Introduction

The social and economic development of nations is fundamentally an educa-tion process in

which people learn to create new institutions, utilize new technologies, cope with their
environment, and alter their patterns of behavior. Education in a broad sense improves the
capabilities of individuals and the capacity of institutions, and becomes a catalyst for the closely
interrelated economic, social, cultural, and demographic changes that become defined as
national development. Precisely how these changes occur is not fully known, and this problem
often frustrates attempts at national policy making and planning. However, the evidence is
substantial that schooling and other forms of education can, in a supporting environment, make
major contributions to the complex processes of technology transfer, economic productivity,
individual earnings, reduction of poverty, development of healthy families, creation and sharing
of values, learning the responsibilities of citizenship, and enhancement of the quality of life.

Theoritical Proposition and Defenition of Key Concepts

National Development

The term ‘National Development’ is very broad and comprehensive. It includes all aspects
of the development of a nation namely, political, social, economic etc. So, it is a dynamic and
revolutionary development of the society. Moreover, it is both qualitative and quantitative.

According to John Vaizey, ”National development is the total effect of all citizens, forces
and addition to stock of physical, human resources, knowledge and skill.”

National development is the change in growth and development, which includes social,
cultural and economic change. It is the ability of a country to improve the social welfare of the
people. It would be the expansion and growth of people in the a defined territory or
government.

In 1971, UNO gave the factors for National Development:-

Equal living standard for all.

Equal share of all in profit.

Similarly, Equal distribution of income and capital.

Expansion of facilities regarding education, health,, shelter and social welfare.

Preservation of environment.

Scope of National Development:

National Development seeks to remove poverty.

It improves the National Income as well as per-capita income.

It develops quality in Education.

In addition, it brings revolutionary change in the field of Agriculture.

It develops Transport and Communication.

Development of Medical facilities.

On the contrary it controls pollution and environmental hazard.

Use of Science and Technology.

Preservation and development of nature and environment.

Development of the economic condition of the people living in the particular country.

Development of the socio-economic condition of the people.

Introduction of welfare scheme of people for the betterment of their life and standard of living.

Development of an impartial and well-organized political system.

It encompasses the preservation, enrichment and development of culture.

Moreover, it promotes the concept of sustainable development.

Factors affecting National Development:

Economic: Economic development is the one of the major factor affecting national
development. In an economy where the working population of the nation produces goods and
services at higher rate would develop more rapidly than others.

Political: The political system of a nation also determines the rate of national development. In
democratic government it is easier to achieve the desired goal because it is represented by its
own people.

Social: The society and its stratification also influence the national development. In orthodox
societies it become hard to take a decision unanimously which would benefit the nation.
Instead caste, class, creed, colour etc creates biases.

Increasing population: Population of a nation also influence national development of a nation.

In countries like China, India, Bangladesh people were often deprived of the basic needs due
top its massive population explosion.
Socio-cultural: The cultural traits persisted in different societies determines the way of national
development.

Modernization: Modernization of societies helps for a faster growth in national development.

Psychological condition: Mental status of people of a nation, their mental health and hygiene
also gives directions to national development.

Social Change

Social change, in sociology, the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure,
characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social organizations, or value
systems.Throughout the historical development of their discipline, sociologists have borrowed
models of social change from other academic fields. In the late 19th century, when evolution
became the predominant model for understanding biological change, ideas of social change
took on an evolutionary cast, and, though other models have refined modern notions of social
change, evolution persists as an underlying principle.

Other sociological models created analogies between social change and the West’s
technological progress. In the mid-20th century, anthropologists borrowed from the linguistic
theory of structuralism to elaborate an approach to social change called structural
functionalism. This theory postulated the existence of certain basic institutions (including
kinship relations and division of labour) that determine social behaviour. Because of their
interrelated nature, a change in one institution will affect other institutions.

Various theoretical schools emphasize different aspects of change. Marxist theory suggests
that changes in modes of production can lead to changes in class systems, which can prompt
other new forms of change or incite class conflict. A different view is conflict theory, which
operates on a broad base that includes all institutions. The focus is not only on the purely
divisive aspects of conflict, because conflict, while inevitable, also brings about changes that
promote social integration. Taking yet another approach, structural-functional theory
emphasizes the integrating forces in society that ultimately minimize instability.

Social change can evolve from a number of different sources, including contact with other
societies (diffusion), changes in the ecosystem (which can cause the loss of natural resources or
widespread disease), technological change (epitomized by the Industrial Revolution, which
created a new social group, the urban proletariat), and population growth and other
demographic variables. Social change is also spurred by ideological, economic, and political
movements.
Westernization

Is a process of cultural change, where societies come under or adopt Western culture in
such matters as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, language,
alphabet, religion, philosophy, and/or values. Westernization has been a pervasive and
accelerating influence across the world in the last few centuries. It is usually a two-sided
process, in which Western influences and interests themselves are joined by a wish of at least
parts of the affected society to change towards a more Westernized society, in the hope of
attaining Western life or some aspects of it.

Westernization can also be related to processes of acculturation and enculturation.

Acculturation refers to changes that occur within a society or culture when two groups come
into direct continuous contact. After contact, changes in cultural patterns within either or both
cultures are evident. In popular speech, Westernization can also refer to the effects of
European expansion and colonialism on native societies. Natives who have adopted European
languages and characteristic Western customs are called acculturated or Westernized.
Westernization may be forced or voluntary.[citation needed]

Different degrees of domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation or

modification of native culture may follow inter-ethnic contact. In a situation where the native
culture experiences destruction as a result of a more powerful outsider, a "shock phase" often
results from the encounter. Such a phase is especially characteristic during expansionist or
colonialist eras. During a shock phase, repression using military force may lead to a cultural
collapse or ethnocide, a culture’s physical extinction. According to Conrad Phillip Kottak, the
Westerners "will attempt to remake the native culture within their own image, ignoring the fact
that the models of culture that they have created are inappropriate for settings outside of
Western civilisation"

Modernization

Modernization, in sociology, the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to

a secular, urban, industrial society. Modern society is industrial society. To modernize a society
is, first of all, to industrialize it. Historically, the rise of modern society has been inextricably
linked with the emergence of industrial society. All the features that are associated with
modernity can be shown to be related to the set of changes that, no more than two centuries
ago, brought into being the industrial type of society. This suggests that the terms industrialism
and industrial society imply far more than the economic and technological components that
make up their core. Industrialism is a way of life that encompasses profound economic, social,
political, and cultural changes. It is by undergoing the comprehensive transformation of
industrialization that societies become modern.

Modernization is a continuous and open-ended process. Historically, the span of time over
which it has occurred must be measured in centuries, although there are examples of
accelerated modernization. In either case, modernization is not a once-and-for-all-time
achievement. There seems to be a dynamic principle built into the very fabric of modern
societies that does not allow them to settle, or to achieve equilibrium. Their development is
always irregular and uneven. Whatever the level of development, there are always
“backward” regions and “peripheral” groups. This is a persistent source of strain and
conflict in modern societies. Such a condition is not confined to the internal development of
individual states. It can be seen on a global scale, as modernization extends outward from its
original Western base to take in the whole world. The existence of unevenly and unequally
developed nations introduces a fundamental element of instability into the world system of
states.

Modernization seems to have two main phases. Up to a certain point in its course, it carries
the institutions and values of society along with it, in what is generally regarded as a
progressive, upward movement. Initial resistance to modernization may be sharp and
prolonged, but it is generally doomed to failure. Beyond some point, however, modernization
begins to breed discontent on an increasing scale. This is due in part to rising expectations
provoked by the early successes and dynamism of modern society. Groups tend to make
escalating demands on the community, and these demands become increasingly difficult to
meet. More seriously, modernization on an intensified level and on a world scale brings new
social and material strains that may threaten the very growth and expansion on which modern
society is founded. In this second phase, modern societies find themselves faced with an array
of new problems whose solutions often seem beyond the competence of the traditional nation-
state. At the same time, the world remains dominated by a system of just such sovereign
nation-states of unequal strengths and conflicting interests

Urbanization

Urbanization is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of
the population comes to live in the city.

Human populations have tended to increase over time. As more people were born, small
groups of individuals found reasons to come together to form groups and, with the advent of
agriculture, small sedentary communities. A small number of these settlements grew into what
we now call cities. This kind of growth often corresponds with a shift from one way of
organizing labor to another.

The world population has grown significantly, and our economies have become more
industrialized over the past few hundred years, and as a result many more people have moved
into cities. This process is known as urbanization. Even after cities emerged, however, a large
majority of people lived and worked in rural areas. It was not until large-scale industrialization
began in the eighteenth century that cities really began to boom. Nearly half of all people now
live in urban areas. They are attracted by jobs in manufacturing and the professions, as well as
by increased opportunities for education and entertainment.

Urbanization is often discussed in reference to countries that are currently in the process of
industrializing and urbanizing, but all industrialized nations have experienced urbanization at
some point in their history. Moreover, urbanization is on the rise all over the globe.
 One effect of this huge increase in people living in urban areas is the rise of the megacity,
which is a city that has more than 10 million inhabitants. There are now cities with even more
than that. Tokyo, Japan, for example, has nearly 40 million residents. Another effect of
urbanization is urban sprawl. Urban sprawl is when the population of a city becomes dispersed
over an increasingly large geographical area. This movement from higher density urban cores to
lower density suburbs means that as cities expand, they often begin to take up significant tracts
of land formerly used for agriculture. Sprawl also increases the need for travel infrastructure,
such as roads, because people’s homes are likely to be farther away from where they work
and the amenities they enjoy.

As we move forward in the 21st century, the global population is likely to continue growing.
Urban areas will continue to grow with the population. This continual growth presents complex
challenges as we prepare for the cities of the future. How we choose to manage urbanization
will have consequences for our world for many years to come.

Education

Education brings a natural and lasting change in an individual’s reasoning and ability to
achieve the targeted goal.

It facilitates us to investigate our own considerations and thoughts and makes it ready to
express it in various shapes.

Education is the main thing that encourages us to distinguish between right and wrong because
in the absence of education, we can’t do what we need or we can’t achieve our goal.

Straightforwardly, we can say, “education is the passage to progress”. It is additionally the

way to our fate as achievements can only be accomplished when individuals have information,
aptitudes, and frame of mind.

In this way, education resembles a medium through which we can associate with various
individuals and offer our thoughts.

To tackle issues and do inventiveness we first need to gain proficiency with some essential
abilities. We require learning and abilities to wind up increasingly imaginative. So education is
fundamentally learning of abilities and ideas that can make us increasingly innovative and issue
solver. Education is to pick up the capacity to develop and take care of issues in order to
achieve their lawful motives.

Education also means helping people to learn how to do things and encouraging them to think
about what they learn.

It is also important for educators to teach ways to find and use information. Through education,
the knowledge of society, country, and of the world is passed on from generation to
generation.
In democracies, through education, children and adults are supposed to learn how to be active
and effective citizens.

More specific, education helps and guide individuals to transform from one class to another.
Empowered individuals, societies, countries by education are taking an edge over individuals
stand on the bottom pyramid of growth.

Types of Education

Education goes beyond what takes places within the four walls of the classroom. A child gets
the education from his experiences outside the school as well as from those within on the basis
of these factors. There are three main types of education, namely, Formal, Informal and Non-
formal. Each of these types is discussed below.

Formal Education

Formal education or formal learning usually takes place in the premises of the school, where a
person may learn basic, academic, or trade skills. Small children often attend a nursery or
kindergarten but often formal education begins in elementary school and continues with
secondary school.

Post-secondary education (or higher education) is usually at a college or university which may
grant an academic degree. It is associated with a specific or stage and is provided under a
certain set of rules and regulations.

The formal education is given by specially qualified teachers they are supposed to be efficient in
the art of instruction. It also observes strict discipline. The student and the teacher both are
aware of the facts and engage themselves in the process of education.

Examples of Formal Education

Learning in a classroom

School grading/certification, college, and university degrees

Planned education of different subjects having a proper syllabus acquired by attending the
institution.

Characteristics of formal education

Formal education is structured hierarchically.

It is planned and deliberate.

Scheduled fees are paid regularly.

It has a chronological grading system.

It has a syllabus and subject-oriented. The syllabus has to be covered within a specific time
period.

The child is taught by the teachers

Advantages of Formal education:

An organized educational model and up to date course contents.

Students acquire knowledge from trained and professional teachers.

Structured and systematic learning process.

Intermediate and final assessments are ensured to advance students to the next learning
phase.

Institutions are managerially and physically organized.

Leads to a formally recognized certificate.

Easy access to jobs.

Disadvantages of Formal education:

Sometimes, brilliant students are bored due to the long wait for the expiry of the academic
session to promote to the next stage

Chance of bad habits’ adoption may be alarming due to the presence of both good and bad
students in the classroom

Wastage of time as some lazy students may fail to learn properly in spite of motivation by the
professional trainers.

Some unprofessional and non-standard education system may cause the wastage of time and
money of the students which leads to the disappointment from formal education and argue
them to go for non-formal education.

Costly and rigid education as compare to other forms of learning

Informal Education

Informal education may be a parent teaching a child how to prepare a meal or ride a bicycle.

People can also get an informal education by reading many books from a library or educational
websites.
Informal education is when you are not studying in a school and do not use any particular
learning method. In this type of education, conscious efforts are not involved. It is neither pre-
planned nor deliberate. It may be learned at some marketplace, hotel or at home.

Unlike formal education, informal education is not imparted by an institution such as school or
college. Informal education is not given according to any fixed timetable. There is no set
curriculum required. Informal education consists of experiences and actually living in the family
or community.

Examples of Informal Education

Teaching the child some basics such as numeric characters.

Someone learning his/her mother tongue

A spontaneous type of learning, “if a person standing in a bank learns about opening and
maintaining the account at the bank from someone.”

Characteristics of Informal Education

It is independent of boundary walls.

It has no definite syllabus.

It is not pre-planned and has no timetable.

No fees are required as we get informal education through daily experience and by learning
new things.

It is a lifelong process in a natural way.

The certificates/degrees are not involved and one has no stress for learning the new things.

You can get from any source such as media, life experiences, friends, family etc.

Advantages of Informal Education

More naturally learning process as you can learn at anywhere and at any time from your daily
experience.

It involves activities like individual and personal research on a topic of interest for themselves
by utilizing books, libraries, social media, internet or getting assistance from informal trainers.

Utilizes a variety of techniques.

No specific time span.

Less costly and time-efficient learning process.

No need to hire experts as most of the professionals may be willing to share their precious
knowledge with students/public through social media and the internet.

Learners can be picked up the requisite information from books, TV, radio or conversations with
their friends/family members.

Disadvantages of Informal Education

Information acquired from the internet, social media, TV, radio or conversations with
friends/family members may lead to the disinformation.

Utilized techniques may not be appropriate.

No proper schedule/time span.

Unpredictable results which simply the wastage of time.

Lack of confidence in the learner.

Absence of discipline, attitude and good habits.

Non-formal Education

Non-formal education includes adult basic education, adult literacy education or school
equivalency preparation.

In nonformal education, someone (who is not in school) can learn literacy, other basic skills or
job skills.

Home education, individualized instruction (such as programmed learning), distance learning

and computer-assisted instruction are other possibilities.

Non-formal education is imparted consciously and deliberately and systematically

implemented. It should be organized for a homogeneous group. Non-formal, education should
be programmed to serve the needs of the identified group. This will necessitate flexibility in the
design of the curriculum and the scheme of evaluation.

Examples of Non-formal Education

Boy Scouts and Girls Guides develop some sports program such as swimming comes under
nonformal education.
Fitness programs.

Community-based adult education courses.

Free courses for adult education developed by some organization.

Characteristics of Non-formal Education

The nonformal education is planned and takes place apart from the school system.

The timetable and syllabus can be adjustable.

Unlike theoretical formal education, it is practical and vocational education.

Nonformal education has no age limit.

Fees or certificates may or may not be necessary.

It may be full time or part-time learning and one can earn and learn together.

It involves learning of professional skills.

Advantages of Non-formal Education

Practiced and vocational training.

Naturally growing minds that do not wait for the system to amend.

Literacy with skillfulness growth in which self-learning is appreciated.

Flexibility in age, curriculum and time.

Open-ended educational system in which both the public and private sector are involved in the
process.

No need to conduct regular exams.

Diploma, certificates, and award are not essential to be awarded.

Disadvantages of Non-formal Education

Attendance of participants is unsteady.

Sometimes, it’s just wastage of time as there is no need to conduct the exam on regular basis
and no degree/diploma is awarded at the end of the training session.

Basic reading and writing skills are crucial to learn.

No professional and trained teachers.

Students may not enjoy full confidence as the regular students enjoy.
Some institutes provide fake certification through online courses just for the sake of earning.

National Development "Meaning, Scope and Factors affecting National Development" retrieved
on May 5, 2020 from https://bluemington.com/national-development-meaning-scope/

Social Change/ Definition retrieved on May 5 2020 from

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Westernization/ Definition retrived on May 5,2020 from

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"Types of Education:Formal, Informal and Non-Formal Education" Retrieved on May 6, 2020

from https://examplanning.com/types-education-formal-informal-non-formal/