

and quadratic i n d e n s i t y . The most general equation o f s t a t e w i t h

i n t e r n a l energy quadratic i n the density i s o f the form:

(P + a ( T ) / v 2 + a ' ( T ) / v 3 ) f ( v ) = RT (A.17)

where f ( v ) i s an a r b i t r a r y function o f volume which does not contribute

t o the i n t e r n a l energy. The form

f(v) = v - bv + b'v2/v (4.18)

c c

i s used.

E m p i r i c a l l y Hi rschfelder found that

a (WTJ) = (k Q + k 2
k . ]| tf ' ) P c v ^ (if. 19)

where

k. = 3 - k (4.20)
I o
and

a1(T) = ..3
k2(t - t ')Pcv ^ (4.21)

where

k2 = i ( l - k Q + 23 - ct) . (4.22)

The parameter k Q i s an adjustable constant whose value i s

obtained by f i t t i n g the pressures calculated by the HBMS equation o f

s t a t e t o tables o f pressure f o r many substances. The value

kQ = 5.5 (4.23)

i s recommended by Hirschfelder and i s used consist ently here. A pos­

s i b l e extension o f the work reported here would be t o f i n d the value o f

 43

k Q t h a t g i v e s t h e best accuracy when t h e HBMS equations a r e used i n

thermodynamic a n a l y s i s r o u t i n e s .

S u b s t i t u t i n g Eqs. ( 4 . 1 8 ) ( 4 . 1 9 ) , and ( 4 . 2 1 ) i n t o Eq. ( 4 . 1 7 ) »

expressing t h e r e s u l t i n g e q u a t i o n i n reduced v a r i a b l e s , and r e a r r a n g i n g

y i e l d t h e HBMS equation o f s t a t e f o r t h e gas r e g i o n :

P, = - ( k ^ k . T - ' l p 2 + k 2 (-T + T - ' ) p 3 + § £ • - — ' -

c (1 - b p + b'p )

(4.24)

Region I I . High Density Gas. The gas r e g i o n e q u a t i o n o f

s t a t e i s m o d i f i e d so t h a t i t c o r r e c t l y f i t s t h e c r i t i c a l isotherm.

The c r i t i c a l isotherm can be represented by (Michels e t a l . , 1 9 5 1 ) :

p = 1 + s(p - l ) " V p for t = 1, p>l (4.25)

where s i s a constant f o r a given substance and may be taken t o be

( H i r s c h f e l d e r e t a l . , 1958a):

s = -8.44 + 4.506 - 0.363B2 . (4.26)

A general expression which agrees w i t h t h e gas r e g i o n e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e

when p = 1 and w i t h t h e c r i t i c a l isotherm equation when t = 1 i s

p = -(kQ+kj t 1)p2+k 1)p3+t(l+3p2+s(p-l)5/p).

2(-t+t (4.27)

This expression, i t turns out, is not sufficiently accurate within the

h i g h d e n s i t y gas r e g i o n , and t h e r e must be added t o i t a small c o r r e c ­

t i o n term, t D ( p , t ) , which i s z e r o on t h e two boundaries p = 1 and t = 1 .

D ( p , t ) = ( p - 1 ) 3 ( t - 1 ) [ p " 1 ( h t " 1 + h . ) + h . t " 1 + h_] (4.28)

 44

where t h e h ' s a r e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y determined constants g i v e n by

h = 88.5 - 3.123 (4.29)

o

hj = - 4 4 . 4 + 5-223 (4.30)

h2 = -47.8 + 4.066 (4.31)

h3 = 23.7 " 3.263 . (4.32)

To systematize t h e high d e n s i t y gas equation o f s t a t e ' f o r t h e t a k i n g

o f d e r i v a t i v e s necessary f o r d e r i v i n g t h e g e n e r a l i z e d thermodynamic

functions and f o r coding t h e equations f o r t h e computer, t h e f o l l o w i n g

form o f t h e h i g h d e n s i t y gas e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e i s more convenient:

Pi, = I t-* 1(i.(p) (4.33)

j=o

where

Qj (P) = ( k Q j + k j j P + k 2 j P 2 + k3jP3 + ki,jp,t + k5jp5)/p

(4.34)

and where t h e constants k . j a r e developed from Eqs. ( 4 . 2 7 ) through

( 4 . 3 2 ) and a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 as f u n c t i o n s o f a , 3» and k Q .

Region I I I . L i q u i d . A c o r r e c t i o n term which i s a f u n c t i o n o f

temperature o n l y and which g i v e s t h e c o r r e c t p r e s s u r e , t h e vapor p r e s ­

s u r e , p v , when t h e d e n s i t y i s equal t o t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d d e n s i t y ,

P j , i s . a d d e d t o t h e high d e n s i t y gas r e g i o n e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e . This

c o r r e c t i o n f u n c t i o n i s p y ( t ) - p , | ( p j ( t ) , t ) so t h a t

pm(p.t) = PM ( p ,t) - p 11 [p 1(t),t] + Pv(t) . (4.35)

 45

Table 3. Constants k . . .
U

ifO j-1 Jbl

i=0 0 88.5-3-123 -124.46+3.843 + 0.36362 44.4-5.223

i=l 0 -313-3+13.423 429 -9.84B - 1.81532 -156.9+18.923

i=2 0 408.9-21.543 -528.8 +1.983 + 3.6332 204.3-25.443

»=3. -231.9+15.33~k0 263 +15-73 " 3-6332 -115.5+153

"kl
i=4 k2 47.8-4.063 - 2 9 . 3 - 1 5 . 1 8 3 + 1 . 8 1 5 3 2 -•k 2 2 3 . 7 - 3 . 2 6 3

1=5 0 0 -8.44 +4.503 - 0.36332 0

Combining t h i s w i t h t h e h i g h d e n s i t y gas e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e g i v e s t h e

d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e l i q u i d equation o f s t a t e a s :

3 i-i
P111 = I tJ [<i. ( p ) - Q . ( p , ) ] + P v (^.36)
j=o J J

where p v and p j a r e s p e c i f i e d by Eqs. ( 3 • 17) and ( 4 . 2 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Use o f t h e l i q u i d region equation o f s t a t e r e q u i r e s t h e d e t e r ­

m i n a t i o n o f t h e constants c and d i n Eq. (4.2). The g r e a t e s t accuracy

r e s u l t s i f c and d a r e determined from experimental values o f s a t u r a t e d

liquid specific olume a t two temperatures. I n t h i s case c and d a r e

c a l c u l a t e d from simultaneous equations whose e x p l i c i t s o l u t i o n i s :

c = (1/A)[(p - l ) ( l - t . ) - (p. - l ) ( l - t . )] (4.37)

ij i2 i2 i,

d = ( 1 / A) £ (p| - l ) ( l - t ) 1 / 3 - (p - l ) ( l - t . ) 1 / 3 ]
2 'l 'l '2
(4.38)
 46

where A = (1-t, )1/3(l-t, ) - (1-t. )1/3(l-t, ) (4.39)

1 '2 l 2 ' l

and P1 = vc/vl P1 vc/vl ' t l = T1 /Tc' = T1 /Tc

c
» " C C
*1
'l 'l 2 '2 'l 'l 2 '2 C

(4.40)

where v , and v , a r e t h e experimental values o f s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d

11 '2
s p e c i f i c volume a t temperatures T . and T . , r e s p e c t i v e l y . When l i q u i d
l, l2
d e n s i t y i s a v a i l a b l e a t one p o i n t o n l y , ( v . , T , ) , d i s s e t equal t o
'l 'l
0 . 8 5 and Eq. ( 4 . 2 ) i s solved f o r c :

c = {[vc/v, ]-l-0.85(l-[T, /TC])>/(1-[T1 /TJ)173

(4.41)

When no d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d s p e c i f i c volume,

R i e d e l ' s values f o r c and d ( H i r s c h f e l d e r e t a l . , 1958a) a r e used;

c = 1.93 + 0.2 (a-7) (4.42)

d = 0.85 (4.43)

A major problem i n t h e use o f t h e l i q u i d r e g i o n e q u a t i o n o f

s t a t e i s t h e b e h a v i o r o f i t s f i r s t and second d e r i v a t i v e s w i t h respect

t o temperature a t constant d e n s i t y n e a r t h e j u n c t i o n ( t = l ) w i t h t h e

high d e n s i t y gas r e g i o n and t h e e q u a l i t y along t h e boundary t = 1 o f

each o f these d e r i v a t i v e s and t h e r e s p e c t i v e d e r i v a t i v e o f t h e h i g h

d e n s i t y gas e q u a t i o n . As w i l l be shown l a t e r , t h e g e n e r a l i z e d enthalpy

f u n c t i o n i n v o l v e s terms i n ( 8 p / 3 t ) p and t h e g e n e r a l i z e d s p e c i f i c heat

2 " 2
f u n c t i o n i n v o l v e s terms i n (3 p / 3 t ) .
 47

I t can be shown t h a t , i n t h e 1 imi t as t 1:

<9pm/3t)p (9p|./3t) " [dp ( t ) / d t ] I tj ^.(p.)

j=o
(4.44)

where

Rj (p,) dQj(pI)/dp1

("koj+k2jp? + 2k3jp l + 3k4jpt + l,k5Jp?)/pl '

D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g Eq. ( 4 . 2 ) :

dP](t)/dt = - ( c / [ 3 ( l - t ) 2 / 3 ] + d) (4.47)

which tends t o i n f i n i t y as t + 1 . With a l i t t l e c a l c u l a t i o n i t can be

i• 3 •_i
shown t h a t '"J 1 £ t J R . ( p j ) tends t o z e r o f a s t enough so t h a t t h e
j=o J

second t e r m on t h e r i g h t hand s i d e o f Eq. ( 4 . 4 4 ) tends t o z e r o , showing

that, at t = 1

(3P|1|/3t) = (3P|,/3t) . (4.48)

When c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e done on a computer, however, from t h e computer's

p o i n t o f v i e w , Eq. ( 4 . 4 4 ) i s undefined a t t = 1 , because o f t h e d p ^ / d t

t e r m , n e c e s s i t a t i n g e i t h e r t h e e x c l u s i o n o f t h e boundary t = 1 from t h e

l i q u i d r e g i o n o r a r e d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e l i q u i d r e g i o n g e n e r a l i z e d thermo­

dynamic f u n c t i o n s along t h e boundary. I n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n used h e r e ,

t h e boundary t = 1 i s excluded from t h e l i q u i d r e g i o n , so t h a t t h e

l i q u i d r e g i o n equations a p p l y f o r t < 1 (p>1) and t h e h i g h d e n s i t y gas

equations a r e used f o r t 2 1 ( p > l ) .

 48

Taking t h e second d e r i v a t i v e o f Eq. (4.2) gives:

d2 P]/dt
2 = -2c/[90-t)5/3] (4.49)

which tends t o i n f i n i t y as t •> 1 so q u i c k l y t h a t t h e r e i s no compensa-

2 2 00
t i n g term and: (3 P | | j / 3 t ) ->• as t + 1 and t h e r e i s no c o n t i n u i t y

o f t h e second d e r i v a t i v e a l o n g t h e c r i t i c a l isotherm. Since t h e gen-

2 2
e r a l i z e d s p e c i f i c h e a t f u n c t i o n involves terms i n (3 p / 3 t ) p , t h e

l i q u i d r e g i o n g e n e r a l i z e d s p e c i f i c h e a t tends t o i n f i n i t y as t 1.
2 2
F o r t u n a t e l y , t h e (3 p / 3 t ) p t e r m s cause a problem o n l y f o r t £ 0 . 9 9 8 5 ,

which i s w i t h i n 1 F° o f c r i t i c a l temperature f o r most substances o f

i n t e r e s t , and l i t t l e e r r o r i s introduced by e x c l u d i n g t h e r e g i o n

9 . 9 9 8 5 S t < 1 ( p > l ) from t h e l i q u i d r e g i o n s p e c i f i c h e a t c a l c u l a t i o n .

( F o r 0 . 9 9 8 5 < t < 1 , t h e h i g h d e n s i t y gas s p e c i f i c h e a t f u n c t i o n a t

t = 1 is used.)

D e s p i t e t h e problems o f c o n t i n u i t y a l o n g t h e c r i t i c a l isotherm,

t h e HBMS equation o f s t a t e , along w i t h Eq. ( 4 . 2 ) , remains t h e b e s t

p o s s i b l e f o r m u l a t i o n f o r t h e work h e r e .

I n summary, t h e n , Eqs. ( 4 . 2 4 ) ( 4 . 3 3 ) , and ( 4 . 3 6 ) comprise t h e

HBMS equation o f s t a t e . The standard amount o f d a t a f o r a p p l i c a t i o n

o f t h e equation c o n s i s t s o f t h e t h r e e c r i t i c a l constants ( P c , v , T c ) ,

t h e molecular weight ( t o determine t h e gas constant R ) , t h e normal

b o i l i n g p o i n t ( t o determine t h e Riedel parameter a ) , and t h e s p e c i f i c

volume o f s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d a t two temperatures ( t o determine constants

c and d i n Eq. ( 4 . 2 ) .
 49

D e r i v a t i o n o f t h e HBMS Thermodynamic Functions

The HBMS equations f o r each r e g i o n form a thermodynamically

c o n s i s t e n t d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e n t i r e PVT domain o u t s i d e t h e coexistence

region and can be used t o d e r i v e a s e t o f g e n e r a l i z e d thermodynamic

functions. I n t h i s s e c t i o n t h e HBMS g e n e r a l i z e d thermodynamic f u n c t i o n s

o f gases and l i q u i d s a r e d e r i v e d . I n Appendix B e x p l i c i t r e l a t i o n s f o r

t h e f u n c t i o n s a r e d e r i v e d and presented i n a form s u i t a b l e f o r computer

use.

Enthalpy

Region I . Gas. The g e n e r a l i z e d i n t e r n a l energy, U , f u n c t i o n i s

d e r i v e d from t h e thermodynamic r e l a t i o n (Reynolds, 1968, p . 2 1 6 ) :

( 3 U / 3 V) t = T(3P/9T)v - P . (4.50)

Expressing t h i s d i f f e r e n t i a l equation i n reduced v a r i a b l e s and i n t e ­

grating yields:

rP
[(U - U O )/RT ] t = zc [ ( p / t ) - ( 9 p / 3 t ) p ]dP/P 2 (4.51)

where U Q i s t h e i n t e r n a l energy o f completely separated molecules a t

t h e temperature, T , o f i n t e g r a t i o n . By d e f i n i t i o n enthalpy i s g i v e n by

h = U + Pv (4.52)

so t h a t

[ ( h - h Q )RT] T = [(U - U Q )/RT ] t + P v /RT - (P V) Q /RT

(4.53)
 50

where h Q i s t h e e n t h a l p y a t p » 0 and t h e temperature o f i n t e g r a t i o n ,

but ( M a r t i n , 1 9 6 3 ) :

(Pv)Q = RT (4.5*0

so t h a t

[(h - h0)/RT]T = [ ( U - U Q ) R T ] t + Pv/RT - 1 . (4.55)

Expressing i n reduced v a r i a b l e s and s u b s t i t u t i n g Eq. ( 4 . 5 1 ) gives:

rP
[(h - hQ)/RT]T = z£ [(p/t) " (3p/8t) ]dp/p2+z_(l/p)(p/t) - 1.
P C

(4.56)

To o b t a i n t h e gas r e g i o n e n t h a l p y , Eq. ( 4 . 5 6 ) can be used

d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e Region I equation o f s t a t e [Eq. ( 4 . 2 4 ) ] . This is

done i n Appendix B .

The enthalpy h Q i s g i v e n b y :

h = | c°(T)dT (4.57)
D

where Cp(T) i s t h e i d e a l gas s p e c i f i c heat a t constant p r e s s u r e , which,

i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n used h e r e , i s s p e c i f i e d by a t h i r d - o r d e r e q u a t i o n i n

temperature: C°(T) = a^ + + a ^ + a^T^ (4.58)

where a ^ , a ^ , a y a^ a r e constants which must be determined f o r each

substance. The c o e f f i c i e n t s a ^ , ^ , a ^ , a^ a r e normally obtained from

a t h i r d - o r d e r 1 l e a s t squares f i t o f a t a b l e o f e ° as a f u n c t i o n o f tem-
P
p e r a t u r e / [ s e e , f o r . e x a m p l e , Edmister ( 1 9 6 1 , p . 5 9 ) ] > when such d a t a a r e

available. An e s t i m a t i o n method f o r t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s i s g i v e n i n Ch. 7 .

Region M . High D e n s i t y Gas. The range o f i n t e g r a t i o n i s

d i v i d e d i n t o two zones; t h e f i r s t zone i s from p = 0 t o p = I and t h e

 51

second, from p = 1 t o p = p . The f i r s t i n t e g r a l is evaluated using the

gas r e g i o n equation o f s t a t e [ E q . ( 4 . 2 4 ) ] and t h e second, t h e h i g h den­

s i t y gas r e g i o n equation o f s t a t e [Eq. ( 4 . 3 3 ) ] . The work i s shown i n

Appendix B.

Region I I I . L i q u i d . Since t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e e n t h a l p y

f u n c t i o n i n v o l v e s i n t e g r a t i o n a l o n g an isotherm, beginning a t z e r o

d e n s i t y , i n o r d e r t o extend t h e d e r i v a t i o n i n t o t h e l i q u i d r e g i o n

(where temperature i s below c r i t i c a l ) , a way must be found t o account

f o r t h e enthalpy change across t h e l i q u i d - g a s coexistence r e g i o n , where

t h e HBMS equation o f s t a t e i s n o t d e f i n e d . T h i s can be determined

from t h e Clausius-Clapeyron equation (Reynolds, 1968, p . 2 1 8 ) :

dP v /dT = (h]-hv)/T(v]-vv) (4.59)

where h j and h y a r e t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d and s a t u r a t e d vapor e n t h a l p y ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y ; Vj and v y a r e t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d and s a t u r a t e d vapor

s p e c i f i c volume, r e s p e c t i v e l y ; and P y i s , as b e f o r e , t h e vapor p r e s s u r e .

R e w r i t t e n i n reduced v a r i a b l e s and r e a r r a n g e d , w i t h h Q /RT added and

s u b t r a c t e d , t h i s equation becomes:

[(hrho)/RT]T = [(hv-hQ)/RT]T - Z C [ ( 1 / P v) - (l/Pl)]dpv/dt .

(4.60)

S a t u r a t e d vapor e n t h a l p y i s d e f i n e d a s :

-p*
[(hv"h0^/RT^T = zc [(P|/t:) " (3p!/3t)p]dp/p + (zcpv/pvt) - 1
o
(4.61)
 52

where t h e i n t e g r a l i s e v a l u a t e d using t h e Region I (gas) equation o f

state [Eq. (4.24)]. Saturated vapor d e n s i t y p y i s c a l c u l a t e d from

Eq. (4.1).
The l i q u i d region enthalpy f u n c t i o n can be c a l c u l a t e d from:

FP
E(hl I rho) / R T : i T = [(hfh o )/RT]T + ZC [(p /t) - Op /3t) ]dp/p
m n|
p l.

+ ( Z C /T) [ (P I I , / p ) ~ ( P V /P | ) ] (^L.62)

where t h e i n t e g r a l i s evaluated using t h e Region I I I equation o f s t a t e

[Eq. (4.36)]. The reduced s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d d e n s i t y , P | , i s o b t a i n e d

from t h e Guggenheim equation [ E q . (4.2)]. F u r t h e r d e t a i l s on t h e

d e r i v a t i o n a r e g i v e n i n Appendix B.

Entropy

Region I . Gas. One o f t h e Maxwell r e l a t i o n s (Reynolds, 1968,

p p . 215-216) i s :

(3S/3v)T = (3P/8T)v (4.63)

where S i s e n t r o p y . Expressing t h i s d i f f e r e n t i a l equation i n reduced

v a r i a b l e s and i n t e g r a t i n g y i e l d s :
,P
[(S-S0)/R]T = - zc (3p/3t)p dp/p2 (4.64)

where S q i s t h e entropy a t p = 0 and t h e temperature, T , o f i n t e g r a t i o n

To o b t a i n t h e gas region e n t r o p y , t h e Region I e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e [Eq.

( 4 . 2 4 ) ] can be s u b s t i t u t e d d i r e c t l y i n t o t h i s e q u a t i o n . This i s done

i n Appendix B.
 53

I n Appendix B e x p l i c i t r e l a t i o n s a r e d e r i v e d and presented f o r

an "entropy f u n c t i o n " d e f i n e d a s : { [ ( S-S Q )/R ] - I n (P^/P^J^. where P q

i s some u n s p e c i f i e d constant standard pressure a t which i d e a l gas condi­

tions hold. At no p o i n t i n t h e work done h e r e i s i t necessary t o know

t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f e n t r o p y , b u t r a t h e r i t i s t h e entropy changes

which a r e o f importance. What should be considered then i s t h e d i f f e r ­

ence between t h e e n t r o p y , a t p o i n t 2 (pressure P 2 » temperature T2)

and t h e e n t r o p y , S p a t p o i n t 1 (pressure P j , temperature T ^ ) :

S 2 " S 1

M u l t i p l y i n g through t h i s d i f f e r e n c e by 1 / R and adding and s u b t r a c t i n g

{r(S -s )/R] - ln(P /? )} gives:

(S2~Sj)/R = {[(S2-S )/R] - In(Po/Pc) } T ' - {[(SrSo )/R] - M P ^ ) } ^

+ (S -S )/R (4.65)
2 °1
where S q i s d e f i n e d as t h e v a l u e o f entropy a t temperature T j but a t

t h e standard p r e s s u r e P Q a t which i d e a l gas c o n d i t i o n s h o l d .

For an i d e a l gas (Reynolds, 1968, p . 2 3 5 ) :

dS Q = ( c ° ( T ) / T ) d T - (R/P) dP (*1.66)

so t h a t
rT 2 rp
(S -S )/R = (1/R) [c°(T)/T]dT - °dP/P (4.67)
°o °1 P J
T, Po

The second i n t e g r a l i s z e r o . F u r t h e r development o f an e x p l i c i t r e l a ­

t i o n f o r entropy d i f f e r e n c e i s given i n Appendix B .

 54

Region I I . High D e n s i t y Gas. The range o f i n t e g r a t i o n i n Eq.

( 4 . 6 4 ) i s d i v i d e d i n t o two zones; t h e f i r s t zone i s from p = 0 t o p = 1

and t h e second, from p = 1 t o p = p . The f i r s t i n t e g r a l i s e v a l u a t e d

using t h e gas r e g i o n equation o f s t a t e [Eq. ( 4 . 2 4 ) ] and t h e second,

t h e h i g h d e n s i t y gas r e g i o n equation o f s t a t e [Eq. ( 4 . 3 3 ) ] . The work

i s shown i n Appendix B.

Region I I I . L i q u i d . A CIausius-Clapeyron e q u a t i o n f o r entropy

can be w r i t t e n as (Reynolds, 1968, p . 2 1 8 ) :

. dP v /dT = (S1-Sv)/(v]-vv) (4.68)

where and S a r e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d and s a t u r a t e d vapor e n t r o p y ,

respectively. Development o f t h e l i q u i d r e g i o n entropy f u n c t i o n i s

s i m i l a r t o t h a t f o r t h e l i q u i d r e g i o n e n t h a l p y f u n c t i o n and i s shown

i n Appendix B.

The Reciprocal o f t h e Slope o f t h e S a t u r a t e d

Vapor L i n e on a Temperature-Entropy Diagram

Excessive m o i s t u r e content i n a t u r b i n e causes b l a d e e r o s i o n .

A c y c l e c a l c u l a t i o n , then should g i v e an i n d i c a t i o n o f whether t h e

c y c l e c o n d i t i o n s considered lead t o excessive m o i s t u r e content i n t h e

turbine. Since t h e secondary c y c l e a n a l y s i s r o u t i n e o u t l i n e d i n

Chapter 2 and Appendix A considers an i s e n t r o p i c p a t h through t h e t u r ­

b i n e and s i n c e t h e e n t r o p y , a t a given vapor p r e s s u r e , a t a p o i n t

i n s i d e t h e l i q u i d - g a s coexistence r e g i o n i s a f u n c t i o n o f m o i s t u r e

c o n t e n t , t h e b e s t way t o t r e a t excessive m o i s t u r e content i n t h e t u r b i n e

i s t o d e s i g n a t e a lower l i m i t o f t u r b i n e i n l e t e n t r o p y , a t which l i m i t ,

upon i s e n t r o p i c expansion through t h e t u r b i n e , t h e maximum m o i s t u r e

 55

content a l l o w e d t o prevent b l a d e e r o s i o n o c c u r s . Since t h e r e a l p a t h

through t h e t u r b i n e leads t o l e s s m o i s t u r e content than t h e i s e n t r o p i c

p a t h , t h i s method leads t o a c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e o f t h e c y c l e c o n d i ­

t i o n s necessary t o prevent excessive m o i s t u r e content i n t h e t u r b i n e .

I n keeping w i t h t h e p r a c t i c e i n steam t u r b i n e a p p l i c a t i o n s ( E l - W a k i l ,

1971b, p . 1 4 0 ) , i n t h e work done h e r e , t h e m o i s t u r e content i n t h e

t u r b i n e has been l i m i t e d t o a maximum v a l u e o f 12 p e r c e n t by mass along

the isentropic path. For " d a t a - i n p u t " a n a l y s e s , t h e t u r b i n e i n l e t

entropy l e a d i n g t o t h e maximum allowed m o i s t u r e content can be read

from a p r e s s u r e - e n t h a l p y , o r a t e m p e r a t u r e - e n t r o p y , diagram o r c a l c u ­

l a t e d from t a b l e s o f p r o p e r t i e s o f s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d and v a p o r . Cycles

w i t h t u r b i n e i n l e t e n t r o p i e s lower than t h i s v a l u e , t h e n , a r e r e j e c t e d .

I n t h e " g e n e r a l i z e d " approach, t h e g e n e r a l i z e d entropy f u n c t i o n s

4

discussed i n t h e previous s e c t i o n and Appendix B a r e used. At a given

temperature, T , t h e entropy S a t a p o i n t i n s i d e t h e l i q u i d - g a s c o e x i s ­

tence r e g i o n i s g i v e n b y :

S = Sy + (l-x)(S1-Sv) (4.69)

where Sj and a r e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d and s a t u r a t e d vapor entropy a t T ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y , and x i s t h e vapor q u a l i t y [ ( 1 - x ) i s t h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t ] .

M u l t i p l y i n g through t h i s equation by 1/R and s u b t r a c t i n g

{ [ S ( T ) / R ] + l n ( P / P ) } from each s i d e o f t h e equation g i v e s :

o o c

U(S-So)/R] - 1n(P0/Pc)>T = {[ (Sv"So)/R] - ln(Po/Pc)}T+ (l-x) (5,-S^/R

(4.70)
 56

Equation ( 4 . 6 8 ) can be r e w r i t t e n i n reduced v a r i a b l e s and rearranged

as:

(Sj-S^/R = zc[(l/pv) - (l/p])](dpv/dt) (4.71)

so t h a t t h e minimum entropy f u n c t i o n allowed a t t h i s temperature t o

prevent blade erosion is:

t[<S-So)/R - ln(P0/Pc)]>min - t[(Sv-So)/R - ln(P0/Pc»>T

(4.72)

where ( l - x ) i s t h e maximum a l l o w e d m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t .
max
The problem t h a t a r i s e s i s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e p o i n t a l o n g

t h e p a t h through t h e t u r b i n e where maximum m o i s t u r e content o c c u r s .

I f t h e slope o f t h e s a t u r a t e d vapor l i n e on a temperature-entropy d i a ­

gram f o r t h e f l u i d i s everywhere n e g a t i v e (see F i g . 3 ) » maximum mois­

t u r e content occurs a t t h e t u r b i n e o u t l e t , where c o n d i t i o n s a r e known.

However, i f t h e slope o f t h e l i n e i s p o s i t i v e f o r a vapor pressure equal

t o t h e s p e c i f i e d t u r b i n e o u t l e t p r e s s u r e , maximum m o i s t u r e content

occurs a t a temperature corresponding t o t h e " b u l g e " i n t h e s a t u r a t e d

vapor l i n e , i . e . , a t t h e f i r s t p o i n t below t h e c r i t i c a l temperature

where t h e slope o f t h e l i n e becomes i n f i n i t e . (There may be more than

one i n f i n i t e - s l o p e p o i n t . ) I t i s necessary then t o c a l c u l a t e t h e

slope o f t h e s a t u r a t e d vapor l i n e on a temperature-entropy diagram.

Since i n f i n i t e slopes a r e d i f f i c u l t t o work w i t h and s i n c e , e s s e n t i a l l y ,

o n l y t h e s i g n o f t h e slope i s o f i n t e r e s t , what w i l l a c t u a l l y be cal­

c u l a t e d i s t h e dimensionless reduced r e c i p r o c a l o f t h e s l o p e , t h e
 57

d e r i v a t i v e o f t h e s a t u r a t e d vapor entropy w i t h respect t o reduced

temperature d i v i d e d by t h e gas c o n s t a n t : dSv/Rdt. The d e r i v a t i v e

w i t h respect t o reduced temperature o f t h e gas r e g i o n entropy f u n c t i o n

along t h e s a t u r a t e d vapor l i n e can be w r i t t e n a s :

(d/dt){[(Sv-So)/R - 1n(Po/Pc)]T> = (dSv/Rdt) - (dSo/Rdt) (4.73)

where, from Eqs. ( 4 . 6 6 ) and ( 4 . 5 8 )

dS / R d t = [ c ° ( T ) / R T ] ( d T / d t ) - ( 1 / P ) ( d P / d t ) = c ° ( T ) / R t - 0 (4-74)
o p o o p

= (a j + a2T + a3T2 + ajJ3)/Rt (4.75)

so t h a t

dSv/Rdt = (d/dt){[(Sv-So)/R-ln(Po/Pc)]T} + ( a ^ T + a ^ + a ^ J / R t .

(4.76)

The f i r s t term on t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e o f t h i s e q u a t i o n l e a d s ,

upon d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , t o terms i n d p y / d t , t h e d e r i v a t i v e o f reduced

s a t u r a t e d vapor d e n s i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o reduced temperature. This

q u a n t i t y can be determined by t a k i n g t h e d e r i v a t i v e w i t h r e s p e c t t o

reduced temperature o f t h e gas r e g i o n equation o f s t a t e [Eq. ( 4 . 2 4 ) ]

along t h e s a t u r a t e d vapor l i n e and s o l v i n g t h e r e s u l t a n t d i f f e r e n t i a l

equation for dpy/dt. T h i s e q u a t i o n , i n t u r n , involves terms i n d p y / d t

which can be o b t a i n e d from t h e R i e d e l equation [Eq. ( 3 • 1 7 ) ] -

E x p l i c i t r e l a t i o n s f o r d p ^ / d t and d S v / R d t a r e g i v e n i n Appen­

d i x B. From t h e r e l a t i o n f o r d S v / R d t , t h e s i g n o f t h e slope o f t h e

s a t u r a t e d vapor l i n e , t h e p o i n t o f maximum m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t along t h e

t u r b i n e p a t h , and t h e v a l u e d f t h e entropy f u n c t i o n a t t u r b i n e i n l e t
 58

which leads t o t h e maximum a l l o w e d m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t can a l l be d e t e r ­

mined. Cycles w i t h a t u r b i n e i n l e t entropy f u n c t i o n lower than t h i s

value are rejected.

Use o f G e n e r a l i z e d Functions

P u t t i n g t h e parameters f o r a g i v e n f l u i d i n t o t h e equations

developed i n t h i s c h a p t e r and Appendix B leads t o expressions w i t h

t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n a l forms:

p = p(p,t) (^-77)

h = h(p,t) (k.78)

S = S(p,t) {k.73)

The secondary c y c l e a n a l y s i s r o u t i n e discussed i n Chapter 2 and Appen­

dix A requires the following functional relationships in addition to

the saturated liquid conditions:

S = S(p,t) (k.80)

t = t(h,p) (^,81)

h = h(S,p) (k.82)

I n t h e case o f Eq. ( k . 8 0 ) , t h e p r e s s u r e p and t h e temperature

t a r e known, s o E q . (A.77) i s s o l v e d i t e r a t i v e l y f o r d e n s i t y p , a n d p

and t a r e p u t i n t o Eq. (^.79) t o g e t t h e e n t r o p y f u n c t i o n . I n t h e case

o f Eq. (A. 8 1 ) , e n t h a l p y h and p r e s s u r e p a r e known, so Eqs. (A.77) and

( ^ . 7 8 ) a r e solved s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , u s i n g an i t e r a t i o n r o u t i n e , f o r tem­

perature t . I n t h e case o f Eq. ( k . 8 Z ) entropy S ( t h e entropy f u n c t i o n )

and p r e s s u r e p a r e known, so Eqs. (*».77) and (*f.79) a r e solved s i m u l t a ­

neously with iteration routine for density p and temperature, t , and p

 59

and t a r e put i n t o Eq. ( 4 . 7 8 ) t o g e t e n t h a l p y h . The i t e r a t i o n r o u t i n e

used h e r e i s based on t h e secant method o f successive approximations

(Conte, 1965, pp. 3 9 ~ ^ 1 ) .

Computer Code BINRYG

BINRYG (BINARY CYCLE ANALYSIS, GENERALIZED) i s a h e a t t r a n s f e r

and thermodynamic c y c l e a n a l y s i s computer code developed by t h e author

and designed t o a n a l y z e a complete b i n a r y c y c l e , using t h e HBMS gen­

e r a l i z e d thermodynamic equations i n t h e secondary c y c l e a n a l y s i s . The

secondary c y c l e a n a l y s i s p o r t i o n o f t h e code i s e s s e n t i a l l y an i n c o r p o r ­

a t i o n o f t h e HBMS equations i n t o t h e secondary c y c l e a n a l y s i s r o u t i n e

o u t l i n e d i n Chapter 2 and Appendix A . The equations a r e completely

integrated into the analysis routine in that a property value is not

c a l c u l a t e d unless and u n t i l i t i s needed i n t h e a n a l y s i s . This is in

c o n t r a s t t o some g e n e r a l i z e d approaches ( M i l o r a , 1973; M i l l e r , 197^)

i n which t a b l e s o f p r o p e r t y values a r e generated u s i n g g e n e r a l i z e d

thermodynamic f u n c t i o n s , and then these t a b l e s a r e used l i k e d a t a

tables in the analysis. The p r e s e n t approach r e q u i r e s l e s s computer

s t o r a g e space.

The code i s p r e s e n t l y r e s t r i c t e d t o a n a l y z i n g secondary c y c l e s

which a r e s u p e r c r i t i c a l - p r e s s u r e Rankine c y c l e s , but could be m o d i f i e d

t o a n a l y z e s u b c r i t i c a l - p r e s s u r e Rankine c y c l e s .

The BINRYG code c o n s i s t s o f a main d r i v e r r o u t i n e which handles

a l l i n p u t d a t a and c o n t r o l s t h e course o f t h e a n a l y s i s , a BINRYG sub­

r o u t i n e i n which a l l secondary c y c l e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e performed, and two

o r more supporting s u b r o u t i n e s . The SECANT subroutine uses t h e secant

 60

method o f successive approximations t o e s t i m a t e t h e c o r r e c t v a l u e o f a

parameter from two p a s t guesses and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d e r r o r s t o speed

convergence i n i t e r a t i o n l o o p s . The TERP s u b r o u t i n e i s used t o p e r ­

form Lagrangian i n t e r p o l a t i o n ( a c t u a l l y e x t r a p o l a t i o n ) . I n t h e gen­

e r a l i z e d approach Lagrangian i n t e r p o l a t i o n i s used t o s e t t h e i n i t i a l

guess o f a parameter i n some i t e r a t i o n loops and t o p r o v i d e a " b r i d g e "

across r e g i o n boundaries when t h e computer, because o f t r u n c a t i o n and

o t h e r e r r o r s , does n o t g i v e e x a c t c o n t i n u i t y a t t h e boundary.

I f t h e primary c y c l e i s n o t a power-producing c y c l e (as i n

c l o s e d - c y c l e geothermal power systems), t h e necessary primary c y c l e

c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e done i n t h e main d r i v e r r o u t i n e ; subroutines may be

needed t o determine p r i m a r y f l u i d p r o p e r t y v a l u e s . I f the primary

c y c l e i s a power-producing c y c l e , as i n t h e HTGR-GT b i n a r y c y c l e , a

s u b r o u t i n e which c a l c u l a t e s t h e performance o f t h e primary c y c l e i s

added and i n c o r p o r a t e d , by t h e main d r i v e r r o u t i n e , i n t o t h e o v e r a l l

a n a l y s i s ; a g a i n , supporting subroutines f o r t h i s s u b r o u t i n e may be

needed.

BINRYG i s w r i t t e n i n FORTRAN I V programming language and i s

designed t o run on t h e CDC 6400 computer o p e r a t i n g under SCOPE 3 . 4 .

A l l computer runs f o r analyses r e p o r t e d h e r e were done a t t h e U n i v e r ­

sity o f A r i z o n a Computer C e n t e r . The code r e q u i r e s 62K memory w i t h

c a r d reader and p r i n t e r .

F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e BINRYG code i s g i v e n i n Appendix C.

 CHAPTER 5

COMPARISON OF ANALYSES USING DATA-

INPUT AND GENERALIZED APPROACHES

Results using t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach a r e now compared w i t h

r e s u l t s o f analyses based on a c t u a l thermodynamic d a t a . Comparisons

a r e done f o r t h e High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Gas T u r b i n e

(HTGR-GT) b i n a r y c y c l e and f o r s e v e r a l h i g h - p r e s s u r e c l o s e d - c y c l e

geothermal power systems.

HTGR-GT B i n a r y Cycle

Comparisons a r e done f o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t working f l u i d s i n t h e

bottoming c y c l e : isobutane, propane, ammonia. Although isobutane

and propane a r e successive members o f t h e p a r a f f i n s e r i e s o f h y d r o ­

carbons, they e x h i b i t q u i t e d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s when used as

working f l u i d s i n thermodynamic systems. Ammonia i s a p o l a r compound,

i . e . , i t s molecule has a l a r g e d i p o l e moment. No halocarbon was

found t o have s u f f i c i e n t published d a t a t o a l l o w a comparison between

t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach and r e s u l t s based on d a t a .

Data f o r t h e p r o p e r t y t a b l e s used i n t h e " d a t a - i n p u t " analyses

were o b t a i n e d from t h e p r e s s u r e - e n t h a l p y c h a r t s o f Edmister (1961) f o r

isobutane ( p . 48) and f o r propane ( p . k"j) and from t h e t a b l e s o f Davies

( 1 9 5 6 , p p . 8 9 - 9 3 ) f o r ammonia. The values o f t h e i n p u t d a t a r e q u i r e d

f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l i z e d method f o r t h e t h r e e f l u i d s a r e

shown i n T a b l e k . As p r e v i o u s l y discussed, t h e Riedel parameter f o r

61
 62

Table 4. I n p u t Data f o r G e n e r a l i z e d Approach.

1sobutane Propane Ammonia

C r i t i c a l Pressure ( p s i a ) 529-06(1)* 617.38(1) 1636(2)

C r i t i c a l Temperature ( ° F ) 275(3) 206.28(1) 270.2(4)

C r i t i c a l Volume (cu f t / l b m ) 0 . 0 7 2 4 8 3 ( 5 ) 0.07282(6) 0.0682(4)

M o l e c u l a r Weight 58.12(5) 44.09(6) 17.032(4)

Normal B o i l i n g P o i n t ( ° F ) 10.9(5) -44(1) -28(4)

Tl, (°F) 189.1(7) 123(8) 134.33(9)

Vi (cu f t / l b m ) 0.035(7) •035(8) .0291(9)

2
T, (°F) 102.5(7) 164(8) 224.33(9)
1 9
£m

Vj (cu ft/lbm) 0.030(7) .040(8) .0367(9)

aj (Btu/lbm-R°) 0.746xl0_I(10) 0.112(10) 0.4314(11)

a, (Btu/lbm-(R°)2) 0 . 5 6 2 7 x 1 0 _ 3 ( 10) 0.4405x1O-3 (10) 0.4119xl0~^

(11)

a, (Btu/lbm-(R°)3) 0.I49xl0~6(l0) 0.27075xl0_6(10) 0.207xl0~6

3 (11)

a. (Btu/lbm-'(R 0 ) i ') - 0 . 1 2 4 1x 1 0 ~ 9 ( 1 0 ) -0.1606x10~9(10) -0.6969xl0~10

^ (11)

A The numbers i n parentheses d e s i g n a t e t h e source o f t h e d a t a as f o l l o w s :

1. Edmister, 1961, p . 2 3 . 7- Edmister, 1961, p . 4 8 .

2. Matheson C o . , I n c . , 1961, p . 1 1 . 8. Edmister, 1961, p . 4 7 .
3. E d m i s t e r , 1961, p . 5 8 . 9. Davies, 1956, p . 89.
4. D a v i e s , 1956, p . 87. 10. Edmister, 1961, p . 59-
5. Matheson C o . , I n c . , 1961, p . 2 5 7 . 11- Davies, 1956, p . 6 1 .
6. Matheson C o . , I n c . , 1961, p . 367*
ammonia i s i n p u t as 7>95« The c r i t i c a l volume values were c a l c u l a t e d

from c r i t i c a l d e n s i t y d a t a . The values o f s p e c i f i c volume a t two

temperatures were read from a p r e s s u r e - e n t h a l p y diagram f o r isobutane

and f o r propane. The c o e f f i c i e n t s a a y a^ were obtained f o r

each f l u i d from a t h i r d - o r d e r l e a s t squares f i t o f a t a b l e o f i d e a l

gas s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure a s a f u n c t i o n o f temperature.

Primary c y c l e i n p u t data were g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 . Secondary

c y c l e parameters a r e shown i n T a b l e 5 . The t u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y g i v e n

t h e r e i s a c t u a l l y a turbogenerator e f f i c i e n c y , combining an a c t u a l

turbine efficiency of 0.90 with a generator efficiency of 0 . S 8 .

I n t h e work r e p o r t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r a constant average o v e r a l l

heat transfer coefficient, U , f o r t h e e n t i r e h e a t e r i s assumed f o r

avg
each secondary f l u i d . This v a l u e f o r each f l u i d i s c a l c u l a t e d by hand

p r i o r t o t h e a n a l y s i s and input t o t h e a n a l y s i s r o u t i n e ( t h e computer

program). (As w i l l be seen, t h i s d i f f e r s from t h e work r e p o r t e d i n

Chapters 7 and 8 where t h e computer program i t s e l f c a l c u l a t e s an o v e r ­

a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t f o r each h e a t e r s e c t i o n . )

The secondary f l u i d h e a t e r i s a conventional tube-and-shel1

h e a t exchanger w i t h secondary f l u i d i n s i d e t h e c y l i n d r i c a l tubes and

primary f l u i d ( h e l i u m , i n t h i s case) o u t s i d e i n t h e s h e l l . The o v e r a l l

h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t , based on t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e area o f t h e t u b e s ,

o f such a c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s g i v e n by ( A r p a c i , 1966, p . 107):

Uavg " "(1/hp + iDoln(VDI)/kw+ Do/hsDi> (5-'>

where h and h a r e t h e p r i m a r y - s i d e and secondary-side heat t r a n s f e r

P S
c o e f f i c i e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; D. and D q a r e t h e i n n e r and o u t e r tube
Table 5• Secondary Cycle Parameters, HTGR-GT B i n a r y C y c l e .

Pump E f f i c i e n c y 0.85

Turbine Efficiency 0.882

Secondary F l u i d H e a t e r Surface Area 2 5 2 , 2 2 0 sq. f t .

Pressure Drop through H e a t e r 5-0 psi

Pressure Drop through Condenser 0.5 psi

Condensation Temperature 90°F

d i a m e t e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; and k i s t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f t h e tube

w
wall material ( t a k e n as t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f carbon s t e e l , 2 1 . 5

B t u / h r - f t - F 0 ( E c k e r t and Drake, 1959, p . ^ 9 6 ) . Since t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r

a n a l y s i s method used h e r e i s based on b u l k f l u i d t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e

D i t t u s - B o e l t e r equation ( E l - W a k i l , 1971a, p . 2^3) i s used t o c a l c u l a t e

heat transfer coefficients, h:

h = 0.023 k Re0*8 Pr0'^ / D (5-2)

where k i s t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f t h e f l u i d and D i s some c h a r a c ­

t e r i s t i c e q u i v a l e n t channel diameter ( f o r t h e secondary s i d e i t i s t h e

i n n e r tube d i a m e t e r ) . Re i s t h e Reynolds number:

Re = D w / uA c (5.3)

and P r i s t h e P r a n d t l number

Pr = cp y / k (5.A)
 65

where w i s t h e f l u i d mass f l o w r a t e , A c i s t h e cross s e c t i o n a l a r e a

through which t h i s mass f l o w s , and c^ and p a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e

f l u i d s p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e and t h e f l u i d dynamic v i s c o s i t y .

The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c dimensions o f t h e h e a t e r used i n t h e a n a l y s i s

a r e shown i n T a b l e 6 . The v i s c o s i t y and thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f h e l i u m

f o r average c o n d i t i o n s on t h e primary s i d e o f t h e h e a t e r were computed

from equations o b t a i n e d from c u r v e f i t t i n g t h e r e s p e c t i v e values i n t h e

helium p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s t a b l e o f Page and Goodman ( 1 9 5 5 , p . 3 9 2 ) ;

helium s p e c i f i c h e a t was c a l c u l a t e ; ; : • / c o n s i d e r i n g t h e change i n

e n t h a l p y r e s u l t i n g from a g i v e n change i n temperature. (Helium s p e c i f i c

h e a t a t c o n s t a n t pressure i s n e a r l y a c o n s t a n t , a t about 1 . 2 ^ 2

Btu/lbm-R", for all primary-side conditions.) Physical properties for

propane and f o r ammonia could be found f o r o n l y a l i m i t e d s e t o f c o n d i ­

tions. For propane t h e values were o b t a i n e d from t h e l i m i t e d d a t a f o r

t h e l i q u i d i n t h e Matheson Gas Data Book (Matheson Company, I n c . ( 1 9 6 1 ) ,

pp. 3 6 7 - 3 7 3 ) ; f o r ammonia t h e v a l u e s f o r s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d a t 8 0 ° F g i v e n

i n P r o p e r t i e s o f Commonly-used R e f r i g e r a n t s ( A i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g and

R e f r i g e r a t i o n I n s t i t u t e , 1967, P- 131) were used. For isobutane t h e r e

was a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s work t h e t a b l e s from t h e s u p e r c r i t i c a l - p r e s s u r e

isobutane p r o p e r t y study o f Montakhab (197*0» t h e t a b l e s g i v e s p e c i f i c

h e a t , v i s c o s i t y , thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y , and d e n s i t y o f i s o b u t a n e , a l l as

f u n c t i o n s o f temperature and p r e s s u r e , so t h a t t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s

o f isobutane a t t h e average c o n d i t i o n s on t h e secondary s i d e o f t h e

h e a t e r can be determined.

The average o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s used i n t h e

analyses a r e shown i n T a b l e 7 .
 66

Table 6. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Dimensions o f H e a t e r .

I n n e r tube diameter 0 . 7 8 inch

O u t e r tube d i a m e t e r 0 . 8 6 inch

Primary s i d e e q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r 0 . 6 4 inch

Secondary s i d e f l o w a r e a 1 9 - 3 sq f t

Primary side flow area 6 0 . 4 sq f t

T a b l e 7* Average O v e r a l l Heat T r a n s f e r C o e f f i c i e n t s ,
HTGR-GT B i n a r y C y c l e .

Secondary f l u i d U
avg
Btu/hr-sq ft-R°

Isobutane 150.3

Propane 124.5

Ammon i a 171-2

The h e a t e r o u t l e t h e l i u m temperature ( t h e minimum helium tem­

p e r a t u r e i n t h e HTGR-GT c y c l e ) , jn» anc' t h e maximum secondary f l u i d

p r e s s u r e , P j , a r e v a r i e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s t o p r o v i d e comparisons over

a v a r i e t y o f c o n d i t i o n s ; one s e t o f T . / P , v a l u e s d e f i n e s a " c a s e "

' m i n i
o f comparison. The v a l u e s o f T . and P . t o be used a r e determined
m i n i
by connecting t h e b i n a r y ( p r i m a r y p l u s secondary) c y c l e a n a l y s i s , b o t h

d a t a - i n p u t and g e n e r a l i z e d approaches, t o an o p t i m i z a t i o n r o u t i n e [ o p t i ­

m i z a t i o n program HAMMER ( C o v e r t , 1972) i s used] t o maximize b i n a r y c y c l e

efficiency
1 w i t h Tmin
. and P , as independent v a r i a b l e s . The T . and
1 min
P j values maximizing e f f i c i e n c y a r e used i n a complete a n a l y s i s . This

s e m i - orp t i m i z a t i o n r
procedure leads t o more than one s e t o f T . / P ,
m i n i
values because b i n a r y c y c l e e f f i c i e n c y , as a f u n c t i o n o f T . and P . ,
' ' min I
does n o t approach smoothly a s i n g l e maximum, b u t r a t h e r i s c h a r a c t e r ­

i z e d by a l a r g e number o f " l o c a l maxima" superimposed on a " p l a t e a u "

in the T . -P "p
r lane". This e f f e c t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y e v i d e n t w i t h t h e
min r i

d a t a - i n p u t approach due t o t h e l i m i t e d accuracy o f t h e p r o p e r t y d a t a

and t h e non-continuous n a t u r e o f t h e d a t a t a b l e s from which t h e p r o p ­

e r t i e s a r e i n t e r p o l a t e d , but i s a l s o seen i n t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach

due t o t h e e x t r e m e l y complex r e l a t i o n s h i p s between temperature and

pressure in the equations. By v a r y i n g t h e upper and lower l i m i t s on

T . and P . f o r t h e o K
p t i m i z a t i o n s e a r c h , d i f f e r e n t values o f T . and
min 1 ' min
P j which "maximize" t h e e f f i c i e n c y a r e o b t a i n e d . I n a d d i t i o n , use o f

t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n t r e a t m e n t w i t h d a t a - i n p u t and g e n e r a l i z e d approaches

leads t o d i f f e r e n t "optimum"
r values f o r T . and P . .
m i n i
Since H i r s c h f e l d e r e t a l . ( 1 9 5 8 a , b) have p r e v i o u s l y t e s t e d

t h e accuracy o f t h e p r e d i c t i o n s o f p r o p e r t i e s by t h e HBMS equation

o f s t a t e and thermodynamic f u n c t i o n s , t h e focus h e r e w i l l be on t h e

accuracy o f t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s o f thermodynamic c y c l e c a l c u l a t i o n s done

u s i n g t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach.

The f i r s t o u t p u t q u a n t i t y considered i s t h e secondary c y c l e

power o u t p u t . A comparison o f power o u t p u t s c a l c u l a t e d using t h e

g e n e r a l i z e d approach w i t h those c a l c u l a t e d using t h e d a t a - i n p u t

approach i s shown f o r s e v e r a l cases each o f t h e t h r e e secondary f l u i d s

i n Tables 8 , 9> and 1 0 . "Percentage d i f f e r e n c e , " throughout t h i s

dissertation, is defined as:

(G - D) x 100 / D

where G i s t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach r e s u l t and D i s t h e d a t a - i n p u t

approach r e s u l t . A n e g a t i v e percentage d i f f e r e n c e , t h e n , i n d i c a t e s

t h a t t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach r e s u l t i s l e s s than t h e d a t a - i n p u t

approach r e s u l t . I t was f e l t t h a t t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach would be

considered a c c e p t a b l y a c c u r a t e i f i t gave f i n a l r e s u l t s f o r a c y c l e ,

g e n e r a l l y , w i t h i n 10% o f d a t a - i n p u t a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s . I t i s seen from

T a b l e s 8 , 9> and 10 t h a t t h i s c r i t e r i o n i s met f o r power o u t p u t s c a l ­

c u l a t e d by t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach f o r a l l cases o f a l l t h r e e second­

ary fluids. W i t h isobutane as t h e secondary f l u i d , t h e c a l c u l a t e d

power o u t p u t s using t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach a r e g e n e r a l l y ( w i t h two

e x c e p t i o n s ) l e s s than t h e d a t a - i n p u t r e s u l t s and agree t o w i t h i n 6.6%.

For propane and f o r ammonia t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach power o u t p u t s f o r

a l l cases a r e g r e a t e r than t h e d a t a - i n p u t r e s u l t s and a g r e e t o w i t h i n

S% f o r propane and 3% f o r ammonia.

Another t h i n g t h a t should be noted from Tables 8 , 9> and 10 i s

t h a t t h e "optimum cases" (as p r e v i o u s l y d e f i n e d ) f o r ammonia have,

g e n e r a l l y , t h e h i g h e s t values o f both minimum helium temperature and

maximum secondary f l u i d pressure w h i l e those f o r isobutane have t h e

lowest. T h i s i s s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u i d s e l e c t i o n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s because

t h e h i g h e r t h e minimum h e l i u m temperature, t h e f u r t h e r " o f f - d e s i g n "

t h e HTGR-GT c y c l e must o p e r a t e (design minimum helium temperature f o r

t h e HTGR-GT c y c l e i s 9 5 ° F ) w h i l e t h e h i g h e r t h e secondary f l u i d p r e s s u r e ,
 69

Table 8. Comparison o f C a l c u l a t e d Secondary Cycle Power O u t p u t s ,

HTGR-GT B i n a r y C y c l e : Isobutane.

I sobutane

Heater Secondary Secondary Cycle Power Output

Outlet Fluid
H e l i um Maximum Data-Input G e n e r a l i zed Percentage
Temperature Pressure Approach Approach Di f f e r e n c e

°F ps i a MWe MWe %

136 1080 360.9 338.7 -6.15

136 1100 360.5 339.0 -5.96

136 1330 343.0 338.8 -1.22

133 1090 342.2 333-1 -2.66

133 1130 339-7 333.1 -1.94

137 1100 362.8 341.3 -5.93

128 770 323.5 319.4 -1.27

131 900 342.8 328.4 -4.20

127 820 312.4 319.1 +2.14

151 1240 382.3 362.2 -5.26

141 810 361.7 337.6 -6.66

144 1280 362.5 354.3 -2.26

125 810 305.9 '313.5 +2.48

138 1360 349.8 343.4 -1.83

 70

Table 9, Comparison o f C a l c u l a t e d Secondary C y c l e Power Outputs,

HTGR-GT B i n a r y C y c l e : Propane.

Propane

Heater Secondary Secondary Cycle Power Output

Outlet Fluid
Helium Maximum Data-Input Generalized Percentage
Temperature Pressure Approach Approach Di f f e r e n c e

°F psia MWe MWe %

152 2010 315.9 342.4 +8.39

152 1920 318.4 342.6 +7.60

152 1680 324.1 341.4 +5.34

147 1540 315.5 331.2 +4.98

147 1670 311.3 332.1 +6.68

146 1630 309.4 329.9 +6.63

146 1540 313.3 329.3 +5.11

150 1630 320.6 337.4 +5.24

150 1470 315.0 334.1 +6.06

153 1920 320.9 344.9 +7.48

153 1510 312.4 339-7 +8.74

157 1690 326.3 349.0 +6.96

154 1630 323.3 344.0 +6.40

156 1590 317-5 345.5 +8.82

156 1930 323.8 350.0 +8.21

158 1660 324.2 349.7 +7.87

 71

Table 10. Comparison o f C a l c u l a t e d Secondary Cycle Power O u t p u t s ,

HTGR-GT B i n a r y C y c l e : Ammonia.

Ammon i a

Heater Secondary Secondary Cycle Power Output

Outlet Fluid
Helium Maximum Data-Input Generalized Percentage
Temperature Pressure Approach Approach Difference

°F psia MWe MWe %

177 3010 457-^ 464.5 +1-55

158 2240 408.7 420.2 +2.81

159 2200 410.2 422.4 +2.97

157 2070 403.6 415.1 +2.85

172 2920 444.5 456.2 +2.63

t h e more expensive become t h e h e a t e r , t u r b i n e , and p i p i n g o f t h e

secondary system.

The temperatures o f both h e l i u m and t h e secondary f l u i d as

they f l o w a l o n g t h e h e a t e r s u r f a c e , as determined from t h e g e n e r a l i z e d

approach a n a l y s i s , f o r one case each o f t h e t h r e e secondary f l u i d s a r e

p l o t t e d i n F i g s . 8 , 9» and 10 and compared t o t h e d a t a - i n p u t r e s u l t s

there. I n g e n e r a l , on t h e secondary s i d e o f t h e h e a t e r , t h e g e n e r a l ­

i z e d approach p r e d i c t s h i g h e r temperatures than t h e d a t a - i n p u t approach

when t h e secondary f l u i d i s i n t h e low-temperature p o r t i o n o f t h e l i q u i d

r e g i o n , p r e d i c t s lower temperatures i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e f l u i d ' s

c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e , and then p r e d i c t s h i g h e r temperatures a g a i n when

t h e f l u i d i s i n t h e h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e p o r t i o n o f t h e h i g h d e n s i t y gas
 72

h e l i um

Region I

300
Region

Isobutane

200

Region

D a t a - i n p u t Results
G e n e r a l i z e d Results

100
0 5 10 15 20
Heater Section

Fig. 8. F l u i d Temperatures i n H e a t e r : Isobutane.

HTGR-GT B i n a r y C y c l e . Secondary F l u i d :
Isobutane. T . = l 4 l ° F ; P =810 p s i a ;
(P|=l .53) • """ 1
 73

500

Region I
u.

hel i u m / '
a. 300 Reg ion I I
propane
i-

IL.

200

Data-Input
Results
Reg i on
Generalized
Results

100
0 5 10 15 20
Heater Section

Fig. 9. F l u i d Temperatures i n H e a t e r : Propane.

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle. Secondary F l u i d :

Propane; T . =153°F; P = 1 5 1 0 p s i a ;
(p1=2.'45).mm 1
 500

*•00

Region I

u.
o
//
a)
u
3
ro
£ 300
a.
E
«
h-
-a
Reg ion 11

emmonia

200
7
Region

Data-input Results

Generalized Results

100
10 15 20
Heater Section

F i g . 10. F l u i d Temperature i n Heater: Ammonia.

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle. Secondary F l u i d :

Ammonia; T . =157°F; P.=2070 p s i a ;
(P]=1.27). 1
region and i n the gas region. The maximum d i f f e r e n c e s between g e n e r a l ­

ized approach and data-input approach r e s u l t s encountered i n these

three portions o f the secondary f l u i d ' s flow along the heater s u r ­

face a r e shown i n Table 11 f o r the case chosen f o r each o f the three

secondary f l u i d s ; percentage d i f f e r e n c e there i s based on absolute

temperature values. On the primary s i d e , w i t h isobutane and propane

as the secondary f l u i d , the generalized approach p r e d i c t s lower helium

temperatures through the heater than the data-input approach i n the low

temperature portion o f the heater and higher helium temperatures i n the

high-temperature p o r t i o n ; w i t h ammonia as the secondary f l u i d , the gen­

e r a l i z e d approach p r e d i c t s higher helium temperatures throughout the

heater. Since the heater o u t l e t helium temperature i s input as data

and the heater i n l e t helium temperature i s set by the HTGR-GT cycle

a n a l y s i s , the helium temperatures a t each end o f the heater a r e inde­

pendent o f the secondary cycle analysis approach. The maximum d i f f e r ­

ences between the helium temperatures predicted by the generalized

approach and those predicted by the data-input approach f o r each sec­

ondary f l u i d case considered a r e also shown i n , T a b l e 11.

Of more importance t o heat t r a n s f e r than the temperatures i n

the heater themselves a r e the temperature differences between helium

and secondary f l u i d a t points i n the h e a t e r . With isobutane o r propane

as the secondary f l u i d , the generalized approach p r e d i c t s smaller

helium-secondary f l u i d temperature d i f f e r e n c e s i n the heater than the

d a t a - i n p u t approach near the secondary f l u i d i n l e t t o the h e a t e r ,

p r e d i c t s l a r g e r temperature differences when the secondary f l u i d ' s

 76

Table 11. Maximum Percentage Differences between Predicted

Temperatures and Temperature D i f f e r e n c e s .

Secondary Fluid. Isobutane Propane Ammonia

Minimum Helium Temperature, °F 141 153 157

Maximum Secondary F l u i d Pressure

Absolute, psia 810 1510 2070

Reduced 1.531 2.446 1.265

Maximum Differences i n Temperatures Predicted

Secondary Side

Liquid Region +0.63% +0.77% +0.16%

Near C r i t i c a l Temperature -0.87% -1.30% -0.52%

Gas Region +0.76% +1.85% +7-75%

Primary Side

Low-temperature Portion -0.34% -0.55%

High-temperature Portion +0.17% +1.02% +3.11%

Maximum Differences i n Temperature Differences Predicted

Near Secondary F l u i d I n l e t ^7-25% -8.48% +2.16%

Near C r i t i c a l Temperature +8.27% +17-89% +27.91%

Near Secondary F l u i d O u t l e t -4.57% -11.15% -57.24%

 77

temperature i s i n the v i c i n i t y o f i t s c r i t i c a l temperature, and then

predicts smaller temperature d i f f e r e n c e s again near the secondary f l u i d

outlet. With ammonia as the secondary f l u i d , the generalized approach

predicts l a r g e r helium-ammonia temperature differences i n the heater

than the data-input approach everywhere except near the ammonia o u t l e t .

The maximum percentage d i f f e r e n c e s between temperature differences

predicted by the generalized approach and those predicted by the d a t a -

input approach f o r each secondary f l u i d case a r e shown i n Table 11.

From Figs. 8 and 9 and Table 11, i t i s seen t h a t , w i t h isobutane

o r propane as the secondary f l u i d , the generalized approach predicts

w i t h acceptable accuracy the temperatures and temperature differences

i n the h e a t e r . From F i g . 10 and Table 11, i t i s seen t h a t , w i t h

ammonia as the secondary f l u i d , t h e generalized approach predicts

temperatures i n the low-temperature p o r t i o n o f the heater w i t h accept­

a b l e accuracy ( w i t h even b e t t e r accuracy, i n f a c t , than w i t h isobutane

o r propane), but t h a t , near t h e ammonia o u t l e t t o the h e a t e r , the

generalized approach and d a t a - i n p u t approach r e s u l t s diverge sharply.

Temperature-enthalpy diagrams f o r the heater f o r one case each

( t h e same case considered i n the previous three paragraphs) o f the

t h r e e secondary f l u i d s , as determined from the generalized a n a l y s i s ,

a r e given i n F i g s . 11, 12, and 13 and compared t o the data-input

results there. For isobutane and f o r propane the datum f o r both the

enthalpy data and the generalized enthalpy equation i s t h a t enthalpy

equals zero a t zero absolute temperature and ideal gas s t a t e .

 78

350
Region I

300
Y Region
U_
o
a]
u
3
250
ro
u
ai
a.
E
<D

/ Region
200

Data-input Results
150 Generalized Results

50 100 150 200 250

Enthalpy Btu/lbm

F i g . 11. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram f o r H e a t e r : Isobutane.

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle;

Tmin=lAl°F; Pr810 psIa (P] = 1 - 5 3 )
 79

350 / Region

u.

a 300
u
0)
Q.

Region I I
250

200

/ Region

Data-input Results
Generalized Results

50 100 150 200 250

Enthalpy, Btu/lbm

F i g . 12. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram f o r H e a t e r : Propane.

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle;

Tmin=153°F; p i=1 5 , ° Psia (pr2-^.

\
 80

kOQ

350

300

0]
i_
3
4J
ID
u 250
a)
a.
E
<0
H*

200

Data-input Results
Generalized Results
150

200 **00 600 800

Enthalpy Change, Btu/lbm

Fig. 13* Temperature-enthalpy Change Diagram for Heater.

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle; Ammon i a.

T m i n = 1 57°F; P^=2070 psia (Pi = l 27)
min
 81

so enthalpy values c a l c u l a t e d from the generalized approach and the

d a t a - i n p u t approach can be d i r e c t l y compared, as i s done i n F i g s . I I

and 12. For these two f l u i d s t h e generalized approach p r e d i c t s lower

enthalpies than the data-input approach f o r the l i q u i d region (except

near the c r i t i c a l temperature), f o r the high-temperature p o r t i o n o f

the high density gas region, and f o r the gas region; i n the v i c i n i t y

o f the c r i t i c a l temperature, the generalized approach p r e d i c t s higher

enthalpies. The maximum d i f f e r e n c e between enthalpies predicted by

the generalized approach and those predicted by the d a t a - i n p u t approach

i s 6 . 5 Btu/lbm f o r the isobutane case shown i n F i g . 11 and 10 Btu/lbm

f o r the propane case shown i n F i g . 12. For ammonia the s i t u a t i o n i s

not as c l e a r - c u t ; the ammonia enthalpy t a b l e used (Davies, 1956,

pp. 90-91) was based on an enthalpy o f zero f o r the p e r f e c t c r y s t a l

a t the absolute zero o f temperature, and the absolute values o f

enthalpy i n the t a b l e (which were used d i r e c t l y i n the d a t a - i n p u t

analysis) a r e completely d i f f e r e n t from the values obtained from the

HBMS generalized enthalpy equation, which i s based on an enthalpy o f

zero f o r the ideal gas a t the absolute zero o f temperature. An attempt

t o r e c o n c i l e the two enthalpy value systems by moving the zero enthalpy

p o i n t o f both t o the saturated l i q u i d a t -A0°F brought about g r e a t e r

agreement, but s t i l l led to values calculated from the enthalpy func­

t i o n (corrected t o r e f l e c t zero enthalpy f o r saturated l i q u i d a t - i tO°F)

which a r e 25% t o 30% above the corrected values from the t a b l e . For the

p l o t i n F i g . 13, the ammonia enthalpy was set equal t o zero a t the i n l e t

t o the heater f o r both the data-input and the generalized approach

 82

r e s u l t s , so t h a t t h i s p l o t a c t u a l l y represents the enthalpy gain o f

ammonia, as a function o f temperature, as i t flows through the h e a t e r ,

as calculated by both the data-input and the generalized approach. As

seen i n F i g . 13» the ammonia enthalpy change across the e n t i r e heater

c a l c u l a t e d by the generalized approach i s j u s t under 30% g r e a t e r than

t h a t given by the data-input approach. (This d i f f e r e n c e i n enthalpy

change w i l l show up l a t e r as an inverse d i f f e r e n c e i n ammonia mass

flow r a t e c a l c u l a t e d . ) The information accompanying the t a b l e i n

Davies gives no insight as t o the reason f o r the enthalpy value d i f ­

ferences; unfortunately t h i s i s the only extensive t a b u l a t i o n o f h i g h -

pressure ammonia enthalpy a v a i l a b l e .

The f i n a l thermodynamic cycle c a l c u l a t i o n output parameter

considered i s the secondary f l u i d mass flow r a t e per loop. A compari­

son o f secondary f l u i d mass flow rates c a l c u l a t e d using the generalized

approach w i t h those calculated using the data-input approach i s shown

f o r several cases each o f the three secondary f l u i d s i n Tables 12, 13»

and 14. For isobutane and f o r propane the generalized approach p r e ­

d i c t s w i t h acceptable accuracy the mass flow r a t e s . For ammonia the

generalized approach predicts mass flow rates 22% t o 2k% less than

those predicted by the d a t a - i n p u t approach. T h i s , o f course, r e f l e c t s

the d i f f e r e n c e i n c a l c u l a t e d enthalpy change across the heater seen

i n F i g . 13-

I n summary, then, a thermodynamic cycle c a l c u l a t i o n done

using the generalized approach gives r e s u l t s w i t h acceptable accuracy

f o r an HTGR-GT binary cycle w i t h isobutane or propane as the secondary

 83

Table 1 2 . Comparison o f Secondary F l u i d Mass Flow Rates Calculated;

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle: Isobutane.

Isobutane

Heater Secondary Secondary F l u i d

Outlet Fluid Mass Flow Rate Per Loop
Helium Maximum Data-Input Generalized Percentage
Temperature Pressure Approach Approach Di f f e r e n c e

mi 11 ion mi 11 ion
°F ps i a lbm/hr lbm/hr %

136 1080 10.979 10.702 -2.52

136 1100 11.016 10.725 -2.64

136 1330 11.388 11.089 -2.63

133 1090 11.373 11.078 -2.59

133 1130 11.447 11.148 -2.61

137 1100 10.903 10.603 -2.75

128 770 11.365 11.122 -2.14

131 900 11.301 10.980 -2.84

127 820 11.682 11.399 -2.42

151 1240 9-799 9.511 -2.94

i4i 810 9.890 9-623 -2.70

144 1280 10.460 10.154 -2.93

125 810 11.979 11.711 -2.24

138 1360 11.190 10.883 -2.74

 84

Table 13. Comparison o f Secondary F l u i d Mass Flow Rates Calculated;

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle: Propane.

Propane

Heater Secondary Secondary F l u i d

Out!et Fluid Mass Flow Rate per Loop
H e l i urn Maximum Data-input Generalized Percentage
Temperature Pressure Approach Approach Di fference

°F mi 11 ion mi 11 ion
psia
lbm/hr lbm/hr

152 2010 11.344 10.720 -5.50

152 1920 11.144 10.571 -5.14

152 1680 10.594 10.119 -4.48

H7 1540 10.851 10.387 -4.28

H7 1670 11.182 10.672 -4.56

146 1630 11.212 10.716 -4.42

146 1540 10.981 10.509 -4.30

150 1630 10.706 10.232 -4.43

150 1470 10.311 9-891 -4.07

153 1920 11.027 10.461 -5.13

153 1510 10.086 9-685 -3.98

157 1690 10.091 9-676 -4.11

154 1630 10.261 9.835 -4.15

156 1590 9.970 9-577 -3.94

156 1930 10.705 10.174 -4.96

158 1660 9.930 9-534 -3.99

 85

Table 14. Comparison o f Secondary F l u i d Mass Flow Rates Calculated;

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle: Ammonia.

Ammon i a

Heater Secondary Secondary F l u i d

Outlet Fluid Mass Flow Rate per Loop
H e l i um Maximum Data-input Generalized Percentage
Temperature Pressure Approach Approach Di f f e r e n c e

mi 11 ion m i l l ion
°F psia Ibm/hr 1bm/hr %
177 3010 3-995 3.112 -22.1
OC
vri

2240 4.086 3.110 -23-9

159 2200 4.018 3.077 -23.4

157 2070 3.995 3.076 -23.0

172 2920 4.077 3.122 -23.4

fluid. With ammonia as the secondary f l u i d , t h e power outputs and the

temperatures i n the low-temperature p o r t i o n o f the heater a r e c a l c u l a t e d

by t h e generalized approach w i t h b e t t e r accuracy than w i t h isobutane o r

propane, but the temperatures near the ammonia o u t l e t o f the h e a t e r ,

the ammonia enthalpy change through the h e a t e r , and the ammonia mass

flow r a t e s c a l c u l a t e d by the generalized approach d i f f e r from the d a t a -

input r e s u l t s by as much as 30%; the d i f f e r e n c e i n helium-ammonia tem­

p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e a t t h e ammonia o u t l e t t o t h e h e a t e r i s n e a r l y 6 0 % .

Since isobutane and propane a r e more c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f most o f the

f l u i d s considered f o r use i n low-temperature Rankine c y c l e systems than

ammonia, the generalized approach can be used f o r thermodynamic cycle

 86

c a l c u l a t i o n s , but special caution should be used when the working f l u i d

i s a h i g h l y p o l a r substance, such as ammonia.

Geothermal Systems

As a check on the work presented i n the previous s e c t i o n , com­

parisons o f generalized approach r e s u l t s - w i t h d a t a - i n p u t approach

r e s u l t s a r e done f o r isobutane as a working f l u i d i n three d i f f e r e n t

high-pressure closed-cycle geothermal power systems: the Hutchinson-

H o l t (H-H) Cycle (Cortez e t a l . , 1973), the Magma Max Power Process

(Rogers Engineering C o . , I n c . , 1970), and the EPRI geothermal system

(Roberts, 1 9 7 6 ) . The values o f the input data required f o r a p p l i c a t i o n

o f t h e generalized method f o r isobutane a r e shown i n Table A; system

input parameters f o r the three systems a r e given i n Table 2 . The

isobutane pressure drop through the condenser i s taken as 0 . 5 psi f o r

a l l systems.

For t h e geothermal systems, what i s u s u a l l y s p e c i f i e d as i n d i ­

c a t i n g the heat t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the heater i s e i t h e r t h e

temperature d i f f e r e n c e between the water and the secondary f l u i d a t

the secondary f l u i d i n l e t and o u t l e t , AT^ and AT 2 » r e s p e c t i v e l y , o r

the logarithmic mean temperature d i f f e r e n c e , AT^ m t c j! these two sets o f

parameters a r e r e l a t e d by:

ATlmtd = (^Tj-AT2)/ln(AT1/AT2) . (5-5)

The values o f these parameters used f o r the t h r e e systems considered

here a r e shown i n Table 15-

 87

Table 15. Temperature Differences i n Heaters o f Geothermal Systems.

Temperature Di fference
Between Water and Isobutane
I sobutane Isobutane
Heater Heater Logari thmi c Mean
System I nl et Out 1et Temperature Difference

F° F° F°

H-H 50 20 32.7*
Magma Max 30 ":>*
EPR1 30

* Calculated
* * Assumed

I n the secondary c y c l e , analysis routine o u t l i n e d i n Chapter 2

and Appendix A, the heater surface a r e a , A, and i t s o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r

coefficient(s), U , a r e never used separately, but r a t h e r only t h e i r

dVQ
product, U A, i s used. Their product can be c a l c u l a t e d from:
avg

U avg A " V4Tlmtd (5'6>

where the heat load t o the secondary c y c l e , i s given by Eq. ( 2 . 1 6 ) .

To conform t o the analyses o f other energy systems, i n which U a v ^ and

A a r e separately s p e c i f i e d , values f o r both U and A a r e determined

avg
and input t o the analysis r o u t i n e . The average o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r

coefficient for the heater, U , i s calculated as described i n the

avg
previous s e c t i o n , using the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c dimensions o f the heater

given i n Table 6 and the physical properties o f water and isobutane

f o r average conditions i n the h e a t e r . The v i s c o s i t y and thermal con­

d u c t i v i t y o f water a t 300 psia f o r average temperatures on the primary

side o f the heater were computed from equations obtained from curve

f i t t i n g the values i n the water v i s c o s i t y and thermal conductivity

t a b l e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f Meyer e t a l . (7967» PP. 280-281); water

s p e c i f i c heat was calculated by considering the change i n enthalpy

r e s u l t i n g from a given change i n temperature. With U g V g s p e c i f i e d ,

heater surface a r e a , A, i s given by:

A - V<uav9)(4T,mtd> • <5-7'

The A and U values used i n the analysis a r e shown i n Table 16.

avg
Maximum secondary f l u i d pressure, P j , f o r each system i s set

so as to maximize the secondary c y c l e e f f i c i e n c y , using the semi-

optimization procedure described i n the previous section w i t h P j as

the only independent v a r i a b l e .

A comparison o f power outputs and isobutane mass flow r a t e s

c a l c u l a t e d using the generalized approach w i t h those c a l c u l a t e d using

the d a t a - i n p u t approach i s shown f o r the geothermal systems i n Table 17

Except f o r the power output o f the Hutchinson-Holt (H-H) Cycle w i t h an

isobutane pressure o f 10^0 p s i a , the generalized approach p r e d i c t s the

power outputs and isobutane mass flow r a t e s w i t h acceptable accuracy.

The Hutchinson-Holt Cycle generalized r e s u l t s , i n general, a r e not as

accurate as the r e s t o f the isobutane generalized r e s u l t s .

The Hutchinson-Holt (H-H) Cycle w i t h an isobutane pressure o f

750 p s i a and the Magma Max Power Process cycle were chosen f o r f u r t h e r

study. The temperatures o f both water and isobutane as they flow

along the heater surface, as determined from the generalized approach,

 89

Table 16. Heater Surface Areas and Average Overall Heat Transfer
C o e f f i c i e n t s ; Geothermal Systems.

U
System avg A

Btu/hr-sq f t - F ° sq f t

H-H 3^.0 220,100

Magma Max 19.2 185,170

EPRI kl.l 248.580

f o r these two systems a r e p l o t t e d i n F i g s . 14 and 15 and compared t o

the data-input approach r e s u l t s t h e r e . For both systems, except f o r

an area near the i n l e t on the secondary s i d e , the generalized approach

p r e d i c t s higher temperatures i n the heater than the d a t a - i n p u t approach.

Temperature-enthalpy diagrams f o r the heater f o r the two systems, as

determined from the generalized approach a n a l y s i s , a r e given i n F i g s .

16 and 17 and compared t o the d a t a - i n p u t r e s u l t s t h e r e . The diagrams

f o r the Hutchinson-Holt Cycle i n F i g . 16 a r e very s i m i l a r t o those f o r

the HTGR-GT binary c y c l e w i t h isobutane as the secondary f l u i d ( F i g .

1 1 ) ; t h i s i s expected since the temperature-enthalpy diagram should be

independent o f the energy system. The diagrams f o r the Magma Max Pro­

cess cycle ( F i g . 17) r e f l e c t the f a c t t h a t the isobutane pressure i n

the h e a t e r , which ranges from 600 psia a t the isobutane i n l e t t o 550

psia a t the isobutane o u t l e t , i s much closer to the c r i t i c a l pressure

(529-06 p s i a ) than the pressures o f the HTGR-GT bottoming cycle i n

F i g . 11 (810 p s i a ) o r the Hutchinson-Holt Cycle i n F i g . 16 (750 p s i a ) .

 90

Table 17. Comparison o f Power Outputs and Isobutane Mass Flow

Rates; Geothermal Systems.

Secondary
Power Output
Fluid
Maximum Data-Input Generalized Percentage
System Pressure Approach Approach Difference

psia MWe MWe %

H-H 1040 9-215 10.569 +14.70

H-H 750 10.146 10.390 + 2.40

H-H 920 9-918 10.555 + 6.42

Magma Max 600 10.093 9-858 - 2.33

EPRI 730 11.009 10.847 -1.47

Secondary 1sobutane Mass Flow Rate

Fluid
Maximum Data-input Generalized Percentage
System Pressure Approach Approach Difference
m i l l ion mi 11 ion
psia 1bm/hr 1bm/hr %
H-H 10^*0 1 .449 1.311 -9-52

H-H 750 1.344 1.221 -9.15

H-H 920 1.418 1.279 -9-80

Magma Max 600 .560* .550* -1.79

EPRI 730 1.368 1.336 -2.34

* Per loop
 91

350

/ Region I

!= 300

Reg ion I I
a. water

• - 250
u.
i sobutane

200
Region

Data-input Results
150 Generalized Results

0 5 10 15 20
Heater Section

F i g . 14. F l u i d temperatures i n Heater;

Hutchinson-Holt Cycle w i t h Pj=750 p s i a .
 92

300

Region

water - Reg i on
250

200
Region 11 I

i sobutane

150
Data-input Results
Generalized Results

100

0 10 15 20

Heater Section

F i g . 15. F l u i d Temperatures i n H e a t e r :
Magma Max Power Process Cycle.
 93

v Reg i on I

300
Region 11

250

Reg ion

200

Data-input Results
Generalized Results
150

50 100 150 200

Enthalpy, Btu/lbm

F i g . 16. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram f o r H e a t e r :

Hutchinson-Holt Cycle w i t h P^=750 p s i a .
250

200

Data-input Results
Generalized Results
150

50 100 150 200

Enthalpy, Btu/lbm

F i g . 17. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram f o r Heater :

Magma Max Power Process Cycle.
 95

The "bulge" between the generalized approach and the d a t a - i n p u t approach

curves i n F i g . 17 near the isobutane o u t l e t represents a d i f f e r e n c e i n

enthalpy c a l c u l a t e d by the two approaches o f However, t h i s

occurs very near the c r i t i c a l p o i n t ( a t a reduced pressure o f 1.13^*

and a reduced temperature o f 1.008) where good accuracy i s g e n e r a l l y

not achieved.

Although the generalized approach r e s u l t s f o r the geothermal

systems, e s p e c i a l l y the Hutchinson-Holt Cycle, a r e not as accurate as

those f o r the HTGR-GT binary cycle and although the acceptable accuracy

c r i t e r i a a r e v i o l a t e d , t o a small e x t e n t , in some instances, i n the

geothermal systems analyses, t h e generalized approach s t i l l u s u a l l y

p r e d i c t s w i t h acceptable o r near acceptable accuracy the r e s u l t s o f

thermodynamic cycle c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r the geothermal systems.

The work i n t h i s chapter demonstrates t h a t the HBMS generalized

thermodynamic functions can be used t o p r e d i c t w i t h g e n e r a l l y acceptable

accuracy t h e properties necessary f o r cycle analysis w i t h most working

f l u i d s , but t h a t special caution should be used when the working f l u i d

i s a h i g h l y polar substance.
 CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS OF GENERALIZED APPROACH

To i l l u s t r a t e examples o f applications o f the generalized

approach, i t i s used i n t h i s chapter t o analyze energy systems w i t h

working f l u i d s f o r which enough data f o r the standard input required

f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o f the generalized approach a r e a v a i l a b l e , but f o r

which data desired f o r f u l l data-input analyses a r e incomplete. The

energy systems considered a r e the HTGR-GT binary cycle w i t h R e f r i g e r ­

ant 22 (chlorodifluoromethane CHCIF^), R-22, as the secondary f l u i d

and two closed-cycle geothermal systems, the Hansen Freon Cycle

(Hansen, 1961) and the EPRI geothermal system (Roberts, 1 9 7 6 ) , w i t h

Refrigerant 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane CCl^F^), R-12, as t h e working

fluid.

Both R-12 and R-22 a r e , o f course, commonly-used r e f r i g e r a n t s ,

and, consequently, there i s a great deal o f thermodynamic data a v a i l -

l
able f o r both i n the region o f the PVT domain i n which they operate as

refrigerants. T h e i r use as working f l u i d s i n s u p e r c r i t i c a l - p r e s s u r e

Rankine cycle power-producing systems, however, takes them i n t o regions

o f the PVT domain, l i k e the s u p e r c r i t i c a l - p r e s s u r e l i q u i d and high

density gas regions, where no data e x i s t . For example, f o r R-12, no

thermodynamic data a t a l l e x i s t f o r compressed l i q u i d o r high density

gas above a density o f 53 Ibm/cu f t , w h i l e , according t o the generalized

96
 97

approach analyses done, R-12 I s more dense than t h i s through 80% o f

the heater i n the Hansen Freon Cycle cases studied and through two-

t h i r d s o f the heater i n the EPRI system case studied. I n both cases

R-12 enters the heater w i t h a density Just under 80 lbm/cu f t ; e x t r a p ­

o l a t i o n o f the data t h i s f a r gives uselessly inaccurate r e s u l t s . For R-22,

f o r pressures beloW 1500 p s i a , no thermodynamic data for.compressed

l i q u i d below 160° F exist,- whi l e , according to the generalized approach

analyses done, R-22 enters the heater i n the HTGR-GT binary c y c l e a t

temperatures less than 110°F; f o r pressures above 1500 psia no l i q u i d

data a t a l l e x i s t . A l l HTGR-GT b i n a r y cycle cases studied w i t h R-22

have secondary f l u i d pressures g r e a t e r than 1500 p s i a .

Normally t h i s l a c k o f data would r e s u l t i n the automatic exclu­

sion o f the two f l u i d s from consideration f o r use i n the respective

systems. The generalized approach, however, i s used t o extend the

analyses o f the energy systems t o include such working f l u i d s . (As d i s ­

cussed i n Chapter 5 , special caution should be used when the working

f l u i d i s a h i g h l y polar substance since the accuracy o f the approach

when applied to p o l a r f l u i d s i s i n doubt.)

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle w i t h Refrigerant 22

Values o f the input data required f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o f the gen­

e r a l i z e d approach f o r R-22 a r e shown i n Table 18. A l l but c o e f f i c i e n t s

a j , a2» B y a^ were obtained from t a b l e s i n Properties o f Commonly-

Used Refrigerants (Air-Conditioning and R e f r i g e r a t i o n I n s t i t u t e , 1967,

pp. 5 5 - 6 0 ) ; c o e f f i c i e n t s a^, a2» 3 y were obtained from a t h i r d -

order l e a s t squares f i t o f a t a b l e o f chlorodifluoromethane ideal gas

Table 18. Input Data f o r Generalized Approach; R e f r i g e r a n t 22.

C r i t i c a l Pressure 721.91 psia

C r i t i c a l Temperature 20*}.81 ° F

C r i t i c a l Volume 0.030525 cu f t / l b m

Molecular Weight 86.48

Normal Boi1ing Point -i»l . 3 6 °-F

128 ° F
\ .015 cu f t / l b m
v ',
165 ° F
t '2
.017 cu f t / l b m
v'
2
a. 0 . 5 0 4 6 x l O - 1 Btu/1bm-R°

a2
0.2*»22xl0~ 3 B t u / l b m - ( R ° ) 2

-0.957^xlO_7 Btu/lbm-(R°)3
a3

aA
0.137><10 _ 1 0 Btu/1 bm-(R°) i f

S p e c i f i c Heat* 0.306 Btu/lbm-R°

Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y * * 0.050 Btu/hr-ft-R°

Viscosity** 0.556 l b m / h r - f t

* Liquid a t 86 ° F
* * Saturated Liquid a t 86 ° F
s t a t e s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure as a function o f temperature

(Table 2 3 - 1 0 - 9 - 2 - ( 1 0 . 0 1 1 ) - v , page 1 , o f Beach, 1975a). Complete sets

o f R-22 physical p r o p e r t i e s necessary f o r determination o f the average

o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i n the heater a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r only

a l i m i t e d number o f c o n d i t i o n s . The p r o p e r t i e s ( s p e c i f i c h e a t , thermal

c o n d u c t i v i t y , v i s c o s i t y ) shown f o r the saturated l i q u i d a t 86°F i n

Table 18 were considered t o be the most r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , o f t h e a v a i l a b l

d a t a , o f the values f o r average conditions on the secondary side o f the

heater. Using the o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t c a l c u l a t i o n method

described i n Chapter 5 , along w i t h the helium p r o p e r t i e s c a l c u l a t i o n

method described t h e r e , t h e heater dimensions shown i n Table 6 , and the

R-22 p r o p e r t i e s shown i n Table 1 8 , y i e l d s an average o v e r a l l heat trans

f e r c o e f f i c i e n t f o r the heater w i t h R-22 as the secondary f l u i d o f 165

Btu/hr-sq ft-F°. As i n the HTGR-GT b i n a r y c y c l e analyses done i n

Chapter 5 , various sets o f values o f minimum helium temperature and

maximum secondary f l u i d pressure, as determined from a binary c y c l e

e f f i c i e n c y o p t i m i z a t i o n procedure, were used i n t h e R-22 analyses.

Primary c y c l e input data a r e given i n Table 1 ; secondary c y c l e

parameters, i n Table 5>

Power o u t p u t , thermal e f f i c i e n c y , and mass flow r a t e r e s u l t s

f o r several d i f f e r e n t cases o f R-22 as the HTGR-GT binary c y c l e second­

a r y f l u i d , as determined from generalized approach a n a l y s i s , a r e shown

i n Table 19. The case w i t h a minimum helium temperature o f 152°F and a

maximum secondary f l u i d pressure o f 2170 p s i a was chosen f o r f u r t h e r

study. The temperatures o f both helium and R-22 as they flow along
Table 19. Results o f Generalized Analysis; HTGR-GT Binary Cycle, Refrigerant 2 2 .

Min imum
Helium Secondary
Temperature Fluid Power Output Thermal E f f i c i e n c y R-22 Mass
i n HTGR-GT Maximum Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Binary Flow Rate
Cycle Pressure Cycle Cycle Total Cycle Cycle Cycle per Loop
m i l l ion
°F psia MWe MWe MWe 2 % % lbm/hr

152 2170 945.0 393.0 1337-9 31.50 19-57 44.60 20.229

147 1870 955-8 381.9 1337.7 31.86 19.12 44.59 19-861

151 1870 947.1 389.2 1336.3 31.57 19-40 44.54 19.329

155 2040 938.4 397.9 1336.3 31.28 19-75 44.54 19.456

158 2250 931.9 404.4 1336.3 31.06 20.01 44.54 19.768

156 2440 936.3 400.2 1336.5 31.21 19-84 44.55 20.526

145 1970 960.1 377.6 1337.7 32.00 18.94 44.59 20.571

157 2170 934.1 402.9 1337-0 31.14 19-95 44.57 19.650

146 2390 958.0 377-0 1335.0 31.93 18.89 44.50 21.847

 101

the heater surface, as determined from the generalized approach a n a l y s i s ,

f o r t h i s case a r e p l o t t e d i n F i g . 18.

A temperature-enthalpy diagram f o r the heater f o r t h i s case

i s given i n F i g . 19> The "helium" l i n e i n the diagram i s obtained by

drawing a s t r a i g h t l i n e between the helium temperatures a t the i n l e t

and the o u t l e t o f the h e a t e r , without regard t o enthalpy, and represents

the helium enthalpy change i n the h e a t e r , normalized to the R-22

enthalpy, as a function o f temperature; the s t r a i g h t l i n e can be drawn

because the helium s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure i s known t o be

n e a r l y constant ( a t 1.2^2 Btu/lbm-R°) i n the h e a t e r . To conform t o

the p r a c t i c e i n Properties o f Commonly-used R e f r i g e r a n t s , the R-22

enthalpy i s normalized t o a zero enthalpy f o r saturated l i q u i d a t

-40°F. The dotted l i n e i n the diagram was p l o t t e d using values o f

R-22 enthalpy read from a pressure-enthalpy diagram f o r R e f r i g e r a n t 22

( A i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g and R e f r i g e r a t i o n I n s t i t u t e , 1967> P- 5 3 ) - The

agreement between the enthalpy c a l c u l a t e d by the generalized function

and the enthalpy data i s seen t o be extremely good i n the gas region

and i n the high-temperature end o f the high density gas region, but the

two curves diverge as the temperature approaches c r i t i c a l . Even a t the

maximum d e v i a t i o n , however, the d i f f e r e n c e i s only 8 Btu/lbm (10.5%).

Even though i n s u f f i c i e n t data a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r a f u l l d a t a - i n p u t

a n a l y s i s , what data do e x i s t can be used to t e s t the approximate

accuracy o f the r e s u l t s .

F i n a l l y , a temperature-density diagram f o r the heater f o r

t h i s case i s given i n F i g . 20.

 102

500

Region I

h e l i um

Region I I

300

R-22

200

Reg ion I f I

0 5 10 15 20
Heater Section

F i g . 18. F l u i d Temperatures i n H e a t e r : HTGR-GT

Binary Cycle, Secondary F l u i d : R e f r i g e r a n t 2 2 .

T . =152°F; P.=2170 r
psia.
min '1
 o

103

500

Reg i on I

h e l i um
Region I I
350
R-22

LL.

200

Data
50
Generali zed

50 100 150

Enthalpy, Btu/lbm

F i g . 19. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram f o r H e a t e r ;

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle. Secondary F l u i d :
R e f r igerant 2 2 .

T . = 1 5 2 0 F , P =2170 p s i a
mi n l
 104

Regi 3n

350

300
Lu Region

<d 250

200

150 Region

30 ko 50 60 70

Density, Ibm/cu f t

F i g . 20. Temperature-density Diagram f o r Heater:

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle. Refrigerant 22.

T =152°F> P,=2'70 psia

m!n
mi n I
 105

Table 19 and F i g s . 18, 19, and 2 0 , then, g i v e complete thermo­

dynamic cycle c a l c u l a t i o n r e s u l t s f o r the HTGR-GT binary c y c l e w i t h

R-22 as the secondary f l u i d . These r e s u l t s were obtained d e s p i t e the

f a c t t h a t i n s u f f i c i e n t R-22 thermodynamic data e x i s t f o r a f u l l d a t a -

input a n a l y s i s . From the work i n Chapter 5 and from F i g . 19 i t seems

t h a t these r e s u l t s from the generalized approach analysis a r e accept­

a b l y accurate.

The binary c y c l e e f f i c i e n c y f o r the R-22 maximum-efficiency

case, along w i t h the c y c l e conditions necessary t o achieve t h i s

e f f i c i e n c y , i s compared to the r e s u l t s f o r the maximum-efficiency

case f o r isobutane, propane, and ammonia (obtained from the analyses

done f o r Chapter 5) i n Table 20. Achieving maximum e f f i c i e n c y f o r the

HTGR-GT binary cycle i s , o f course, important, b u t , as discussed i n

Chapter 5 , t h e higher the minimum helium temperature, the f u r t h e r " o f f -

design" the HTGR-GT cycle must operate (which may adversely a f f e c t p e r ­

formance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the c y c l e ) , w h i l e , t h e higher the secondary

f l u i d pressure, the more expensive the h e a t e r , t u r b i n e , and p i p i n g o f

the secondary system become. Table 20 gives the information necessary

t o determine the cost and performance t r a d e - o f f s required f o r achieving

high e f f i c i e n c y w i t h each secondary f l u i d . These r e s u l t s can be i n c o r ­

porated, along w i t h such other f l u i d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as s t a b i l i t y , c o r -

rosiveness, flammabi1ity, cost and a v a i l a b i l i t y , and t o x i c i t y , i n t o a

comprehensive f l u i d s e l e c t i o n process t o choose t h e best working f l u i d

f o r the HTGR-GT bottoming c y c l e . Without the information on R-22 from

Table 2 0 , which was obtained only from the generalized approach, R-22
 106

Table 2 0 . Comparison o f HTGR-GT Binary Cycle Secondary F l u i d s .

Min imum Efficiency Efficiency

Helium Secondary Calculated Calculated
temperature Fluid Using Actual Us i ng
i n HTGR-GT Maximum Thermodynami c Generali zed
Fluid ' Cycle Pressure Data Approach

°F ps i a £ %

1sobutane 136 1080 hh.l b3.3

Propane H7 1670 k2.2 kl.S

Ammon i a 172 2920 kk.s kS.2

R-22 152 2170 - kh.6

would probably not be a b l e to be considered f o r use i n the HTGR-GT

binary c y c l e . The generalized approach, then, i s used t o expand the

number o f f l u i d s considered f o r use i n a s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n . (By

use o f t h e generalized approach, as o u t l i n e d i n t h i s chapter, Table 20

can be extended t o a l a r g e number o f o t h e r f l u i d s f o r which i n s u f f i c i e n t

data e x i s t f o r a f u l l d a t a - i n p u t a n a l y s i s . )

Geothermal Systems w i t h R e f r i g e r a n t 12

Values o f t h e input data required f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o f the gen­

e r a l i z e d approach f o r R-12 a r e shown i n Table 2 1 . A l l but c o e f f i c i e n t s

a j , a2» a ^ , a^ were obtained from t a b l e s i n Properties o f Commonly-

used R e f r i g e r a n t s ( A i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g and R e f r i g e r a t i o n I n s t i t u t e , 1967,

pp. 2 5 - 3 0 ; c o e f f i c i e n t s a j , a^, a^, a^ were obtained from a t h i r d - o r d e r

l e a s t squares f i t o f a t a b l e o f dichlorodifluoromethane ideal gas s t a t e

 107

Table 2 1 . Input Data f o r Generalized Approach; R e f r i g e r a n t 12.

C r i t i c a l Pressure 5 9 6 . 9 psia

C r i t i c a l Temperature 233.6 ° F

C r i t i c a l Volume 0.0287 cu f t / l b m

Molecular Weight 120.93

Normal B o i l i n g Point -21.6 °F

T. 135 °F

v .0136 cu f t / l b m

T 186 ° F

.0157 cu f t / l b m

. 5 ^ 8 3 * 1 0 _ 1 Btu/1bm-R°

.2112x1o" 3 B t u / l b m - ( R ° ) 2

1015x1o" 6 B t u / l b m - ( R ° ) 3
3
. I 6 5 2 x l 0 ~ 1 0 Btu/lbm-CR 0 ) 2 1

S p e c i f i c Heat* .235 Btu/1bm-R°

Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y * * .0i»0 B t u / h r - f t - R °

Vi scosi t y A A .61^ l b m / h r - f t

* L i q u i d a t 86 ° F
* * Saturated Liquid a t 86 ° F
 108

s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure as a function o f temperature (Table

23~10—9—2-(10.01l)-v, page 1 , o f Beach, 1975a).

As w i t h R-22, t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t , thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y , and

v i s c o s i t y o f saturated R-12 l i q u i d a t 86 ° F , shown i n Table 2 1 , were

used i n the c a l c u l a t i o n o f an average o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t

i n the h e a t e r . For the Hansen Freon Cycle a logarithmic mean tempera­

t u r e d i f f e r e n c e i n the heater o f 30 F° i s prescribed (Hansen, 1961).

Following the procedure o u t l i n e d i n Chapter 5 , gives a heater surface

area o f 367*050 square f e e t and an average o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r

c o e f f i c i e n t o f 2 3 - 7 B t u / h r / s q f t - F ° f o r the Hansen Freon Cycle w i t h

R-12 as the working f l u i d . For the EPRI geothermal system the heater

surface area shown i n Table 16 f o r i t was used; f o r R-12 the average

o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i n the heater o f the EPRI system was

calculated to be 3 2 . 7 Btu/hr-sq f t - F ° . (The heater surface area f o r

the EPRI system shown i n Table 16 was a c t u a l l y determined by f i r s t

c a l c u l a t i n g average o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s i n the heater

f o r both isobutane and R-12 as working f l u i d and then using the smaller

o f the two values, which happened t o be the one f o r R-12, t o specify

heater surface area by Eq. (5.7)*

System input parameters f o r the Hansen Freon Cycle and the

EPRI geothermal system a r e given i n Table 2 ; t h e R-12 pressure drop

through the condenser i s taken as 0 . 5 p s i f o r both systems. Maximum

secondary f l u i d pressure f o r each system was set so as t o maximize

secondary c y c l e e f f i c i e n c y .
 109

Maximum secondary f l u i d pressure, power output, thermal e f f i ­

ciency, and mass flow r a t e r e s u l t s f o r the two systems w i t h R-12 as

working f l u i d , as determined from the generalized approach a n a l y s i s ,

a r e shown i n Table 22.

The Hansen Freon Cycle case was chosen f o r f u r t h e r study. The

temperatures o f both water and R-12 as they flow along the heater s u r ­

f a c e , as determined from the generalized approach a n a l y s i s , f o r t h i s

system a r e p l o t t e d i n F i g . 2 1 . A temperature-enthalpy diagram f o r the

heater f o r t h i s system i s given i n F i g . 2 2 . The water enthalpy change

curve i n the diagram i s normalized t o the R-12 enthalpy. The R-12

enthalpy i s normalized to a zero enthalpy f o r saturated l i q u i d a t

-40oF. The R-12 enthalpy data p o i n t s , marked by " X I M s i n the diagram,

were read from a pressure-enthalpy diagram f o r Ref rigerant 12 ( A i r -

conditioning and R e f r i g e r a t i o n I n s t i t u t e , 1967, P- 2 3 ) ; a l l a r e w i t h i n

6% o f the enthalpy l i n e c a l c u l a t e d by the generalized approach. A

temperature-density diagram f o r the heater f o r t h i s system i s given

i n F i g . 23- Table 22 and F i g s . 21, 22, and 2 3 , a l l obtained by the

generalized approach, give complete thermodynamic cycle c a l c u l a t i o n

r e s u l t s f o r the Hansen Freon Cycle w i t h R-12 as the working f l u i d .

The EPRI geothermal systems w i t h isobutane and w i t h R e f r i g e r ­

ant 12 as the working f l u i d a r e compared i n Table 23. These r e s u l t s

can be incorporated i n t o a working f l u i d s e l e c t i o n process f o r the EPRI

geothermal system s i m i l a r t o t h a t described f o r the HTGR-GT binary

cycle i n the l a s t section.

From the work reported i n t h i s chapter, i t i s seen t h a t the

generalized approach i s extremely useful i n the analysis o f energy

 no

350

300 Reg i on I

Regi

250 water

-a
R-12

150

0 5 10 15 20
Heater Section

F i g . 21. F l u i d Temperatures i n Heater: Hansen Freon

Cycle; Working F l u i d : R e f r i g e r a n t 12.
 I l l

350

300

water Reg i on I
u.
Reg i on I I

2! 250

CL

R-12
200

X Data
— Generalized

60 80 100
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm

F i g . 22. Temperature-enthalpy Diagram f o r H e a t e r :

Hansen Freon Cycle; Working F l u i d :
- R e f r i g e r ant 12.
 112

300
Reg

250 Reg ion I I

u.

y- 2 0 0

150 Reg ion 11 I

30 40 50 60 70 80
Density, Ibm/cu f t

F i g . 23. Temperature-density Diagram f o r Heater.

Hansen Freon Cycle, R e f r i g e r a n t 12.
 113

systems w i t h working f l u i d s f o r which data desired f o r f u l l d a t a - i n p u t

analyses a r e incomplete.

Table 22. Results o f Generalized Analysis; Geothermal Systems,

Refrigerant 12.

Secondary
Fluid
Maximum Power Thermal R-12 Mass
System Pressure Output Efficiency Flow Rate

mi 11 ion
psia MWe % 1bm/hr

Hansen 920 10.486 13.69 3-873

EPRI 850 10.489 14.66 3-296

Table 23. Comparison o f Working F l u i d s ; EPRI Geothermal System.

Efficiency Efficiency
Calculated Calculated
Fluid Using Actual Using
Maximum Thermodynamic Generalized
Fluid Pressure Data Approach

psia % %

Isobutane 730 15.31 15.09

R-12 850 14.66

 CHAPTER 7

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ESTIMATION METHODS

The secondary f l u i d properties required as input f o r thermo­

dynamic analyses w i t h the generalized approach a r e : the three c r i t i c a l

constants ( P c , v c , T c ) ; t h e molecular weight ( t o determine gas con­

s t a n t R ) ; the normal b o i l i n g point ( t o determine Riedel parameter a ) ;

the s p e c i f i c volume o f saturated l i q u i d a t two temperatures ( t o d e t e r ­

mine the c o e f f i c i e n t s , c and d , i n the Guggenheim equation [Eq. ( 4 . 2 ) ] ;

the c o e f f i c i e n t s , a ^ , a2» a^, a^, o f the t h i r d - o r d e r equation i n temper­

a t u r e f o r ideal gas s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure [Eq. ( 4 . 5 8 ) ] ;

a n d , f o r the c a l c u l a t i o n o f o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t ( s ) f o r

the secondary f l u i d h e a t e r , the s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure, the

dynamic v i s c o s i t y , and the thermal conductivity a t average conditions

on the secondary side o f the heater (or heater s e c t i o n ) . For many

f l u i d s a complete set o f these data i s not a v a i l a b l e . I n these cases

physical properties estimation methods can be used t o predict unknown

properties.

Determination o f c o e f f i c i e n t s c and d i n the Guggenheim

equation when no data a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r saturated l i q u i d s p e c i f i c

volume can be done using Equations ( 4 . 4 2 ) and ( 4 . 4 3 ) . A generalized

s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure, Cp, function f o r each HBMS region

o f d e f i n i t i o n can be obtained from the respective enthalpy function

derived i n Chapter 4 and Appendix B by reference t o the d e f i n i t i o n

114
 115

o f s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure (Reynolds, 1968, p . 8 5 ) :

c = (3h/3T)p = (l/Tr)0h/3t) . (7.1)

P r u p

(A special problem w i t h the l i q u i d region generalized s p e c i f i c heat

function near the c r i t i c a l isotherm and a solution t o the problem were

discussed i n Chapter 4 . )

Estimation methods f o r the other required properties a r e given

i n t h i s chapter.

Methods and Equations Used f o r

Estimating Physical Properties

Rihani-Doraiswamy Group Contributions Method

f o r Estimation o f Ideal Gas S p e c i f i c Heat a t
Constant Pressure

On the basis o f the s t a t i s t i c a l mechanical work o f P i t z e r ( 1 9 4 0 ) ,

Rihani and Doraiswamy (1965) showed t h a t the ideal gas s p e c i f i c heat o f

a compound can be expressed as the sum o f contributions from character­

i s t i c component groups o f atoms i n the compound's molecule. The c o n t r i ­

bution, C pj> from the i*"* 1 group o f atoms t o the ideal gas s p e c i f i c heat

o f the compound may be expressed a s :

c°. = a, + a, T + a, T2 + a. T3 (7.2)
PI l| ^ ^j "j

where T i s the absolute temperature and a^ i s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t a^ char-

th '
a c t e r i s t i c o f the i group. The ideal gas s p e c i f i c heat o f the

compound, c ° , can then be determined by the equation:

c° = I a! + T I a + T? I b2 + t3 I ak
3
p i=l 'i i=l i i=l i i=l 1
(7.3)
 116

where I i s the number o f component groups, so t h a t the c o e f f i c i e n t values

f o r the compound a r e obtained by adding the group c o e f f i c i e n t values:

I
a = I aN for N = 1, 2, 3, k . (7.*0
i=l i

From published data on appropriate compounds Rihani and Dorais-

wamy (1965) obtained values f o r i d e a l gas s p e c i f i c heat c o n t r i b u t i o n

f o r a v a r i e t y o f groups a t d i f f e r e n t temperatures and then f i t t e d a

t h i r d - o r d e r equation i n temperature t o the values f o r each group t o

estimate the values o f the c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r each group. A tabulation

o f t h e i r r e s u l t s i s given i n Appendix D.

Lydersen Group Contribution Method

f o r Estimation o f C r i t i c a l Properties

Investigations by Lydersen (1955) brought about an extension

and r e v i s i o n o f the Thomas-Riedel (Thomas, 19^9) procedure f o r estima­

ting critical properties. In the Lydersen method the c r i t i c a l constants

a r e obtained by adding d i r e c t l y the contributions t h a t have been

assigned t o d i f f e r e n t atoms and atomic groups f o r each type o f c r i t i c a l

constant. The Lydersen equations a r e :

T B = T B /T C = 0.567 + I <(»(T) - [£<|>(T)] 2 (7-5)

P = M / [ 0 . 0 8 9 + £<|>(P)] 2 (P in units of psia) (7.6)

c c

v = 0.641 + 2>(v) (v i n u n i t s o f cu f t / l b m o l e )
c c
(7-7)
where t ^ i s the reduced normal b o i l i n g temperature; T^ i s the absolute

normal b o i l i n g temperature; M i s molecular weight; T c , P c , and v £

 117

are the c r i t i c a l absolute temperature, pressure, and s p e c i f i c volume,

respectively; and £<f>(T), £<f>(P), and £<|>(v), as established i n Lyder-

sen's investigations, a r e given i n Appendix E.

Watson Method f o r P r e d i c t i o n o f
Normal Boiling Point

Since the Lydersen method gives only the reduced normal b o i l i n g

temperature t ^ , an independent estimation method f o r e i t h e r absolute

normal b o i l i n g temperature o r absolute c r i t i c a l temperature T c must

be used i n order t o o b t a i n and T c separately. The Watson (1931)

method was o r i g i n a l l y developed t o p r e d i c t the c r i t i c a l temperature

when b o i l i n g point was known. I t can be modified, however, t o estimate

when t ^ i s known (as from the Lydersen method).

The basis o f the Watson method i s the following empirical gen­

e r a l i z a t i o n (Watson, 1931): "The r a t i o o f the absolute temperature a t

which a l i q u i d i s i n equilibrium w i t h a specified molal concentration

o f i t s saturated vapor t o the absolute c r i t i c a l temperature i s a

function only o f the molal volume o f the substance i n the l i q u i d s t a t e

a t the temperature o f the e q u i l i b r i u m . " This statement i s found t o be

true f o r nonpolar compounds which a r e not associated o r dissociated i n

e i t h e r the l i q u i d o r vapor s t a t e . The comparison between c r i t i c a l

temperatures and temperatures corresponding t o constant vapor concentra­

t i o n may be c a r r i e d out a t any selected vapor concentration where the

perfect gas equation o f s t a t e a p p l i e s . The vapor concentration selected

was the molal volume a t standard conditions (see Quagliano, 1958, p . 1 7 8 ) ,

359 cu f t / l b m o l e , which i s the concentration i n e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h a com­

pound b o i l i n g a t 32°F a t a pressure o f 14.7 p s i a . Since the temperature

 118

corresponding t o t h i s vapor concentration i s very close t o the normal

b o i l i n g point f o r most substances, the molal volume o f the l i q u i d may be

taken as that a t the normal b o i l i n g p o i n t .

The p e r f e c t gas equation o f s t a t e may be w r i t t e n as (Reynolds,

1968, p. 220):
T = (Mv) ?/3t (7-8)

where T i s the absolute temperature, 2 f t i s the universal gas constant,

P i s pressure, M i s molecular weight, and v i s s p e c i f i c volume. The

product Mv i s the molal volume. The temperature, T , corresponding t o

a molal vapor volume o f 359 cu f t / l b m o l e i s then expressed by:

Te = 359P / & (7-3)

The clausius-Clapeyron equation (Reynolds, 1968, p. 218) expresses the

r e l a t i o n s h i p between vapor pressure P y and temperature:

dP v /dT = L / T ( V V - V 1 ) (7-10)

where L i s the heat o f vaporization and v y and v^ a r e the saturated

vapor and saturated l i q u i d s p e c i f i c volume, r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t i s known

t h a t v v >> V j , so t h a t , approximately,

dP v /dT = L/Tvy . (7-11)

Dividing both sides o f t h i s equation by P y and r e c a l l i n g t h a t , from

the perfect gas equation o f s t a t e , P y v v = (7.12)

allow the following r e l a t i o n s h i p t o be expressed:

dP v /P y dT = d ( l n ( P y ) ) / d T = ML/«5?T 2 . (7-13)

The heat o f vaporization L may be assumed t o be constant over narrow

temperature ranges. Integrating between the l i m i t s :

 119

P v = I k . 7 psia (=2116 I b f / s q f t ) , T = T b , and P y = P, T =

gives
1 n (P) = (ML/^)(1/Tb-1/Te) + 7.66 (7.14)

Writing Eq. ( 7 - 9 ) l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y and substituting i n i t Eq. ( 7 . 1 4 )

gives:

l n ( T e ) = ln(359 / & ) + (ML/^P) ( 1 / T b - 1 / T e ) + 7 . 6 6 . (7.15)

From the Hildebrand (1915) r u l e t h a t the molal entropy o f vapor­

i z a t i o n , ML/^PT, o f normal l i q u i d s i s constant when they a r e i n e q u i ­

l i b r i u m w i t h the same concentration o f t h e i r saturated vapors, using

a v a i l a b l e d a t a , Watson (1931) derived the following expression f o r the

molal heat o f v a p o r i z a t i o n , ML, o f a normal l i q u i d when i n e q u i l i b r i u m

with a molal vapor volume o f 359 cu f t / l b m o l e :

ML = 9.85?T e . (7.16)

Substituting t h i s i n t o Eq. (7*15) and replacing 3 1 by i t s numerical

value o f 15^5 f t - 1 bf/1bmole-R° g i v e :

ln(Te) = 9.8Te/Tb - 3.6 . (7-17)

This equation r e l a t e s the normal b o i l i n g point o f a l i q u i d t o the tem­

perature a t which i t i s i n equilibrium w i t h a molal vapor volume o f

359 cu f t / l b m o l e .

The molal volume, i n cubic f e e t per pound-mole, o f a l i q u i d

a t i t s b o i l i n g p o i n t i s equal t o Mv, , where v . i s the s p e c i f i c

'b 'b
volume a t the b o i l i n g point i n cubic f e e t per pound mass. From the

data f o r normal l i q u i d s o f widely varying b o i l i n g points and molecular

weights, Watson (1931) p l o t t e d values o f l ° 9 j o ^ e ^ c ^ against the

 120

corresponding values o f l o g ^ M V j ) . The data followed a s t r a i g h t l i n e

b
w i t h a slope o f 0 . 1 8 ; from t h i s curve the following equation was

derived:

Te/Tc = 0.596(MVj ) 0 * 1 8 (7.18)

b

Te = 0.596T.(MV 1 ) ° ' 1 8 • (7-19)

b

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h i s i n t o Eq. ( 7 - 1 7 ) g i v e s :

ln(0.596Tc(MVl ) 0 ' 1 8 ) = (5-837/tb)(Mv, ) 0 ' 1 8 - 3-6 (7.20)

b b

1 = (1.679/Tc(MVl )°*l8)exp((5.837/tb)(MV] ) 0 ' 1 8 - 3-6) (7.21)

b b

M u l t i p l y i n g both sides o f t h i s equation by T^:

Tb = [1.679tb/(Mv1 )°'l8]exp[(5.837/tb)(Mv, )0-18- 3.6] (7.22)

b b

T b comes out i n u n i t s o f °R. This equation i s a p p l i c a b l e only t o non-

polar 1iqu i d s .

The l i q u i d s p e c i f i c volume a t the normal b o i l i n g temperature,

v . , can be input from density d a t a , but i n the formulation used here

'b
the Benson (1948) method f o r estimation o f the s p e c i f i c volume o f a

l i q u i d a t the normal b o i l i n g temperature i s used. Benson p l o t t e d

reduced density a t the b o i l i n g point against log 10 P c f o r n i n e t y - s i x

liquids. The r e s u l t was a s t r a i g h t l i n e given by:

P] = Vc/Vl = 0.422 l o g 1 0 P c + 1.488 (7-23)

b b

v, = v c / ( 0 . 4 2 2 l o g 1 0 P c + 1.488) (7-24)
 121

where P c i s i n u n i t s os p s i a . C r i t i c a l pressure, P c , and c r i t i c a l

s p e c i f i c volume, v c , can be input as data o r estimated by the Lydersen

method.

Stiel-Thodos Method f o r Transport

Properties o f Dense Gases and Liquids

The Stiel-Thodos method ( J o s s i , S t i e l , and Thodos, 1962; S t i e l

and Thodos, 196*0 i s based on the f a c t that residual transport proper­

t i e s are functions only o f density and dimensional constants s p e c i f i c

to each substance. [A residual transport property i s the d i f f e r e n c e

between the actual value o f a transport property and i t s value a t the

same temperature but a t "normal" pressures (about I to 75 p s i a ) . ]

A dimensional analysis approach was employed t o determine the dimensional

constant whose product w i t h the residual transport property was p l o t t e d

against density t o develop c o r r e l a t i o n s . Since c r i t i c a l constants a r e

r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e (from data o r from the Lydersen method), a combination

o f them was used i n the dimensional constant.

Viscosity. The group ( JJ- JJ° ) , where JJ i s the

actual v i s c o s i t y and p ° i s the v i s c o s i t y a t the same temperature but

a t normal pressures, was p l o t t e d on l o g - l o g coordinates against

reduced d e n s i t y , p , u t i l i z i n g experimental data f o r fourteen sub­

stances (Jossi e t a l . , 1962). I t was found t h a t the following

a n a l y t i c a l expression defined accurately the r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r 0 . ! < p < 3 :

y = p ° + [(0.10230 + 0 . 0 2 3 3 6 ^ + 0.058533P 2 - 0.040758p 3

+ 0.009332^)^ - 0.0001]/2.25(T!/6/M*P2/3) (7-25)

c c

C r i t i c a l temperature, T , and c r i t i c a l pressure, P , must be i n u n i t s

c c
 122

o f °R and p s i a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . V i s c o s i t y , y , conies out i n u n i t s o f

lbm/hr-ft. This c o r r e l a t i o n i s v a l i d f o r nonpolar substances above

about 450 p s i a .

For the p r e d i c t i o n o f v i s c o s i t y a t normal pressures, p ° ,

S t i e l and Thodos (1961) used a dimensional analysis approach and v i s ­

c o s i t y data f o r f i f t y nonpolar gases t o develop the following r e l a t i o n ­

ships:

V° = 15-lxl0~5 t0,9V(Tj/6/M*P*/3) for t < 1.50 (7-26)

M° = 7.9><10~ 5 ( 4 . 5 8 t - 1 . 6 7 ) 5 / 8 / ( T y 6 / M i P * / 3 ) f o r t > 1.50 (7-27)

where t i s the reduced temperature.

Thermal Conductivity. Values o f ( k - k ° ) ( T ^ ^ M ^ / P ^ 3 ) Z^ ,

where k i s the actual thermal conductivity and k ° i s the thermal con­

d u c t i v i t y a t the same temperature but a t normal pressures, were p l o t t e d

on l o g - l o g coordinates against the corresponding reduced d e n s i t y , using

experimental data f o r 20 nonpolar substances ( S t i e l and Thodos, 1964).

The following a n a l y t i c a l representations o f the p l o t were obtained:

for p < 0.50,

k = k° + 6.22xlo"6(e"°*535p-l)/(Tj/6M*/P*/3)z* (7-28)

for 0.50 < p < 2.00,

k = k° + 5.82xl0"6(e*°-67p-1.069)/(Ty6Mi/P^/3)z^ (7-29)
c c c

for 2.0 < p < 2.8,

k = k° + 1.32xl0~6(e1,155p+2.0l6)/(Tj/6M*/P*/3)z* (7-30)

As before, c r i t i c a l temperature, T , and c r i t i c a l pressure, P c , must

 123

be i n u n i t s o f °R and p s i a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y , k ,

comes out i n u n i t s o f B t u / h r - f t - F ° . These equations a r e l i m i t e d t o

nonpolar compounds above 150 p s i a .

• For the p r e d i c t i o n o f thermal conductivity a t moderate p r e s ­

sures, k ° , Misic and Thodos (1961, 1 9 6 3 ) , through a dimensional

analysis approach, developed a r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r the thermal conductiv­

i t y parameter, ( k ° / c ) ( T ! / ^ / M ^ P ^ 3 ) , where c i s s p e c i f i c heat a t con-

p c c p
stant pressure, as a function o f reduced temperature, t , using e x p e r i ­

mental data f o r 28 hydrocarbons. Their equation i s :

k° = if.^xio"5 cp(H.52t - 5.1^)2/3/(Ty6M^P^/3) (7.31)

Specific h e a t , c^, i s i n u n i t s o f Btu/lbm-R°. Even though t h i s method

was developed using only data on hydrocarbons, i t was found t o be the

best method a v a i l a b l e f o r a l l the f l u i d s considered i n t h i s work except

ammon i a .

With these estimation methods incorporated i n t o the generalized

approach, a thermodynamic cycle c a l c u l a t i o n f o r an energy system can be

c a r r i e d out even i f the only thing t h a t i s known about the system's

working f l u i d i s i t s chemical s t r u c t u r e .

E f f e c t o f Use o f Methods on Results

Various combinations o f these estimation methods incorporated

i n t o the generalized approach were investigated f o r t h e i r e f f e c t on

the r e s u l t s o f thermodynamic cycle c a l c u l a t i o n s done using them. Full

investigations were c a r r i e d out f o r the HTGR-GT binary c y c l e w i t h i s o -

butane as the secondary f l u i d and f o r two geothermal systems, the

 \2k

Hansen Freon Cycle and the EPRI geothermal system, w i t h Refrigerant 12

as the working f l u i d . "Worst case" investigations were done f o r the

HTGR-GT b i n a r y cycle w i t h propane as the secondary f l u i d and f o r the

Hutchinson-Holt (H-H) Cycle w i t h isobutane as the working f l u i d ,

investigated s p e c i f i c a l l y was the e f f e c t o f using the methods on c a l ­

culated secondary cycle power outputs (which i s t o t a l power output f o r

the geothermal systems). For isobutane and f o r propane, power outputs

calculated a r e compared w i t h r e s u l t s o f analyses based on actual thermo­

dynamic d a t a ; f o r R-12, the power outputs calculated a r e compared t o

those c a l c u l a t e d from standard generalized approach analyses.

When the o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t , U a V g» > s included

i n the combination o f properties estimated, a value f o r U g v g i s c a l ­

culated f o r each section o f the secondary f l u i d heater using the

c a l c u l a t i o n r o u t i n e o u t l i n e d i n Chapter 5 and the estimation methods

f o r s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure, v i s c o s i t y , and thermal conduc­

t i v i t y given i n t h i s chapter. Otherwise, a constant average o v e r a l l

heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t f o r the e n t i r e heater i s assumed as discussed

i n Chapter 5-

HTGR-GT Binary Cycle

Both f o r isobutane and f o r propane as the secondary f l u i d , the

system and f l u i d input d a t a , except those estimated, a r e the same as

those used i n Chapter 5 .

A f u l l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s c a r r i e d out w i t h isobutane as the

secondary f l u i d . The chemical structure of isobutane consists o f one

 125
I
group and three -CH^ groups. The values o f 2, a |»Z a 2» E a 3» anc'

£a^ and o f £<{>(T), ^<J>(P), and £<|>(v) f o r isobutane, as determined from

Appendix D and E, r e s p e c t i v e l y , a r e shown i n Table 2 k , along w i t h the

estimated c r i t i c a l constants and normal b o i l i n g temperatures derived

from these values; the appropriate data values a r e also shown t h e r e .

With absolute c r i t i c a l temperature, T , assumed known, absolute normal

b o i l i n g p o i n t , T^, i s given by

Tb = Vb <"2>
where t ^ , the reduced normal b o i l i n g temperature, i s given by the

Lydersen method [Eq. ( 7 - 5 ) ] . With the absolute normal b o i l i n g tempera­

t u r e known [ e i t h e r from data o r from the Watson method, Eq. ( 7 . 2 2 ) ] ,

absolute c r i t i c a l temperature i s calculated from

T = Tb/tb . (7.33)

With the Watson method t h e data values o f c r i t i c a l pressure and c r i t i c a l

volume a r e used i n t h e Benson method [Eq. ( 7 . 2 4 ) ] to get s p e c i f i c

volume a t the b o i l i n g p o i n t .

Although the estimated values o f c o e f f i c i e n t s a ^ , a ^ , a ^ , a^

a r e very much d i f f e r e n t than the values obtained from f i t t i n g ideal gas

s p e c i f i c heat d a t a , as w i l l be seen l a t e r the e f f e c t o f t h i s discrepancy

on the f i n a l r e s u l t s o f thermodynamic c y c l e calculations i s small.

I n f a c t , a l l the estimated values shown i n Table 2k a r e acceptable,

except f o r the c r i t i c a l temperature predicted through use o f the Watson

method, 4 6 ! ° F compared t o a data value o f 275°F. For the cycle condi­

t i o n s o f the HTGR-GT binary cycle w i t h isobutane as the secondary f l u i d ,

Table 24. Estimated Isobutane Property Values.

Property Estimated Data

Coefficient a, -0.292x10 - , Btu/lbm-R° 0.746 10 _ 1 Btu/lbm-R°

Coefficient a. 0 . 9*» 12x 10" 3 B t u / 1 bm-(R°) 2 0.5627 10~ 3 Btu/lbm-(R°) 2

Coefficient a. -0.2853x10" 6 Btu/lbm-(R°) 3 0.149 1 0 _ 6 B t u / l b m - ( R ° ) 3

Coefficient a. 0.337x1 o ' ^ B t u / l b m - t R 0 ) 1 ' -0.1241 10~^Btu/lbm-(R°)^

I+(T) 0.072

I+C P) 0.232 lbm^/(lbmole-psia)^

Z*(v) 3 . 4 6 cu f t / l b m o l e

C r i t i c a l Pressure 564 psia 529 psia

C r i t i c a l Specific Volume 0.0706 cu f t / l b m 0.0725 cu f t / l b m

Reduced Normal B o i l i n g Temperature 0.634 0.641

Normal B o i l i n g Temperature 6.0°F 10.9°F

( C r i t i c a l Temperature Known)

C r i t i c a l Temperature 283°F 275°F

( B o i l i n g Temperature Known)

Normal Boiling Temperature 124°F 10.9°F

(Watson Method)

C r i t i c a l Temperature 461 °F 275°F

(Watson Method) M
ON
 127

i f the c r i t i c a l temperature o f isobutane i s taken as *»6l°F, a super­

c r i t i c a l pressure Rankine c y c l e i s such t h a t isobutane i s s t i l l i n a

l i q u i d s t a t e a t the t u r b i n e i n l e t . Therefore, the Watson method i s

excluded from consideration i n t h i s s e c t i o n . Problems w i t h the

Watson method a r e discussed f u r t h e r i n a l a t e r section o f t h i s c h a p t e r .

The e f f e c t s o f estimating various combinations o f p r o p e r t i e s

on the " f l u i d constants" o f isobutane, t h e c r i t i c a l c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y

f a c t o r , parameter 0 , and the Riedel parameter, a r e shown i n Table 2 5 .

The percentage d i f f e r e n c e s between secondary c y c l e power outputs c a l ­

culated using the generalized approach w i t h various combinations o f

properties estimated a r e shown i n Table 26 f o r the isobutane cases

used i n Chapter 5 . From Table 26 i t i s seen t h a t a l l the power outputs

c a l c u l a t e d a r e w i t h i n ±8.5% o f those c a l c u l a t e d using actual d a t a .

I n Table 9 i t i s seen t h a t , w i t h propane as the secondary f l u i d ,

the secondary cycle power outputs c a l c u l a t e d using t h e generalized

approach a r e g r e a t e r than the d a t a - i n p u t r e s u l t s . The combination o f

estimation methods which w i l l c o n s t i t u t e the "worst case" ( t h a t i s ,

which w i l l lead t o the l a r g e s t percentage d i f f e r e n c e s ) w i l l be the

one which leads t o the l a r g e s t c a l c u l a t e d power outputs. In the i s o ­

butane i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , t h i s was found t o occur when j u s t the o v e r a l l

heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s , U a V g , were estimated (by estimating s p e c i f i c

heat a t constant pressure, v i s c o s i t y , and thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y ) . The

percentage d i f f e r e n c e s between secondary cycle power outputs c a l c u l a t e d

using thermodynamic data and those c a l c u l a t e d using the generalized

approach w i t h U estimated a r e shown i n Table 27 f o r the propane cases

avy
 128

Table 25. E f f e c t s o f Estimating Properties on F l u i d Constants;

Isobutane.

Cri t i c a l
Compressibility Parameter Riedel
P r o p e r t y ( i e s ) Estimated Factor @ Parameter

None .283 6.60 6.70

C r i t i c a l Pressure, P c .301 5-85 6.80

C r i t i c a l Volume, v c .275 6.92 6.70

C r i t i c a l Temperature, T c .280 6.72 6.5^

A l l C r i t i c a l Constants, P , v , T .290 6.29 6.63

c c c
B o i l i n g Temperature, T^ .283 6.60 6.5^

Pc, vc, Tb .293 6.17 6.63

 129

Table 26. Percentage Differences from Data-input Approach

Results i n Secondary Cycle Power Outputs Calculated;
HTGR-GT Binary Cycle, Isobutane.

Heater Secondary P r o p e r t y ( i e s ) Estimated

Outlet Fluid
o
Helium Maximum None c,d c Pc V T
p C c c
Temperature Pressure

°F ps i a % % % % % %
136 1080 -6.15 -6.07 -6.46 -5-76 -5.93 -5.76
136 1100 -5.96 -6.95 -6.29 -7.17 -6.67 -5.60
136 1330 -1.22 -1.22 -1.22 -0.56 -0.50 -0.89
133 1090 -2.66 -2.98 -.266 -3.83 -2.95 -2.34
133 1130 -1.94 -.238 -2.15 -2.91 -2.03 -1.68
137 1100 -5.93 -5-94 -6.11 -6.27 -5.89 -5.05
128 770 -1.27 -1.41 -1.29 -2.03 -1.13 -0.54
131 900 -4.20 -4.24 -4.22 -4.86 -3.48 -3-54
127 820 +2.14 +1.74 +2.09 +1.03 +1.87 +2.63
151 1240 -5.26 -5.39- -5.36 -6.07 -5.10 -5.05
Hi 810 -6.66 -6.58 -7.06 -8.08 -6.14 -5.00
144 1280 -2.26 -2.13 -2.41 -2.30 -2.38 -0.99
125 810 +2.48 +2.31 +2.31 +1.43 +2.37 +2.83
138 1360 -1.83 -2.21 -2.15 -1.95 -0.83 -2.01

Heater Secondary Propert y(ies) Estimated

Outlet Fluid P ,v P ,v All All
Helium Maximum : T. U but but
Ctc£
c D V D avg Tb
Temperatures Pressure Tc

°F psia % % % % % %
136 1080 -5.06 -5-93 -6.21 -3.93 -3.74 -5.51
136 1100 -6.15 -6.95 -7-42 -3.41 -3.72 -5.08
136 1330 -1.09 -1.68 -1.56 +2.13 +2.04 +0.67
133 1090 -3.22 -2.98 -4.29 +0.41 +0.26 -1.23
133 1130 -2.18 -2.14 -2.33 +1.27 + 1.06 -0.24
137 1100 -5^16 -6.19 -6.64 -3.89 -4.11 -5.43
128 770 -0.95 -1.66 -2.34 +1.17 +1.39 -0.74
131 900 -4.07 -4.60 -5.33 -1.87 -1.72 -3.59
127 820 +1.93 +1. 8o +0.78 +5.03 +5.22 +3.33
151 1240 -5.57 -5.81 -6.67 -4.19 -4.26 -5.91
141 810 -6.00 -6.72 -8.31 -6.28 -6.25 -8.49
144 1280 -1.88 -2.85 -2.66 -0.58 -0.66 -2.04
125 810 +2.50 +2.15 +1.20 +6.34 +6.51 +4.61
138 1360 -1.40 -2.41 -2.62 +0.86 +0.94 -0.26
 130

Table 2 7 . Percentage Differences from Data-input Approach Results

i n Secondary Cycle Power Outputs Calculated w i t h U a
avg
Estimated; HTGR-GT Binary Cycle, Propane.

Heater Secondary Percentage

Outlet Fluid Di fference
H e l i um Maximum i n Power
Temperature Pressure Output

°F psia %
152 2010 +15.8

152 1920 +14.3

152 1680 +10.1

147 1540 +10.0

147 1670 +13-3

146 1630 +13-3

146 1540 +10.7

150 1630 +10.1

150 1470 + 9-7

153 1920 +13-6

153 1510 +12.0

157 1690 + 10.4

154 1630 +1 0 . 1

156 1590 +11.9

156 1930 +13.5

158 1660 +11.0

 131

considered i n Chapter 5- From Table 27 i t i s seen t h a t power outputs

c a l c u l a t e d using the generalized approach w i t h U g V g estimated range

from about 10% t o about 16% higher than those calculated using actual

data. Although these percentage differences a r e g r e a t e r than the 10%

c r i t e r i o n set e a r l i e r , they s t i l l a r e w i t h i n reason when i t i s con­

sidered how much o f propane's properties can be estimated w i t h t h i s

accuracy o f c a l c u l a t e d power outputs.

Geothermal Systems

For Refrigerant 12 as the working f l u i d i n the Hansen Freon

Cycle and the EPRI geothermal system, the system and f l u i d input d a t a ,

except those estimated, a r e the same as those used i n Chapter 6 . The

chemical s t r u c t u r e o f R e f r i g e r a n t 12 consists o f one - j ) - group, two

- F groups, and two - C I groups. The values o f J a ^ ^a^, ar)d

and o f 2<J>(T), J > ( P ) , and £ij>(v) f o r R-12, as determined from Appendix D

and E, r e s p e c t i v e l y , a r e shown i n Table 28, along w i t h the estimated

c r i t i c a l constants and normal b o i l i n g temperatures derived from these

values; the appropriate data values a r e also shown t h e r e . The e s t i ­

mated properties o f Refrigerant 12 a r e much closer to t h e i r data

values than was the case w i t h isobutane (compare Table 2 * 0 . The

Watson method even leads to an acceptable value o f c r i t i c a l tempera­

t u r e f o r R-12, so i t i s included i n the work i n t h i s s e c t i o n .

The e f f e c t s o f estimating various combinations o f p r o p e r t i e s

on the f l u i d constants o f R-12 a r e shown i n Table 29« The percentage

differences between power outputs calculated using the standard

generalized approach and those calculated using the generalized

Table 28. Estimated Refrigerant 12 Property Values

Property Estimated Data

Coefficient .2628x10~'Btu/1bm-R° .5^83x10 'Btu/lbm-R°

C o e f f i c i e n t 82 .256xlO _ 3 Btu/Ibm-(R°) 2 .2H2xlo"3Btu/Ibm-(R0)2

C o e f f i c i e n t a^ -.12xlO_6Btu/lbm-(R°)3 -.1015xl0"6Btu/lbm-(R°)3

Coefficient .l86xlo"10Btu/lbm-(R°)^ .l652xlo"10Btu/lbm-(R0)i,

I<P(T) 0.070

Z+(p) 0.33861bm^/(1bmo1e-ps i a)

Z+(v) 2.803 cu f t / l b m o l e

C r i t i c a l Pressure 662.3 psia 596.9 psia

C r i t i c a l S p e c i f i c Volume 0.0285 cu f t / l b m 0.0287 cu f t / l b m

Reduced Normal B o i l i n g Temperature 0.632 0.632

Normal B o i l i n g Temperature "21.5 °F - 2 1 . 6 °F

( C r i t i c a l Temperature Known)

C r i t i c a l Temperature 233.^ °F 233-6 °F

(Boiling Temperature Known)

Normal B o i l i n g Temperature -26.3 °F -21.6 °F

(Watson Method) '

C r i t i c a l Temperature 226.0 °F 233.6 °F

(Watson Method)
 133

Table 29. E f f e c t s o f E s t i m a t i n g P r o p e r t i e s on F l u i d Constants;

Refrigerant 12.

C r i t i ca1
Compressibi 1 i t y Parameter Ri edel
P r o p e r t y ( i e s ) Estimated Factor 8 Parameter

None • 279 6.78 6.67

r
Critical Pressure, Pc
• 309 5-55 6.82

C r i t i c a l Volume, v c .276 6.87 6.67

C r i t i c a l Temperature, T c • 279 6.77 6.67

A l l C r i t i c a l Constants, P , Tc 5.64 6.83

V -307

\ y<
^r
MC
B o i l i n g Temperature, T^ 6.78 6.67

T c> Tb .282 6.65 6.67

Pc' Tc' Tb • 317 5.24 6.83

V

approach w i t h v a r i o u s combi n a t i o n s o f p r o p e r t i e s e s t i m a t e d a r e shown

i n T a b l e 30 f o r t h e Hansen Freon Cycle and t h e EPRI geothermal system

w i t h R-12 as t h e working f l u i d . Using t h e Watson method w i t h c r i t i c a l

pressure and c r i t i c a l volume both e s t i m a t e d t o p r e d i c t normal b o i l i n g

p o i n t and c r i t i c a l temperature i s seen t o l e a d t o c a l c u l a t e d power

outputs from about 3% t o about 1% lower than t h e standard g e n e r a l i z e d

approach r e s u l t s , w h i l e e s t i m a t i n g o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s

(by e s t i m a t i n g s p e c i f i c h e a t a t constant p r e s s u r e , v i s c o s i t y , and

thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y ) leads t o c a l c u l a t e d power outputs 3.5% t o 8.5%

h i g h e r than standard g e n e r a l i z e d approach r e s u l t s . A l l power o u t p u t s

 134

Table 30. Percentage D i f f e r e n c e from Standard G e n e r a l i z e d Approach

i n Power Outputs C a l c u l a t e d ; Geothermal Systems;
Refrigerant 12.

Percentage D i f f e r e n c e
i n Power Output
Hansen EPRI
Property(ies) Freon Geothermal
Est imated Cycle System

2 %
c, d -0.12 -0.29

c° -0.53 +0.29

P 0 -0.45
c
vc +0.01 +0.02

Tc +0.01 0

P , vc, T +0.08 -0.45

Tb +0.01 +0.01

*Tb, Tc -0.11 -0.33

*PC, vc. Tc. Tb -3.40 -6.84

U +8.48 +3*58
avg

*A11 -0.93 "6.27

*Watson method used.

 135

c a l c u l a t e d a r e w i t h i n 8.5% o f those c a l c u l a t e d using t h e standard

g e n e r a l i z e d approach.

I n T a b l e 17 i t i s seen t h a t , w i t h isobutane as t h e working

f l u i d i n v a r i o u s geothermal systems, t h e l a r g e s t percentage d i f f e r ­

ence between power outputs c a l c u l a t e d by t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach and

those c a l c u l a t e d by t h e d a t a - i n p u t approach occurred f o r t h e Hutchinson

H o l t (H-H) Cycle w i t h a maximum secondary f l u i d pressure o f 1040 p s i a ;

t h e percentage d i f f e r e n c e f o r t h i s system i s +1^.7%. As discussed i n

t h e previous s e c t i o n , and confirmed by t h e r e s u l t s shown i n T a b l e 3 0 ,

t h e "worst c a s e , " t h e case l e a d i n g t o t h e l a r g e s t percentage d i f f e r ­

ence from d a t a - i n p u t approach r e s u l t s , occurs when j u s t t h e o v e r a l l

heat transfer coefficients, Uavg, are estimated. The power o u t p u t

c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e Hutchinson-Holt C y c l e w i t h isobutane as t h e working

f l u i d a t a maximum pressure o f 1040 p s i a using t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach

w i t h U a V g estimated was 16.5% g r e a t e r than t h e d a t a - i n p u t approach

result. Again t h i s i s g r e a t e r than 10%, b u t can be considered r e a ­

sonable.

The Watson Method

As has been discussed e a r l i e r i n t h i s c h a p t e r , use o f t h e

Watson method f o r isobutane leads t o an unacceptably h i g h p r e d i c t e d

v a l u e o f c r i t i c a l temperature, w h i l e i t s use f o r R e f r i g e r a n t 12 leads

t o an a c c e p t a b l e v a l u e . In order to investigate the extent of the

problem w i t h t h e Watson method, i t i s used t o p r e d i c t t h e b o i l i n g

p o i n t s and, through Eqs. ( 7 - 5 ) and ( 7 . 3 3 ) , t h e c r i t i c a l temperatures

 136

of five fluids; four of the fluids investigated in this dissertation,

isobutane, propane, R e f r i g e r a n t 2 2 , and R e f r i g e r a n t 12, p l u s R e f r i g e r ­

a n t 114 ( d i c h l o r o t h e t r a f l u o r o e t h a n e ^ 2 ^ 2 ^ * R ~ H 4 . Values o f t h e

i n p u t d a t a required f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e Watson method [ a c t u a l l y a

combination o f t h e Benson, Eq. ( 7 . 2 4 ) ; Watson, E q . ( 7 - 2 2 ) ; and L y d e r -

sen, Eq. ( 7 . 5 ) methods] t o p r e d i c t c r i t i c a l temperatures a r e shown

f o r t h e f i v e f l u i d s i n T a b l e 3 1 ; t h e R-114 d a t a , except f o r £<f>(T),

come from t a b l e s i n P r o p e r t i e s o f Commonly-used R e f r i g e r a n t s ( A i r

Conditioning and R e f r i g e r a t i o n I n s t i t u t e , 1967, p p . 8 9 - 9 4 ) . With

these d a t a t h e Benson method [Eq. (7-24)] estimates liquid specific

volume a t normal b o i l i n g p o i n t , which i s input t o t h e Watson method

[Eq. ( 7 - 2 2 ) ] ; t h e Watson method p r e d i c t s normal b o i l i n g temperature

which i s d i v i d e d by t h e reduced normal b o i l i n g temperature estimated

by t h e Lydersen method [Eq. ( 7 • 5 ) ] t o g i v e c r i t i c a l temperature. The

r e s u l t s a r e shown and compared t o d a t a i n T a b l e 3 2 . The r e s u l t s f o r

propane, R-12, and R—114 a r e a c c e p t a b l e . However, as p r e v i o u s l y d i s ­

cussed, t h e estimated c r i t i c a l temperature f o r isobutane i s too h i g h ;

f o r t h e c y c l e c o n d i t i o n s o f e i t h e r t h e HTGR-GT b i n a r y c y c l e o r any

o f t h e geothermal systems a s u p e r c r i t i c a l - p r e s s u r e Rankine c y c l e i s

such t h a t a f l u i d w i t h a 4 6 l ° F c r i t i c a l temperature i s s t i l l i n a

liquid state at the turbine inlet. The estimated c r i t i c a l temperature

f o r R - 2 2 , 13°F> i s too low t o a l l o w o p e r a t i o n o f a Rankine c y c l e f o r

any o f t h e systems s t u d i e d ; a condensation temperature l e s s than 13°F

i s needed.
 137

T a b l e 31- I n p u t Data f o r Watson Method A n a l y s i s .

Cri tical
Cri tical Specific Molecular
Fluid Pressure Volume Weight y*(T)

psia cuft/lbm

1sobutane 529.06 o. 072483 58.12 0.072

Propane 617-38 0.07282 44.09 0.060

R-22 721.91 0.030525 86.48 0.065

R-12 596.9 0.0287 120.93 0.070

R-m 473-184 0.027533 170.94 0.106

Table 32. Results o f Watson Method A n a l y s i s .

Liquid Specific
Volume a t Normal B o i l i n g Critical
Boiling Point Temperature Temperature
Fluid Estimated Data Estimated Data Estimated Data

cu f t / l b m cu f t / l b m °F °F °F °F

1 sobutane 0.027479 0.026991 124.0 10.9 461.2 275.0

Propane 0.027314 0.027509 -28.4 -44.9 232.09 206.28

R-22 0.011328 0.011345 -162.8 -41.36 13-16 204.81

R-12 0.010790 0.010769 -26.3 -21 .6 226.0 233.6

R -m 0.010520 0.010541 21.07 38.78 266.8 294.3

 138

The e s t i m a t e d l i q u i d s p e c i f i c volume a t b o i l i n g p o i n t , v . ,
'b
i s seen i n T a b l e 32 t o be v e r y c l o s e t o t h e d a t a v a l u e f o r each o f

t h e f i v e f l u i d s ; t h e problem then i s n o t w i t h t h e Benson method.

The reduced normal b o i l i n g temperatures, t ^ , e s t i m a t e d by t h e Lyder-

sen method f o r a l l f i v e f l u i d s a r e a l s o very c l o s e t o t h e r e s p e c t i v e

data values. The problem a p p a r e n t l y , t h e n , l i e s w i t h t h e Watson

method i t s e l f .

No reason has been determined f o r t h e e r r a t i c n a t u r e o f t h e

Watson method r e s u l t s . The e x p o n e n t i a l term i n Eq. ( 7 . 2 2 ) does have

a v a l u e o f about 7 f o r isobutane, which, s i n c e t h e exponential f u n c ­

t i o n v a r i e s very r a p i d l y f o r a v a l u e t h a t l a r g e , means t h a t even small

v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e argument o f t h e term (which includes both t ^ and

v . ) may l e a d t o l a r g e v a r i a t i o n s i n p r e d i c t e d b o i l i n g temperature.
'b
I t should a l s o be noted t h a t , on an a b s o l u t e temperature s c a l e , t h e

percentage e r r o r i n t h e p r e d i c t e d isobutane b o i l i n g temperature i s

o n l y Zk%, w h i l e t h e e r r o r f o r R-22 i s - 2 3 % , n e i t h e r o f which i s much

g r e a t e r than t h e ±22.5% maximum e r r o r a s c r i b e d t o t h e Watson method

by H o l l a n d e t a l . ( 1 9 7 0 , p . 3 2 4 ) . The problem then seems t o l i e i n

a combination o f t h e r e l a t i v e inaccuracy o f t h e Watson method and t h e

r e l a t i v e l y narrow band o f temperatures w i t h i n which low-temperature

Rankine c y c l e s o p e r a t e .

Based on t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , i t i s recommended t h a t t h e Watson

method n o t be used t o p r e d i c t b o i l i n g temperature f o r i n p u t t o gen­

eral izad analyses. Because no o t h e r method has been found t o e s t i ­

mate e i t h e r b o i l i n g temperature o r c r i t i c a l temperature, independent

 139

o f t h e o t h e r , t h e minimum i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e working f l u i d r e q u i r e d

f o r thermodynamic c y c l e c a l c u l a t i o n s using t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach

w i t h e s t i m a t i o n methods i s t h e f l u i d chemical s t r u c t u r e and e i t h e r i t s

c r i t i c a l temperature o r i t s normal b o i l i n g p o i n t .

The work i n t h i s chapter demonstrates t h a t e s t i m a t i o n methods

may be incorporated i n t o t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach t o reduce t h e number

o f f l u i d p f o p e r t i ^ s r e q u i r e d a s - i n p u t f o r thermodynamic a n a l y s i s . The

minimum information r e q u i r e d f o r a n a l y s i s i s t h e f l u i d chemical s t r u c ­

t u r e and e i t h e r i t s c r i t i c a l temperature o r i t s normal b o i l i n g p o i n t .

The c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s from analyses using v a r i o u s e s t i m a t i o n methods

combinations agree t o w i t h i n \7% o f those from analyses using r e a l

input data.
 CHAPTER 8

MAXIMIZING THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Optimizing Fluid Properties

I n t h i s c h a p t e r e s t i m a t i o n methods a r e used i n c o n j u n c t i o n

w i t h o p t i m i z a t i o n techniques t o determine t h e f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s and

c y c l e c o n d i t i o n s which maximize b i n a r y thermal e f f i c i e n c y . The

o p t i m i z a t i o n i s based on program HAMMER ( C o v e r t , 1 9 7 2 ) . Nine of the

secondary f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s a r e t r e a t e d as independent v a r i a b l e s :

c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e , P c ; c r i t i c a l temperature, T c ; parameter 3 ; molec­

u l a r w e i g h t , M; reduced normal b o i l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , t ^ ; and c o e f f i ­

c i e n t s a ^ , a2» a ^ , a^ o f Eq. ( A . 5 8 ) .

The c r i t i c a l c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r , z c , i s c a l c u l a t e d from

Eq. ( 4 . 1 1 ) and then c r i t i c a l s p e c i f i c volume, v c , i s g i v e n b y :

Vc -®TCZC/«PC (8.1)

where 01 i s t h e u n i v e r s a l gas c o n s t a n t . Normal b o i l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e ,

T ^ , i s g i v e n by Eq. ( 7 * 3 2 ) . Coefficients c and d i n t h e Guggenheim

e q u a t i o n [Eq. ( 4 . 2 ) ] a r e determined from Eqs. ( 4 . 4 2 ) and ( 4 . 4 3 ) .

O v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e h e a t e r a r e e s t i m a t e d as

discussed i n Chapter 1 .

I n t h e HTGR-GT b i n a r y c y c l e a n a l y s i s t h e minimum h e l i u m tem­

p e r a t u r e , T" m j n , and t h e maximum secondary f l u i d p r e s s u r e , P^ , a r e a l s o

140
t r e a t e d as independent v a r i a b l e s , f o r a t o t a l o f 11 independent v a r i ­

ables. I n t h e EPRI geothermal system, o n l y P j i s an independent sys­

tem v a r i a b l e , f o r a t o t a l o f 10 v a r i a b l e s . The a l l o w a b l e ranges f o r

t h e independent v a r i a b l e s a r e shown i n Table 3 3 .

I n t h e HTGR-GT b i n a r y c y c l e a n a l y s i s , t h r e e o p t i m i z i n g searches

were c a r r i e d o u t , w i t h t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s corresponding t o t h e

maximum-efficiency cases f o r isobutane, propane, and R e f r i g e r a n t 2 2 ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y , shown i n Table 2 0 . I n t h e EPRI geothermal system a n a l ­

y s i s , two o p t i m i z i n g searches were c a r r i e d o u t w i t h t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i ­

t i o n s corresponding t o t h e cases shown i n T a b l e 23 f o r isobutane and

R e f r i g e r a n t 12, r e s p e c t i v e l y , as t h e working f l u i d ; a t h i r d search was

done using i n i t i a l values corresponding t o t h e m i d d l e o f t h e a l l o w a b l e

ranges f o r t h e v a r i a b l e s .

As discussed i n Chapter 5 , l o c a l maxima i n t h e v a r i a b l e space

r e s u l t i n t h r e e d i f f e r e n t "maximum-efficiency" values being reached

by the t h r e e o p t i m i z i n g searches. The h i g h e s t thermal e f f i c i e n c y f o r

each energy system i s t h e one a n a l y z e d . The problem w i t h l o c a l maxima

i s even worse when 10 o r 11 independent v a r i a b l e s a r e i n v o l v e d .

The l o c a l maxima r a i s e questions o f whether t h e r e i s a unique

s o l u t i o n t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s and c y c l e c o n d i t i o n s

which maximize t h e thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f an energy system. T h i s leads

t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t , w i t h i n c e r t a i n l i m i t s , a number o f p r o p e r t y

values combinations w i l l l e a d t o t h e s a t i s f a c t o r y e f f i c i e n c y o r i t may

be t h a t t h e working f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s a r e not t h a t important i n d e t e r ­

mining t h e o p t i m a l thermal e f f i c i e n c y . Consequently, any number.of

 ]kz

T a b l e 33- A l l o w a b l e Regions f o r Independent V a r i a b l e s .

Independent V a r i a b l e Limi t s

Critical Pressure, psia 20 t o 1500

C r i t i c a l Temperature, ° F 100 t o 400

Parameter g 0.582 t o 0.936

M o l e c u l a r Weight 16 t o 200

Reduced Normal B o i l i n g Temperature 0.57 t o 0.71

Maximum Secondary F l u i d P r e s s u r e , p s i a 50 t o 3000

Coefficient a^, Btu/lbmole-R0 -13.^ t o +13.h

C o e f f i c i e n t a2» B t u / 1 b m o l e - ( R ° ) (-0.3 t o +61.0) x 10"

Coefficient a^, Btu/1bmole-(R°)^ (-33.5 t o +7.b) x 10~'

Coefficient a^, Btu/1bmole-(R°)^ (-50.8 t o +45.9) x 10

^Minimum Helium Temperature, ° F 1 1 5 t o 210

*HTGR-GT Binary Cycle a n a l y s i s o n l y .

 143

d i f f e r e n t working f l u i d s would l e a d t o n e a r l y equal o p t i m a l thermal

efficiencies. These questions a r e considered t o some e x t e n t i n t h i s

chapter.

The r e s u l t s o f t h e work r e p o r t e d h e r e comprise o n l y one

aspect o f a comprehensive f l u i d s e l e c t i o n process. Further consider­

a t i o n o f f l u i d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s such as s t a b i l i t y , c o r r o s i v e n e s s ,

f l a m m a b i 1 i t y , c o s t and a v a i l a b i l i t y , and t o x i c i t y i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t .

HTGR-GT B i n a r y Cycle

The r e s u l t s o f t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n a n a l y s i s f o r t h e HTGR-GT

b i n a r y c y c l e a r e shown i n T a b l e 3 ^ . O p t i m i z i n g searches A, B, and C

were begun a t t h e maximum-efficiency cases f o r isobutane, propane,

and R e f r i g e r a n t 2 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . O p t i m i z i n g search B c l e a r l y leads

t o t h e h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y and w i l l be t h e s u b j e c t o f f u r t h e r s t u d y .

The s e n s i t i v i t y o f b i n a r y c y c l e e f f i c i e n c y t o 1% v a r i a t i o n s

i n each o f t h e independent v a r i a b l e s i s shown i n T a b l e 3 5 - The l a r ­

g e s t decrease i n e f f i c i e n c y due t o c y c l e s t a t e s r e s u l t s from a 1%

( 6 F ° ) decrease i n minimum helium temperature. For t h e f l u i d p r o p e r ­

t i e s t h e l a r g e s t decrease i s caused by a 1% ( 7 F ° ) i n c r e a s e i n c r i t i ­

c a l temperature. C l e a r l y , among t h e p r o p e r t i e s , b i n a r y c y c l e

e f f i c i e n c y i s most s e n s i t i v e t o c r i t i c a l temperature and parameter 3 -

(A change i n 3 i s e s s e n t i a l l y a change i n c r i t i c a l s p e c i f i c volume,

vc: w i t h a l l o t h e r f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s h e l d c o n s t a n t , a ]% change i n 3

leads t o a 0.6% change i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n i n v c > )

Table 3^>. Results o f O p t i m i z a t i o n ; HTGR-GT Binary C y c l e .

Optimizing Optimizing Optimizing

Search A Search B Search C

Binary Cycle Efficiency, % 44.73 45.55 45.20

Critical Pressure, psla 570 890 700

Critical Temperature, *F 283 233 203

Critical Specific Volume, cu ft/lbm 0.0634 0.0345 0.0359

Holecutar Weight 62 60 74

Normal Boiling Temperature, °F 16 -2.5 -42

Secondary Cycle Haximum Pressure, psla 1060 1970 1830

Coefficient Em/lbm-R^ -0.501x10"' -0.15) 0.129x10"'

Coefficient a 2 , Btu/lbm-(R°) 2 0.873xl0' 3 0.487xl0" 3 0.3I6 X10" 3

Coefficient a j , Btu/lbm-(R°) 3 -0.303»10" 6 O.4glx|o" 7 -0.154 X1O" 6

Coefficient a^, Btu/lbm-(R°) < ' 0.291x10"'° 0.369x10"'° 0.155x10"'°

Minimum Helium Temperature, °F 125 H9 146

T a b l e 35- Decrease i n B i n a r y Cycle E f f i c i e n c y Caused by Changes

i n V a r i a b l e s ; O p t i m i z i n g Search B.

Decrease In Binary Cycle Efficiency

\% Increase Decrease
Independent Variable In Variable In Variable

Critical Pressure • 0.0017 0.0255

Critical Temperature 0.3844 0.1732

Parameter B 0.1410 0.1237

Molecular Weight 0.0172 0.0005

Reduced Normal Boiling Temperature 0.0180 0.0282

Secondary Cycle Haximum Pressure 0.0024 0.0536

Coefficient a^ 0.0166 0.0162

Coefficient a 2 0.0417 0.0234

Coefficient a^ 0.0005 0.0022

Coefficient a^ 0.0073 0

Minimum Helium Temperature 0.0876 0.4559

 145

Using t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f 70 p o s s i b l e working f l u i d s and con­

s i d e r i n g t h e s e n s i t i v i t y f a c t o r s f o r v a r i o u s parameters shown i n

Table 35> i t was found t h a t R e f r i g e r a n t 22 c l o s e l y resembles t h e

f l u i d described i n T a b l e 3 4 . Indeed i t was observed ( T a b l e 2 0 ) t h a t

R e f r i g e r a n t 22 gave a h i g h e r e f f i c i e n c y when used as t h e secondary

f l u i d than isobutane o r propane. I t was l e s s than ammonia, however,

which, because i t i s a h i g h l y p o l a r compound and has an abnormally

l a r g e c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e , was n o t considered i n t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n s t u d y .

I n a d d i t i o n , o p t i m i z i n g search C, using as i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s t h e

maximum-efficiency case f o r R e f r i g e r a n t 2 2 , r e s u l t e d i n an e f f i c i e n c y

o f 45-20%, a t c o n d i t i o n s n o t much d i f f e r e n t from R e f r i g e r a n t 22 p r o p ­

erties. R-22 i t s e l f , w i t h t h e same p r o p e r t i e s ( U a v g , c , d) e s t i m a t e d ,

y i e l d s a maximum e f f i c i e n c y o f 44.94%.

I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t a f l u i d could b e developed w i t h t h e e x a c t

p r o p e r t i e s a r r i v e d a t i n t h e search. However, t h i s would i n c r e a s e t h e

e l e c t r i c a l output o f t h e system by o n l y about 18 MWe, o r an increase

o f l e s s than 1.4%, o v e r t h a t a t t a i n e d w i t h R - 2 2 .

EPRI Geothermal System

The r e s u l t s o f t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n a n a l y s i s f o r t h e EPRI geo­

thermal system a r e shown i n T a b l e 3 6 . O p t i m i z i n g searches D and E

were begun a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r isobutane and R e f r i g e r a n t 1 2 ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y , as t h e working f l u i d ; o p t i m i z i n g search F s t a r t e d i n

t h e middle o f t h e v a r i a b l e space. O p t i m i z i n g search F l e d t o t h e

h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y and w i l l be t h e s u b j e c t o f f u r t h e r s t u d y .
Table 3 6 . Results o f O p t i m i z a t i o n ; EPRI Geothermal System.

Optimizing Optimizing Optimizing

Search D Search E Search F

Thermal E f f i c i e n c y , % 15.49 15.51 15-77

»

C r i t i c a l Pressure, p s i a 530 600 880

C r i t i c a l Temperature, ° F 276 235 220

C r i t i c a l S p e c i f i c Volume, cu f t / l b m .0839 .0443 .0498

M o l e c u l a r Weight 50 78 38

Normal B o i l i n g Temperature, ° F 26 13 -18

Secondary Cycle Maximum Pressure, p s i a 720 870 1510

C o e f f i c i e n t a ^ , Btu/lbm-R° -0.525xl0_1 0.367x10"' -0.69lxl0_1

C o e f f i c i e n t a2» B t u / l b m - ( R ° ) ^ 1.09xl0~3 0 . 3 8 8 X1 0 ~ 3 0.873xl0-3

Coefficient a^, Btu/lbm-(R°)3 -0.354xl0~6 -0.184x10 -0.223xl0-6

C o e f f i c i e n t a^,' B t u / l b m - t R 0 ) ^ 0.246xlo"10 0.588xlo"10 0.237xl0-10

 1*»7

The s e n s i t i v i t y o f e f f i c i e n c y t o 1% v a r i a t i o n s i n each o f t h e

independent v a r i a b l e s i s shown i n T a b l e 3 7 . Again, e f f i c i e n c y i s

most s e n s i t i v e t o c r i t i c a l temperature and parameter 3-

Again, v a r i o u s parameters were compared t o t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f

70 p o s s i b l e working f l u i d s w i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e s e n s i t i v i t y f a c ­

t o r s from T a b l e 37- Again, R e f r i g e r a n t 2 2 c l o s e l y resembled t h e

optimal fluid. But R e f r i g e r a n t 2 2 , w i t h t h e same p r o p e r t i e s (U a V g>

c , d ) e s t i m a t e d , y i e l d s a maximum e f f i c i e n c y o f 15-25%> w h i l e isobutane

g i v e s 15.33%. ( R e f r i g e r a n t 12 g i v e s 15.19%.) T h i s p o i n t s up t h e

f a l l a c y i n t h e method o f choosing an optimal f l u i d based on t h e r e s u l t s

o f Tables 36 and 37 ( o r o f Tables 3^ and 3 5 ) . The premise t h a t e f f i ­

c i e n c y decreases as t h e p o i n t o f a n a l y s i s moves f u r t h e r and f u r t h e r

from t h e maximum-efficiency p o i n t shown i n T a b l e 3 6 ( o r 3*0 » by t h e

f a c t o r s shown i n T a b l e 37 ( o r 3 5 ) , holds o n l y as long as t h e a n a l y s i s

p o i n t does n o t come under t h e i n f l u e n c e o f another l o c a l maximum.

Although i n t h e o r y e s t i m a t i o n methods can be used i n conjunc­

t i o n w i t h o p t i m i z a t i o n techniques t o determine t h e f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s

and c y c l e c o n d i t i o n s which maximize b i n a r y thermal e f f i c i e n c y , t h e

presence o f l o c a l maxima i n t h e v a r i a b l e space and t h e small d i f f e r ­

ence i n e f f i c i e n c y a t t a i n e d by d i f f e r e n t working f l u i d s l i m i t t h e

usefulness o f t h e procedure.
 148

T a b l e 37- Decrease i n E f f i c i e n c y Caused by Changes i n V a r i a b l e s ;

O p t i m i z i n g Search F .

Decrease i n E f f i c i e n c y Caused by
\% I n c r e a s e }% Decrease
Independent V a r i a b l e In Variable In Variable

°/
Ao %

C r i t i c a l Pressure 0.0056 0.0655

C r i t i c a l Temperature 0.7762 0.2963

Parameter 0 0.0962 0.1716

M o l e c u l a r Weight 0.0013 0.0109

Reduced Normal B o i l i n g Temperature 0.0201 0.0324

Secondary Cycle Maximum Pressure 0.0368 0.0533

C o e f f i c i e n t a^ 0.0025 0.0081

Coefficient a2 0.0269 0.0202

C o e f f i c i e n t a^ 0.0045 0.0014

Coefficient a^ 0.0033 0.0001

 t

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I t has been demonstrated t h a t g e n e r a l i z e d thermodynamic f u n c ­

t i o n s can be used t o p r e d i c t w i t h a c c e p t a b l e accuracy t h e thermodynamic

p r o p e r t i e s o f a working f l u i d r e q u i r e d f o r c y c l e a n a l y s i s .

The g e n e r a l i z e d HBMS e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e was converted t o p o l y ­

nomial f u n c t i o n s . These, t h e n , were incorporated i n t o an a n a l y s i s

r o u t i n e designed t o a n a l y z e thermodynamically a s u p e r - c r i t i c a l - p r e s s u r e

Rankine c y c l e system. The HTGR-GT bottoming c y c l e and s e v e r a l h i g h -

pressure c l o s e d - c y c l e geothermal power systems were used as s p e c i f i c

examples. Comparison o f t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach w i t h analyses based

on t a b u l a r thermodynamic d a t a showed t h a t c a l c u l a t e d power o u t p u t s a r e

w i t h i n 3% o f d a t a r e s u l t s f o r nonpolar f l u i d s . The conclusion i s t h a t

t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach can be used f o r thermodynamic c y c l e c a l c u l a ­

t i o n s i n v o l v i n g nonpolar working f l u i d s i n low-temperature Rankine

c y c l e systems.

As f a r as can be determined from t h e l i t e r a t u r e , t h i s study

r e p r e s e n t s t h e f i r s t a t t e m p t t o develop a g e n e r a l i z e d method f o r low-

temperature Rankine c y c l e a n a l y s i s n o t t i e d t o a s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n .

The method developed h e r e can be a p p l i e d t o any number o f energy sys­

tems i n v o l v i n g a low-temperature Rankine c y c l e subsystem. In addition,

t h i s i s t h e f i r s t study o f t h e accuracy o f t h e r e s u l t s o f c y c l e c a l ­

c u l a t i o n s done using t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach.

1^9
 150

As an a p p l i c a t i o n example t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach was used

t o a n a l y z e energy systems f o r which t h e d a t a f o r t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach

a r e a v a i l a b l e , but f o r which d a t a d e s i r e d f o r f u l l d a t a - i n p u t analyses

a r e incomplete. A n a l y s i s by t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach a l l o w s c o n s i d e r a ­

t i o n and assessment o f systems t o i n c l u d e a wider s e l e c t i o n o f working

f l u i d s , even i f thermodynamic d a t a a r e incomplete o r u n a v a i l a b l e .

Physical p r o p e r t i e s e s t i m a t i o n methods have been described and

u t i l i z e d i n t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach t o p r e d i c t f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s

r e q u i r e d as b a s i c p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y d a t a . The minimim i n f o r m a t i o n

r e q u i r e d t o d e s c r i b e a f l u i d i s i t s chemical s t r u c t u r e and e i t h e r i t s

c r i t i c a l temperature o r i t s normal b o i l i n g p o i n t . Various combinations

o f e s t i m a t i o n methods incorporated i n t o t h e g e n e r a l i z e d approach were

i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r t h e i r e f f e c t on c a l c u l a t e d power o u t p u t s ; a l l power

outputs c a l c u l a t e d were w i t h i n 16.5% o f r e s u l t s o f analyses based on

a c t u a l thermodynamic d a t a .

This i s t h e f i r s t a t t e m p t t o reduce, i n a systematic manner,

as much as p o s s i b l e t h e amount o f i n p u t d a t a r e q u i r e d f o r c y c l e c a l c u l a ­

t i o n s and t o study t h e accuracy o f t h e r e s u l t s o f c y c l e analyses done

using t h e e s t i m a t i o n methods.

E s t i m a t i o n methods were used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h o p t i m i z a t i o n

techniques t o determine t h e f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s and c y c l e c o n d i t i o n s which

maximize thermal e f f i c i e n c y . Although, i n t h e o r y , t h i s procedure works,

t h e presence o f l o c a l maxima i n t h e v a r i a b l e space and t h e small d i f f e r ­

ences i n e f f i c i e n c y a t t a i n e d by d i f f e r e n t working f l u i d s l i m i t i t s

usefulness.
 151

F u r t h e r work i s needed i n s e v e r a l a r e a s . The g e n e r a l i z e d

approach should be extended t o o t h e r s u p e r c r i t i c a l - p r e s s u r e Rankine

c y c l e systems, such as o p e n - c y c l e gas t u r b i n e bottoming c y c l e s . Such

an extension would r e q u i r e a method o f d e s c r i b i n g t h e h e a t i n p u t t o

t h e system, i n c l u d i n g a primary c y c l e a n a l y s i s r o u t i n e and equations

o r t a b l e s f o r t h e primary f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s . Extension t o s u b c r i t i c a l -

pressure Rankine c y c l e s i s a l s o needed. T h i s would i n v o l v e m o d i f y i n g

the analytical routines in the liquid-gas coexistence region. Another

p o s s i b l e extension i s t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l i z e d f u n c t i o n s

i n t o t h e primary c y c l e c a l c u l a t i o n r o u t i n e s t o p r e d i c t primary f l u i d

properties.

Work should a l s o be done on f i n d i n g t h e v a l u e o f a d j u s t a b l e con­

s t a n t k Q [see paragraph around Eq. ( 4 . 2 3 ) ] which g i v e s t h e b e s t accuracy

o f f i n a l r e s u l t s o f thermodynamic c y c l e c a l c u l a t i o n s done using t h e

g e n e r a l i z e d approach. T h i s could be done by combining t h e g e n e r a l i z e d

and d a t a - i n p u t analyses and connecting t h i s t o an o p t i m i z a t i o n r o u t i n e

t o minimize t h e d i f f e r e n c e between d a t a - i n p u t and g e n e r a l i z e d r e s u l t s

w i t h k Q as an independent v a r i a b l e . Such an a n a l y s i s would have t o be

done f o r a wide range o f f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s and c y c l e c o n d i t i o n s .

F i n a l l y , f u r t h e r work should be done, using t h e g e n e r a l i z e d

approach, on determining t h e e f f e c t o f working f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s on t h e

thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f an energy system. T h i s could be done by a combi­

n a t i o n o f t h e approaches taken i n Chapters 6 and 8 .

 APPENDIX A

PROCEDURE STEPS I N SECONDARY CYCLE ANALYSIS

The secondary c y c l e a n a l y s i s procedure (Chapter 2 ) i s as

fo11ows:

1. The f l u i d a t t h e pump i n l e t , s t a t e 5 on F i g . 2 , i s assumed

t o be i n t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d s t a t e . T h e r e f o r e , from t h e known con­

densation temperature, T ^ , t h e p r e s s u r e , P,., e n t r o p y , S,-, and e n t h a l p y ,

h ^ , a t t h e pump i n l e t can be determined:

P5 = P(T5), S5 = S(T5), h5 = h(T5) (A.1)

2. An i d e a l , 100% e f f i c i e n t pump, o p e r a t i n g a t constant e n t r o p y ,

i s assumed. T h e r e f o r e , t h e i d e a l e n t r o p y , S ^ , a t t h e pump o u t l e t ,

which i s s t a t e 1 on F i g . 1 , i s equal t o t h e entropy o f s t a t e 5 :

S1( = S5 (A.2)

The maximum secondary f l u i d p r e s s u r e , P j , i s known, so t h e i d e a l

e n t h a l p y a t t h e pump o u t l e t , h^ j , i s determined from S^| and P^:

hn = hfS^.Pj) (A.3)

3. The a c t u a l pump o u t l e t e n t h a l p y , h j , i s determined from t h e

known pump e f f i c i e n c y :

hj = (h1(-h^)/nc + (A.k)

152
 153

The s p e c i f i c pump work, W c , i s then g i v e n b y :

Wc = h, - h5 (A.5)

The temperature a t t h e pump o u t l e t , T j , i s determined from t h e known

pressure and t h e e n t h a l p y h ^ :

Tj = T(h1,P1) (A.6)

k. The h e a t e r s u r f a c e a r e a i s d i v i d e d i n t o N equal s e c t i o n s , each

l a b e l e d AA, a l o n g t h e secondary f l u i d f l o w p a t h . The number o f s e c t i o n s

i s assumed t o be l a r g e enough t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f pinch p o i n t s a r e neg­

l i g i b l e w i t h i n any one s e c t i o n , a l l o w i n g t h e use o f a l o g a r i t h m i c mean

temperature d i f f e r e n c e f o r each s e c t i o n . The known pressure drops on

t h e secondary and t h e primary s i d e a r e a l s o d i v i d e d i n t o N equal seg­

ments and t h e segments a r e l a b e l e d AP g and APp, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

5. The h e a t t r a n s f e r c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e begun by guessing a second­

a r y f l u i d mass f l o w r a t e , w g . The t e m p e r a t u r e , T g , and e n t h a l p y , h g ,

g 1 1
a t t h e secondary f l u i d i n l e t t o t h e f i r s t s e c t i o n a r e s e t equal t o t h e

pump o u t l e t temperature and e n t h a l p y , r e s p e c t i v e l y :

T = T h = h (A.7)
1 1
The t e m p e r a t u r e , T , at the primary fluid outlet to the first section
P1

i s s e t equal t o t h e known t e m p e r a t u r e , T n , a t t h e primary f l u i d

^out
outlet of the heater:

= T (A.8)
"l ^out
 154

The e n t h a l p y , h^ , a t t h e primary f l u i d o u t l e t t o t h e f i r s t s e c t i o n i s

determined from t h e known t e m p e r a t u r e , T , and p r e s s u r e , P , at

p ou t Pmin

the primary fluid outlet to the heater:

hn = h T
n( n > Pn ) (A.9)
P1 p pout p min

6. The amount o f h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d i n t h e s e c t i o n , i s then

guessed. From t h i s guess t h e o u t l e t e n t h a l p y o f t h e secondary f l u i d ,

h , and t h e i n l e t e n t h a l p y o f t h e primary f l u i d , h , f o r t h e s e c t i o n
9 P9

a r e determined b y :

h = h + AQ / w (A.10)
Pg P] g P

h = h + AQ / w (A.11)
s s, g
s
s
9 1 9

where w i s t h e known primary f l u i d mass f l o w r a t e .

P
7. The pressure a t t h e secondary f l u i d s e c t i o n o u t l e t , P s , and

a t t h e p r i m a r y f l u i d s e c t i o n i n l e t , Pp, a r e computed from:

Ps - P> • iPs' Pp " Pp . + 4Pp <AJ2»

min

From t h e knowledge o f t h e e n t h a l p i e s and pressures o f t h e f l u i d s , t h e

o u t l e t temperature o f t h e secondary f l u i d , T , and t h e i n l e t tempera-

2
ture of the primary fluid, T , f o r t h e s e c t i o n can be found:
p2

T_ = T (h , P ) , T = T (h , P ) (A.13)
P2 P Pg P S Sg S
2

8. W i t h i n l e t and o u t l e t temperatures o f both f l u i d s known, t h e

l o g a r i t h m i c mean d i f f e r e n c e , A T j m t c | , i s c a l c u l a t e d :
 155

AT,. . = (T + T " T - T )/ln [(T - T )/(T - T )]

Imtd Pj S2 P£ p^ S| pg S2

(A.14)
The amount o f h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d i n t h e s e c t i o n 4 0 , , , i s given by:
Co I

4Q CA , - <4A)<U AVG ) < A T I m t d ) ( f l .15)

where U i s t h e known o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t .
avg
9. Another guess o f AQ^ i s made, and Steps ( 6 ) through ( 8 ) a r e

repeated f o r t h i s new v a l u e o f AQ^. From t h e two values o f AQ^, and

t h e two d i f f e r e n c e s between AQ and AQ , , the n e x t guess o f AQ i s

9 C31 9
estimated by t h e secant method o f successive approximations, and Steps

( 6 ) through ( 8 ) a r e r e p e a t e d . The process i s continued u n t i l AQ^ and

AQ , converge.
cd 1
10. When t h e h e a t load o f t h e f i r s t s e c t i o n has converged, a sim­

i l a r c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e second s e c t i o n i s i n i t i a l i z e d by s e t t i n g :

h = h ,h = h , T = T , T = T
S1 q Pi Pa Pi P2 S1 2
2 91 '2 91 2 1 2 1

(A.16)

P = P + AP , P^ = PB - AP (A.17)
P2 P s2 S1 s

where t h e q u a n t i t i e s on t h e l e f t s i d e o f each o f Eqs. ( A . 1 6 ) and ( A . 1 7 )

r e f e r t o t h e second s e c t i o n and those on the r i g h t , t o t h e f i r s t sec­

tion. Steps ( 6 ) through ( 9 ) a r e repeated f o r t h e second s e c t i o n .

11. The amount o f h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d i s c a l c u l a t e d f o r each s e c t i o n

i n t h e above manner by s t a r t i n g a t t h e secondary f l u i d h e a t e r i n l e t ,

which i s t h e primary f l u i d h e a t e r o u t l e t , and marching s e c t i o n by

 156

s e c t i o n through t h e h e a t e r , r e p e a t i n g Steps ( 6 ) through ( 9 ) f o r each

s e c t i o n and i n i t i a l i z i n g t h e c a l c u l a t i o n f o r each s e c t i o n as i n Step ( 1 0 )

12. The amount o f h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d i n a l l t h e s e c t i o n s i s summed

t o g i v e t h e t o t a l h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d i n t h e e n t i r e . h e a t e r , Q. . . T h i s i s
tot
9
compared t o t h e known r e j e c t h e a t load o f t h e primary c y c l e , Q^. A new

guess f o r secondary f l u i d mass f l o w r a t e , w , i s made, and Steps ( 5 )

sg

through ( 1 1 ) a r e repeated f o r t h i s new guess and a second v a l u e f o r

Q. . is obtained. From t h e two v a l u e s o f w„ and t h e a s s o c i a t e d d i f -

tot s
g g
ferences between Q t o t and Q^, a new guess f o r w i s e s t i m a t e d by t h e
° g sg

secant method and Steps ( 5 ) through ( 1 1 ) a r e a g a i n r e p e a t e d . T h i s

process i s continued u n t i l Q t o t converges t o Q^.

g
13. With t h e h e a t exchanger c a l c u l a t i o n s completed, t h e secondary

f l u i d mass f l o w r a t e , w , and t h e h e a t e r o u t l e t temperature, T , p r e s -

s s2
s u r e , P2, and e n t h a l p y , h , a r e known. Tg and h s a r e t h e values
sg 2 g
calculated for the last section in the heater. From t h e known tempera­

t u r e and pressure t h e h e a t e r o u t l e t e n t r o p y , S2, can be found:

S2 = S(T , P2) (A.18)

14. For a n i d e a l t u r b i n e t h e o u t l e t entropy i s equal t o $2* The

t u r b i n e o u t l e t p r e s s u r e , P^, i s g i v e n b y :

P3 - P5 + 4Pcon <A-'9>

where AP i s t h e known p r e s s u r e drop through t h e condenser. The

con
i d e a l e n t h a l p y a t t h e t u r b i n e o u t l e t i s then found from pressure P^

and entropy S2:

h3| = h(S2,P3) (A.20)

 157

The s p e c i f i c t u r b i n e work, W^., i s t h e r e f o r e , g i v e n b y :

WT = nT(hs - h^|) (A.21)

where r i j i s t h e known t u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y . The secondary c y c l e e f f i ­

c i e n c y i s then g i v e n b y :

r, - (W T - W j l w / Q ^ (A.22)

The t o t a l power o u t p u t o f t h e secondary c y c l e system i s :

Power = "W]00p (A-23)

where N ] o o p i s t h e number o f i d e n t i c a l power loops i n t h e system.

 APPENDIX B

DERIVATION OF EXPLICIT RELATIONS

FOR THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS

Enthalpy

Region I . Gas

I n t h e gas r e g i o n , t h e gas e q u a t i o n o f S t a t e [Eq. ( 4 . 2 4 ) ]

can be s u b s t i t u t e d d i r e c t l y i n t o Eq. ( 4 . 5 6 ) t o g i v e t h e gas r e g i o n

e n t h a l p y , h j , as

[(h,-h0)/RT]T;zc [(Pj/t) - (3p|/3t)p](dp/p ) + zc(l/p)(P|/t)-I

(B.l)

Making t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n and s i m p l i f y i n g g i v e :

h | = h Q ( T ) + RT [ - z c ( 2 k o p / t ) - z ^ k j p / t 2 ) + z c k 2 ( - I + 2 t ~ 2 ) p 2

+ (bp-b'p2)/(l-bp+b'p2)] (B.2)

S u b s t i t u t i n g i n f o r h Q ( T ) [see Eqs. ( 4 . 5 7 ) and ( 4 . 5 8 ) ] g i v e s t h e gas

region enthalpy function explicitly as:

h, = a, T + (a2/2)T2 + (a3/3)T3 + ( a ^ j T * + RT[-zc(2kQp/t)

+ zc(3kjp/t2) + zck2(-l+2t 2)p2 + (bp-b'p2)/(l-bp+ b'p2)]

(B.3)

158
 159

Region I I . High Density Gas

The range o f i n t e g r a t i o n i n Eq. ( 4 . 5 6 ) i s d i v i d e d i n t o two

zones, such t h a t

[(hM-ho)/RT]T= z 1[(p,/t) - (8p,/at)p](dp/p2) + [zcP|(i,t)/t]-i

fP
[(P||/t) - (ap(| / 9 t ) p ] (dp/p2) + (zc/t)[ ( P | j /p)

- (P||(l,t))] (B.4)

where, as i n d i c a t e d , t h e f i r s t i n t e g r a l i s e v a l u a t e d u s i n g t h e gas

r e g i o n equation o f s t a t e P j [Eq. ( 4 . 2 4 ) ] and t h e second, t h e h i g h den­

s i t y gas r e g i o n equation o f s t a t e p ^ [Eq. ( 4 . 3 3 ) ] and where p ( 1 , t ) i s

t h e pressure a t t h e boundary between t h e gas and h i g h d e n s i t y gas

regions, i . e . , at the critical density.

Making t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n s and s i m p l i f y i n g g i v e t h e e x p l i c i t h i g h

d e n s i t y gas r e g i o n e n t h a l p y f u n c t i o n :

h , , =a 1 T + ( a 2 / 2 ) T 2 + ( a 3 / 3 ) T 3 + ( a ^ A j T * + RT { - z ^ k / t J - z ^ k j / t 2 )

3
+ zck2(-l+2t"2) + (b-b')/(l-b+b')-zc I ( j —2)tJ~2[W.(p) - W.(1)]
j=o
3 5-7
+ z I tJ 2[Q.(p)/p-Q.(l)]} (B.5)
Cj=o J J

where Wj(p) i s d e f i n e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n :

dWj ( p ) / d p = Q.j(p)/p2 (B.6)

and i s g i v e n e x p l i c i t l y b y :

W j ( p ) = (—ik Q j—k| j p + k 2 j . p 2 l n ( p ) + k j j P 3 + j + (l/3)k5j.p5)/p2

(B.7)
where t h e k . j a r e g i v e n , as b e f o r e , i n T a b l e 3 .
 160

Region I I I . L i q u i d

S u b s t i t u t i n g Eqs. ( 4 . 6 0 ) and ( A . 6 1 ) i n t o Eq. (*».62) g i v e s t h e

following expression:

( ( h | | f b ) / RT) . t = z c [ ^ [ ( p / t ) - ( 3 p , / 3 t ) p ] ( d p / p 2 ) + ( z c p v / p v t ) - l
**0

" z
c[0/ Pv ) ~ (1/p,)] (dpv/dt) + zc | [P,M/t)

*1
- (3pj j !/3t)p] (dp/p2) + (zc/t) [(pj (|/p) - (pyp^]

(B.8)

Explicitly, the liquid region enthalpy function is given by:

h | M = a , T + ( a 2 / 2 ) T 2 + fe 3 /3)T 3 + ( a k / k ) T k + RT { - z c ( 2 k Q P v / t )

- zc(3k1Pv/t2) + zck2(-l+2t 2)p2 + (bpv-b'p2)/0-bpv + b'p2)

3 i-2,
- z c [ 0 / P v ) " ( 1 / p ) ] d p v / d t - z c I ( j ~ 2 ) t J " [W. ( p ) - W ( P ] )
j=o

+ Q J ( P , ) { ( 1 / P ) - ( 1 / P , ) } ] + z c [ ( l / p ) - ( 1 / p | ) ] { c / [ 3 ( 1- t 2 / 3 ] + d }

3 i-i 3
x I tJ R.(PJ) + zc I t J [ (Q.(P)/P) - (Q.(p|)/p)3> (B.9)
j=o J j=o

where, from t h e R i e d e l equation [Eq. ( 3 . 1 7 ) ]

dpv/dt = [(a/t) - 0.0838(a-3.75) (-36/t2-6t5+'»2/t)]

x e x p [ a l n ( t ) - 0 . 0 8 3 8 ( a - 3 . 7 5 ) ( ( 3 6 / t ) - 3 5 - t 6 + ^ » 2 1n ( t ) ) ]

(B.10)
 161

Entropy

Region I . Gas

I n t h e gas r e g i o n t h e gas e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e [Eq. ( 4 . 2 4 ) ] can be

s u b s t i t u t e d d i r e c t l y i n t o Eq. ( 4 . 6 4 ) t o g i v e t h e gas r e g i o n e n t r o p y ,

S,, as:

rP o
[(S,-So)/R] = -z (3p,/9t) dp/p (B.ll)
f
Jo

A problem a r i s e s i n t h a t one o f t h e terms which must be e v a l u ­

a t e d a t t h e lower l i m i t o f i n t e g r a t i o n (p=0) i s l n ( p ) , a n d , o f c o u r s e ,

ln(0) is undefined. However, t h e l i m i t as p approaches z e r o i m p l i e s

an approach t o i d e a l gas c o n d i t i o n s , a t which t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c ­

t o r z equals 1 :

piS(z) - 1

J^[ln(z)] = 0 (B. 13)

so i t can be w r i t t e n t h a t :

JIjtMp)] = JiSrin(p) + 1n<z)] = JiSnn(pz)] (B.14)

By d e f i n i t i o n z = Pv/RT (B.15)

so t h a t
^[ln(Pz)] = PJ. Q[ 1n(Pvp/RT) ] (B.16)

By d e f i n i t i o n o f p ,
vp = vc (B.17)

so, i n reduced v a r i a b l e s ,

limn /r. 1 im,

p ^[ln<Pvp/RT>] - ^tln[((P/Pc)/t)(Pcvc/RTc)]} (B.18)
 162

= JJj{ln[((P/Pc)/t)zc]} . (B.19)

For a g i v e n substance z c i s a c o n s t a n t ; t m e r e l y designates t h e i s o ­

therm along which t h e i n t e g r a t i o n i s c a r r i e d o u t , so

J^{lnt((P/Pc)/t)zc]) = JlS[MP/Pc)]+ ln(zc)_- ln(t) (B.20)

Define

ln<Po/Pc> 5 piSC^CP/P,;)] (B-21)

where P Q i s some u n s p e c i f i e d constant standard pressure a t which i d e a l

gas c o n d i t i o n s h o l d . I n summary, t h e n ,

JiSfln(p)] = M P 0 / P C ) + l n ( z c ) - 1n ( t ) (B.22)

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e P j equation [Eq. ( 4 . 2 4 ) ] i n t o Eq. (B.ll); per­

forming t h e i n t e g r a t i o n , w i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f Eq. ( B . 2 2 ) ; and s i m p l i ­

fying give:

[ ( S J - S Q ) / R3 t = ~ z c ( k ] P / t 2 ) + z c k 2 ( l + t " 2 ) ( p 2 / 2 ) - k ^ t a n 1(k^p-kj)

-k,tan '(k_) + iln(l-bp+b'p2) - ln(p) + ln(P /P )

£ j o c

+ ln(zc)-ln(t). (B.23)

where

k3 = b/^b'-b2)* and k^ = 2 b ' / ( 4 b ' - b 2 ) i (B.24)

Rearranging and moving t h e l n ( P 0 / P c ) term t o t h e l e f t - h a n d s i d e o f t h e

equation g i v e t h e e x p l i c i t gas r e g i o n entropy f u n c t i o n :

 163

{C(S|-So)/R]-ln(Po/Pc)>T - -zc(klP/t2) + zck2(I+t"2)(p2/2)-ln(pt)

+ ilnO-bp+b'p^-k^tan ' (k^p-k^)

-kjtan '(k^) + ln(zc) (B.25)

Entropy Difference. Substituting Eq. (4.58) into Eq. (4.67)

and integrating yield:

(S "S )/R - (1/R)[a,'n(VT1) +a 2(T2"Tl)

+ ( a 3 / 2 ) ( T 2 - T 2 ) + ( a ^ / 3 ) ( T 3j j_-TT3jx) n] (B.26)

Dimensionless entropy difference (Sj-SjJ/R [Eq. (A.65)] is then given

by:
(S2-S1)/R = {[(S2-S )/R] -'n(VPc)}T2" {[(S rS0l)R]

- ln(Po/pc) >T + (l/Wlajlndj/T,) +82(12-1,)

+ (a3/2) (I2-!2) + (a^MT^-Tj)] . (B.27)

Region I I . High Density Gas

The range of integration in Eq. (4.64) is divided into two

zones such that

1
[( s ,r so>/R]
T- -zc (spj/at)p dp/p' f ( . pI , / 3 t ) dp/p (B.28)
• 1

where, as indicated, the f i r s t integral is evaluated using the gas

region equation of state p, [Eq. (4.24)] and the second, the high den­

sity gas region equation Pjj [Eq. (4.33)]. Making the substitutions

and simplifying give the high density gas region entropy function:
 164

{(S|(-So)/R -ln(Po/Pc)>T = -(zck1/t2) + (zck2(l+t"2)/2) - In(t)

+ iln(l-b+b') - k^tan '(k^-k^)-k^tan '(kj)

3 1-2
+ ln(zc) - zc I (j-1)tJ [W.(p) - W.(1)]
j=o

(B.29)

Region I I I . Liquid

Rewritten in reduced variables and rearranged, with SQ(T)/R

added and subtracted, Eq. (4.68) becomes

[ ( S - j - S Q ) / R ] T = [ ( S v - S o ) / R ] T - z c [ ( l / p v ) - (1/Pj)] ( d p v / d t ) (B.30)

Saturated vapor entropy is defined as:

fP
V(3p dp/pi
= |/3t)p (B.31)
- z"cc

where the integral is evaluated using the Region I (gas) equation of

state [Eq. (4.24)].

The liquid region entropy function can be calculated from:

[(S|M-SO)/R]T = [(SRSO)/R]T-ZC | P (3P|||/3t)p dp/p2 (B.32)

P1

where the integral is evaluated using the Region I I I equation of state

[Eq. (4.36)].

Putting all this together gives the following expression:

rP.
[ ( S M | " S O) / R ] t = "zc (ap(/3t)p dp/p* - z c [ ( l /P v ) - ( l / p , ) ] ( d p v / d t )

- z. ( 3 p j , | / 3 t ) p dp/p" (B.33)
 165

Explicitly the liquid region entropy function is given by:

{[(sHrS0)/R]-,n(p /Pc)}T = "(zcklpv/t2) + (zck2(l+t~2)P$/2) -ln(pvt)

0

+ iln(l-bpv+b'p^) -k^tan 1(k^p

v-kj)

- k^tan 'k^ + ln(zc) - ZC[0/Pv )

3 !-9
- (l/p),3 (dpv/dt) - zc I (j-1) t J { W (p)
j=o

- W.(P]) + Qj(Pl)[(l/p) - (1/p,)]}

+2C[(1/P) " (l/p,)]{c/[3(l-t)2/3] + d}

x It^R^p.) (B.3A)
j=o J

The Reciprocal of the Slope of the Saturated

Vapor Line on a Temperature-entropy Diagram

Taking the derivative with respect to reduced temperature of

the gas region equation of state [Eq. (4.24)] along the saturated vapor

line and solving the resultant differential equation for dpy/dt gives:

dpv/dt = {(dpv/dt) - (kjp^/t2) + k2(I+t 2)p^ - (pv/zc)[l/(I-bpv+b'p2]}/

{-2(kQ+k1t~1)pv + 3k2(-t+t ])p2 + (t/zc) [(l-b'p2)/

(1-b v+b"pJ)]} (B.35)

where dpy/dt can be obtained from Eq. (B.10).

 166

The quantity dSv/Rdt [Eq. (4.76)] is then given by:

dSv/Rdt = (2z(.k1pv/t3) - (zck2p^/t3) - (1/t) + (dpv/dt) [ - ( z ^ j / t 2 )

+ zck2(1+t 2)p - (1/py) + (b'pv-b)/(l-bpv+b'p2)]

v

+ (ai+a2T+a3T2+aitT3)/Rt (B.36)

J
 APPENDIX C

COMPUTER CODE BINRYG

Structure o f Code

O n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e s a r e P r o g r a m F low D i a g r a m s ; F i g . 2 k is

for MAIN Driver Routine, and Fig. 25 i s f o r BINRYG Subroutine.

Code Listing

Following the diagrams i s a l i s t i n g o f the BINRYG code and the

subroutines necessary for its operation. Additions to the code neces­

sary to apply i t to a specific primary cycle are indicated therein.

167
 168

START

Read in program control

variables, including NP

Read in and write out primary

cycle design parameters

Do necessary primary cycle calculations

OR , , .
Call primary cycle performance calculation subroutine.

Read in NS

Read in secondary fluid and cycle

design parameters and calculate
those parameters not read in

Call BINRYG j

Has BINRYG^^-
No been ca11ed
NS times for this
primary cycle
—case?x^

Yes

^ Have NP
sets of primary cycle
conditions been
conside red?

Yes
END

Fig. Ik. Flow Diagram for MAIN Driver Routine.

 169

ENTER

Calculate secondary fluid properties

a t pump i n l e t and pump o u t l e t

Guess secondary f l u i d mass flow

rate and i n i t i a l i z e properties
for heat transfer calculations

Does
No
DELQG = QG2

Yes

next section

1 \
No sections
£alculated

,Yes

^ ^ D o e s sum
QG2 f o r a l l sections"**
equal primary cycle ^
reject heat?

Yes

L RETURN J

Fig. 25- Flow Diagram f o r B1NRYG Subroutine.

 PROGRAM BINRG (INPUT# OUTPUT# TAPE5= INPUT,TAP Efc = OUTPUT)
c
c BINRYG - A HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE ANALYSIS COMPUTER
c CODE DESIGNED TO ANALYZE A COMPLETE BINARY CYCLE# USING THE HBMS
c GENERALIZED THERMODYNAMIC EQUATIONS IN THE SECONDARY CYCLE ANALYSIS
c
DIMENSION BETAG<2),EZC<2) MAINOOC2
COMMON KS,NF,NSLC,NALPHA,NBETA,NUAVG,NKO,NT5DPC,NSCPL,NSMUL,NSKL, MAIN0005
NSCPG,NSMUG,NSKG»falNRYA,XLGOP,PCHD,PCAFLO,PCAFLI,PCTBOD, MAINOOIO
PCTBID,RKPC,QW,PC,TC,TCA,VC,WM,R,ZC,BETA#TB,ALPHA,OAVG, MAIN0015
S CP L,SMUL,SKL,SCPG,SMUG,SKG,I TO,TO,Al,A2,A3,AA,Tl1,VL1,TL2,MAING020
VL2,XK0,T5,EFFC,EFFT»P1,DPPC,DPC0N,XM,NSECT MAIN0025
c
c ADDED TO THE AbOVE COMMON STATEMENT, OR INCLUDED I N ANOTHER COMMON
c STATEMENT, WILL BE VARIABLES CORRESPONDING T O PRIMARY CYCLE PARAMETERS
c
10 FORMAT(1215) MAIN0040
20 FORMAT(ElU.4,313) MA INO045

FORMAT STATEMENTS FOP READING IN PRIMARY CYCLE DATA WILL BE ADDED HERE

50 FORMAT(6F10.0) MAINGGfcO
5b F0RMAT(6F1G.C,I5,F10.0) MAI N0062
60 F0RMAT(4E10.4) MA1N0065
70 F0KMAT(5F10.3,13) MAIN0070
c
c IF THE PRIMARY CYCLE IS A POWER-PRODUCING CYCLE AND A
c PRIMAKY CYCLE PERFORMANCE CALCULATION SUBROUTINE IS
L INCORPORATED INTO BINRYG, FORMAT STATEMENTS FOR PRINTING
c OUT THIS S U B R O U T I N E S INPUT LATA MAY fiE AIDED HEFE
c
3 5 0 FORMATC'l",I X ,"BINRYG CODE INPUT DATA CASE",13,"-",12,/) h A1N03 3 5
c
c FORMAT STATEMENTS FOR PRINTING OUT PRIMARY CYCLE PARAMETERS
INPUT TO THE SECONDARY CYCLE ANALYSIS WILL BE ADDED HERE
o
 49 0 FORMAT(IX# "AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT"#21X#F6.1#" BTU/(HR FMAIN0430
1 SQ FT)") MAIN0435
500 FORMAT(IX# " H E A T EXCHANGER SURFACE AREA"#28X# E9.4#" SO F T " ) MAIN0460
510 FORMAT(IX# "NUMBER CF HEATER SECTIONS"#29X#13) MAIN0465
5 20 FORMAT(IX# "SECONDARY FLUID CRITICAL PRESSURE"# 22X#F5.0/" PSI A " ) MAIN0470
330 FORMAT(IX# "SECONDARY FLUID CRITICAL TEMPERaTURE"#19X#F4.0# " F " ) MAIN0475
540 FORMAT(IX# "SECONDARY FLUID CRITICAL VOLUME "#22X#F6.4#" CU FT/LBM"MAIN0480
1) MAIN0485
545 FORMAT(IX# "SECONDARY FLUID CRITICAL COMPRFSS1BIL1TY FACTOR"#7X#F5 MA1N0487
13) MAIN0488
55C FORMA!(IX# "SECONDARY FLUID MOLECULAR WEIGHT"#23X#F5. 1 ) MAIN0490
560 FORMAT(IX# "SECONDARY FLUID NORMAL BOILING POINT"#19X# FA.0#" F " ) MAIN0495
563 FORMAT(IX# "RIEDEL PARAMETER"#36X#F5«2) MAIN0498
5 6 7 FORMAT(IX# "BET A"# 50X# F5•2) MAIN0500
5 7 0 FORMAT(IX# "K0"#52X#F5.2) MAIN05 0 2
56u FORMAT(IX# "SECONDARY FLUID CONDENSATION TEMPERATURE"15X#F4.0#" F")MAIN0505
59 0 FORMAT(IX# "SECONDARY CYCLE MAXIMUM PRESSURE"#23X#F5.0#" PS1A") MAIN0510
otO FORMAT(IX# "SECONDARY FLUID PRESSURE DROP THROUGH HEATER "#10X#F4.1#MAIN 0515,
1 " PSI" ) MAIN0520
olO FORMAT(IX# "SECONDARY FLUID PRESSURE DROP THROUGH CONDENSEF"#7X#F4.MA1N0525
1 1 # " PSI") MAIN0530
6 2 0 FORMAT(IX# "PUMP EFFICIENCY"#40X#F4.3) MAIN0535
6 3 0 F0RMAT(1X» "TURBOGENERATOR E F F ICIENCY"# 3GX#F 4 . 3 ) MAIN0540
6 4 0 FORMAT(IX# "MINIMUM QUALITY ALLOWED IN TURB1NE"#21X,F4.3) MAIN0545
6 50 FORMAT(/# IX#"BINARY CYCLE OUTPUT DATA"/) MAIN0550
KS»0 MAIK0555
R E AD(5 #10) NP#NF#NPC#NTC#NVC#NSLC#NALPHA#NTB#NBETA#NUAVG#NK0#NT5DPCMAIN0560
IF(NUAVG•E Q . O ) READ(5#10)NSCPL#NSMUL#NSKL#NSCPG#NSMUG#NSKG MAIN0563
DO 7 1 0 «=.l # NP MA1N0565
RE AD(5 #20) BINRYA MAIN0570
C
C ADDED TO THE ABOVE READ STATEMENT MAY BE UP TO THREE
C CONTROL VARIABLES# IN FORMAT 13# INDICATING THE FLUID
C AND THE TYPE OF SYSTEM USED IN THE PRIMARY CYCLE
c READ PRIMARY CYCLE INPUT DATA HERE. DATA kEAD MUST INCLUDE
c PCHD# PCAFLO* PCAFLI, PCTBOD* PCTBID, XKWPC# AND XLDOP
c
c WRITE INPUT DATA FOR PRIMARY CYCLE PERFORMANCE CALCULATION SUBROUTINE
c ( I F REQUIRED)
c
6 7 3 P C H D S PCHO/12•0 MAIN0780
PCTBCD=PCTB0D/12.0 MAIN0785
PCTB1D=PCTBID/12.0 MAIN0790
RKPC«G.5*PCTBOD*ALOG(PCTBOD/PCTBID)/XKWPC MAIN0792
c
c D O NECESSARY PRIMARY CYCLE CALCULATIONS. THESE
c CALCULATIONS MAY BE DONE HERE OR A PRIMARY CYCLE
c PERFORMANCE CALCULATION SUBROUTINE MAY BE CALLED
c
KEAD(5,10)NS MAIN0800
D O 7CO J = 1# NS MAIN0805
KS = KS+1 MA1N0815
IF(KS.GT.l.AND.NF.EQ.l) GO TO 6 8 0 MAIN0820
REAU(5»55IPC >rC >VC#WM>TB/UAVG» I TO» TO MAIN0825
K£AD(5#60)Al#A2,»A3fA4 MA 1N0830
IFtfcTC.EQ.O.OH.NPC.EQ.O.OR.NVC.ECl.O.OR.NTB, EC>.G)READ( 5, iOJSPHIT# MAINC832
L SPHIP# SPH1V MAIN0633
IF(NSLC.GE.l) READ(5#5L)TL1>VL1 MAIN0635
IF(NS LC•GE.2) READ(5,50)TL2,VL2 MA1N0640
6 E C IF(NALPHA.EQ.O) GO TO 6 8 1 MAIN0842
IF(NALPHA.EQ.l.AND.KS.GT.l) G O TO 6 8 1 MAIN0843
READ(5>50)ALPHA MAIK0S<»<t
6 6 1 lF(NBETA.EQ.O) GO TO 6 8 2 MAIN0845
IF(NBETA.EU.l.AND.KS.GT.l) GO TO 6 8 2 MAIN0846
RE AD(5* 50)BETA MAIN0847
682 IF(NUAVG.GE, 1 ) GO TO 6 8 2 2 MAIN847L
IF(KS.GT.l) GO TO 6 8 2 2 MAIN8470
1F(NSCPL.GE, 1 ) READ(5* 50)SC PL MAIN847P
IF(NSMUL.GE. 1 ) READ(5*50)SMUL MAIN847Q
M
IF(NSKL.GE.l) READ(5» 50)SKL MAIN647R
 IF(NSCPG.GE.1) READ(5#50)SCPG MAIN847S
IF(NSMUG.GE.l) READ(5,50)SMUG MAI847S1
IF(NSKG.GE.1 ) READ(5» 50)SKG MAIN847T
6 8 2 2 IF(KS.EQ.1.0R.NK0.GE.2) READ(5,50)XKO MAIN08 48
IF(KS.EQ.1.QR.NT5DPC.GE.2> READ(5,50)T5»DPCDN MAIN0850
READ(5>70)EFFC*EFFT#Pl#DPPCjXM>NSECT hAlN0855
IF(NF.EQ.l.AND.KS.GT.l) GU TO 6 8 3 KAIN858A
c MAI658A1
c LYDERSEN METHOD CALCULATIONS PAI858A2
c KAI858A3
IF(hTB.EQ.0.AND.NTC.GE.l)TB=(TC+459.67)*(.567+SPHIT-SPHIT*SPHIT)- MAI858AA
1 459.67 MAI658AB
IF<NTC.EQ.0)TBR».567+SPHIT-SPHIT*SPHIT MAI858AC
IF(NPC.EQ.O)PC*14.696006*WM/{(0.340+SPHIP)*(0.340+SPHIP)) MAI858AD
IF(NVC.EQ#0)VC=(0.040+SPHIVJ/WM/0.062428 MAI858AE'
IF(NTC.GE.l) GO T O 6 8 2 8 MAI658AF
IF(NTb.GE.l) GO T O 6 6 2 5 MA 1858AG
C MAI858A4
C WATSGN METHOD CALCULATIONS MAI858A5
C MAI858A6
VBL=VC*0.062428/(0.422*AL0G10(PC*6894.8)-.1314) MA I 6 5 8 AH
TB=.2684*TBR/(WM*VBL)**.18*EXP<9.604MWtf*VBl )**.18/TBR-2.94)*1.8- MAI858AI
1 459.67 MI658AJ
6 8 2 5 TC*(TB+4 59.67)/TBR-459.67 MAI858AK
MAI858A7
6 6 2 8 TCA = TC +4 5 9 . 6 7 MAIN858B
R=1545./ WM MAIN858C
6 8 3 iF(NBETA.GE.l) GO TO 6 6 6 K AI h 656 D
IF(NF.EQ.l.AND.KS.GT.l) G O T O 6 8 7 MAIN858E
C MA 16 58 E1
C CALCULATE BETA MAI658E2
C M A18 58 E 3
ZC=PC*VC*144./(R*TCA) MAIN858F
BETAG(1)*7.0 MAIN858G
BET A6(2)=6.6 MAIN858H
OJ
EZC(1)=BETAG(1)*(3.*BETAG(1)-I.)/(l.+ BETAG(l))+*3-ZC MA1N858I
 EZC(2)«BETAG<2)*(3.*BETAG(2)-1.)/(l.+8ETAG(2))+*3- ZC MAIN858J
0 0 6 8 * L = l» 2 0 MAIN858K
IF(ABS(EZC(2)).LT..0C01*ZC) GG T O 6 8 5 KAIN858L
CALL SECANT ( B E T A G » E Z C ) MAIN858M
6 b * EZC(2)«BETAG(2)*(3.*BETAG(2)-1.)/(1.+BETAG(2))**3- ZC MAIN858N
6 8 5 BE TA = BET AG(2 ) MAIN8580
ZC=BETA*(3«+BETA-1.)/(1.+BETA)**3 MAIN8581
GO TO 6 8 7 fr AIN85 8 P
c MAI858P1
6 8 6 IF(NBETA.EG.l.AND.KS.GT.l) G O TO 6 8 7 MAIN858Q
ZC=BETA*(3.*BETA-1.)/(1.+BETA)**3 MAIN858R
VC = R*TCA*ZC/(PC*1<»*.) MAIN858S
6 8 7 IF(NALPHA.GE.l) G O TG 6 8 8 MAIN858T
IF(NF.EQ.l.AND.KS.GT.l) GO TO 6 8 8 HAIN858U
c MAIN8582
c CALCULATE ALPHA HAIN8583
c MAIN8584
PBR=14•696/PC MAIN858V
TBR=(TB+A59.67)/TCA MAIN858W
PHITB=36./TBR-35.-TBF**6+*2.*AL0G(TBR) MAIN858X
ALPHA=(0.0838+3.75*PHITB-ALQG(PBR))/(O.Oe36+PHITB-•ALOG(TBR )) MAIN858Y
c MAIN0859
6 8 8 MRITE(6»350)K»J MAIN0860
I
r-

c URITE PRIMARY CYCLE PARAMETERS INPUT TO SECONDARY CYCLE ANALYSIS HERE

I
r

IF(NUAVG.GE.l) WRITE(6,*90)UAVG HAIN0950

WRITE(6»500)BINRYA HAIN0955
WRITE(6#510)NSECT PAIN0960
WRITE(6> 520)PC MAIN0965
WRITE<6,530)TC . HAIN0970
toRIT E(6» 540)VC MAIN0975
WR17 E(6* 5* 5 )ZC MAIN0978
WRITE(6» 550)WM KAIN0980
WRITE(6,560 )TB MAIN0985
WRITE(6»563)ALPHA MAIN0987
 WRITE(6,567)BETA MAIN0988
WR1TE(6# 570)XK0 MAIN0990
WRIT E(6*580)T 5 MAIN0995
WRiTt(6,590)Pl K A I N1 0 0 0
WRITE(6> 600)DPPC MAIN1005
WRITfc(6#61O)0PCCN MAIN1010
WR1TE(6»620)EFFC MAIN1015
WRITE(6> 630)EFFT MAIN1020
WRIT£(6,640)XM MAIN1025
WR1TE(6»650) MAIN1030
CALL BINRYG MAIN1035
700 CONTINUE MAINIO^O
710 CONTINUE MAIN1G45
STOP
END

PRIMARY CYCLE PERFORMANCE CALCULATION SUBKUUTINE ( I F RECUIRED)

SUBROUTINE BINRYG
D I M E N S I O N E ( 2 0 > # P T T ( 2 0 ) > S T T ( 2 0 ) # 0 ( 2 0 ) # fc"S( 2 0 ) > Q M ( 2 0 ) , S R H C . ( 2 0 ) BING0005
DIMENSION MR H Q { 2 0 ) # XK(6,4),01(4)*W1(4)»RHUV5G(2),EP5R(2 ) * BING0010
1 TSAT3G(2)#EP3R(2)#P.H0V3G(2)*RH0DSG(2)*EPDSCK(2)J B1NG0015
2 TMSVRG(2),RH0MSG(2),EPfSVR(2),DSVDT(2),TlIRG(2), BING0020
3 QR0L1I(4)#RH01IG(2)»EP1P(2)»R0V]1G(2)#EPV1IR(2)# BINGC025
WRH01I(A)>WRDL1I(A)*EENF1I(2)»T1RG(2)#QRH0L1(A)> BING0030
5 RH01G(2),EPV1R(2),RH0V1G<2)»EENTH1(2)>RH02GG<2)>EP2R(2)>BING0035
6 X(2)#Y(2)#TS2RG(2)»QR0LS2(4)»RH0S2G(2)*EPSR(2)» BING0040
7 RH0VSG(2l#EPVS29(2)»EENTSG(2)*WR0S2U)#T3RG<2)#fHQ3G(2)#BING0C45
8 EENR3I(2)#XK12(4)»XK52(A)#XK63('i)#X2K<»(A)>X3Ht»(A)# BING0050
9 X4K6(M#ERY(2)>ERROR(2)>QRHU2GU),QRHOS2U)>PHOTCG(2)» BING0051 -
* R0VTCG(2),GRCTCGm,JRHG(20>,JRHL2(20),ROVSAG(2), B I N G 0 0 5 2 vn
 * EPVSRA(2), JUAVG(20)FQR0LSM4),RH0SAG(2)» BING0053
* EPSRAV(2),GRH0SA(<»),UAVGA(20),JSEC (20),RHOVOG(2),EPOR(2)BING0054
COMMON KS*NF,NSLC,NALPHA,NBETA,NLAVG,NK0#NT5DPC,NSCPL,NSMUL,NSKL, BING0055
1 NSCPG,NSMUG»NSKG»BINRYA»XL00P»PCHD,PCAFL0»PCAFLI»PCT60D» BING0058
2 PCTBID,RKPC,QW,PC,TC,TCA,VC,WM,R,ZC,BETA,TB#ALPHA*UAVG, BING0C61
3 SCPL,SMUL#SKL#SCPG»SMUG,SKG,ITO,TO,Al,A2,A3,A*,TL1,VL1,TL2,BING0064
4 VL2,XK0>T5,EFFC#EFFT,P1#DPPC,DPC0N»XM,NSECT BINGC067
c
c SET TPIN = PRIMARY FLUID HEATER INLET TEMPERATURE ( F )
c TPOUT » PRIMARY FLUID HEATER OUTLET TEMPERATURE { F )
c DELPP = PRIMARY FLUID PRESSURE DROP THROUGH HEATER ( P S I )
c PPM IN « PRIMARY FLUID HEATER OUTLET PRESSURE ( P S I A )
c PFLOW = PRIMARY FLUID MASS FLOW RATE (LBM/HR)
c PWRTH = THERMAL POWER INPUT TO PRIMARY CYCLE (MWTH)
c POUT » PRIMARY CYCLE NET ELECTRIC POWER OUTPUT ( M W E )
c
2 0 IF(Pl.LE.PC) GO TO 1 5 1 0 BING0125
IF(NF.EQ.l.AND.KS.GT.l) GO TO 25 6ING0245
A1TC=A1*TCA BING0495
A2TC=A2*TCA BING0500
A2TC£2=A2TC*TCA/2. BING0505
A3TC2=A3*TCA*TCA BING0510
A3TC22 = A3TC2/2• BING0515
A3TC33=A3TC2*TCA/3. BING0520
AtTC3=A**TCA+*3 BING0525
A4TC33»A4TC3/3. BING0530
A4TC44»A4TC3*TCA/4. BING0535
ENTH0C=A1TC+A2TC22+A3TC33+A4TC44 BING0538
RI=778.2/R BING0540
R1C=TCA/RI B I NG 0 5 A 5
RTCZC=RTC+ZC BING0548
25 IF(NfcfcTA.EQ.l.AND.KS.GT.l) GO TO 3 0 B1NG0130
IF(NBETA.EO.O.AND.NF.EQ.l.AND.KS.GT.l) GO TO 3 0 BING0135
BETASQ=BETA*BETA BING0195
DEN = 3.*fl ET A-l. BING0200 ON
B*(3.*BETASQ-6.*BETA-1.)/(BETA*DEN) BING0205
8P =(fcETA-3•)/DEN BING0210
B BP = (b-B P ) / ( 1 . - B + B P ) BING0212
SQAfcljT«SQRT(4.*BP-B*B) BING0215
XK3=b/SQAR0T 6ING0220
XK4=2.*BP/SQARGT BING0225
C0NST=XK3*ATAN(XK3)-AL0G(ZC) BING0230
I F ( N A L P H A . E Q . l . A N D . K S . G T . l ) GO TO 43 BING0234
1F(NALPHA.EQ.O.AND.NF.EQ.l.AND.KS. GT. 1)G0 TO 43 BING0238
GO TO 4 0 BING0242
1F(NALPHA.EQ.1) GO TO 4 7 BING0246
IF(NALPHA.EQ.O.AND.NF.EQ.l) GO TO 4 7 BING0250
ALPhAP»0.0 838*(ALPHA-3.75) BING0255
BING0402
CALCULATE COEFFICIENTS C AND D I N THE GUGGENHEIM EQUATION BING0403
BING0404
I F ( N S L C . N E . 0 ) GO TO 7 0 BING0405
C=1.93+0.2*(ALPHA-7.) BING041G
I F ( N F . E Q . l . A N D . K S . G T . l ) GO TO 9 0 BING0412
D= G.85 BING0415
GO TC 9 0 BING0420
I F ( N F . E Q . l . A N D . K S . G T . l ) GO TO 9 0 BING0423
I F ( N S L C . N E . l ) GO TO 8 0 B ING0427
FTl=l.-(TL1+4S9.67)/TC£ BING04 30
C=(VC/VLl-l.-0.85*FTl)/FTl**(l./3.) B1NG0435
D=C.6t> BIKG0440
GO TL 90 BING0445
FRH0L1=VC/VL1-1. BING0450
FRH0L2=VC/VL2-1. BING0455
FT1=1.-(TL1+459.67)/TCA BING0460
FT113=FT1**(1./3.) BING0465
FT2=l.-(TL2+459.67)/TCA BING0470
FT213=FT2**(1./3.) B1NG0475
DET=FT113*FT2-FT213*FT1 BING0480 _
C=(FPH0L1+FT2-FRH0L2*FT1)/DET BING0485 ^
D=(Ft<H0L2+FT113-FRH0Ll*FT213) /DET BING0490
 BING0491
90 I F <KBETA.EQ.1.AND.NKO.EQ.1.AND.KS.GT.1) GO TO 49 BING0492
IFtNBETA.EQ.C.AND.NF.EO.l.AND.NKO.EQ.l.AND.KS.GT.l) GO TO 4 9 BING0493
I F ( N B E T A . E Q . l . A N D . N K O . N E . l . A N D . K S . G T . l ) GO TO 48 B1NG4933
IF(NBETA.EQ.O.AND.NF.EQ.l.AND.NKG.NE.l.AND.KS.GT.l) GO TO 46 BING4937
I F ( K S . G T . l ) GO TO 43 BING0494
XK(1,1)=0.0 BING0260
XK(2*1) =0.0 BING0265
XK(3*1)=0.0 BING0270
XK(6,1)=0.0 BING0285
XK(fcj 2) =0 . 0 BING0315
XK(6,4)=0.0 BING0375
43 XK<1,2)=88.5-3.12*B£TA BING0290
XK(2#2)=-313.3+13.42*BETA BING0295
XK(3,2)«408.9-21.54+BETA BING0300
XK(b>2)=47.8-4.06*BETA B1NG0310
XK(l,3)=-124.4fc+3.84*BETA+0.363*BETASQ BING0320
XK(2#3)»429.-9.84*BETA-1.815*BETASQ BING03 25
XK(3,3)=-5 2 8.8+1.98*BETA+3.63*BETASQ BING0330
XK(4,3)=26 3.+15.7*BETA-3.63*BETASQ BING0335
XK(6,3)=-8.44+4.50*BETA-0.363*BETASQ BING0345
XK<1,4>=44.4-5.22*BETA BING0350
XK(2*4)=-156.9+18.92*BETA BING0355
XK(3,4)»204.3-25.44*BETA BING0360
XK(4,4) =-115.5+15.*BETA B ING0365
XK(5,4)=23.7-3.26*BETA BING0370
GO T(J 4 8 BING378A
4 7 I F ( N K O . E C . l ) GO TO 1 2 0 B ING378B
48 XKl=bETA-XKO BIMG378C
XK(4,1)=-XK1 BING378D
XK(4>2)=—XK0-231.9+15.3+8ETA BING378E
C B ING561A
t CALCULATE REDUCED SATURATED VAPGF DENSITY AT CRITICAL TEMPERATURE BING561B
C USING HBMS GAS REGION EQUATION OF STATE BING561C
C BING561D
oo
C01=XK0+XK1 BING&562
 ROVTCG(2)=1. BING564A
RGVTCG(1)=RQVTCG(2)/1.01 BING564R
DQ 112 KK»1# 2 BING564C
112 EPVS2k(KK)=-CGl*ROVTCG(KK)*ROVTCG(KK)+ROVTCG(KK )/(l.-B*l<0VTCG{KK)+BlNG564D
1 6P*ROVTCG(KK)*ROVTCG(KK))/ZC-1. BING564E
DQ 115 L L=1> 20 B ING564F
I F ( A B S ( E P V S 2 R ( 2 ) ) . L T . . G 0 0 0 1 ) GO TC 1 1 8 B1NG564G
CALL SECANT(ROVTCG*EPVS2R) B ING564H
115 EPVS2M2)=-C01*P0VTCG(2)*R0VTCG(2)+R0VTCG(2 ) / ( I .-B*R0VUG ( 2)+BP* B ING564I
1 R0VTCG(2)*R0VTCG(2)>/ZC-1. BING564J
118 RH0VTC=R0VTCG<2> BING56AK
BING564L
ZCK1«ZC*XK1 BINGG570
ZC2K1=2.*ZCK1 BING0575
Z C 3 K 1= 3 . * Z C K 1 BINGG580
ZC2KGx2.*ZC*XK0 BING0595
ZCKG1=ZC2KQ+ZC3K1 BING0597
49 XK2=(l.-XK0-ALPHA+2.*BETA>/2. BING0565
X K ( 5 # 1 ) 3 XK 2 BING568A
XK(5,3)=-29.3-15.18+BETA+1.815*BETASQ-XK2 BING568B
DQ fcC J = l » 4 B1NG0380
Ql(J)=0.0 BING0365
D O 5 0 I= 1 # 6 BING0390
5C Q 1 ( J ) = Q 1 ( J ) + X K ( I » J ) BING0395
XK12(J)«XK(1,J)/2. B1NGG397
XK52(J)=XK(5#J)/2. B1NG0398
XKo2(J)=XK(6#J)/3. B IMG0399
X2K4(J)=2.*XK(4#J) BING1697
X3K5(J)=3.*XK(5,J) BING1698
X4Kfc(J)=4.+XK(fc,J) BING1699
fcG Wl(J)=-XK12(d)-XK(2>J)+XK(4,J)+XK5 2(J)+XK63<J) B ING04C0
ZCK2=ZC*XK2 B1NG0585
ZCK22= ZCK2/2• BING0590
CUM=ENTH0C+kTC*(-ZCK01+ZCK2+BBP) BING0598
c 8ING5991
c CALCILATE DIFFERENCE# ENTHO, BETWEEN ENTHALPY BASED GN ZEtO BING5992
c ENTHALPY FOR IDEAL GAS AT ZERO ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE AND ENTHALPY BING5993
c BASED ON ZERO ENTHALPY FOR SATURATED L I O U I D AT TEMPERATURE TO ( F ) BING5994
c B ING5995
ENTHG=0. BING599A
I F ( I T O . E Q . O ) GO TG 1 3 0 bING5999
T0R=(T0+459.67)/TCA BING599C
P0K«EXP(ALPHA*AL0G(T0R)-ALPHAP*(36./T0R-3 5.-T0R**6+42.*ALCG(T0R)) )B ING599D
RHCLG=1 . + C * ( l . - T 0 R ) * * ( l . / 3 . ) + D + ( l . - T O K ) B ING599E
RH0VCG(2)=0.0023 BING599F
RHGVGG(1)=RH0VCG(2)/I.03 BING599G
C1=XKC+XK1/T0R B ING599H
C2=XK2*(-T0R+1./T0R> B ING599I
C3=T0R/ZC BING599J
DO 1166 1 = 1 , 2 BING599K
1 1 8 6 E P 0 R ( 1 ) = - C 1 * R H G V 0 G ( I ) * R H 0 V 0 G ( I ) + C 2 * R H G \ / G G ( I ) * * 3 + C 3 * R H 0 V O G ( I ) / ( 1. - B I N G 5 9 9 L
1 B*RH0V0G(I)+6P*RH0V0G(I)+RH0V0G(I))-POR BING599M
DO 1167 L 3 1 » 20 B ING599N
I F ( A B S ( E P 0 R ( 2 ) ) . L T . . 0 0 1 * P 0 R > GO TO 1 1 8 8 B ING5990
CALL SECANT(RHOVOG,EPGR) BING599P
1187 EP0R(2)=-C1*PH0V0G(2)+PH0V0G(2)+C2*RH0V0G(2)**3+C3*RH0V0G(2)/(1.- BING599Q
1 B*RH0VCG(2>+BP*RH0V0G(2)*RH0V0G(2))-P0R BING599R
liE-fa RHQVG=RH0V0G(2) BING599S
ENTHC = AlTC*T0R + A2TC22*T0R*T0R + A3TC33*T0R**3+ A<tTC44*T0R**4+PTC*T0R •BING599T
1 (-ZC2K0+RH0V0/T0R-ZC3K1*RHCV0/(T0R*T0R)-ZCK2*(1.-2./(TOR* B ING599U
2 TOR))*RHGV0*RHGV0+(B*RH0V0-BP*RH0V0*RH0V0)/(l.-e*RHLV0+BP* BING599V
3 RH0VC*RHCV0)-ZC*(1./RH0V0-1./RH0L0)*(ALPHA/TOR-ALPHAP*(-36. / B ING599W
* (TOR*TOR)-6.*T0R**5+42./TOR))*EXP(ALPHA*ALOG(TOR J-ALPHAP* BING599X
5 (36./TCR-35.-TOR**6+^2.*ALOG(TOP)))) BING599Y
c BING599Z
1 1 9 GO TL 1 3 0 EING060C
1 2 0 I F ( N T i ) O P C . E G . l ) GO TL 3 7 0 BING0605
c BING0607
c CALCULATE SECONDARY FLUID PROPERTIES AT PUhP INLET BING0608
 181
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6 1./(TSAT3R+TSAT3R))*RHGV3*+3+RH0V3/ZC/(1.-B*kHOV3+eP*RHDV3*BING0925
7 RH0V3)—(ALPHA/TSAT3R—ALPHAP*(-36./(TSAT3R*TSAT3R)-fc.*TSAT3RBING0930
8 **5+42./TSAT3R))*EXP(ALPHA*AL0G(TSAT3R)-ALPHAP*(36./TSAT3R-BING0935
9 3 5 . - T S A T 3 R * * 6+ 42.*AL0G< T S A T 3 R ) ) ) ) / ( 2 . * P H 0 V 3 * ( X K O + X K 1 / BING0940
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IF(DSRDT3.GT.O.O) GO TO 270 BING0955
TDSCKR=(1.+TSAT3RJ/2. BING0960
PDSCKMEXP (ALPHA* ALOG( TOSCKR )-ALPHAP * ( 3 6 . / TDSCKk-3 5 . - T D S CH R* * 6 + 4 2 . B 1 5 7 0 9 6 5
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RH0DSG(2)=RH0V3 BING0975
RH0DSG(1)=RH0DSG(2)/1.01 BING0980
C1=XKG+XK1/TDSCKR B1NG0985
C2=XKZ*(-TDSCKR+1./TDSCKR) BING0990
C3 sT DSCKR/ZC BING0995
DO 23C K =1 j 2 BING1000
230 EPDSCK(K)=-C1*RH0DSG(K)*RHODSG(K)+C2*RHGDSG(K)**3+C3*RH0DSG(K)/ BING1005
1 (l.-B*RHODSG(K)+BP*RHODSG(K)*PHGDSG(K)J-PDSCKP BING1010
D O 2<»C» L s 1 » 2 C BING1015
I F ( A B S ( E P D S C K ( 2 ) ) . L T . . 0 0 1 * P D S C K R ) GO TO 2 5 0 BING1020
CALL SECANT(RHCDSG#EPDSCK) BING1C25
2<rC E P D S C K ( 2 ) = - C 1 * R H 0 D S G ( 2 ) * R H 0 D S G ( 2 ) + C 2 * R H U D S G ( 2 ) * * 3 + C 3 * R H 0 D S G ( 2 ) / BING1030
1 (l.-B*PHGUSG(2)+BP*RH0DSG(2)*RH0DSG(2))-PDSCI<R BING1035
250 RHGLS=RHODSG(2) BING1040
D S V R D T = R I * ( A 1+ A 2 T C * T D S C K R + A 3 T C 2 * T D S C K R * T D S C K R + A 4 T C 3 * T D S C K M * 3 ) / BING1045
2 TDSCKP + Z C 2 K 1+ R H O D S / T O S C K F * * 3 - Z C K 2 * R H 0 D S * R H 0 D S / BING1055
3 TUSCKR**3-l./TDSCKR+(-ZCKl/(TDSCKR*TLSCKR)+ZCK2*(l.+l./ BING1060
4 (TDSCKR*TDSCKR))+RH0DS-1./RHODS+(-B+BP*RHODS)/(1.-B*RHUDS+ BING1065
5 BP*RH0DS*RH0DS))*(XK1*RH0DS*RH0DS/(TUSCKR*TDSCKR)-XK2*(1.+ BING1070
6 1 . / ( T D S C K R + T D S C K R ) ) * R H 0 D S * * 3 + R H 0 0 S / Z C / < 1. - B * R H O D S + f c P * R H C i D S * B I h G 1 0 7 5
7 RHODS)-(ALPHA/TDSCKR-ALPHAP*(-36./(TDSCKR*TDSCKP)-fc.*TDSCKRBING1080
8 **b+4 2./TDSCKR))*EXP(ALPHA*ALOG(TDSCKR)-ALPHAP*(36./TOSCKR-BING1085
9 35.-TDSCKR**6+42.*AL0G(TDSCKR))))/(2."RHODS*<XKl+XK1/ 6ING1090
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I F ( I . L E . 7 . A N D . K . L E . 7 > GO TO 7 6 8 1 B1NG27HR
I F ( L k H 0 . E Q . 1 . 0 R . H R H D ( J ) . E Q . J ) GO TO 7 8 8 1 61NG27NY
RHOS 2C=R H0S2 blNG27ZX
IF(RHGS2.GT.PHOSl-1.75*VC*(SRHO(J-2)-SRHO(J-l)))GO TO 7881 BING27CA
788 RHOS2=TERP(STT»SRHO,J-l,TS2RG(2)+TCA-459.fc7, 3)*VC BING27CC
IF(RHGS2.LT.RHOS1) GO TO 7 9 1 BING27NJ
LRHO=l BING27NK
IF(1.GE.121MRHO(J)»J BING27NL
IF(KRHO.EQ.O.AND.JRHO(J) . E Q . O ) Gti TO 792 BING27MM
KRHG=0 BING27N0
J R H0 ( J ) = C BJNC27NP
GO TO 7 8 6 BING27NQ
7 9 1 I F (KRHO. E Q . l . l i R . J R H O < J ) . E Q . J ) GO TO 7 8 8 0 BING27ZW
7 9 2 I F ( R H 0 S 2 C . L T . R H 0 S 2 . A N D . R H 0 S 2 . L T . R H 0 S 1 ) GO TO 7 8 8 0 B 1NG27NZ
RHCiS 2=RH0S 2C BING27ZV
GO Tli 7 8 6 1 BING27ZU
7860 IF(I.GE.12)JPH0(J)«J BING27C0
K R H 0 =1 BING27CE
76 61 IF(frH0S2.GT.RHGSl)RH0S23TERP(STT>SRH0»J-l>TS2RG(2)*TCA-459.67#3)* BING270A
1 VC BING270B
1 F ( K H Q S 2 . G E . 1 . ) GO TCi 7 8 8 9 BING27CF
7662 l F ( L R H O . E a . l . O R . M R H O ( J ) . E Q . J ) GO TO 793 BING27IC
IF(KI<HO. EQ . 1 . 0 R . J R H 0 < J ) . E Q . J ) GO TO 7 8 8 6 BING27CG
793 IFIK.EQ.1) RH0S2G(2 J=RH0S1/DELR02 B ING27CH
IF(K.NE.l) RH0S2G(2)sRH0S2/1.01 BING27CI
IF(K.EQ.IO) RHCS2C=RH0S2G(2) BING27CJ
lF(H.GT.lO) RHGS2G(2)=RH0S20 BING27CK
RH0S2G(1)=RH0S2G(2)/1.01 BING27CL
Cl=XKu+XKl/TS2RG(2) BING27CM
C2 = XH2*(-TS2RG(2)+1./TS2RG(2) ) BING27CN
C3»1S2PG(2)/ZC BING27C0
DO 7663 KK = 1# 2 BING27CP
78 63 EPSR(KK)=-Cl*RHGS2G(KK)*RH0S?G(KK)+C2*RH0S2G(KK)+*3+C3*kHLS2G(KK)/BING27CQ
1 (l.-6*RHQS2G(KK)+BP*RHOS2G<KK) *RHIJS 2 G ( KK ) ) - P S P BING27CR
DO 7 8 0 ti L = 1 » 2 0 BING27CS
 IF(ABS(EPSR(2)).LT..00G01*PSR> 60 TO 7885 BING27CT
CALL SECANT(PH0S2G,EPSR ) BING27CU
78 84 EPS*(2)=-Cl*RHCS2G(2)*KHQS2G(2)+C2*RH0S2G(2)**3+C3*RH0S2G(2 >/<1.-BBING27CV
1 *RHOS2G(2)+BP*RHOS2G{2)*RHOS2G(2))-PSR BING27CW
7685 RHOS2*PHOS2G(2) BING27CX
1 F ( 1 . L E . 7 . A N D . K . L E . 7 ) GG TO 7 8 8 7 B ING27HW
I F ( L H H 0 . E Q . 1 . G R . M R H 0 ( J ) . E Q . J ) GO TG 7 8 8 7 B1NG27NV
RH0S2C =R HGS 2 B1NG27ZT
l F ( P H G S 2 . G T . f c H G S l - 1 . 7 5 * V C * ( S R H 0 ( J - 2 ) - S R H G ( J - l ) ) )GCi TO 7 6 8 7 BING27CY
78 66 RH0S2=TERP( STT,SRHO,J-l»TS2RG{2)*TCA-459.67,3)*VC bING27DA
I F ( R H 0 S 2 . L T . R H 0 S 1 ) GG TO 7 9 4 BING27MG
LRHU=1 BING27HH
1F(I.GE.12)MRH0(J)=J BING27MI
I F l k k H G . E Q . O . A N D . J R H O ( J ) . E Q . O ) GG TO 7 9 7 BIKG27MJ
KRHG=0 BING27MK
JRHG(J) = 0 BING27ML
GO TG 7 9 3 BING27MM
794 1 F ( K K H G . E Q . 1 . 0 R . J R H 0 ( J ) . E Q . J ) GO TO 7 8 8 8 BING27ZS
7 9 7 I F ( k h G S 2 C . L T . P H 0 S 2 . A N D . R H 0 S 2 . L T . P H G S 1 ) GO TO 7 8 8 8 BING270C
RHQS 2= kHGS2C b ING272R
GO TG 7 8 8 7 BING27ZQ
7668 1F(I.GE.12)JRHC(J)=J BING27DB
KRHG=1 B ING27DC
7 8 87 IF(RHGS2.GT.PHGS1)RH0S2=TERP(STT,SRHO,J-l,TS2RG<2)*TCA-4 59. 6 7 , 3 ) * BING27DD
1 VC BING27DE
7689 M=1 6 ING279G
J S EC T = J BING2793
I F ( I .CE.6) JSEC(J) = J BING2794
GO TL 1 0 8 0 B ING279H
BING27DF
789 I F ( J S E C T . E Q . J . Q P . J S E C ( J ) . E Q . J ) GD TO 767 B ING279I
111*2 E1NG279J
790 KKK=1 BING2795
1 F ( 1 I I . E Q . 2 ) GO TO 9 2 0 BING26C0
l F ( I I l . E Q . l ) GG TO 1C20 BING2805
BING2 806
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 lF(MM.EQ.l.AND.K.NE.l) TS2PG(2 J=1S2R BING3226
IF(MM.EQ.l.AND.KKK.NE.l) TS2RG ( 2 )«TS2R BING3228
GO TfJ 9 0 0 BING3230
6 90 CALL SECANT(TS2RG/EENTSG) BING3235
I F ( T S 2 R G ( 2 ) . L E . T S 1 R ) GO TO 7 6 7 BING3238
900 CONTINUE B1NG3240
c BING3245
c CALCULATE SECONDARY FLUID SECTION OUTLET TEMPERATURE - BING3250
c REGION I I . HIGH DENSITY GAS B ING325.5
c B1NG3260
9 2 0 1 F ( K . E C . 1 . A N D . K K K . E C . l ) T S 2 R G ( 2 ) = D E L T S * ( T S 1+ 4 5 9 . 6 7 ) / T C A * 1 . 0 0 1 5 BING3273
IF(K.NE.l.OR.KKK.EQ.O) TS2RG(2 ) = TS2R*1.003 BING3274
IF(K.EQ.10)TS2PG0=TS2RG(2) BING3271
IF(K.GT.10)TS2RG(2)=TS2RG0 BING3272
IF(TS2RG{2).LT.1.0015) TS2RG(2 ) =1.001501 BING3276
925 DO 99u 1 1 = 1 * 2 0 BING3275
I F t L k H O . E Q . l . O P . M R H O ( J ) . E Q . J ) GO TO 9 2 6 BING3277
I F ( K P H 0 . E Q . 1 . 0 R . J R H 0 < J ) . E Q . J ) GO TO 9 6 2 B1NG3278
926 iF(K.EQ.l.AND.KKK.EQ.1.AND.II.EQ.l) RH0S2G(2)=RH0S1/DELR02*1.01 BING3280
IF(K.NE.l.UR.KKK.NE.l.tlR.II.NE.l) RH0S2G(2)*RH0S2*1.02 BIMG3285
IF(K.E0.10.0R.II.EQ.1C)RH0S2G=RHOS2G(2) BING3287
IFtK.GT.10.0R.1I.GT.1C)RHOS2G(2)=FHOS20 BING3288
DU 950 KK=1,20 BING3290
I F ( R H 0 S 2 G ( 2 ) . L T . 1 . ) GO TO 9 6 0 B ING3292
RGS2G2=RH0S2G(2)*PH0S2G(2) BING3295
R032G3=RCS2G2+RH0S2G(2) BING3300
K0S2G4=R0S2G3*RH0S2Gt2) BING33C5
R0S2G5=R0S2GA*RH0S2G(2) BING3310
SUM=0.0 BING3315
DO 9 3 0 J J = 1 , 4 B ING3320
URH0S21JJ) = (XK(1#JJ) + XK(2»JJ)*RH0S2G(2) + XK(3,JJ)*R0S2G2+ XK(A, J J ) * B1NG3325
1 R0S2G3+XK(5,JJ)*R0S2G4+XK(6,JJ)+POS2G5)/PH0S2G(2) BING3330
930 SUM=SUM+TS2RG(2)**(JJ-2)*QRH0S2(JJ) BING3335
EPSk (2) * SUM-PSP B1NG3340
M
I F ( A B S ( E P S R ( 2 ) ) . L T . . 0 0 0 0 1 * P S R ) GO TO 9 6 0 B ING3345 o
VJJ
I F ( K K . N E . l ) GO TO 94U BING3350
 RH0S2G(1)=RH0S2G(2) B1NG3355
EPSM1) = EPSR(2) BING3360
RHDS2G(2)=RHCS2G(1)/1.01 BING3365
GO TL 9 5 0 BING3370
940 CALL SECANT(RH0S2G#EPSP) BING3375
950 CONTINUE BING3380
960 RH0S2=PHQS2G{2) B1NG3385
1 F ( R H 0 S 2 • L T • 1 • ) GO TO 1 0 1 0 BING3384
I F ( I . L E . 7 . A N D . K . L E . 7 ) GO TO 965 BING3383
l F ( L k H 0 . E Q . 1 . 0 R . H R H 0 ( J ) . E Q . J ) GO TO 9 6 5 B1NG3383
RH0S2C=RH0S2 BING3384
IF(RHGS2.GT.RHCiSl-1.75*VC*(SPH0(J-2)-SRH0( J - l ) ) )G0 TO 965 BING3386
962 RH0S2-TERP(STT,SRHO,J-l,TS2PG{2)*TCA-459.67#3)*VC BING3388
I F ( K H L S 2 . L T . R H G S 1 ) GO TO 9 6 1 BING337S
LRH0=1 B1NG337T
1F(I.GE.12)MRH0(J)=J " BING337U
IF<KRHO.EQ.O.AND.JPHD(J).EQ.O) GC TO 964 BINC337V
KkHC=C BING337W
JKHC(J) = 0 BING337X
GO TO 9 2 6 B1NG337Y
9 6 1 I F ( K R H 0 . E Q . 1 . 0 R . J R H 0 < J ) « E Q . J ) GO TO 9 6 3 BING338A
9 6 4 I F ( R h ( j S 2 C . L T . R H G S 2 . A N D . R H n S 2 . L T . R H U S l > GO TO 9 6 3 BIKG337Z
RHGS2=RH0S2C BING338B
GU TO 965 BING338C
963 IF(i.GE.12)JPHD(J)=J BIMG3387
KRH0=1 BING3389
965 IF(RH0S2.GT.RHCS1) RHGS2 = TERP(STT,SRHO,J-l,TS2RG(2)*TCA-459.67, 3 ) * B1NG3390
1 VC BING3392
l F ( R h O S 2 . L T . l . ) GO TO 1 0 1 0 BING3391
RHGS22«=RHUS2*RH0S2 BING3293
R02LR0=RH0S22*AL0G(RH0i>2) BING3395
RH0S23=RH0S22+RH0S2 BING3400
RHGS24=RH0S23*RH0S2 BIKG3405
k H 0 S 2 5 =RH0S_24*RH0S2 BING3410
SUF^C.C BING3420
DO 970 J J=1» 4 BING3425
 205

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z -ZC3K1+RH0S2/(TS2RG(2)*TS2RG<2)J-ZCK2*(1.-2./( TS2RG(2)* BING3650
3 TS2RG(2)))+RHQS2*RHOS2+(B*RHOS2-6P*RHOS2*RHOS2)/(l.-B* BING3655
k R H G S 2 + B P + R H 0 S 2 + R H 0 S 2 ) ) - E N T H S G BING3660
l F < A b S ( E E N T S G ( 2 ) ) . L T . . 0 0 0 0 5 * A B S ( E N T H S G ) ) GO TO 1 0 8 0 BING3665
I F ( A B S ( E N T H S G ) . L T . l . . A N D . A B S ( E E M T S G 1 2 ) ) . L T . , 0 0 0 0 5 ) GO TO 1 0 6 0 BING3668
I F ( I l . N E . l ) GO TO 1 0 6 0 BING3670
TS2KG(1)=TS2RG(2) BING3675
EENTSG(1)=EENTSG(2) BING3680
TS2RG(2)=TS2PG<1)/1.001 BING3685
GO TO 10 70 BING3690
lOfcO CALL SECANT(TS2RG,EENTSG) BING3695
I F ( T S 2 R G ( 2 ) . L E . T S 1 R ) GO TO 7 8 7 BING3698
1070 CONTINUE BING3700
IQfcO TS2F=TS2RG(2) BING3705
11CC TS2=TCA*TS2R-459.67 EING3750
IF(RH0S2.GT .RHCjS1.0A.TS2.GE. T P I N ) GO TO 7 3 5 BING3752
I F ( K . G T . 7 ) GO TO 1 1 0 2 RING3753
I F ( l I I . N E . l . C k . R H 0 S 2 . L E . l . ) GO TO 1 1 0 2 BING3754
1 1 1= 2 B1NG375A
JSECT=0 BING375B
1 1 0 2 I F ( T S 2 . G E . T P 2 ) iGO T O 7 3 0 BING3755
l F ( T S l . G E . T P l ) GO TO 1 5 5 0 BING3760
I F ( N U A V G . E Q . l ) GO TO 1 1 0 5 BING376A
1 F ( K . G T . 2 ) GO TO 1 1 0 5 BING3761
C BING3762
C CALCLLATE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR SECTION BING3763
C BING3764
T P A V M T P 1+ T P 2 ) / 2 . 0 BING376B
TSAV=(TS1+TS2)/2.0 BING376C
TSPAV=(TSAV+A59.67)/TCA BING376D
IF (TSRAV.LE.1..AND.TSRAV.GT..9965) TSRAV=1.000001 BING375Z
HPAV =PP-DP P / 2 • u BING376F
2101 PSRAV=PSR+0PSR/2.0 BING376G
C
C S E T P C P =• P R I M A P Y F L U I D S P E C I F I C H E A T A T P R E S S U R E P P A V , T E M P E R A T U R E T P A V
 208

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I F ( I l l . E Q . l ) GO TO 2 1 2 0 6ING37BV
RHQSAG(2)=(RH0S1+RH0S2)/2.0*1.01 &ING37BW
DO 2 1 1 9 KK = 1# 2 0 B1NG37BX
R0SAG2=RH0SAG(2)*RH0SAG(2) BING37BY
ROSAG3 =ROSAG2*RfHOSAG(2) BING37BZ
R0SAGA=K0SAG3+RH0SAG(2) BING37CA
R0SAG5=R0SAG4*RH0SAG(2) BING37CB
SUM=C.C BING37CC
DO 2117 JJ=1#4 BING37CD
URHOSA(JJ) =<XK(1,JJ)+XK<2#J J)*RHGSAG(2)+XK(3,JJ)+R0SAG2+XK(4,JJ)* BING37CE
1 R0SAG3+XK(5> J J>*R0SAG4 + X K ( 6 > J J ) *ROS AG 5 ) /P.HOS AG<2) BING37CF
2 1 1 7 5>UM = S U M + T $ R A V * M J J - 2 ) * C R H O S A ( J J ) BING37CG
EPStAV(2)=SUK-PSRAV BING37CH
IF(ABS(EPSRAV(2)).LT..C01*PSRAV) GO TO 2192 B ING37CI
I F ( K K . N E . l ) GO TO 2 1 1 8 BING37CJ
RH0SAG(1)=RH0SAG(2) BING37CK
EPSfcAV(l)=EPSRAV(2) BIN&37CL
kH0SAG(2)=RH0SAG(1)/1.01 B1NG37CM
GO TO 2 1 1 9 BING37CN
211S C A L L S E C A N T ( R H O S A G # E P S R A V ) BING37C0
cll9 C O N T I N U E BING37CP
2192 RH0SAV=kH0SAG(2) BIMG37NE
I F ( N S C P G . E Q . O ) GO TO 3 1 1 5 BING37YX
SC P r SCPG BING37YY
GO TO 2 1 2 7 BING37YZ
3115 IFtkhCSAV.LE.C.)RHOSAV=(RHOS1+RH0S2)/2.0 BING37LD
IF(RhOSAV.LE.O.)GO TO 1105 BING37LF
RH0SA2=RH0SAV*kH0SAV BING37NK
R02Lk0=RH0$A2*AL0G(RH0SAV) B1NG37NL
KH0S^3=RH0SA2*PH0SAV BING37NM
kH0SA<t=RH0SA3*PH0SAV BING37NN
R H 0 i . A 5= RH0S A 4 * R H 0 S A V B ING37N0
SUM1=U. BING37NP to
SUM2=0. BING37NC
SUM3=C• P.ING37NR
 212
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 GO TO 2 1 3 2 BING37EH
2 1 3 1 S K = » ( S K G 0 + ( 5 . 7 2 9 E - 9 * < E X P ( 1 . 1 5 5 * R H C S A V ) + 2 . 0 1 6 ) ) / W K / ( ( T C A / 1. E ) * * B1NG37EI
1 (1./6.)/(SQRT(WM)*(PC*6894.8)**(2./3.>) ) /ZC**5 ) / 1 . 7308 8ING37EJ
GO TO 2132 BING37HB
2 3 1 5 SCP =i>CPL BING37HC
SMU*SMllL B ING37HD
SK = S KL BING37HE
GO TO 2132 B1NG37HF
2325 SCP=SCPG B1MG37HG
5MU=SMUG BING37HH
SK=SKG BING37HI
2132 PPft=PCP*PMU/PK BING37EK
SPRcSCP*SMU/SK BING37EL
PRE = PFLOW'*PCHD/(PCAFLO*PMU) BING37EM
SRt=SFLOG*PCTBlD/(PCAFLi*SMU) B ING37EN
I F ( P P R . L E . 0 . . O P . S P R . L E . 0 .. O R . P R E . L E . 0 . . O R . S R E . L E . 0 . ) G C T C 1 1 0 5 EING37ER
PH=*.G23*PK*PRE**.8*PPR**.WPCHD BING37E0
SH=.023*SK*SRE + *.8*SFR'H<.4/PCTBID BING37EP
UAVG=1./(1./PH+PKPC+PCTB0D/(PCT8ID*SH)) BING37EQ
BING37ES
1105 I F ( / - b S ( T P l +T S 2 - T P 2 - T S D . L T . . 0 0 0 0 1 ) GO TO 111C BING3765
DTLKG=(TP1+TS2-TP2-TS1)/AL0G((TP1-TS1)/(TP2-TS2)) BING3770
GO TC 1 1 2 0 BING3775
1110 DTL PG= T P 1 - T S 1 BING3780
1120 GG23DELTA*UAVG*DTLMG B1NG3785
ERY(2)=QG2-0ELCG PING3790
1 F ( A B S ( E R Y ( 2 ) ) . L T . . 0 0 0 2 * Q G 2 ) GO TO 1 1 5 0 BING3795
I F C K . E Q . 9 9 ) W R I T E ( 6 # 1 3 3 0 ) D EL QG» GG2 B1NG3600
iF ( K • G T . 5 ) G O T O 1 1 3 0 BIK'63805
Y (1) =Y (2 ) B1NG3810
EfcY<l)=FRY(2) B1NG3815
Y ( 2 ) = 0G2 B1NG3620
GO TO 1 1 4 0 BING3825
1130 CALL SECANT(Y# EPY) BING3830 M
114C CONTINUE BING3835 -C-
1150 tNTFPl=ENTHPG BING3645
 E ( J ) = £NTHPG BING3850
ES ( J ) =ENTHSG *BING3855
PTT(J)=TP2 BING3860
STT(J)»TS2 BING3865
SRHO(J)=RH0S2/VC BING3868
Q(J ) =QG2 BING367G
IF(NLAVG.E Q.0) UAVGA(J)«UAVG BING3872
ENTHSi=ENTHSG BING3875
PP=PP+DPP BING 3885
1 1 6 0 PSR = PSR-DP SR &ING3890
TP1=TP2 BING3895
D E L T S = ( T S 2 + 4 5 9 . 6 7 ) / ( T S 1+ 4 5 9 . 6 7 ) BING3 898
TSIs TS2 B1NG3900
IF(J.EQ.1)DELRC2=RH01/KHDS2 BING3901
1 F ( J . N B . 1 ) D E L R G 2 = R H L) S 1 / R H G S 2 BING3902
RHOS1=RHOS2 BING3903
I P ( 1 I I . N E . 3 ) G 0 TO 1 1 6 5 B1NG3904
1F < J . E Q . 1 ) D L P V S 2 = R H 0 V 1 / R H G V S 2 BING3906
1 F ( J . N E . 1 ) D L R V S 2= R H 0 \ / S 1 / R H 0 V S 2 BING3907
RH0VS1=RH0VS2 BING3908
I F ( T S 2 R . L T . l . / C E L T S / D E L T S / O E L T S / 1 . 0 0 2 / 1 . 0 0 2 / 1 . 0 0 2 ) GO TO 1 1 6 5 BING390A
N=1 BING39C8
R H U T C G ( 2 ) = T E R P ( S T T j S R H (J# J » T C > 3 ) + V C BING390C
DG 1163 KK=1,2C BING390D
ROTCG2=RHOTCG(2)*RHOTCG(2) BING390E
R0TCG3=RGTCG2*RH0TCG<2) BING390F
RGTCG4«R0TCG3*RH0TCG{2) BING390G
R0TCG5=R0TCG4*RH0TCG(2) BING390H
SUM=G.O BING390I
DO 1161 JJ = 1 , 4 BINC-390J
0R0TCG(JJ) = (XK(1,JJJ + X M 2 , J J)+PHOTCG(2)+ XK<3,J J ) *ROTCG2+ XK(4,JJ) + BING390K
1 R0TCG3+XK(5,J J)*R0TCG4 +XK(6#JJ)*R0TCG5)/RHOTCG<2) BING390L
l i t l SUM=SUM+QROTCG(JJ) BING390M
EPSR(2)=SUM-PSP BING390N
I F U b S ( E P S R ( 2 ) ) . L T . . 0 C G 0 1 * P S P ) GO TO 1 1 6 4 BING3900 vn
I F ( K K . N E . i ) GO TO 1 1 6 2 BING390P
 RH0TCG(1)=RH0TCG(2) BING39CQ
EPSR(1)=EPSR(2) BING390P
RH0TCG<2)=RH0TCG(1)/1.01 BING390S
GO TO 1163 B ING390T
1162 CALL SECANT(RHOTCG,EPSP) BING390U
1163 CONTINUE BING390V
1164 RHOTC=RHOTCG(2) BING390W
RH0TC2 =P QT CG2 BING390X
RTCLPO=RHOTC2*ALOG(RHOTC) BING390Y
RHOTC3=ROTCG3 RING390Z
RHGTC4=R0TCG4 B1NG39AA
RHUTCi> =R O T C G 5 BING39AB
FRHCiTC= l . / R H O T C - l . E1NG39AC
SUM1=G.0 BING39AD
SUM3=0.0 BING39AE
00 1166 JJ»1,4 BING39AF
WRH01C=<-XK12(JJ)-XK(2,J J)•RHOTC+ XK{3,J J ) *f<TC LRG+XK ( 4 t J J )*RH0TC3+ BING39AG
1 XK52( JJ)*RH0TC4+XK63< JJ)+PH0TC5)/RH0TC2 BING39AH
SUM1=SGM1+ <JJ-3)*(WRhOTC-Wl(J J ) + Q l ( J J)*FRHGTC) B1NG39AI
1166 SUM3 =SUH3+( J J - 3 ) * ( WRHOTC-WK JJ ) )-CRClTCG ( J J ) /RH0TC+ Q1 ( JJ) BING39AJ
ENTHC3=ENTH0C+RTCM-ZCK01*RH0VTC+ZCK2*RH0VTC*RH0VTC+( B*R HLVTC-BP* BING39AK
1 RH0VTC*RH0VTC)/(1.-B*RHQVTC+BP+RHOVTC*RHGVTC)- ZC*(l./kHGVTCBING39AL
2 -1./RHOTC )*ALPHA-ZC*SUM1+ZC/RHOTC* (SUK-1. ) ) BING39AM
ENTHC2=CUM-RTCZC*SUM3 BING39AN
1 1 6 5 QTOTG= CTOTG+ QG2 BING3905
1170 CONTINUE 6ING3910
ERR0R(2)=QTOTG-QW B1NG3915
IF(AeS(0W-QT0TG).LT..C0125*QW) GO TO 1 2 0 0 BING3920
I F ( I . E Q . 9 9 ) WRITE(6»1340) QTOTG,QW B1NG3925
I F ( I . N E . l ) GO TO 1180 BING3930
X(1)=X(2 ) 6ING3935
ERRlk(l)*ERR0R(2) BING3940
X(2)=1.1*X(1) BING3945
GO TO 1 1 9 0 BING3950
1160 CALL SECANT(X,ERROR) BING3955
1190 CONTINUE BING3960
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NJ (/) rH h- • l-H H rH ii 1 CM 1 at •J a. < 1 C£ ro UJ H »— H- O* <1
w h— < ro H o • • X w II UJ o II a CM UJ • N rH rt CM o UJ O
rH II O • UJ CM + * O O G w UJ «•* X w UJ rH UJ 3 QC
CM rH a> OJ Z o CM QC -O 00 oO CM rn 00 z rH t-H CM uO 3* ro
a CO CM • • O XL ro CM w CM a: ti ro as • ro *+* U «-H h-
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a 31 w w a n II II ro w -J CO O z w X z QC Z Of
A CO r^4 a u. UU X rH CM ro a a. C3 u. <t a. X UJ u. u. ro UJ CO a < a CO
o •— X Q rH •-H oO a UJ a <-> UJ X UJ «-H rH h- UJ O o o
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1250

o o C O J
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rH *H rH •-H rH
 E . M T H 3 I = A 1 T C * T 3 R + A 2 T C 2 2 * T 3 R * T 3 R + A 3 T C 3 3 * T 3 R * * 3 + A 4 T C 4 4 * T 3 P * * 4 +R T C * T 3 R B I N G 4 3 1 5
1 *(-ZC2K0*RH03/T3R-ZC3Kl*RH03/(T3R*T3h)-ZCK2*(l.-2./(T3R* B ING4320
2 T 3 R ) ) * R H C 3 * R H G 3 + ( B * R H Q 3 - B P + R H Q 3 * R H 0 3 ) / ( 1. - B * R H 0 3+BF*RHL)3* BING4325
3 RH03)) BING4330
1310 wORKT=EFFT*(ENTHSG-ENTH3I) BING4335
C BING4338
CYCEF=(WORKT-WGRKC)*SFLQW/QW BING4340
PGWEfc =CYCEF*QW*XLOGP B ING4345
PUWRM=P0WER*1.05506E-3/3600.0 BING4350
WRITE(fe,1350)CYCEF,P0WRM BING4355
PLTPCW = P D U T + PC1WRM B1NG4360
PL1EFF=(POUT+POWRM)/PWPTH BING4365
WRITE(6,1360)PLTEFF BING4370
WkITE(fc,137G)PLTP0W B ING4375
1 3 1 b W R I T E ( 6 * 1 3 8 0 ) S F LGWM BING4380
X3I=1.-X1MX31 BING4382
WRITE(6#13 8 5)X 31 BING4383
WRITE(fc»1430) BING4425
WRITE(6, 1400)(PTT<I),I«l,NSECT) BING4430
WRIT E ( 6 , 1390) BING4385
WRITE(6,1400)(E(I),1=1*NSECT) BING4390
w R 1 T fc ( 6 , 1 4 1 0 ) BING4395
oa 1320 1=1, N S E C T B ING4400
1320 QM(1) =Q(I)/1G00G00• BING4405
WRITE(6,1400 ) (CM(I),1=1,NSECT) BING4410
WRITE(fc,142U) BING4415
00 1325 1=1,NSECT BING4417
1325 ES(1)=ES(I)-ENTH0 BING4418
WRITE(6,1400)(ES(I),1=1,NSECT) B ING4420
WR11E(6, 14 4 0 ) BING4435
W R I T E ( 6 , 1 4 0 C ) ( S T T d ) , 1= 1 , N S E C T ) 6 ING4440
WR 1 1 E ( 6 , 1 4 4 5 ) BING4442
WRITEtfc,1400)(SRHO(I),1=1,NSECT) B1NG4443
I F ( M J A V G . G E . I ) GO TO 1 5 0 5 BING444A
WRIT t ( 6 , 1448) BING44 4B
W R I T E ( 6 , 1 4 0 0 ) ( U A V G A ( l ) , 1= 1 , N S E C T ) BING444C
13 30 F0KhAT(" INCREMENT HAD NOT CONVERGED WITH DELQG = " , E 1 0 . 3 , " AND QG2BING4445
i = " ,E10 • 3) BING4450
13 40 FUR MAT(" AFTER 100 I1ERATIUNS CTOTG » " > E 1 0 . 3 # " AND HAD FAILED TO CBING4455
1 0 N V E R G E T D QW = " , E 1 0 . 3 ) BING4460
1350 F0RMAT(1X,"SECONDARY CYCLE EFFICIENCY",29X,F5.4/1X,"SECONDARY P0WEBING4465
1R OUTPUT",32X,F6.3," HUE") BING4470
13 60 FORMAT(" TOTAL PLANT THERMAL EFF ICIENCY",2 OX,F10.4) BING4475
1 3 7 0 F 0 R h A T ( " N E T PLANT E L E C T R I C O U T P U T " , 2 6 X , F 1 0 . 1 , " MtoE " ) BING4480
1360 FGRMAT( I X , "SECONDARY FLUID MASS FLOW RATE PER LOOP", 1 4 X , F 8 . 3 , " HBING4485
IILLION L BM/HR",/) BING4490
1365 FORMAT ( IX,"MINIMUM QUALITY I N TUPBINE", 24X, F10 . 4 / ) BING4492
1390 FORMATdX, "PRIMARY FLUID ENTHALPY FOR INLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGEPBING4495
1 b ECTICN - BTU/LBM") BINC-4500
1400 FORMATdX,10F1G.2/1X,10F10.2) BING4505
1 4 1 0 FORMAT{IX,"HEAT LOAD FOR EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTION - MILLION BTUfiING4510
1/HR") BING4515
1420 FORMATdX, "SECONDARY FLUID ENTHALPY AT OUTLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGBING4520
1ER SECTION - BTU/LBM") BING4525
1430 FDRHAT(1X»"PRIMARY FLUID TEMPERATURE AT INLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGBING4530
1ER SECTION - F " ) BING4535
1 4 4 0 FORMAT(IX,"SECONDARY FLUID TEMPERATURE AT OUTLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHBING4540
1A N G E R S E C T I O N - F " ) BING4545
1445 FORMATdX, "SECONDARY FLUID DENSITY AT UUTLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGEBING4547
1R StCTION - LBK/CU FT") BING4548
1448 FORMATdX, "AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT I N EACH HEAT EXCHANGEBING4549
I K SECTION - BTU/(HR F SO F T ) " ) BING454A
i 4 5 0 FGRMATdX, "PRESSURE OF SECONDARY FLUID I S " , F 1 0 . 2 , " THEPEFCRE NG SUBING4550
1PERCRITICAL CYCLE CAN EXIST") BING4555
14fcO FORMAT(IX,"NON-LIQUID CONDITION AT PUMP OUTLET") EING4560
1470 FORMATdX, "LIQUID GUESSED CONDITION AT TURBINE INLET") BING4565
1 4 9 0 FGRPAT(1X,"PRIMARY FLUID TEMPERATURE AT EXIT OF H . E . I S LESS THAN 6ING4575
1SEC0NDARY FLUID INLET TEMPERATURE AT SPECIFIED SECONDAFY FLUID PREBING4580
2SSURE.") B1NG4585
ltJt-0 FORMAT ( I X »"THIS CYCLE REQUIRES EXPANDING HIGH MOISTURE COI^TENT FLUB ING4590
1I D T H R O U G H T H E T U R B I N E A N D I S T H E R E F O R E R E J E C T E D " ) BIMG4595
1i > C 2 F O R M A T d X , " D S / D T A L W A Y S P O S I T I V E " ) 8ING4598
 221
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OOO^O O O O sO o O o *0 ooo^o O O O O O O O O
Z 11 II II w z n II II w Z 11 II M ^ Z I I 11 II ^ Z II II II « Z I I II II w z
j . J L ^ L L U J J L i X ^ U . l U l X ^ Z L L U J J L . & ^ U . JJJJ d L a ; £ U . U J ^ a £ U . U i J L
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aC0.0.0 3 0C0.0.03.*0.0.03a£0.a. 3 0 ^ 0 . 0 . 0 3 ^ 0 . 0 . 0 3 Q^LU
mO o o o o o
o OsJ m m r- to
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 SUdkGUTINE SECANT(X# E )
DIMENSION )>E(2) SECC0C05
) . E Q . 0 . . 0 R . ( X ( 2 ) - X ( 1 ) ) . E Q . 0 . ) GO TO 10 SEC00008
1) )/(X(2)-X(l)) SEC00010
( 2) /DEDX SECC0015
GO TO 2 0 SECC0017
10 X I N C P T = I . O O : X (2) SEC00018
20 X ( 1 ) = X ( 2 ) SEC00020
E(1) =E{2) SECG0025
X(2)=XINCPT SEC00030
RETURN SECC0035
FCND

FUNCTION TERP(X,Y,NL,AkG#ILL)
C— k TERP0005
C THIS FUNCTION DOES LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION OP TERP0010
C EX TkA PCLAT I O N OF I L T H ORDER ON X AND Y FOP APG TERP0G15
C ' WHEN THE TABLES ARE EITHER INCREASING OR DECREASING TEPP0020
L TEPP0025
C X X ARRAY, INDEPENDENT VAkIABLE TEk P003G
C Y Y ARRAY, DEPENDENT VARIABLE TERP0G35
C NL NUMBER OF ENTRIES I N TABLES OF X AND Y TERP0040
C ARG INDEPENDENT VARIABLE VALUE TEPP0045
C ILL NUMBER OF POINTS TO USE FOR INTERPOLATION TERPG050
c T ERF 0055
DIMENSION X ( 2 ) , Y ( 2 ) TERP0060
c T E R POO65
IF(NL-ILL)97>97,99 TERP0070
C NOT ENOUGH ENTRIES I N TABLES FOR THIS ORDER INTERPOLATION TERPG075
97 I L =NL TERF0060
98 L=1 TERP0085
GO TO 112 TERF0G90
99 CONTINUE TEkP0C95
IL = I L L TERP0098
 iL2=lL/2 TERP0100
IADD =N 0 D ( I L > 2 ) TERP0105
c CHECK I F TABLES I N INCREASING OR DECREASING SEQUENCE TERP0110
I F ( X ( 1 ) - X ( N L ) ) 1C O # 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 TEPP0115
c INCREASING SEQUENCE TERP0120
100 ILQW =IL2 +1 TERP0125
IHI=NL-IL2-IADC TERP0130
IUSEL=1 TEPP0135
IUSEH=NL-IL+1 TERP0140
IB E G = I L O W + 1 TERP0145
1ENL=IHI-1 TERP0150
LAST =1END-IL2+1 TERP0155
IA DD=0 TERP0160
GD TC 102 TERP01.65
c DECREASING SEQUENCE TERP0170
101 ILQW=NL-1L 2 TERP0175
I H I = IL2+1A DD+ 1 TERP0180
IUSEL=NL-IL+l TERP0185
1USEH=1 TERP0190
IBEG=IHI+1 T ERP0195
IEND=ILQW-1 TERF0200
LAST=2 TERP0205
IADL=1-IADD TERP0210
c CHECKS I F ARG I S S MALLtR THAN TABLE VALUES TERP0215
102 I F ( A R G - X ( I L O W ) )1 0 3> 1 0 4 , 1 0 5 TERP0220
c SMALLER THAN SMALL EST TABLE VALUE TERP0225
103 L = 1U S E L TERP0230
GO U 1 1 2 T ERP0235
1C4 TERP=Y(ILOW) TERP0240
GO TC 1 1 7 TERP0245
c CHECKS I F ARG I S GREATER THAN TABLE VALUES TERP0250
105 IF(X(IHI)-ARG)106,107,108 TERP0255
c ARG GREATER THAN TABLE VALUE TERP0260
106 LsIUSEH T ERP0265
GQ TO 1 1 2 TERP0270
J 07 TERH=Y( I H I ) -
TERPC275
 GO T L 1 1 7 TEKP0280
C SEARCHES X ARRAY TO BRACKET ARG TERP0285
1G8 DO 1 0 9 N * I B T G , I END TERP0290
IF(1USFL-1)1060,1060,1081 TERP0295
106C M= N TERP03G0
GO TO 1 0 8 2 TERP0305
LU £ 1 M = N L - N+ 1 TERP0310
1082 IF(X(M)-ARG)109,110,111 T ERP0315
109 CONTINUE TEPP0320
L=LAST TERPC325
GO T L 1 1 2 TERP0330
C EQUALS ARGUMENT, RETURN OK TERP0335
110 TERP=Y(M) TERP0340
GO TU 1 1 7 TEPP0345
111 L = M-1L2+IADD T ERP0350
112 CONTINUE TERP0355
C INTERPOLATION SECTION TERP0360
SUM* 0 . 0 TERP0365
00 115 1=1,IL T ERP0370
P=1.0 TERP0375
PK=1.0 TERP0380.
IN=L+I-1 TERP0385
DO 1 1 * I P = 1 , I L TERP0390
IF(IP-I)113,114,113 TERF0395
113 INP=L+IP-1 TERP0400
P=P*(ARG-X(1NP ) ) TERP0405
PK=PK*(X(IN)-X(INP) ) TERP0410
LI.4 CONTINUE TERP0415
SUM = SL'M+P*Y ( I N ) / P K TEPP0420
LIB CONTINUE TERP0425
T T R P = SUM TEFP0A30
117 RETURN TERP0435
END
PRIMARY F L U I D PROPERTY VALUE CALCULATION SUBROUTINES
( A S MANY AS N E E D E D )
 225

Input/Output

Input Instructions

The cards that are read as input to the BINRYG code are

described in Table 38.

Table 3 8 . Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG.

Card Columns Symbo1 Format Description

1 Program control variables

1-5 NP 15 Number of primary cycle cases to be

run. There should be NP sets of cards
3 through M+4, these sets separated by
sets of cards N+5 through N+20.

6-10 NF 15 Number of different secondary cycle

working fluids considered. All values
of NF other than 1 are identical as far
as BINRYG is concerned. If NF is not
equal to 1, secondary fluid property
values must be input, using cards N+5
through N+9, for each secondary cycle
case run; if NF equals 1, they must be
input only once.

11-15 NPC 15 Number of valid secondary fluid critical

pressure values input to BINRYG for each
fluid. All values of NPC other than 0
are identical as far as BINRYG is con­
cerned. Multiple critical pressure values
for a given fluid may be considered by
making NF not equal to 1. If NPC is
equal to 0, BINRYG ignores the dummy
critical pressure value input on card
N+5 and estimates critical pressure using
the Lydersen method [Eq. (7.6)].
 226

Table 38. Continued. Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG.

Card Columns Symbol Format Description

1 16-20 NTC 15 Number of valid secondary fluid critical

temperature values input to BINRYG for
each fluid. All positive values of NTC
are identical as far as BINRYG is con­
cerned. Multiple critical temperature
values for a given fluid may be con­
sidered by making NF not equal to 1. If
NTC equals 0, BINRYG ignores the dummy
critical temperature value input on card
N+5 and estimates critical temperature
using the Lydersen method [Eqs.(7-5) and
(7-33)].

21-25 NVC 15 Number of valid secondary fluid critical

volume values input to BINRYG for each
fluid. All values of NVC other than 0
are identical as far as BINRYG is con­
cerned. Multiple critical volume values
for a given fluid may be considered by
making NF not equal to 1. If NVC is
equal to 0, BINRYG ignores the dummy
critical volume value input on card N+5
and estimates critical volume using the
Lydersen method [Eq. (7-7)]-

26-30 NSLC 15 Number of sets of values of saturation

temperature and saturated liquid specific
volume at this temperature input to
BINRYG for each fluid. Allowable values
for NSLC are 0, 1, and 2. If NSLC
equals 2, constants c and d in the Guggen­
heim equation [Eq. (4.2)] are calculated
from Eqs. (4.37) through (4.40); if NSLC
equals 1, c and d are obtained from Eqs.
(4.41) and (4.43), respectively; if NSLC
equals 0, Eqs. (4.42) and (4.43) are
used.
 227

Table 38. Continued. Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG.

Card Columns Symbol Format Description

1 31-35 NALPHA 15 Number of Riedel parameter values input

to BINRYG. All values of NALPHA other
than 0 and 1 are identical as far as
BINRYG is concerned. If NALPHA equals
0, no value of Riedel parameter is input
and the parameter is evaluated by BINRYG
> from Eqs. (3-18) through (3-21). If
NALPHA equals 1, a Riedel parameter value
is input only once. If NALPHA is greater
than 1, a value of Riedel parameter must
be input for each secondary cycle case
run.

36-40 NTB 15 Number of valid secondary fluid normal

boiling temperature values input to
BINRYG for each fluid. All positive
values of NTB are identical as far as
BINRYG is concerned. Multiple normal
boiling temperature values for a given
fluid may be considered by making NF
not equal to 1. If NTB equals 0 and NTC
is positive, BINRYG ignores the dummy
normal boiling temperature value input
on card N+5 and estimates normal boiling
temperature using the Lydersen method
[Eqs. (7.5) and (7-32)]. If both NTB
and NTC are 0, the Watson method [Eq.
(7-22)] is used to predict normal boiling
temperature. (See Chapter 7 for a dis­
cussion of why this latter option, both
NTB and NTC equal to 0, should not be
used.)

k]-kS NBETA 15 Number of parameter 3 values input to

BINRYG. All values of NBETA other than
0 or 1 are identical as far as BINRYG is
concerned. If NBETA equals 0, no value
of B is input and 3 is obtained itera-
tively by BINRYG from Eq. (4.11). If
NBETA equals 1, 3 is input only once.
If NBETA is greater than 1, a value of (5
must be input for each secondary cycle
case run.
 228

Table 38. Continued. Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG,

Card Columns Symbol Format Descri pt ion

1 46-50 NUAVG 15 Number of average overall heat transfer

coefficient, Ua V g » values input to BINRYG
for each fluid. All positive values of
NUAVG are identical as far as BINRYG is
concerned. Multiple Uavg values for a
given fluid may be considered by making
NF not equal to 1. If NUAVG equals 0,
BINRYG itself calculates a value of UaVg
for each heater section, according to
the control variables contained on card 2.

51-55 NKO 15 Number of adjustable constant ko values

input to BINRYG. All positive values of
NKO other than 1 are identical as far as
BINRYG is concerned. If NKO is greater
than 1, kQ values must be input, using
card N+18, for each secondary cycle case
run. If NKO equals 1, kQ must be input
only once.

56-60 NT5DPC 15 Number of sets of values of secondary

fluid condensation temperature and con­
denser pressure drop input to BINRYG.
All positive values of NT5DPC other than
1 are identical as far as BINRYG is con­
cerned. If NT5DPC is greater than 1, con­
densation temperature and condenser pres­
sure drop values must be input, using
card N+19, for each secondary cycle case
run. If NT5DPC equals 1, only one set of
values is input.

Overall heat transfer coefficient calcula­

tion control variables. This card is
included only if NUAVG equals 0.

1-5 NSCPL 15 Number of liquid secondary fluid specific

heat at constant pressure values input to
BINRYG. The only allowable values of
NSCPL are 0 and 1. If NSCPL equals 0, no
value of specific heat is input and liquid
specific heat is obtained by BINRYG from
Eq. (7•1)» using the liquid region
enthalpy function [Eq. (B.9)].
 229

Table 38. Continued. Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG.

Card Columns Symbol Format Descript ion

2 6-10 NSMUL 15 Number of liquid secondary fluid dynamic

viscosity values input to BINRYG. The
only allowable values of NSMUL are 0
and 1. If NSMUL equals 0, no value of
liquid viscosity is input and liquid vis­
cosity is predicted by BINRYG using the
Stiel-Thodos method [Eqs. (7.26) and
(7.25)].

11-15 NSKL 15 Number of liquid secondary fluid thermal

conductivity values input to BINRYG. The
only allowable values of NSKL are 0 and 1.
If NSKL equals 0, no value of liquid ther­
mal conductivity is input and liquid ther­
mal conductivity is predicted by BINRYG
using the Stiel-Thodos method [Eqs. (7.30
and either Eq. (7.29) or (7.30), depending
on the densi ty].

16-20 NSCPG 15 Number of gas secondary fluid specific

heat at constant pressure values input
to BINRYG. The only allowable values of
NSCPG are 0 and 1. If NSCPG equals 0, no
value of gas specific heat is input and
gas specific heat is obtained by BINRYG
from Eq. (7.1), using either the gas
region enthalpy function [Eq. (B.3)] or
the high density gas region enthalpy
function [Eq. (B.5)],depending on the
dens i ty.

21-25 NSMUG 15 Number of gas secondary fluid dynamic vis­

cosity values input to BINRYG. The only
allowable values of NSMUG are 0 and 1.
If NSMUG is 0, no value of gas viscosity
is predicted by BINRYG using the Stiel-
Thodos method [either Eq. (7-26) or (7.27),
depending on the temperature, and Eq.
(7.25)].
 230

Table 38. Continued. Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG.

Card Columns Symbol Format Description

2 26-30 NSKG 15 Number of gas secondary fluid thermal

conductivity values input to BINRYG.
The only allowable values of NSKG are
0 and 1. If NSKG equals 0, no value of
gas thermal conductivity is input and
gas thermal conductivity is predicted by
BINRYG using the Stiel-Thodos method
[Eq. (7.31) and Eq. (7.28) or (7-29) or
(7.30), depending on the density].

3 1-10 BINRYA E10.4 Heat transfer surface area per secondary

fluid heater (sq ft).

11-19 313 There may be added to this card up to

three control variables indicating the
fluid and type system used in the primary
cycle.

k Primary cycle input data (N cards). This

. , data must include PCHD, the secondary
rou9 fluid heater primary side equivalent dia-
N+3 meter (in.); PCAFLO, the heater primary
side flow area (sq ft); PCAFLI, the heater
secondary side flow area (sq ft); PCTBOD,
the heater tube outside diameter (in.);
XKWPC, the thermal conductivity of the
heater tube wall material (Btu/hr-ft-F6);
and XL00P, the number of identical power
loops in the system.

N+4 1-5 NS 15 Number of secondary cycle cases to be run

for the primary cycle case under consider­
ation.

N+5 Secondary fluid properties. If NF equals

I, there is only one of card N+5; if NF
is not equal to 1, there is one for each
secondary cycle case run.
 231

Table 38. Continued. Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG.

Card Columns Symbol Format Description

N+5 1-10 PC F10.0 Secondary fluid critical pressure (psia).

If NPC equals 0, this is a dummy value.

11-20 TC F10.0 Secondary fluid critical temperature (°F).

If NTC equals 0, this is a dummy value.

21-30 VC FIO.O Secondary fluid critical volume (cu ft/

lbm). If NVC equals 0 or if NBETA is
greater than or equal to 1, this is a
dummy value.

31—AO WM FIO.O Secondary fluid molecular weight.

41-50 TB FIO.O Secondary fluid normal boiling tempera­

ture (°F). IF NTB equals 0 or if NTC
equals 1 and NALPHA is greater than or
equal to 1, this is a dummy value.

51-60 UAVG FIO.O Average overall heat transfer coefficient

for heater (Btu/hr-sq ft-F°). If NUAVG
equals 0, this is a dummy value.

61-65 IT0 15 Indicates datum for secondary fluid heater

section outlet enthalpy values printed out.
If IT0 equals 0, these enthalpy values are
normalized to a zero enthalpy at zero
absolute temperature and ideal gas state.
If IT0 is not equal to 0, the enthalpy
values are normalized to a zero enthalpy
for saturated liquid at temperature TQ.

66-75 TO FIO.O Temperature To(0F). If IT0 equals 0,

this is a dummy value.

N+6 Coefficients of third-order equation in

temperature for ideal gas specific heat
at constant pressure [Eq. (4.58)]. If NF
equals 1, there is only one of card N+6;
if NF is not equal to 1, there is one for
each secondary cycle case run.

1-10 A1 E10.4 Coefficient a^ (Btu/1bm-R°).

11-20 A2 E10.4 Coefficient a2 [Btu/lbm-(R°)2].

 232

Table 38. Continued. Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG.

Card Columns Symbol Format Description

21-30 A3 E10.4 Coefficient a^ [Btu/lbm-(R°)^].

31-^0 A4 El 0.4 Coefficient a^ [Btu/lbm-(R°)^].

N+7 Summations of group contributions for

Lydersen method for estimation of critical
properties (see Chapter 7 and Appendix E).
This card is included if one or more of
the following is equal to 0: NTC, NPC,
NVC, NTB. If it is included and NF equals
1, there is only one of card N+7; if NF
is not equal to 1, there is a card N+7 for
each secondary case run.

1-10 SPHIT F10.0 I+(T)

11-20 SPHIP F10.0 £<|>(P) [lbmV(lbmole-psia)^]

21-30 SPHIV F10.0 cu ft/lbmole)

N+8 T. , v. [see Eqs. (4.37) through (4.41)].

1 1
This card is included only if NSLC is
greater than or equal to 1. If it is
included and NF equals 1, there is only
one of card N+8; if NF is not equal to 1,
there is a card N+8 for each secondary
cycle case run.

1-10 TL1 F10.0 T, (°F).

'l
11-20 VLl F10.0 v. (cu ft/lbm).
'l
N+9 T. , v. [see Eqs. (4.37) through (4.40)].
'2 2
This card is included only if NSLC equals
2. If it is included and NF equals 1,
there is only one of card N+9; if NF is
not equal to 1, there is a card N+9 for
each secondary cycle case run.

1-10 TL2 F10.0 T, (°F).

' 2
11-20 VL2 F10.0 v, (cu ft/1bm).
'2
 233

Table 38. Continued. Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG.

Card Columns Symbol Format Description

+10 1-10 ALPHA F10.0 Riedel parameter. This card is included

only if NALPHA is greater than or equal
to 1. If NALPHA equals 1, there is only
one of card N+10; if NALPHA is greater
than 1, there is one for each secondary
cycle case run.

+1 1 1-10 BETA FlO.O Parameter 0. This card is included only

if NBETA is greater than or equal to 1.
If NBETA equals 1, there is only one of
card N+ll; if NBETA is greater than 1,
there is one for each secondary cycle case
run. If 3 is input to the program, criti­
cal volume is calculated by BINRYG from
Eq. (8.1) and the value obtained super­
sedes all other input or calculated criti­
cal volume values.

+12 1-10 SCPL FlO.O Liquid secondary fluid specific heat at

constant pressure (Btu/1bm-R°). This card
is included only if NUAVG equals 0 and
NSCPL equals 1, and there is, at most,
only one of card N+12.

+13 1-10 SMUL FlO.O Liquid secondary fluid dynamic viscosity

(lbm/hr-ft). This card is included only
if NUAVG equals 0 and NSMUL equals 1, and
there is, at most, only one of card N+13-

+1A 1-10 SKL FlO.O Liquid secondary fluid thermal conductiv­

ity (Btu/hr-ft-F°). This card is included
only if NUAVG equals 0 and NSKL equals 1
and there is, at most, only one of card
N+U.

+15 7—10 SCPG FlO.O Gas secondary fluid specific heat at con­
stant pressure (Btu/1bm-R°). This card
is included only if NUAVG equals 0 and
NSCPG equals I, and there is, at most,
only one of card N+15.

+16 1-10 SMUG FlO.O Gas secondary fluid dynamic viscosity

(lbm/hr-ft). This card is included only
if NUAVG equals 0 and NSMUG equals 1, and
there is, at most, only one of card N+16.
 Ilk

Table 38. Continued. Input Instructions for Computer Code BINRYG.

Card Columns Symbol Format Description

N+17 1-10 SKG F10.0 Gas secondary fluid thermal conductivity

(Btu/hr-ft-F°). This card is included
only if NUAVG equals 0 and NSKG equals 1,
and there is, at most, only one of card
N+17.

N+18 1-10 XKO F10.0 Adjustable constant 1^. If NKO equals 1,

there is only one of card N+18; if NKO is
greater than 1, there is one for each
secondary cycle case run.

N+19 Condenser characteristics. If NT5DPC

equals 1, there is only one of card N+19;
if NT5DPC is greater than 1, there is one
for each secondary cycle case run.

1-10 T5 F10.0 Secondary fluid condensation temperature

(°F).

11-20 DPCON F10.0 Secondary fluid pressure drop through

condenser (psi).

N+20 Secondary cycle conditions. There is a

card N+20 for each secondary cycle case
run.

1-10 EFFC F10.3 Pump efficiency

11-20 EFFT F10.3 Turbine efficiency times generator

effic iency.

21-30 PI F10.3 Maximum secondary fluid pressure (psia).

31-40 DPPC F10.3 Secondary fluid pressure drop through

heater (ps i).

41-50 XM F10.3 Minimum quality allowed in turbine.

51-53 NSECT 13 Number of sections in secondary fluid

heater.
 235

Sample Input Data

In Figure 26 is a list of the input data cards for a typical

BINRYG code run. Each line represents one card. Since NALPHA, NBETA,

NSCPL, NSMUL, NSKL, NSCPG, NSMUG, and NSKG are all 0, there are no

cards N+10 through N+17. Since NF equals 3, which is greater than 1,

there are three sets of cards N+5 through N+9, one for each secondary

cycle case run; since NVC equals 0, card N+7 is included in this.

Primary cycle input data cards are inserted where indicated, one set

for each of the two primary cycle cases run.

Sample Output Data

In Figure 27 is shown a sample of the printed output for a

typical HTGR-GT binary cycle BINRYG run. In Figure 28 is shown a

sample of the printed output for a typical geothermal system BINRYG

run. In the latter case, an overall heat transfer coefficient for each

heater section has been calculated by BINRYG (NUAVG equals 0) and is

printed out.

Definition of Variables

ALPHA Riedel parameter a [Eq. (3-12)]

ALPHAP a' = 0.0838 (ct - 3.75)

ARG Independent variable value (TERP subroutine)

A1 Coefficient a] of third-order equation in temperature

for ideal gas specific heat at constant pressure [Eq.
(A.58)] (Btu/1bm-R°)

A1TC Product of coefficient a] and absolute critical temper­

ature, Tc: ajTc (Btu/lbm)
 2 3 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2.2010E+05
PRIMARY CYCLE INPUT DATA
2
529.06 275. .072483 58.12 10.9 34. 0 -459.67
.746E-01 .5627E-03 .149E-06- .1241E-09
.072 .891 .216
189.1 .035
102.5 .030
5.5
110. .5
.85 .85 104C. 5. .86 20
596.9 233.6 .0287 120.93 -21 .6 23.7 1 -40.
.5483E-01 •2112E-03—.1015E-06 •1652E—10
.07 1.298 .175
135. .0136
186. .0157
110. .5
.85 .85 920. 5. .88 20
4.3732E+05
PRIMARY CYCLE INPUT DATA
1
529.06 275. .072483 58.12 10.9 34. 0 -459.67
.746E-01 .5627E-03 .149E—06— •1241E-09
.072 .891 .216
189.1 .035
102.5 .030
100. .5
.85 .845 730. 5. .88 20

ho
LO
ON
Fig. 26. List of Data Cards Input for Typical BINRYG Code Run.
 61NRYG CCilE INPUT OATA CASE 1- 1

CCCfc PO-EP 3 0 0 0 . flbTH

F t . 1r A A V C Y C L E T H E F M A L E F F I C I E N C Y .3150
PUMARi CYCLE PO»EB CUTPUT 945.C HbE
(EJECT HEA1 ICAO PF« FPECOCLER 22e4. MILLION BTU/HR
FFcCOULER t-FLIUrt INLET TEMPERATURE 512.7 F
PfcCLCLEK hELion UUUET TEMPERATURE 152.0 F
PAECUOLEB K L l l ' f l INLET PAESSLPE 432.7 PSIA
FAECCOLEB h f U U N CUTLET PRESSURE 427.0 PSIA
t - E l l t r i HASS FLOW SATE PER I U L P 5.C99 MILLION LBM/HR
AtcfrAGE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 1 2 4 . 5 8TL/CHR F SO FT)
hEAT EXCHANGER SURFACE AREA •2522E+06 SO FT
NLffcE* CF HEATER SECTIONS 20
SLCthQiRY ILUID CRITICAL PPESSURE 617. PSIA
SECCNOAKY F L U O CRITICAL TEMPERATURE 206. f
SECCNDAAY H U D CRITICAL VOLUME •0726 CU FT/LIB
SECCNDARY FLUIO CRITICAL COMPRESSIBILITY FACTCR .277
&ECCNOAAY FLUIO MOLECULAR HEIGHT 44.1
SECCNDARY FLUID NUFHAl 8UILING POINT -44. F
P1ECEL PARAMETER 6.53
BETA 6.e2
KU 9.50
SKLNDARY FLUID CONOENSATICN TEMPERATURE 90. f
SECONDARY CYCLE MAXIMO* PRESSURE 2010. PSIA
SECLNOAiY UUIO PRESSURE OFOP THROUGH HEATER 5.C PSI
SECCNOAiiY (LUlD PRESSURE ORG? THROUGH CONDENSER .5 PSt
PUMP EFFICIENCY •8 5 0
KF6GSENERATGA EFFICIENCY .802
rlNlnUn ClALITY ALLOWED I N TURBINE .860

UNAPT CYCLE OUTPUT CATA

&ECtr.(,AfcY CYCLE EFFICIENCY .1705

SECCNDARY PCkER OUTPUT 342.427 rVE
TCTAL PLANT THERMAL EFFICIENCY .4291
NET PLANT ELECTRIC OUTPUT 1 2 8 7 . 4 MWE
SECCNDARY FLUID MASS FLOW RATE PER LOOP 10.72C MILLION LIM/HR

RlNlRUn QUALITY I N TURBINE l.OCOO

FfclMAAY FLUIO TEMPERATURE AT INLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGE* SECTICN - F

162,46 173.18 164.16 195.*7 2C7 22 219.51 232.11 246 45 261.66 2 7 8 .7 4
297.49 317.C5 337.28 35P.37 360.52 403.51 42E.70 455 02 4 6 3 .00 5 1 2 .7 9
PtlruPY FLUID ENTHALPY FOR INLET TO EACH HEAT
EXCHANGER SECTICN - BTU/L6M
76 7. 5 600.E5 814.46 626.53 e*3.12 851.38 874.53 851>e4 9 1 0 .73 9 3 1 .9 4
955.23 979.52 1004.64 1030.fc) 105B.34 1087.39 1116.16 1 1 5 0. 6 6 1165.60 1222.59
HEAT LOAD FOR EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTION - MILLION B T U / H P
66.36 67.78 69.52 71.(7 7 4 ,'3t 77.84 82.33 E6.27 9 6 .3 5 1 0 8 .1 5
1U.76 1 2 3 .E 7 128.07 133.57 140. 2 9 146.15 156.96 166.67 1 7 7 .1 7 166.64
SECCNDARY FLUIO ENTHALPY AT CUTLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTICN - ETU/LBM •
3.35 9.f6 lc.5t> 23.05 29• 9 f 37.25 44.93 53. 1 6 6 2 .1 5 7 2 .2 4
83.32 94.S7 106.62 119.?6 132.37 146.19 160.63 176•36 1 9 2 .9 0 2 1 0 . SO
SECCNGAHY FLUID TEMPERATURE AT OUTLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTI3N - f
115*81 129.51 139.27 149.06 15?.e7 168.66 178.43 16B. 0 3 197,24 2 0 5 .1 6
219.73 237.C2 254.14 271.33 268 •e i 306.66 325.73 3 4 5. 6 2 3 6 6 .6 4 368.77
SSCChOAfcY FLUID Q t h S H T AT OUTLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTICN - I B ' / C U f T
31.09 30.61 30.14 29.66 29 . 1 8 2 6 . 7 1 2 8 . 2 5 2 7. 6 0 2 7 .3 6 2 6 .9 9
26.27 25.35 24.36 23.32 2 2. 2 0 21.03 19.62 1 8. 9 6 17.34 1 6 .1 0

N)
u>
Fig. 27. Sample of Printed Output for Typical HTGR-GT Binary Cycle BINRYG Run.
 EIT.PYG CGCE INPUT DATA CASE I- 1
INTERMEDIATE IC(JP WATER INLET TEMPERATURE 350.0 F
INIEP.'FOIATE LUOP WATER OUTLET TEMPERATURE 150.0 F
1NTERME0U1E RFATERLOOP MASS FLOW RATE PER LOOP 1.200 MILLION LBM/HR

Nl»rP?R OF LOOPS 1.
HEAT LOAD .PEP HEATER 244. MILLION 8TU/HR
H£AL EXCFANGFR SURFACE AREA •2466E«06 SO FT
NLM6ER OF HEATER SECTIONS 20
SECCN0AK1 HUC CRITICAL PRESSURE 722. PSIA
SECCNIURY FLLID CRITICAL TEMPEBATURE 2C5. f
SECttOART FLUIO CRITICAL VOLUME .0305 CU FT/LBM
SECCNDAR* ILUIO CRITICAL COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR .267
SECCNQARY FLUID MOLECULAR WEIGHT 66.5
SECCNQARY FLUIO NORMAL BOILING POINT -41. F
FLTDEL PARAMETER 6.P9
BETA 7.26
5.50
SECONDARY FLUIO CONDENSATION TEMPERATURE 90. F
SECCNOARY CYCLE MAXIMUM PRESSURE 1240. PSIA
SECCNOARY FLUIO PRESSURE ORCP THROUGH HEATER 5.C »SI
SECCNOARY FLUIO PRESSLRE OROP THROUGH CONDENSE* .5 PSI
FUMP EFFICIENCY •B50
TLRBCGENEPATGR EFFICIENCY .645
MNLMUM QUALITY ALLOWED IN TURBINE .660
BINARY CYCLE OUTPUT CATA
SECCNOABY CYCLE EFFICIENCY .1525
SECINOARY FCBER OUTPUT 1C.904 RWE
SECONDARY FLUIO MASS FLOW PATE PER LOOP 2.427 MILLION IBM/HR
MINIMUM CUALITY IN TURBIHE 1.0000
PRIMARY FLUID TEMPERATURE AT INLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTICN - F
165.65 176.E6 190.3) 200.67 21U.59 221.02 233.3E 244.29 254.94 265.36
276.97 29 7.37 299.24 310.T4 321.00 329.04 337.00 342.56 346.62 349.99
PFIRARY FLUID ENTHALPY FOR INLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTION - BIU/LSH
LIS.31 147.54 1*9.01 169.36 179.35 169.64 202.30 213.33 224.12 234.72
245.63 257.29 269.37 261.13 291*64 301.01 30A.47 314.30 AIE.74 322.05
HEAT LCAO FCR EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTION - MILLION BTU/HC
16.75 15.e8 13*76 12.44 11.96 12.59 14.95 13.24 12.95 12.71
13.10 13.67 14.62 14.10 12.66 11.01 6.95 7.00 5.32 3.98
SECCNOARY FLUIO ENTHALPY AT OUTLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTICN - GTU/L6M
4*.41 54.95 6C.62 65.74 70.67 75.66 62.C2 67• 47 92.61 9e.04
103.44 109.15 115.16 120.99 126.26 130.62 13*.TO 137.36 139.56 141.22
SECONDARY FLUIO TEMPERATURE AT OUTLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTION - F
126.56 147.09 163.62 177.15 1E6.55 196.46 207.52 219.54 232.76 244.11
254.69 205.26 276.55 266.79 301.22 312.97 323.33 331.91 336*71 343.93
SFCCCHTT&Y FLUIO DENSITY AT OUTLET TO EACH HEAT EXCHANGEK SECTION - lin/CU FT
70.42 67.43 64.69 62.17 60.C7 5B.ei 56.92 53.92 49.65 45.56
40.99 36.27 31.77 26.G9 25.24 23.19 21.66 20.63 19.91 19.40
AVERAGE MEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN EACH HEAT EXCHANGER SECTION - BTU/IHR F SO FT)
Js.43 36.17 37.99 39.93 42,25 45.45 49.79 42*11 44,44 47.09
49*46 51*34 52*51 50*94 49*72 48*43 47.33 46•49 45.90 45.50

to
VjJ
00
Fig. 28. Sample of Printed Output for Typical Geothermal System BINRYG Run.
 239

A2 Coefficient a£ of third-order equation in temperature

for ideal gas specific heat at constant pressure [Eq.
(4.58)] (Btu/lbm-(R°)2)

A2TC Product of coefficient a2 and absolute critical temper­

ature Tc: (Btu/lbm-R°)

A2TC22 a.T2/2 (Btu/lbm)

L c
A3 Coefficient a^ of third-order equation in temperature
for ideal gas specific heat at constant pressure [Eq.
(4.58)] (Btu/lbm-(R°)3)

A3TC2 , Product of coefficient ag and square of absolute critical

temperature, T"c: a^T2 (Btu/lbm-R°)

A3TC22 a,T2/2 (Btu/lbm-R°)

3 c

A3TC33 a3Tc/3

A4 Coefficient a^ of third-order equation in temperature for

ideal gas specific heat at constant pressure [Eq. (4.58)]
(Btu/lbm-(R°)^)

A4TC3 Product of coefficient a^ and cube of absolute critical

temperature, Tc: a^T3 (Btu/1 bm-R°)

A4TC33 a,,T3/3 (Btu/1 bm-R°)

H C
A4TC44 a.T^A (Btu/lbm)
H c
B Constant b [See Eq. (4.12)]

BBP (b-b1)/(1 —b+b1)

BETA Parameter 3 [See Eq. (4.11)]

BETAG(l) Ith guess of value of parameter 3

2
BETASQ Square of parameter 3: 3

BINRYA Heat transfer surface area per secondary fluid heater

(sq ft)

BP Constant b1 [See Eq. (4.13)]

C Coefficient c of Guggenheim equation [Eq. (4.2)]

 240

COM The quantity (a]Tc+a2Tc/2+a3Tc/3+a4TcA+RT

(-2zck0-32ck]+zck2+(b-b')/(1 —b+b1)(Btu/lbmJ

CONST The quantity (k_tan '(k_)-ln(z ))

J J c
CYCEF Secondary cycle thermal efficienty [See Eq. (A.22)]

C01 The quantity (kQ+kj)

CI The quantity (kQ+kjt ^))

C2 The quantity ^(-t+t '))

C3 The quantity t/zc

D Coefficient d of Guggenheim equation [Eq. (4.2)]

DEDX Slope of associated errors of two consecutive guesses

of a variable value (SECANT subroutine)

DELPP Primary fluid pressure drop through secondary fluid

heater (psi)

DELQ Initial guess of amount of heat transferred in one

section of secondary fluid heater (But/hr)

DELQG Subsequent guesses of amount of heat transferred in

one section of secondary fluid heater (Btu/hr)

DELR02 Ratio of secondary fluid density at heater section inlet

to that at section outlet

DELTA Surface area of one section of secondary fluid heater

(sq ft)

DELTS Ratio of secondary fluid absolute temperature at heater

section outlet to that at section inlet

DEN The quantity (36-1)

DET A [See Eq. (4.39)]

DLRVS2 Ratio of secondary fluid saturated vapor density at a

saturation temperature equal to heater section inlet
temperature to that at a saturation temperature equal
to section outlet temperature
 241

DNBBP The quantity (1-bpv + b1pv ) where p is the

s s s
av av av
secondary fluid reduced saturated vapor density at a
saturation temperature equal to heater section average
temperature

DNBBP2 Square of DNBBP

DPCON Secondary fluid pressure drop through condenser (psi)

DPP Primary fluid pressure drop through one heater section

(psi)

DPPC Secondary fluid pressure drop through heater (psi)

DPPVDT dPv/Pydt [See Eqs. (B:10) and (3~.17)]

DPSR Reduced secondary fluid pressure drop through one heater

sect ion

DRJDRL dRj(pj)/dpj [See Eqs. (4.^5) and (A.A6)]

DRLDT dpj(t)/dt [See Eq. (4.^7)]

DRLDT2 (dpj(t)/dt)2

DSRDT3 Dimensionless reduced reciprocal of slope of saturated

vapor line on temperature-entropy diagram [Eq. (B.36)]
at vapor pressure equal to tur.bine outlet pressure

DSVDT(I) Error in calculated dimensionless reduced reciprocal of

slope of saturated vapor line on temperature-entropy
diagram [Eq. (B.36)] associated with Ith guess of satura­
tion temperature at point of maximum saturated vapor
entropy (See Chapter 4)

DSVRDT Dimensionless reduced reciprocal of slope of saturated

vapor line in temperature-entropy diagram [Eq. (B.36)]
at saturation temperature equal to average of critical
temperature and saturation temperature at vapor pressure
equal to turbine outlet pressure

DTG Guess of difference between primary fluid temperature

and secondary fluid temperature at secondary fluid outlet
to heater (F°)

DTLMA Average logarithmic mean temperature difference in

secondary fluid heater (F°)
 Ikl

DTLMG Logarithmic mean temperature difference of one section

of secondary fluid heater (F°) [See Eq. (a.1*0]

DTLMM Maximum possible logarithmic mean temperature difference

in secondary fluid heater (F°)

E(I) (SECANT subroutine) Error associated with Ith guess of

variable

E(J) Primary fluid inlet enthalpy for section J of secondary

fluid heater (Btu/lbm)

EENRll(l) Error in calculated ideal dimensionless entropy difference

across pump associated with Ith guess of ideal pump
outlet temperature

EENR31(0 Error in calculated ideal dimensionless entropy difference

across turbine associated with Ith guess of ideal turbine
outlet temperature

EENTH1(I) Error in calculated actual pump outlet enthalpy associated

with Ith guess of pump outlet temperature (Btu/lbm)

EENTSG(l) Error in calculated secondary fluid heater section outlet

enthalpy associated with Ith guess of secondary fluid
heater section outlet temperature (Btu/lbm)

EFFC Pump efficiency

EFFT Turbine efficiency times generator efficiency

ENRMSV Saturated vapor entropy function at point of maximum

saturated vapor entropy [See Chapter A)]

ENR3V Saturated vapor entropy function at vapor pressure equal

to turbine outlet pressure

ENR3VA Isentropic projection of ENR3V to another temperature

ENR5 Pump inlet entropy function

ENTHC2 Enthalpy at critical isotherm for given pressure as

calculated from high density gas region enthalpy function
[Eq. (B.5)] (Btu/lbm)

ENTHC3 Enthalpy at critical isotherm for given pressure as

calculated from liquid region enthalpy function [Eq. (B.9)]
(Btu/lbm)
 2k3

ENTHPG Primary fluid heater section inlet enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

[See Eq. (A.10)]

ENTHPI Ideal pump outlet enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

ENTHP1 Primary fluid heater section outlet enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

ENTHSG Secondary fluid heater section outlet enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

[(See Eq. (A.11)]

ENTHS1 Secondary fluid heater section inlet enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

ENTHO Enthalpy value at datum point for secondary fluid heater

outlet enthalpy values printed out (Btu/lbm)

ENTHOC Ideal gas enthalpy at critical temperature (Btu/lbm)

[See Eqs. (4.57) and (4.58)]

ENTH1 Actual pump outlet enthalpy (Btu/lbm) [See Eq. (A.4)]

ENTH1I Ideal pump outlet enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

ENTH2G Secondary fluid enthalpy at heater outlet pressure and

guessed temperature (Btu/lbm)

ENTH3I Ideal turbine outlet enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

ENTH5 Pump inlet enthalpy (Btu/lbm)

ENTR2 Heater outlet entropy function

EPDSCK(l) Error in calculated reduced vapor pressure at saturation

temperature equal to average of critical temperature and
saturation temperature at a vapor pressure equal to the
turbine outlet pressure associated with Ith guess of
saturated vapor density at this saturation temperature

EPMSVR(l) Error in calculated reduced vapor pressure at point of

maximum saturated vapor entropy (See Chapter k) associated
with Ith guess of density there

EPSR(l) Error in calculated secondary fluid heater section outlet

reduced pressure associated with Ith guess of density there

EPSRAV(l) Error in calculated secondary fluid heater section average

reduced pressure associated with Ith guess of density at
average temperature and pressure in section
PLEASE NOTE:

This page not included in

material received from the
Graduate School. Filmed
as received.

UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS
 245

ES(J) Secondary fluid outlet enthalpy for heater section J

(Btu/hr)

EZC(I) Error in calculated critical compressibility factor

associated with Ith guess of parameter 3 [See Eq. (4.11)]

FRH0L1 Factor (v /v. -1) [See Eqs. (4.37),(4.38), and (4.40)]

c i]

FRH0L2 Factor (v /v. -1) [See Eqs. (4.37),(4.38), and (4.40)]

c i2

FRHOSA Factor (1/ps ~1/Pj) where pg and Pj are

av av
"av av
the secondary fluid reduced density and reduced saturated
liquid density, respectively, at average temperature and
pressure in a heater section

FRH0S2 Factor (l/p — 1/p, ) where p and p. are the secondary

Sz
2 s2
s s2 s2
s

fluid section outlet reduced density and reduced saturated

liquid density, respectively.

FRHOTC Factor (1/p. -1) where p. is the reduced density

c c
at the critical isotherm for a given pressure

FRHOl Factor (l/p,-l/p, ) where p, and p. are the pump outlet

1 1 'l
reduced density and reduced saturated liquid density,
respectively.

FRHOlI Factor (l/p, -l/p, ) where p. and p. are the ideal

'l 11, 'l 1,
pump outlet reduced density and reduced saturated liquid
density, respectively

FT1 Factor (1-T, /T ) [See Eqs. (4.37) through (4.41)]

1 C
FT113 Factor (1-T, /T )'^ [See Eqs. (4.38) through (4.41)]
'l C
FT2 Factor (1-T, /T ) [See Eqs. (4.37) through (4.40)]
2 c

FT213 Factor (1-T, /T )'^ [See Eqs. (4.38) through (4.40)]

'2 C
I Loop index variable

II Index variable for loops in which secondary fluid heater

section outlet temperature is computed as a function of
enthalpy and pressure
 2^6

111 HBMS equation of state region number

IL, ILL Number of points to be used for Lagrangian interpolation

or extrapolation (TERP subroutine)

I TO Indicates datum for secondary fluid heater section outlet

enthalpy values printed out. If ITO equals 0, these
enthalpy values are normalized to a zero enthalpy at
zero absolute temperature and ideal gas state. If ITO
is not equal to 0, the enthalpy values are normalized to
a zero enthalpy for saturated liquid at temperature T .

J (MAIN driver routine) Secondary cycle case number for a

given primary cycle case

(BINRYG subroutine) Either j+1 (see Table 3) or heater

section number

JJ j+1 (See Table 3)

JRHO(J) A variable controlling the method of determining the

secondary fluid heater section outlet density when the
fluid is in Regions I and II. If JRHO(J) for section J
equals 0, this density is obtained iteratively as described
in Chapter *»; if JRHO(J) equals J, the density is obtained
using Lagrangian extrapolation of previous section results

JRH02(J) If the secondary fluid heater section outlet temperature

is obtained using Lagrangian extrapolation of previous
section results, JRH02(J) determines how the decision as
to which region's equations are used to determine density
is made. If JRH02(J) for section J equals 0, this decision
is made according to the definition of the regions
(See Chapter A and Fig. 7)* If JRH02(j) equals J, region
III (the liquid region) is automatically excluded from
consideration, regardless of the value of temperature.

JSEC(J) A variable controlling the method of determining the

secondary fluid heater section outlet temperature. If
JSEC(J) for section J equals 0, this temperature is
obtained iteratively, as described in Chapter k; if
SEC(j) equals J, the temperature is obtained using
Lagrangian extrapolation of previous section results
 2k7

JSECT A variable to insure uniformity of method of calculating

secondary fluid heater section outlet temperature within
a section heat transfer iteration. If JSECT equals 0,
the temperature is obtained iteratively as described in
Chapter k. If JSECT for section J equals J, the tempera­
ture is obtained using Lagrangian extrapolation of previous
section results.

JUAVG(J) A variable determining how the decision as to which region's

equations are used in the heater section overall heat trans­
fer coefficient calculation is made. If JUAVG(J) for sec­
tion J equals 0, this decision is made according to the
definition of the regions (see Chapter k and Fig. 7); if
JUAVG(J) equals J, Region III (the liquid region) is auto­
matically excluded from consideration, regardless of the
temperature in the section.

K (MAIN driver routine) Primary cycle case number

(BINRYG subroutine) Loop index variable

KK Loop index variable

KKK A variable indicating whether, within a given section

heat transfer iteration step, a calculation has been done
previously in the step using the equations of a region
other than the region presently being used. If KKK
equals 0, there has been a calculation in another region;
if KKK equals 1, there has not been such a calculation.

KRHO A variable to insure uniformity of method of calculating

secondary fluid heater section outlet density within a
section heat transfer iteration when the fluid is in
Regions I and II. If KRHO equals 0, the density is
obtained iteratively as described in Chapter b. If KRHO
equals 1, the density is obtained using Lagrangian extrapo­
lation of previous section results.

KRH02 A variable to insure uniformity within a heater section

heat transfer iteration as to whether Region III (the
liquid region) is automoatica1ly excluded from considera­
tion in the decision of which region's equations are used
to determine secondary fluid outlet density if the temper­
ature is obtained using Lagrangian extrapolation of prev­
ious section results. If KRH02 equals 1, Region III is
excluded; if KRH02 equals 0, it is not excluded.

KS Secondary cycle case number for entire BINRYG run

 248

KUAVG A variable to insure uniformity within a heater section

heat transfer iteration as to whether Region III (the
liquid region) is automatically excluded from considera­
tion in the decision of which region's equations are used
in the overall heat transfer coefficient calculation. If
KUAVG equals 2, Region III is excluded; if KUAVG equals 1,
it is not excluded.

L, LL Loop index variables

LRHO A variable to insure uniformity within a heater section

heat transfer iteration as to whether Lagrangian extrapola­
tion of previous section results is considered as an alter­
nate method of calculating secondary fluid outlet density
when the fluid is in Regions I and II. IF LRHO equals 0,
it is considered as an alternative; if LRHO equals 1, it
is not considered.

A variable to insure uniformity of method of calculating

secondary fluid heater section outlet temperature when
the fluid is in Region III near the critical isotherm.
If M equals 0, the temperature is obtained iteratively as
described in Chapter k; if M equals 1, it is obtained
using Lagrangian extrapolation of previous section results.

MM A variable indicating whether guessed secondary fluid

heater section outlet temperature has been forced to be
less than critical in order to be compatible with the fact
that the enthalpy [Eq. (A.11)] is less than or equal to
the enthalpy at the critical isotherm for the section
outlet pressure (see ENTHC3). If MM equals 1, this has
happened; if MM equals 0, it has not.

MRHO(J) A variable indicating whether Lagrangian extrapolation of

previous section results is considered as an alternate
method of calculating secondary fluid heater section
outlet density when the fluid is in Regions I and II.
If MRHO(J) for section J equals 0, it is considered as an
alternative; if MRHO(J) equals J, it is not considered.

A variable indicating whether values of ENTHC2 and

ENTHC3 are being calculated. If N equals 1, they are
being calculated if the fluid is in Region III (the
liquid region); if N equals 0, they are not being calcu­
lated

NALPHA Number of Riedel parameter values input

NBETA Number of parameter 3 values input

 2kS

NF Number of different secondary cycle working fluids

considered

NKO Number of adjustable constant kQ values input

NL Number of entries in tables to be considered in Lagrangian

interpolation (TERP subroutine)

NP Number of primary cycle cases to be run

NPC Number of valid secondary fluid critical pressure values

input for each fluid

NS Number of secondary cycle cases to be run for the primary

cycle case under consideration

NSCPG Number of gas secondary fluid specific heat at constant

pressure values input if NUAVG equals 0

NSCPL Number of liquid secondary fluid specific heat at constant

pressure v a l u e s input if NUAVG equals 0

NSECT Number of sections in secondary fluid heater

NSKG Number of gas secondary fluid thermal conductivity values

input if NUAVG equals 0

NSLC Number of sets of values of saturation temperature and

saturated liquid specific volume at this temperature input
for each fluid

NSMUG Number of gas secondary fluid dynamic viscosity values

input if NUAVG equals 0

NSMUL Number of liquid secondary fluid dynamic viscosity

values input if NUAVG equals 0

NTB Number of valid secondary fluid normal boiling temperature

values input for each fluid

NTC Number of valid secondary fluid critical temperature

values input for each fluid

NT5DPC Number of sets of values of secondary fluid condensation

temperature and pressure drop through condenser input

NUAVG Number of average overall heat transfer coefficient

values input for each fluid
 250

NVC Number of valid secondary fluid critical volume values

input for each fluid

PBR Reduced atmospheric pressure [Eq. (3.20)]

PC Secondary fluid critical pressure (psia)

PCAFLI Heater secondary side flow area (sq ft)

PCAFLO Heater primary side flow area (sq ft)

PCHD Heater primary side equivalent diameter (input in inches,

converted to feet)

PCP Primary fluid specific heat at constant pressure

(Btu/lbm-R°)

PCTBID Heater tube inside diameter (input in inches, converted

to feet)

PCTBOD Heater tube outside diameter (input in inches, converted

to feet)

PDSCKR Reduced vapor pressure at a saturation temperature equal

to the average of the critical temperature and the satura­
tion temperature at a vapor pressure equal to the turbine
outlet pressure

PFLOW Primary fluid mass flow rate per secondary fluid heater
(1 bm/hr)

PH Heater primary side heat transfer coefficient (Btu/hr-

sq ft-F°)

PHITB (|>(tb) [See Eq. (3-19)]

PK Primary fluid thermal conductivity (Btu/hr-ft-F°)

I
PLTEFF Thermal efficiency of total binary plant

PLTPOW Net electric output of binary plant (MWe)

PMCR Reduced vapor pressure at point of maximum moisture

content (See Chapter k)

PMSVR Reduced vapor pressure at point of maximum saturated

vapor entropy (See Chapter k)

PMU Primary fluid dynamic viscosity (Ibm/hr-ft)

 251

POUT Primary cycle net electric power output (MWe)

POWER Total electric power output of secondary cycle system

(Btu/hr) [See Eq. (A.23)]

POWRM Total electric power output of secondary cycle system

(MWe)

PP Primary fluid heater section inlet pressure (psia)

PPAV Average primary fluid pressure in heater section (psia)

PPMIN Primary fluid heater outlet pressure (psia)

PPR Primary fluid Prandtl number

PRE Primary fluid Reynolds number

PSR Secondary fluid heater section outlet reduced pressure

PSRAV Average secondary fluid reduced pressure in heater section

PTT(J) Primary fluid temperature at inlet to heater section J (°F)

PVMPSR Difference between reduced vapor pressure at a saturation

temperature equal to the secondary fluid heater section
temperature and section reduced pressure

PVMP1R Difference between reduced vapor pressure at a saturation

temperature equal to the pump outlet temperature and
reduced pump outlet pressure

PVSRAV Reduced vapor pressure at a saturation temperature equal

to the secondary fluid heater section average temperature

PVS2R Reduced vapor pressure at a saturation temperature equal

to the secondary fluid heater section outlet temperature
I ,
PV1IR Reduced vapor pressure at a saturation temperature
equal to the ideal pump outlet temperature

PWRTH Thermal power input to primary cycle (MWth)

POR Reduced vapor pressure at saturation temperature T

(See I TO) °

PI Pump outlet pressure (psia)

P1R Reduced pump outlet pressure

 252

P2R Reduced heater outlet pressure

P3R Reduced turbine outlet pressure

P5R Reduced pump inlet pressure

Q.(J) Amount of heat transferred in heater section J (Btu/hr)

Q.G2 Amount of heat transferred in a heater section (Btu/hr)

[See Eq. (A.15)]

QM(J) Amount of heat transferred in heater section J .(million

Btu/hr)

Q.RH0L1(J) ^Eq. (^*34)] evaluated at the saturated liquid

density at a saturation temperature equal to the pump
outlet temperature (J = j+l)

QRHOSA(J) Qj(p) [Eq. (4.34)] evaluated at the secondary fluid density

at heater section average temperature and pressure (J = j+l)

QRH0S2(J) Qj(p) [Eq. (4.3*0] evaluated at secondary fluid heater

section outlet density (J = j+l)

QRH01 Qj(p) [Eq. (4.3*0] evaluated at pump outlet density

Q.RH01 I Qj(p) [Eq. (4.3*0] evaluated at ideal pump outlet density

QRH02G(J) Qj(p) [Eq. (4.3*0] evaluated at the secondary fluid density

at the heater outlet pressure and guessed temperature
(J = j+l)

QROLSA(J) Qj(p) [Eq. (4.34)] evaluated at the saturated liquid

secondary fluid density at a saturation temperature equal
to heater section average temperature (J = j+l)

QR0LS2(J) Qj(p) [Eq. (4.34)] evaluated at the saturated liquid

secondary fluid density at a saturation temperature equal
to heater section outlet temperature (J = j+l)

QROLll(J) Qj(p) [Eq. (4.34)] evaluated at the saturated liquid

density at a saturation temperature equal to ideal pump
outlet temperature (J = j+l)

QR0S2G tEcl* C*-34)] evaluated at secondary fluid heater

section outlet density

QROTCG(J) Qj(p) [Eq. (4.34)] evaluated at the secondary fluid heater

density at the critical isotherm for a given pressure
(J = j+D
 253

QTOTG Total amount of heat transferred in all sections of

secondary fluid heater (Btu/hr)

QW Reject heat load from primary cycle to each heater (Btu/hr)

QWM Heat load per heater (Million Btu/hr)

Q1(J) Qj(p) [Eq. (4.3^)] evaluated at critical density (J = j+l)

R Secondary fluid gas constant (ft-lbf/lbm-R°)

RHODS Reduced saturated vapor density at a saturation temperature

equal to the average of the critical temperature and the
saturation temperature at a vapor pressure equal to the
turbine outlet pressure

RHODSG(I) !th guess of RHODS

RHOLMC Reduced saturated liquid density at the saturation tempera­

ture at the point of maximum moisture content (See Chap­
ter k)

RHOLSA Reduced saturated liquid secondary fluid density at a

saturation temperature equal to heater section average
temperature

RH0LS2 Reduced saturated liquid secondary fluid density at a

saturation temperature equal to heater section outlet
temperature

RHOLO Reduced saturated liquid density at a saturation tempera­

ture Tq (See ITO)

RHOLl Reduced saturated liquid density at a saturation tempera­

ture equal to the pump outlet temperature

RHOLlI Reduced saturated liquid density at a saturation tempera­

ture equal to the ideal pump outlet temperature

RH0L12 Square of RHOLl

RHOLl3 Cube of RHOLl

RH0L1A Fourth power of RHOLl

RHOLl5 Fifth power of RHOLl

RH0L3 Reduced saturated liquid density at a vapor pressure equal

to the turbine outlet pressure
 25b

RH0L5 Pump inlet reduced density

RHOMSG(I) Ith guess of RHOMSV

RHOMSV Reduced secondary fluid density at point of maximum

saturated vapor entropy (See Chapter k)

RHOS Secondary fluid density in pump (lbm/cu ft)

RHOSAG(I) Ith guess of RHOSAV

RHOSAV Reduced secondary fluid density at heater section average

temperature and pressure

RH0SA2 Square of RHOSAV

RH0SA3 Cube of RHOSAV

RH0SA4 Fourth power of RHOSAV

RH0SA5 Fifth power of RHOSAV

RH0S1 Secondary fluid heater section inlet reduced density

RH0S2 Secondary fluid heater section outlet reduced density

RH0S2C Value of RH0S2 obtained iteratively (See Chapter k)

RH0S2G(I) Ith guess of RH0S2

RH0S20 First guess of RH0S2

RH0S22 Square of RHOS2

RH0S23 Cube of RH0S2

RH0S24 Fourth power of RH0S2

RH0S25 Fifth power of RH0S2 •

RHOTC Secondary fluid reduced density at the critical isotherm

for a given pressure.

RHOTCG(I) Ith guess of RHOTC

RH0TC2 Square of RHOTC

RH0TC3 Cube of RHOTC

RH0TC4 Fourth power of RHOTC

 255

RH0TC5 Fifth power of RHOTC

RHOVMC Reduced saturated vapor density at point of maximum

moisture content (See Chapter k)

RHOVSA Secondary fluid reduced saturated vapor density at a

saturation temperature equal to heater section average
temperature

RHOVSG(I) Ith guess of RH0VS2

RHOVSO First guess of RH0VS2

RH0VS1 Secondary fluid reduced saturated vapor density at a

saturatio*nT temperature equal to heater section inlet tem­
perature

RH0VS2 Secondary fluid reduced saturated vapor density at a

saturation temperature equal to heater section outlet
temperature

RHOVTC Reduced critical saturated vapor density

RHOVO Reduced saturated vapor density at temperature Tq (See I TO)

RHOVOG(I) Ith guess of RHOVO

RH0V1 Reduced saturated vapor density at a saturation temperature

equal to the pump outlet temperature

RHOVIG(I) Ith guess of RH0V1

RH0V1I Reduced saturated vapor density at a saturation temperature

e'qual to the pump outlet temperature

RH0V3 Reduced saturated vapor density at a vapor pressure equal

to the turbine outlet pressure

RH0V3G(I) Ith guess of RH0V3

RH0V5 Reduced saturation vapor density at condensation temperature

RH0V5G(I) Ith guess of RH0V5

RH01 Pump outlet reduced density

RHOIG(I) Ith guess of RH01

RH01G2 Square of RHOIG(I)

 256

RHO1G3 Cube of RHO1G(I)

RH01G4 Fourth power of RHO1G(I)

RH01G5 Fifth power of RHO1G(I)

RHOII Ideal pump-outlet reduced density

RHOlIG(I) Ith guess of RHOlI

RHOlI 3 Cube of RHOII

RHOl14 Fourth power of RHOlI

RHOl15 Fifth power of RHOlI

RHO12 Square of RHOl

RHO13 Cube of RHOl

RHO14 Fourth power of RHOl

RH0L5 Fifth power of RHOl

RH02G Secondary fluid reduced density at heater outlet pressure

and guessed temperature

RH02GG(I) Ith guess of RH02G

RH02GP Value of RH02G calculated using the high density gas

equation of state [Eq. (4.33)]

RH02G2 Square of RH02G

RH02G3 Cube of RH02G

RH02G4 Fourth power of RH02G

RH02G5 Fifth power of RH02G

RH03 Ideal turbine outlet reduced density

RH03G(I) Ith guess of RH03

Rl Reciprocal of secondary fluid gas constant (lbm-R°/Btu)

RKPC Thermal resistance of heater tube wall (hr-sq ft-F°/Btu)

RL2LRL Product of square and natural logarithm of reduced

saturated liquid density
R0LSA2 Square of RHOLSA

R0LSA3 Cube of RHOLSA

R0LSA4 Fourth power of RHOLSA

R0LSA5 Fifth power of RHOLSA

R0LS22 Square of RH0LS2

R0LS23 Cube of RH0LS2

R0LS24 Fourth power of RH0LS2

R0LS25 Fifth power of RH0LS2

R0L112 Square of RH0L11

ROL113 Cube of RH0L1I

ROL1 1 k Fourth power of RH0L11

ROL115 Fifth power of RH0L11

R0SAG2 Square of RHOSAG(l)

ROSAG3 Cube of RHOSAG(1)

ROSAG4 Fourth power of RHOSAG(l)

ROSAG5 Fifth power of RHOSAG(l)

R0S2G2 Square of RH0S2G(l)

ROS2G3 Cube of RH0S2G(1)

R0S2G^ Fourth power of RHOS2G(1)

ROS2G5 Fifth power of RH0S2G(l)

R0TCG2 Square of RHOTCG(1)

ROTCG3 Cube of RHOTCG(1)

ROTCG4 Fourth power of RHOTCG(I)

ROTCG5 Fifth power of RHOTCG(l)

ROVSAG(1) 1th guess of RHOVSA

ROVTCG(I) 1th guess of RHOVTC

 258

ROVl1G(I) Ith guess of RHOV1I

RO1 IG2 Square of RHOlIG(I)

ROlIG3 Cube of RHOlIG(I)

ROlIG4 Fourth power of RHOlIG(I)

R01IG5 Fifth power of RHOllG(l)

R02GG2 Square of RH02GG(I)

R02GG3 Cube of RH02GG(I)

R02GG5 Fifth power of RH02GG(1)

R02LR0 Product of square and natural logarithm of reduced density

RRHOLl Rj(p) [Eqs. (4.45) and (4.46)] evaluated at the saturated

liquid density at a saturation temperature equal to the
pump outlet temperature

RRHOSA Rj(p) [Eqs. (4.45) and (4.46)] evaluated at the secondary

fluid density at heater section average temperature and
pressure

RROLSA Rj(p) [Eqs. (4.45) and (4.46)] evaluated at the saturated

liquid secondary fluid density at a saturation temperature
equal to heater section average temperature

RR0LS2 R:(p) [Eqs. (4.45) and (4.46)] evaluated at the saturated

liquid secondary fluid density at a saturation temperature

RROLlI R:(p) [Eqs. (4.45) and (4.46)] evaluated at the saturated

liquid density at a saturation temperature equal to ideal
piimp outlet temperature

RTC Product of gas constant and absolute critical temperature,

T : RT (Btu/lbm)
c c

RTCLRO Product of square and natural logarithm of RHOTC

RTCZC Product of RTC and ZC (RTczc) (Btu/lbm)

SCP Secondary fluid specific heat at constant pressure

(Btu/1bm-R°)

SCPG Gas secondary fluid specific heat at constant pressure

(Btu/lbm-R°)
 259

SCPL Liquid secondary fluid specific heat at constant pressure

(Btu/lbm-R°)

SFLOG Guessed secondary fluid mass flow rate (lbm/hr)

SFLOW Secondary fluid mass flow rate per loop (lbm/hr)

SFLOWM Secondary fluid mass flow rate per loop (million lbm/hr)

SH Heater secondary side heat transfer coefficient (Btu/

hr-sq ft-F°)

SK Secondary fluid thermal conductivity (Btu/hr-ft-R°)

SKG Gas secondary fluid thermal conductivity (Btu/hr-ft-R°)

SKGO Thermal conductivity at moderate pressures [Eq. (7.31)]

(Btu/hr-ft-F°)

SKL Liquid secondary fluid thermal conductivity (Btu/hr-ft-F°)

SMU Secondary fluid dynamic viscosity (ibm/hr-ft)

SMUG Gas secondary fluid dynamic viscosity (lbm/hr-ft)

SMUGO Viscosity at normal pressures [Eqs. (7.26) and (7.27)]

(1bm/hr-ft)

SMUL Liquid secondary fluid dynamic viscosity (lbm/hr-ft)

SMIMXM Minimum entropy function allowed in turbine to prevent

blade erosion [See Eq. (4.72)]

SPR Secondary fluid Pradtl number

SPHIP Summation of group contributions for Lydersen method for

estimation of critical pressure (See Chapter 7 and Appendix
E) (lbmi/(lbmol e-ps i a)*)

SPHIT Summation of group contributions for Lydersen method for

estimation of reduced normal boiling temperature (See
Chapter 7 and Appendix E)

SPHIV Summation of group contributions for Lydersen method for

estimation of critical specific volume (See chapter 7 and
Appendix E) (cu ft/lbmole)

SQAROT (4b'-b2)^
 260

SRE Secondary fluid Reynolds number

SRHO(J) Secondary fluid density at outlet to theater section J

(lbm/cu ft)

STT(J) Secondary fluid temperature at outlet to heater section J

(°F)
3
SUM I
j=o

3
SUMl I
j=o

3
SUM2 I
j=o
4

3
SUM3 I
j=o

3 .
SUM'* £ t Rj(pj) evaluated at heater section average secondary
j=o fluid temperature

i-1
SUM5 £ (j-1)tJ (Q.(p) - Q.-(p^)) evaluated at heater section
j_0 average secondary fluid pressure and temperature

3 . ,
SUM6 I tJ R.(p) evaluated at heater section average secondary
j=o -1 fluid pressure and temperature

TB Secondary fluid normal boiling temperature (°F)

TBR Reduced normal boiling temperature

TC Secondary fluid critical temperature (°F)

TCA Secondary fluid critical temperature (°R)

TDSCKR Average of reduced critical temperature and reduced

saturation temperature at a vapor pressure equal to turbine
outlet pressure

TLl T. (°F) [See discussion following Eq. (4.^0)]

'l
TL2 T. (°F) [See discussion following Eq. (A.'J O)]
'2
 261

TMCR Reduced saturation temperature at point of maximum moisture

content (See Chapter k)

TMSVR Reduced saturation temperature at point of maximum

saturated vapor entropy (See Chapter 4)

TMSVRG(I) Ith guess of TMSVR

TMSVRO Beginning value in search for value of TMSVR

TPAV Average primary fluid temperature in heater section (°F)

TPIN Primary fluid heater inlet temperature (°F)

TPOUT Primary fluid heater outlet temperature (°F)

TP1 Primary fluid heater section outlet temperature (°F)

TP2 Primary fluid heater section inlet temperature (°F)

TSAT3G(I) Ith guess of TSAT3R

TSAT3R Reduced saturation temperature at vapor pressure equal to

turbine outlet pressure

TSAV Average secondary fluid temperature in heater section (°F)

TSRAV Reduced average secondary fluid temperature in heater

sect ion

TS1 Secondary fluid heater section inlet temperature (°F)

TS1R Reduced secondary fluid heater section inlet temperature

TS2 Secondary fluid heater section outlet temperature (°F)

TS2R Reduced secondary fluid heater section outlet temperature

TSRG(I) Ith guess of TS2R

TS2RG0 First guess of TS2R

TO T (°F) (See ITO)

o

TOR Reduced temperature T q (See ITO)

T1 Pump outlet temperature (°F)

T1IR Reduced pump outlet temperature

 262

T1IRG(I) Ith guess of T1IR

T1R Reduced pump outlet temperature

TlRG( l ) Ith guess of T1R

T2GR Reduced guessed secondary fluid heater outlet temperature

T3R Reduced ideal turbine outlet temperature

T3RG(I) Ith guess of T3R

T5 Secondary fluid condensation temperature (°F)

T5R Reduced secondary fluid condensation temperature

UAVG Average overall heat transfer coefficient (Btu/hr-sq ft-F°)

UAVGA(J) Average overall heat transfer coefficient (Btu/hr-sq ft-F°)

VBL Liquid specific volume at normal boiling temperature

[Eq. (7.24)] (cu ft/lbm)

VC Secondary fluid critical volume (cu ft/lbm)

VL1 Experimental value of saturated liquid specific volume

at temperature T. [See discussion following Eq. (4.40)]
(cu ft/lbm) 1

VL2 Experimental value of saturated liquid specific volume

at temperature T. [See discussion following Eq. (4.^0)J
(cu ft/lbm) 2

WM Secondary fluid molecular weight

WORKC Specific pump work [Eq. (A.5)] (Btu/lbm)

WORKT Specific turbine work [Eq. (A.21)] (Btu/lbm)

WRH0L1 Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at the saturated liquid density

at a saturation temperature equal to the pump outlet tem­
perature

WRHOSA Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at the secondary fluid density

at heater section average temperature and pressure

WRH0S2 Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at secondary fluid heater

section outlet density
 263

WRHOTC Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at the secondary fluid

density at the critical isotherm for a given pressure

WRH01 Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at pump outlet density

WRHO1 I(J) Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at pump outlet density (J=j+1)

WRH02G Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at the secondary fluid

density at the heater outlet pressure and guessed temperature

WROLSA Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at the saturated liquid

secondary fluid density at a saturation temperature
equal to heater section average temperature

WR0LS2 Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at the saturated liquid

secondary fluid density at a saturation temperature equal
to heater section average temperature

WR0L1I(J) Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at the saturated liquid density

at a saturation temperature equal to ideal pump outlet
temperature (J = j+1)

WR0S2(J) Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at secondary fluid heater

section outlet density (J = j+1)

W1(J) Wj(p) [Eq. (B.7)] evaluated at critical density (J = j+1)

x(l) (BINRYG subroutine) Ith guess of secondary fluid mass flow

rate (lbm/hr)

(SECANT subroutine) Ith guess of any variable value

(TERP subroutine) Independent variable array

XINCPT New guess of a variable value (SECANT subroutine)

XK(I,J) Constants k.j (See Table 3) (I = 1+1» J = j+1)

XKWPC Thermal conductivity of heater tube wall material

(Btu/hr-ft-F°)

XKO Adjustable
J
constant k
o

XK1 k, [Eq. (4.20)]

SK12(J) ik . (See Table 3) (J = j+1)

oj

XK2 k2 [Eq. (4.22)]

XK3 k3 [Eq. (B.24)]

 264

XK52(J) ik^. (See Table 3) (J = J +D

XK63(J) kCJ/3 (See Table 3) (J = j+l)
1>J
XLOOP Number of Identical power loops in system

XM Minimum vapor quality allowed in turbine

X1MX3I Ideal turbine outlet moisture content

X2K*»(J) 2k3j. (See Table 3) (J = j+l)

X31 Ideal turbine outlet vapor quality

X3K5(J) 3kk. (See Table 3) (J = j +D

X4K6(J) 4k5j (See Table 3) (J = j+l)

Y(l) (BINRYG subroutine) Ith guess of amount of heat transferred

in a section of the secondary fluid heater (Btu/hr)

(TERP subroutine) Dependent variable array

ZC Secondary fluid critical compressibility factor [See

Eq. (3.11) or (4.11)]

ZCK01 Sum of ZC2K0 and ZC3K1 (z (2k +3kj))

ZCK1 Product of secondary fluid critical compressibility

factor and k,: z k,
I c I
ZCK2 Product of secondary fluid critical compressibility
factor and k2= zc^2

ZCK22 ZCK2 divided by two: z k_/2

c z

ZC2K0 Two times the product of secondary fluid critical compressi

bility factor and adjustable
J
constant k : 2z„k
' o c o

ZC2K1 Two times ZCK1: 2z k,

C I
ZC3K1 Three times ZCK1: 3zck]
 APPENDIX D

GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS FOR RlHAN I-DORAISWAMY

METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF IDEAL GAS
SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT PRESSURE

Contribution

al a2 a4
D 3
Btu Btu n
Btu Btu
]bmole-R° lbmole-(R°)^ lbmole-(R°)3 Ibmole-(R0)^
Group x 1G2 x 105 x 109

AI iphatic Hydrocarbons

-CH 3 0.1946
0.6087 1.1908 -0.2630
I
-CH 2 0.3945 1.1869 -0.3694 0.4451

=CH 2 0.5266 1.0198 -0.2944 0.3344

(
-C-H -3.5233 1.8978 -0.8691 1.3743
1
i
-c- -5.8309 2.4746 -1.2988 2.1657
1
H)feCH
2 0.2273 1.9212 -0.5920 0.7082

)czcH 2 -0.4173 2.1588 -0.8590 1.2627

H ^czc( H -3.1211 2.1145 -0.7281 0.9438

H NC-C^ 1.6614 0.6718

0.9377 -0.5398

)crC^ H -1.4714 1.8802 -0.7318 1.0396

0.4736 1.9547 -0.9722 1.5784

X
H)C=C=CH
2 2.2400 2.3832 -0.7920 1.0130

)C=C=CH 2 2.6308 2.3144 -0.8781 1.2478

H >C=C-C< H 2.9888
-3.1250 3.7136 -1.7796

265
 266

Contribution

al a2 a3 a4

Btu Btu Btu Btu

lbmole-R0 lbmole-(R°)2 lbmole-(R°)^ 1bmole-(R°)^

Group 2
x 10 x 105 x 109

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (Cont i nued)

~CH 2.8W 0.5651 -0.2130 0.3200

-C=
-4.2315 4.3716 -0.9176 1.7027

Aromatic Hydrocarbons
0
HC^ -1.4572 1.0637 -0.3806 0.5118

-1.3883 0.8422 -0.3299 0.4559

R.&
0.1219 0.6761 -0.2639 0.3639

Rings

3-membered ring -3.5322 -0.0167 0.2306 -0.9455

4-membered ring -8.6553 0.5989 0.1312 -0.0429
5-membered ring
Pentane -12.2854 1.0339 -0.3201 0.3678
Pentene -6.8816 0.4343 -0.1065 0.1013
6-membered ring
Hexane -13.3928 1.1885 -0.1324 -0.3198
Hexene -8.0240 1.2355 -0.5910 0.9385

Oxygen-conta ini ng Groups

-OH 6.5130 -0.0748 0.1278 -0.2783

-0- 2.8462 -0.0056 0.1401 -0.4678
H
1
-C=0 (aldehyde) 3.5185 0.5243 0.1895 -1.1965
/C=0 (ketone) 1.0016 1.1535 -0.5049 0.7706

0
-C-0-H (acid) 1.4055 1.9241 -0.7892 1.1808

-C (ester) 2.7351 0.5973 0.2059 -1.5827

N
c
1

-3.7345 0.7626 -0.3904 0.6497

 267

Contribution .

al A2 A3 A4

Btu Btu Btu Btu

lbmole-R° lbmole-(R°)2 lbmole-(R°)^ lbmole-(R°)i>

Group x 10 2 x 10 5 x 10 9
Nitrogen-containihg Groups

-CFN 4.5106 0.3034 0.0830 -0.6499

-N=C 5.0862 0.1940 0.0799 -0.4177

-NH 2 4.1784 0.4099 0.2096 -1.2535

/NH -1.2530 1.2185 -0.4951 0.7265

)N- -3.4678 1.6352 -0.8250 1.3423

< 2.4459 0.1909 0.0528 -0.4662

-N0 2 I .O898 1.4668 -0.5775 0.8145

Sulfur-containing Groups

-SH 2.5598 0.7415 -0.3670 0.6550

-S- 4.2257 0.0626 -0.0080 -0.0123

£
-SO^H
4.0825

6.9220
-0.0167

1.3742
0.2256

0.5481
-1.0427

-3.8487

Halogen-containing Groups

-F 1.4382 0.1918 -0.0327 -0.0058

-CI 3.0661 0.1179 -0.0395 0.0473

-Br 2.7606 0.2628 -0.1404 0.2435

-1 3.2652 0.2723 -0.1664 0.3056

^indicates a resonating structure as in the benzene, furan 9

^pyridine, or thiophene rings
 APPENDIX E

GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS FOR LYDERSEN METHOD

FOR ESTIMATION OF CRITICAL PROPERTIES

Increment

+(T) 4>(P) *(v)

-i
Ibm
__ cu ft
Atoms and Atomic Groups (lbmole-psia) 1bmole

Nonring

-CH 3 0.020 0.0592 0.88

-CH2 0.020 0.0592 0.88

-CH 0.012 0.0548 0.82

I
0.000 0.0548 0.66

=CH2 0.018 0.0516 0.72

=CH 0.018 0.0516 0.72

si- 0.000 0.0516 0.58

scs ' 0.000 0.0516 0.58

HCH 0.005 0.0399 (0.58)

=C- 0.005 0.0399 (0.58)

Ri ng
-CH2- 0.013 0.0480 0.713

-CH 0.012 0.0501 0.74

1
-C- (-0.007) (0.0402) (0.50)

=CH 0.011 0.0402 0.59

268
 269

1ncrement

*(T) *(P) <f>(v)

Ibm^ cu ft

Atoms and Atomic Groups (lbmole-ps ia)^ lbmole

i
=C- 0.011 0.0402 0.58

=C= 0.011 0.0402 0.58

Halogen
-F 0.018 0.0584 0.29
-CI 0.017 0.0835 0.78
-Br 0.010 (0.1304) (1.12)
-1 (0.012) (0.2165) (1.52)

Oxygen
-OH (alcohols) 0.082 0.0157 (0.29)
-OH (phenols) 0.031 (-0.0052) (0.05)
-0- (nonring) 0.021 0.0417 0.32
-0- (ring) (0.014) (0.0313) (0.13)

-C=0 (nonring) 0.040 0.0756 0.96

-i=0 (ring) (0.033) (0.0522) (0.80)

H-C=0 (aldehyde) 0.048 0.0861 1.17

-C00H (acid) 0.085 (0.1043) 1.28
-COO- (ester) 0.047 0.1226 1.28

=0 (except as above) (0.020) (0.0313) (0.18)

Nitrogen
-NH2 0.031 0.0248 0.45

-NH (nonring) 0.031 0.0352 (0.59)

-NH (ring) (0.024) (0.0235) (0.43)

-N- (nonring) 0.014 0.0443 (0.67)

-N- (ring) (0.007) (0.0339) (0.51)

-CN (0.060) (0.0939) (1.28)
-NO 2 (0.055) (0.1096) (1.25)

Sulphur
-SH 0.015 0.0704 0.88
-S- (nonring) 0.015 0.0704 0.88
-S- (ring) (0.008) (0.0626) (0.72)
=S (0.003) (0.0626) (0.75)
 270

Values in parenthesis are based on too few experimental values

to be reliable.

Values for hydrogen are included in the group value and bonds

shown as unconnected are connected to an atom other than hydrogen.

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