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Thermally induced phase transformations of Al93Fe4Nb3 and Al90Fe7Nb3

quenched alloys

Article  in  Materials Research Express · February 2020

DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab79d1

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Thermally induced phase transformations of

Al₉₃Fe₄Nb₃ and
Al₉₀Fe₇Nb₃ quenched alloys
To cite this article before publication: Olena Shved et al 2020 Mater. Res. Express in press https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab79d1

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Page 1 of 6 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-120059.R2

IOP Publishing Journal Title

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Journal XX (XXXX) XXXXXX https://doi.org/XXXX/XXXX
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Thermally induced phase transformations of

pt
9
10 Al93Fe4Nb3 and Al90Fe7Nb3 quenched alloys
11
12
13
O.V. Shved1, S.I. Mudry1, V.O. Kotsyubynsky2 and V.M. Boychuk2

cri
14
15 1 Physics ofMetals Department, I. Franko Lviv National University, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
16 2 Department of Material Science and New Technology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National
17 University, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
18
19 E-mail: olenkawved01@gmail.com
20

us
21 Received xxxxxx
22 Accepted for publication xxxxxx
23 Published xxxxxx
24
Abstract
25
26 Al–based rapidly quenched alloys of composition Al90Fe7Nb3 and Al93Fe4Nb3 were studied by
27
28
29
an
Mӧssbauer spectroscopy, X–ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry
methods. The occurrence of thermally induced phase transformations has been established. It
is shown that both ribbons reveal the structure in which Fe–atoms have an aluminum ones
30 neighbors both in amorphous and annealed up to 653 K that corresponds to the atomic
31 arrangement in Al6Fe metastable phase. At higher than 709.6 K annealing temperatures the
32 structural transformations of this phase into mix of stable Al13Fe4 compound and aluminium
dM
33 were observed and at 893 K these transformations were completed.
34
35 Keywords: Al–based alloys, quenching, crystallization
36
37
38
39
[6-8]. The alloy's properties notably depend on the synthesis
40 1. Introduction methods (plasma spraying, ion irradiation, laser treatment,
41
melt-spinning). The using of controllable rapid quenching
42 Amorphous and nanocrystalline Al–Fe alloys (≥ 90 at. %
43 allows obtaining the alloys with complex amorphous-
pte

Al) are promising structural and functional materials due to

44 excellent properties combination – low density, high melting nanocrystalline structure with the possibility of metastable
45 point, good wear resistance, high temperature strength and phases (supersaturated solid solution and quasicrystals)
46 high resistance to creep and oxidation [1-3]. In particular, formation [9]. In particular, during a quenching of binary Al–
47 Al–Fe alloys had expanded their application as functional Fe alloys the formation of few metastable Al–based phases
48 materials for electrochemistry and magnetoactive systems structurally related to icosahedral symmetry was observed
49 [4]. The development of ternary systems Al–Fe–TM(RE), [10]. Among Al–Fe–TM systems the Al–Fe–Nb alloys have
50 where TM – transition and RE is rare earth metals, allows the an improved thermal stability with the possibility of Al
51
ce

obtaining of nanostructure alloys with improved properties, cluster's size decreasing that in result allows to control alloys
52 for instance, with high strength. In this case Al nanoclusters specific strength taking into account the different
53 are embedded in an amorphous matrix, making in such way technological applications. The nanostructured Al–Fe–Nb
54 the nanocomposite system [5]. The detail investigations of alloys prepared by melt-spinning combine low Young's
55 thermally induced transformations in such systems allow to modulus, high microhardness and high corrosion resistance
56 (both oxidation and sulphidation) [11-12]. The presence of
determine the effect of composition on the resulting strength
Ac

57 Nb atoms allows obtaining the nanoquasicrystalline Al alloy

and the ductile-brittle properties. Another important way is
58 with high strength, ductility and toughness combined with
the possibility of quasicrystalline phase formation for Al–Fe–
59 improved stability. Based on the preliminary data [12]
TM(RE) systems that have a fundamental scientific interest
60 quenched alloys of Al–Fe–Nb system reveal a glass-forming

xxxx-xxxx/xx/xxxxxx 1 © xxxx IOP Publishing Ltd

 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-120059.R2 Page 2 of 6

Journal XX (XXXX) XXXXXX Author et al

1
2
3 ability ranging from 87 to 90 at. % of Al. At lower Al
4 content alloys were found to be partially crystalline, but
5 unfortunately at above content they were non-investigated.
6 Therefore we have an interest in research near the upper limit
7 of glass formation region.
8 On the other hand, at crystallization process causes the Al
stability of Al–Fe bonds [17]. The main peak intensity is
proportional to the differences scattering factors of the alloy
constituent elements when its position corresponds to
average interatomic distance R according to Ehrenfest
formula [18]:
1.23 = 2 R sin 

pt
9 (1)
nanoclusters with different structure and as result with
10 Here  is wavelength and  – Bragg angle.
improved mechanical properties, first of all of better strength,
11 can be formed [13]. So the detailed investigations of
12
temperature induced changes of Al–Fe–Nb alloys
13 Al93Fe4Nb3
nanostructure are important for obtaining functional

cri
14
materials with controllable characteristics.
15

Intensity, arb. units

463 K
16 448 K
2. Experimental
17 438 K
18 The ternary alloys Al90Fe7Nb3 and Al93Fe4Nb3 in the form 423 K
19 of ribbons were prepared using melt-spinning method at 408 K
20 cooling rate about 106 K/s as ribbons of about 30μm 393 K

us
21 thickness. The vacuum annealing of obtained alloys was 373 K
22 realized in temperature range from 653 to 893 K for 1 hour. 348 K
23 X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were collected using two 323 K
24 types of diffractometers – STOE STADI P diffractometer 293 K
25 [14] and DRON-3M devices equipped with a UVD-2000
26 20 30 40 50 60 70
27
28
29
high-temperature vacuum chamber. In both experiments Cu
K1-radiation, monochromatized with help of curved Ge
an
(111) single crystal installed in primary beam were used. The
a) 2,
o

temperature of the specimens was measured with a Al90Fe7Nb3

30
thermocouple of the chromel–alumel type. The full Rietveld
31
Intensity, arb. units

analysis XRD obtained patterns was performed using

32 473 K
dM
FullProf.2k (version 5.40) software [15].
33
34 The Mӧssbauer spectra were measured using MS- 448 K

35 1104Em spectrometer (57Co(Cr) source, activity of about 45 423 K

36 mKi). The isomer shifts calibration was done respectively to
398 K
37 α-Fe standard (line width 0.29 mm/s). The spectra analysis
and fitting procedure were performed using UnivemMs 701 373 K
38
39 software. 348 K
40 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) test was
323 K
41 performed using Pt–Rh crucible in the range from room
42 temperature to 1073 K in helium atmosphere. Heating 20 30 40
o
50 60 70
43 velocity was 20 K/min. 2,
pte

b)
44
45 3. Results
46 XRD patterns of Al93Fe4Nb3 and Al90Fe7Nb3 samples
47
obtained in a temperature range of 293-438 K (fig. 1,a,b)
48
show the typical for amorphous alloys profile. It allow to
49
assume that glass-forming range are wider than reported in
50
[12] and as quenched alloys are amorphous up to 93 at. % of
51
ce

Al. The observed pre-peaks presence at about 25o is an

52
53 evidence of intermediate order or quasicrystals formation c)
54 process. Fig.1. The XRD patterns of Al93Fe4Nb3 (a,c) and Al90Fe7Nb3
55 As follows from published data, the formation of close- (b) alloys in a temperature range of 293-473 K (DRON-3M)
56 ordered Fe- and Nb- centered nanoclusters is possible in this
Ac

57 case. This type of structural ordering has been early observed

58 for Al–Fe–Nb alloys in [16] and is characterized by high
59
60

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Journal XX (XXXX) XXXXXX Author et al

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2
3
4
Al90Fe7Nb3
5
6
7 668 K

8 653 K
Intensity, arb. units

pt
9 638 K
10 623 K
11 608 K
12 593 K
13 578 K

cri
14 563 K
15 548 K
16 533 K
518 K
17 503 K
Al
18 (111) (200) 488 K
19
20 30 40 50 60 70
20 o
Fig.3. The XRD patterns of Al93Fe4Nb3 alloy annealed at

us
2,
21 a) 733, 813 and 893 K (STOE STADI P)
22
23 The calculated interatomic distances corresponding to first
24 subpeak of main peak (Fig. 1,c) at 250o are about 0.25-
25 0.28 nm that is close to Al–Fe distance for Al6Fe phase [19],
26 distance related to the second subpeak is 0,29 nm, which
27
28
29
an corresponds to Al. As is shown in [20] the position of the
pre-peak is close to characteristics of icosahedral phases in
the Al–Fe–V system. The second most probable interatomic
30 distance calculated by (1) from pre-peak is about 0.52 nm
31 that is close to the distance between transition metal atoms.
32
dM
The temperature increasing up to 448 K causes the beginning
33 of Al phase crystallization with the appearance of (111) and
34 (200) reflexes of Al phase in the main peaks (Fig. 2,a,b). The
35 temperature of aluminum crystallization doesn’t depend on
36
the alloy’s content. The separation of Al reflexes was
37
performed using fitting with Lorentzian function (Fig. 2,c).
38
The structural changes of alloys are similar. But in the case
39
of Al93Fe4Nb3 alloy nanocrystalline Al grains increase more
40 b)
rapidly, than in Al90Fe7Nb3 alloy, which can be seen from the
41
42 Al-reflexes of higher intensities and temperatures (Fig.2,b).
43 The volume fraction of nanocrystalline aluminum
pte

Al90Fe7Nb3

44 Annealed at 593 K increases nonlinearly on annealing temperature. The average

45 sizes of Al crystallites, calculated with using of Sherer’s
Intensity, arb. units

46 equation increase from 4 to about 14-16 nm at about 638 K

47 for Al90Fe7Nb3 and 18-20 nm for Al90Fe7Nb3 alloys,
48 respectively. Generally, the fast quenching of Al–Fe melt, in
49 which Fe content range is of 2-12 at.%, can lead to formation
50 of different types of metastable phases – orthorhombic Al6Fe
51
ce

and Al5Fe2, tetragonal AlmFe and monoclinic Al9Fe2 with

52 20 30 40 50 60 70 close to icosahedral symmetry [21]. The formation of Al6Fe
53 2 ,
o
metastable phase and Al13Fe4 compounds is possible for
c)
54 alloy, in which Fe content range is 2.3-9.2 at. %, whereas the
55 Fig.2. The XRD pattern of (a) Al90Fe7Nb3 alloy and (b)
formation of less stable crystal occurs at higher cooling rates.
56 Al93Fe4Nb3 in a temperature range of 488-668 K and (c) the
Three subpeaks corresponding to the interatomic distances in
Ac

57 Al phase reflexes separation for Al90Fe7Nb3 alloy annealed at

crystalline aluminum and Al6Fe metastable phase have been
58 593 K (DRON-3M)
59
60

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Journal XX (XXXX) XXXXXX Author et al

1
2
3 obtained by fitting procedure of main peak. In this phase Fe
4 atoms are surrounded with 10 atoms of Al and interatomic
5 distances are within a range of 0.24-0.26 nm (Fig. 3) [22]. 893 K
6 The temperature increasing to about 650 K leads to more
7 degree of structure ordering with the increasing of Al 6Fe
8 phase content and the appearance of Al3Nb cubic phase, in

pt
9 which Al atoms are partially substituted with Fe. The
10 annealing at 733 K leads to changes of alloy phase
11 813 K
composition with the domination of nanocrystalline
12

Intensity, arb. units

aluminum and the presence of monoclinic Al13Fe4 phase. The
13
observed changes correspond to Al6Fe metastable phase

cri
14
decomposition in such way: 4Al6Fe → 11Al + Al13Fe4. As it
15 733 K
is shown by DSC test (Fig.4) this transformation takes place
16
at 709.6 K. Further temperature increasing up to 893 K does
17
18 not change the alloy phase composition.
19 Experimental Mössbauer spectra measured at room
20 temperature for the as-prepared amorphous sample were
653 K

us
21 fitted with two broadened quadrupole doublet components
22 D1 (major) and D2 (minor) (Fig.5,a). These components
23 have close isomeric shifts (IS1=0.43 mm/s, IS2=0.45 mm/s)
24 and different values of quadrupole splitting (1=0.33 mm/s,
as-syntesized
25 2=0.57 mm/s) that can be explained by two different
26 neighborhoods of Fe atoms. The size and electronegativity of
27
28
29
is possible.
an
Nb atoms is close to ones of Al, so the replacements process

-3
measured at 293 K
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
It was observed early, that Al–Fe–Nb alloys, obtained by -1
30 melt-spinning method, reveal the quascrystalline ordering, in a) Velocity, mms
31 which icosahedral Al–Fe–Nb-containing nanoparticles are
32 embedded in Al matrix [24]. The stabiliting of icosahedral
dM
33
Intensity, arb. units

structure at the presence of TM was predicted with using the

34 geometrical model [25].
35 The energy of icosahedral clusters increase with its
36 growth due to space frustration effect and mismatching
37 increasing between fcc- and ico-ordered clusters. The
38
decreasing of space frustration is possible at substitution of
39
Al atoms with Nb ones at icosahedral like atomic
40
arrengement around the central Fe atom. It can be supposed
41 measured at 88 K
that two doublet components of amorphous sample spectra
42
correspond to two most probable types of Fe atoms
43 -3 -2 -1 0 1 -1 2 3
pte

icosahedral like atomic arrengement with the forming of Fe- Velocity, mms
44 b)
45 centered icosahedral clusters.
Fig.5. Mössbauer spectra of Al93Fe4Nb3 alloy: (a) after
46 annealing at 653, 733, 813, 893 K and measured at 293 K,
47 (b) without annealing and measured at 88 K
48
49 At the same time the increasing of component’s
50
quadrupole splitting (new values are 0.35 and 0.65 mm/s,
51
ce

respectively) can be interpreted as a result of next space

52
frustration optimization dominated only for less possible type
53
of Fe atom short range order.
54
Lamb-Mössbauer factors for this sample measured using
55
56 area method were found to be about 5.80.1 and 4.80.1%
Ac

57 for spectra obtained at 293 and 88 K.

58 Fig. 4. DSC curve of heating process of Al93Fe4Nb3 alloy
59
60

4
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Journal XX (XXXX) XXXXXX Author et al

1
2
3 The Mӧssbauer spectra of as-synthesized Al90Fe7Nb3
4 alloy also was fitted by two components with very close
5 parameters (Fig.6,a). The major and minor doublet
6 components intensity ratio is about 5:1 don’t depends on 653 K
7 temperature of spectra measurement. Lamb-Mössbauer
8

Intensity, arb.units
factors for initial Al90Fe7Nb3 sample are 4.90.1 and

pt
9
5.00.2% at 293 and 88 K, respectively.
10
Mӧssbauer spectrum of Al93Fe4Nb3 alloy annealed at 653
11
K show the structural changes and it is formed by single
12
13 double component with IS=0.46 mm/s and =0.32 mm/s. as-synthsized

cri
14 Accordingly to XRD data this component corresponded to
15 Al6Fe phase, in which Fe atoms have a unique close atomic
16 order with ten nearest neighbors [25]. The unique type of Fe
17 atoms close order corresponding to Al6Fe phase was measured at 293 K
18 observed for Al90Fe7Nb3 alloy annealed at 653 K too
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
19 (Fig.6,a).
Velocity, mm/s
20 The increasing of annealing temperature causes the a)

us
21 decomposition of Al6Fe metastable phase and Al13Fe4 phase
22 formation. The presence of Al13Fe4 phase is observed in
23 room-temperature mӧssbauer spectra of alloys annealed at as-synthsized
24 733, 813 and 893 K. Similar phase transformation at thermal Intensity, arb.units
25 treatment of Al90Fe7Nb3 alloy was observed in [6,7] аnd
26 authors have interpreted spectrum with some contradiction
27
28
29
work [26], in which phase was fitted by three Lorentzians
an
for Al13Fe4 phase. The results of [7] were based on previous

with equal width, but there was no explanation the spectrum

30 components in terms of the structure. Crystal structure of
31 Al13Fe4 is formed by Al–Fe stacked layers with five types of
32 measured at 88 K
dM
iron sites and two types of local arrangement, each of which
33 has not spherical symmetry [27]. Therefore the spectrum -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
34 should contain doublets only, one of which reveals very b)
Velocity, mm/s
35 slight quadrupole splitting and looks like as singlet that is Fig. 6. Mössbauer spectrum of Al90Fe7Nb3 alloy: (a) after
36
shown in [6,25,27]. annealing at 653 K and measured at 293 K, (b) without
37
The spectrum measured for Al93Fe4Nb3 alloy annealed at annealing and measured at 88 K
38
733 K was fitted by two doublet components D1 (IS=0.47
39
40 mm/s,  = 0.35 mm/s) and D2 (IS =0.46 mm/s,  = 0.05 0.39 18

mm/s). This result corresponds to layered structure of D2 component relative content, %

41
quadrupole splitting , mm/s

42 Al13Fe4 compound, in which four from five atomic sites with 0.38 16
43 similar environment have formed one layer. So each doublet
pte
D1 component

44 component can be assigned to the two types of iron sites, and

0.37
45 D1 is a superposition of four atomic sites. The tendency to 14

46 isomeric shift decrease and quadrupole splitting increase for

0.36
47 D1 component with the annealing temperature increasing
12
48 were observed (Fig. 7). It can be supposed similar to
49 suppositions in other works [7] that quadrupole splitting 0.35

50 increasing is the evidence of a grain growth. At the same 10

51
ce

time the quadropole splitting of D2 doubled component 0.34

52 approaches to zero value. The observed processes are the 750 800 850 900
Temperature, K
53 result of thermally-induced structural re-arrangement with
54 relaxation of microstresses and the increasing of Fe atoms
55 relative content with spherical symmetry of short range Fig.7. The temperature dependencies of D1 doublet
56 order. component quadrupole splitting and D2 doublet component
Ac

57 relative content for Al93Fe4Nb3 alloys, annealed at 733, 813

58 and 893 K
59
60

5
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Journal XX (XXXX) XXXXXX Author et al

1
2
3 The D1 to D2 integral inten sities ratio is about 5:1 and this [9] Shen Y, Perepezko J H 2017 Al-based amorphous alloys: Glass-
4 is a probability of clusters formation with the different forming ability, crystallization behavior and effects of minor
5 average numbers of Al and Nb in first coordination sphere of alloying additions J Alloys Compd 707 3
6 Fe atom. The mӧssbauer spectra measured for this sample at [10] Aliravci C A, Gruzleski J E, Pekgüleryüz M O 2013 A
7 88 K have a same composition (fig 6,a) and they were fitted
Thermodynamic study of Metastable Al-Fe Phase Formation in
8 Direct Chill (DC)-Cast Aluminium Ingots Essential Readings in
by two doublet components D1 and D2. In fact the equal the

pt
9 Light Metals 3 466
temperature changes of isomeric shifts values were observed [11] Audebert F, V´azquez S M, Guti´errez A, Vergara I,
10 (IS1=0.54 mm/s, IS2=0.55 mm/s). Alvarez G, Garc´ıa Escorial A, and Sirkin H 1998 Mechanical
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and Corrosion Behaviour of Al–Fe–Nb Amorphous Alloys Mat
12 4. Conclusions Sci Forum 269 837
13 [12] Audebert F, Escorial A G and Sirkin H 1997 Aluminum-

cri
14 The thermally induced phase transformations of
base Al–Fe–Nb amorphous and nanostructured alloys Scripta
15 Al90Fe7Nb3 and Al93Fe4Nb3 rapidly quenched alloys have
Mat. 36 405
16 been investigated using XRD and Mӧssbauer spectroscopy [13] Fan C, Yue X, Inoue A, Liu Ch-T, Shen X, Liaw P K
17 methods in temperature range of 293-893 K. It was 2019 Resent topics on the Structure and Crystallization of Al-
18 determined that up to 448 K both alloys show the formation based Glassy Alloys Mat. Res. 22 e20180619
19 of Fe-centered nanoclusters with icosahedral symmetry, [14] Stoe WinXPOW (version 3.03) 2010Stoe & Cie GmbH
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21 temperature of 709.6 K. Crystallization of Al is accompanied [15] Rodriguez-Carvajal J 1990 Fullprof: A Program for
22 by metastable Al6Fe phase nucleation and appearance of Rietveld Refinement and Pattern Matching Analysis, Abstract
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[16] Audebert F, Arcondo B, Rodriguez D, Sirkin H 2001
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to structural re-arrangement of Al13Fe4 related to
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an [17]
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Illeková E, Janickovi D, Kubecka P, Švec P, Gachon J C
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