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FOREWORD
iii
NAEC-ASL-1114
SUMMAR Y
'
NAEC-ASL-1114
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. ANALYSIS 1
III. DISCUSSION 2
IV. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 4
V. CONCLUSIONS 5
VI. REFERENCES 6
Tables
NRi-a FATIGUE DAMAGE AT FAILURE FOR NOTCHED
' 2024-T351 PLATES 8
I -b FATIGUE DAMAGE ATF FAILURE FOR NOTCHED
7075-T651 PLATES 9
Figures
la Smooth Specimen Fatigue Data in a Form Suitable for
Predicting Lives of Notched Members 10
lb Notched Fatigue Data Compared to the Life Curve
Predicted from Smooth Specimen Data (2024-T3) 11
1c Notched Fatigue Data Compared to the Life Curve
Predicted from Smooth Specimen Data (7075-T6) 12
2 Cyclic Stress-Strain Curves 13
v
NAEC-ASL-1114
LIST OF SYMBOLS
E Modulus of elasticity
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NAEC-ASL-1114
I. INTRODUCTION
Stowel- (1) and Neuber (2) have developed analyses which help describe
the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of notches. Their work has recently
been applied to the notci fatigue problem by a number of authors (3 -6).
These authors relate th cyclic load range on a notched member to the actual
stress or strain range ai the notch root and then estimate the life of the notched
member from stress vs Iife or strain vs life plots obtained from smooth
specimens.
U. ANALYSIS
The theort- cal stress, concentration factor, K. only applies when the
material at the not ': root remains elastic. Neuber' (2) has proposed a rule
which may be applie, .wn when the material at the notch root is strained into
the inelastic region. He state! that the theoretical stress concentration factor
is equal to the geometric mean of the actual stress and strain concentration
factors.
It is well known that small notches have less effect in fatigue than is
indicated by Kt . Several authors have suggested theoretical or empirical
expressions for evaluating a "fatigue stress concentration factor." Kf) which
corrects for size effect. In this paper we employ Kf factors based on
Peterson's approach (7)
~K t -1i
- , Kf = + + a -------------------------- (1)
r
where r is the root radius and "a" is a material constant determined from
long life fatigue data for sharply notched specimens. For notches with large
radii K is nearly equal toK. For sharp notches, however, K is
unnecestarily conservative and Kf should be used in preference to K .
t
NAEC-ASL-1114
where 6S and Ae are the nomiiial stress and strain ranges applied to a
notched member, L'a and A are the local stress and strain ranges at the
notch root, and E is the elastic modulus.
Note that Eq. (2) reduces to the following simple form if the nominal
stress and strain are limited to the elastic region.
1/2 -------------------------
Kf AS = (A7AE E)-- (2a)
At even longer lives and lower values of AS, the notch root remains
essentially elastic and Eq. (2) reduces to the familiar form
Kf LS = Aa ------------------------------- (2b)
This is the equation Ahich is frequently misused at shorter lives when the
material near the notch behaves inelastically.
III. DISCUSSION
2
NAEC-ASL -1114
Effect of Mean and Residual Stress: The reader is reminded that the mean
stress at the notch root has been assumed to be zero. Thus, the present
approach is inadequate for predicting the effect of mean loads on the fatigue
life of notched members. Even if the loading is completely reversed, but
the level is changed during the test, the creation and relaxation of mean
stress at notch roots may complicate the notch problem. Large tensile
loads tend to induce compressive mean stresses for subsequent smaller
3
NAEC-ASL-1 114
cycles while large compressive loads induce tensile mean stresses. The
ensuing fatigue life may be greatly altered. The problem is further
complicated by the fact that mean stresses at the notch root will tend to relax
toward zero in the presence of sufficient cyclic plastic strain (11).
Using Eq. (2) with the restrictions and limitations discussed above,
it is possible to predict the lives of many types of notched specimens from
readily available sfnn h specimen fatigue data. It should be noted that
curves of (La &- E) vs life can be easily derived from any two of the
following cur-ves: stress vs life, total strain vs life, piastic strain vs life,
and cyclic stress vs cyclic strain.
Two metals are considered, 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys. Due to
the nearly identical fatigue properties of the T3, T351 and T4 conditions of
2024 and T6 and T651 conditions of 7075, no distinction needs to be made
between these various c..iditions over the life region of interest here.
The smooth curves in Figs. lb and c are transferred from Fig. la.
They represent the predicted lives of notched members of these metals.
Points are from lUg's data for notched plates with K t values of 2.0 and
4.0 (12). Loading was completely reversed and therefore did not introduce
significant mean stress.
Step Tests: The curves in Fig. 1 were also used to perform a linear damage
summation for notched specimens subjected to two levels of reversed loading
as a part of this investigation. Damage is defined as the number of
reversals which occur at a given load level divided by the reversals to failure
predicted from Fig. 1. The results of these tests are given in Table 1.
4
NAEC-ASL-1114
Although only two amplitudes of loading were used in each test, the
amplitude was frequently changed from one level to the other. Tests were
planned so that nearly equal damage was done at each level. About 20
changes in level were made in each test. Visible cracks were never
observed until the last 20o of life and usually not until the last 107. The
total damage summations in Table 1 are remarkably close to 1. 0.
IV. CONCLUSION
The equation
1/2
Kf(nS Ae E)1/2 (An Ao E)
K f ,S=(tA E)1/
1/2
5
NAEC-ASL-1114
VI. REFERENCES
6
NAEC -ASL-1114
12. Walter 1lg, "Fatigue Tests on Notched and Unnotched Sheet Specimens
of 2024 -T4 and 7075 -T6 Aluminum Alloy and of SAE 4130 Steel with
Special Consideration of the Life Range from 2 to 10,000 Cycles,'
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Note 3866,
December 1956.,
41
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13-
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DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED
A method is presented for predicting the fatigue life of notched members from
smooth specimen fatigue data. Inelastic behavior of the material at the notch
root is treated using Neuber's rule which states that the theoretical stress
concentratiln factor is equal to the geometric mean of the actual stress and strair
concentration factors. This provides indices of equal fatigue damage for notched
and unnotched members.
Metals
Fatigue
Cyclic stress-strain
Controlled cyclic straining
Stress concentrations
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