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Posters of Transducers PDF
Posters of Transducers PDF
c l = wavelength
l= Where: c = material sound velocity 5.0 MHz
f f = frequency 1/4” Diameter Element 1/2” Diameter Element
α/2 α/2
that occur in the spectrum at –6 dB amplitude from the center frequency. Narrow bandwidth often A narrowband transducer has a narrower frequency spectrum and longer 0.8
0.0
-6 dB
applications such as flaw detection and flaw sizing. 0.4
Diced Piezo-Electric Material
-0.4
0.2
High
-0.8 0.0
0 5 10
( 0.2 µs / Division ) (MHz)
Narrowband
0.8
SIGNAL WAVEFORM
Broadband Transducers 1.0
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Sensitivity
Composite A broadband transducer has a broader frequency spectrum and a shorter 0.8
0.4
ringdown time due to the heavily damped design, which improves near-surface 0.6
and axial resolution. These transducers are commonly used for applications 2.25 7.8
(VOLT)
0.0
-6 dB
such as thickness gaging, sound velocity measurements, and time-of-flight 0.4
Epoxy Filled Piezo-Electric Material
-0.4 diffraction techniques. 0.2
-0.8 0.0
0 5 10
Broadband (0.2 µs/ Division) (MHz)
Low
2.67 7.0
A composite transducer element is made from a standard element that is -10
0.4
diced and filled with epoxy, changing its mechanical and electrical properties. -20
mV / Division
-0.4 results in a more efficient energy transfer to other low impedance materials. -40
Composites are advantageous for detecting flaws in attenuating materials that Steps in making a
-50
-0.8
require good near-surface resolution, high sensitivity, and high signal-to-noise 0 5 10 piezo-composite element.
(0.2 µs / Division) (MHz)
ratios.
Is wave mode important? What does focusing do? What effect does nearfield have?
A wave mode is defined by the motion of the molecules within a sample. The two most common wave In the case of a flat-faced transducer, the transducer’s nearfield limit is considered the natural focus The nearfield is the region directly in front of the transducer where the echo amplitude varies
modes that are utilized in ultrasonic NDT are longitudinal waves and shear waves. These two modes of the beam. It is the point where the greatest amount of sound energy per unit area is found and will widely due to constructive and destructive interference from the vibrating active element. The
travel at different sound speeds within a material. The shear mode wavelength is typically close to 1/2 produce the maximum echo from a target or reflector. Immersion transducers can be focused using end of the nearfield is the natural focus of the transducer and is the point where the sound
the wavelength of the longitudinal mode at a given frequency. a lens to increase the concentration of sound energy at the focal point. If the sound energy is focused field reaches an amplitude maximum, after which the sound field
to a smaller beam diameter, more of the output energy of the transducer will reflect from a small pressure begins a gradual drop to zero. Nearfield length is related to the element diameter,
Longitudinal – In this mode, particles move in the same direction as the wave is traveling. Longitudinal
indication. Transducers can be focused both spherically and cylindrically.
waves are used for most thickness gaging and straight beam flaw detection applications as well as the frequency, and the material sound velocity by the following formula:
angle beam flaw detection in coarse grained materials, such as cast stainless steel, where shorter Beam diameter is related to focal length, material sound velocity, frequency, and element diameter by
N = nearfield
wavelengths are unable to penetrate. the following formula: D2f
N= Where: D = element diameter
Shear – In this mode, particles move perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling. Since the BD = beam diameter f = frequency
shear wave wavelength is generally about 1/2 the wavelength of the longitudinal wave, smaller flaws 1.02 Fc F = focal length
4c
c = material sound velocity
can be located at a given frequency. Shear waves are used to improve detection of small reflectors BD (-6 dB) = Where: c = material sound velocity
in angle beam flaw detection as well as to determine shear wave velocity components for material fD f = frequency
characterization.
D = element diameter
Direction of
Particle Motion
Direction of
Wave Propagation
Longitudinal Wave
λ
Direction of
Particle Motion Farfield
Direction of
Wave Propagation
Probe Types
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