La Salette of Roxas College,Inc.

Magsaysay St. Vira, Roxas, Isabela

S.Y. 2019-2020

TEXT OF REPORT

I. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to;
a) Discuss the relationship between exercise intensity/ duration and the
bioenergetics pathways that are most responsible for the production of ATP
during various exercise
b) Define the term oxygen deficit.
c) Define the term lactate threshold
d) Discuss possible mechanisms for the sudden rise in blood-lactate concentration
during incremental exercise.
e) List the factors that regulate fuel selection during different types of exercise
f) Explain why fat metabolism is dependent on carbohydrate metabolism.
g) Define the term oxygen debt.
h) Give the physiological explanation for the observation that the oxygen debt is
greater following intense exercise when compared to the oxygen debt following
light exercise.

II. SUBJECT MATTER:

Topic: Exercise Metabolism
Materials: Audiovisual set (Laptop, Projector and Speaker) Markers/pens, Pictures, Videos
References: Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performances 7 th
Edition by Scott K. Powers and Edward T. Howley.
Session (1)

III. LEARNING ACTIVITIES.

Motivation: Video Presentation, Educational games
IV. LESSON PROPER

A. Energy Requirements at Rest

 Almost 100% of ATP produced by aerobic metabolism
 Blood lactate levels are low (<1.0 mmol/L)
 Resting Oxygen consumption:
- 0.25L/min
- 3.5 ml/kg/min

B. Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
 ATP production increases immediately
 Oxygen uptake increase rapidly
-Reaches steady state within 1-4 minutes
-After steady state is reached, ATP requirement is met through aerobic ATP
production
 Initial ATP production through anaerobic pathways
-ATP-PC system
-Glycolysis
 Oxygen deficit
-Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise
a. The Oxygen Deficit
b. Comparison of Trained and Untrained Subjects
 Trained subjects have a lower oxygen deficit
-Better-developed aerobic bioenergetics capacity
-Due to cardiovascular or muscular adaptations
 Results in less production of lactic acid.

C. Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic Responses

 Oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into recovery
 Oxygen debt
-Term used by A.V. Hill
- Repayment for Oxygen deficit at onset of exercise
 Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
-Terminology reflects that only 20% elevated O2 consumption used to “repay”
Oxygen deficit
 Many Scientist use these terms interchangeably
a. Oxygen Dept
 “Rapid” portion of Oxygen debt
- Resynthesis of stored PC
- Replenishing muscle and blood oxygen stores

 “Slow” portion of Oxygen debt

-Elevated heart rate and breathing = increase energy
need
-Elevated body temperature = increase metabolic rate
-Elevated epinephrine and norepinephrine = increase
metabolic rate
-conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
b. EPOC is Greater Following Higher Intensity Exercise
 Higher body temperature
 Greater depletion of PC
 Greater blood concentration of lactic acid
 Higher levels of blood epinephrine and
norepinephrine
c. Removal of Lactic Acid Following Exercise
 Classical Theory
-Majority of lactic acid is converted to glucose in liver
 Recent evidence
-70% of lactic acid is oxidized
(use as a substrate by heart and skeletal muscle)
-20% converted to glucose
-10% converted to amino acid
 Lactic acid is removed more rapidly with light exercise in recovery
- optimal intensity is 30-40% VO2 max
d. Blood Lactate Removal Following Strenuous Exercise

e. Factors Contributing to EPOC

 Resynthesis of PC in muscle
 Lactate conversion to glucose
 Restoration of muscle and blood oxygen stores
 Elevated body temperature
 Post-Exercise elevation of HR and Breathing
 Elevated hormones
D. Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity

a) Metabolic Responses to Short-Term, Intense Exercise

 First 1-5 seconds of Exercise
-ATP through ATP-PC system
 Intense exercise longer than 5 seconds
-shift to ATP production via glycolysis
 Events lasting longer than 45 seconds
-ATP production through ATP-PC, glycolysis, and aerobic
systems
-70% anaerobic/30% aerobic at 60 seconds
-50% anaerobic/50% aerobic at 2 minutes
b) Metabolic Responses to Prolonged Exercise
 Prolonged Exercise( less than 10 minutes )
-ATP production primarily from aerobic metabolism
-Steady-state oxygen uptake can generally be maintained during
submaximal exercise
 Prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment or at high intensity
-upward drift in oxygen uptake overtime
-Due to body temperature and rising epinephrine and
norepinephrine
c) Metabolic Responses to Incremental Exercise
 Oxygen uptake increases linearly until maximal oxygen (VO2 max) is
reached
-No further increase in V02 with increasing work rate
 V02 max
-“Physiological ceiling” for delivery of Oxygen to muscle
- Affected by genetics and training
 Physiological factors influencing V02 max
-Maximum ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen
to muscle
-Ability of muscles to use oxygen and produce ATP aerobically

d) Changes in Oxygen Uptake During Incremental Exercise

e) Lactate Threshold
 The point at which blood lactic acid rises systemically during incremental
exercise
-Appears at 50-60% VO2 max in untrained subjects
-At higher work rates (65-80% V02 max) in trained subjects

 Also called:
-Anaerobic threshold
-Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
(Blood lactate levels reach 4 mmol/L)

a) Changes in Blood Lactate Concentration During Incremental Exercise

b) Explanations for Lactate Threshold

 Low muscle oxygen (hypoxia)

 Accelerated glycolysis
-NADH produced faster than it is shuttled into mitochondria
-Excess NADH in cytoplasm converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
 Recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers
-LDH isozyme in fast fibers promotes lactic acid formation
 Reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood

Effect of Hydrogen Shuttle on Lactic Acid Formation

Mechanism to Explain the Lactate Threshold

 Low muscle oxygen

 Accelerated glycolysis
 Recruitment of fast-twitch fibers
 Reduced rate of lactate removal

Practical Uses of the Lactate Threshold

  Prediction of Performance
-Combined with V02 max
 Planning training programs
-Marker of training intensity

In Summary

 Oxygen uptake increases in a linear fashion during incremental exercise until

VO2 max is reached
 The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during graded execise is
termed the lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold.
 Controversy exists over the mechanism to explain the sudden rise in blood lactic
acid concentrations during incremental exercise. It is possible that any one or a
combination of the following factors might provide an explanation for the lactate
threshold. 1. Low muscle oxygen, 2 accelerated glycolysis, 3, recruitment of fast
fibers and 4, a reduced rate of lactic removal.
 The lactate threshold has practical uses such as in performance prediction and as
a marker of training intensity.

E. Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise

Respiratory exchange ratio (RER or R)
R for Fat ( palmitic acid )
R for carbohydrate (glucose)

In Summary

 The respiratory exchange ratio ® is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to the
oxygen consumed (VCO2/VO2)
 In order for R to be used as an estimate of substrate utilization during exercise,
the subject must have reached steady state. This is important because only during
steady-state exercise are VCO2 and VO2 reflective of metabolic exchange of
gases in tissues.

F. Factors Governing Fuel Selection

a.) Exercise Intensity and Fuel Selection
 Low-intensity exercise (greater than 30% VO2 max)
-Fats are primary fuel
 High-intensity exercise (less than 70% VO2 max)
-Carbohydrates are primary fuel
 “Crossover”concept
-describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity
increases
-due to: Recruitment of fast muscle fibers and Increasing blood levels of
epinephrine

b.) Illustration of the “Crossover” Concept

c.) The Regulation of Glycogen Breakdown During Exercise

 Dependent on the enzyme phosphorylase
 Activation of Phosphorylase
-Calmodulin activated by calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
(Active calmodulin activates phosphorylase)
-Epinephrine binding to receptor results in information of cyclic AMP
(Cyclic AMP activates phosphorylase)

d.) The Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Breakdown During Exercise

e.) McArdle’s Syndrome: A genetic Error in Muscle Glycogen Metabolism

  Cannot synthesize the enzyme phosphorylase
-Due to gene mutation
 Inability to break down muscle glycogen
 Also prevents lactate production
- Blood lactate levels do not rise during high intensity exercise
 Patients complain of exercise intolerance and muscle pain
f.) Is Low-Intensity Exercise Best for Burning Fat?
At Low exercise intensities (20% VO2 max)
-High percentage of energy expenditure (60%) derived from fat
-However, total energy expended is low
(Total fat oxidation is also low)
At higher exercise intensities (50% VO2 max)
-Lower percentage of energy (40%) from fat
-Total energy expended is higher
(Total fat oxidation is also higher)
g.) Rate of Fat Metabolism at Different Exercise Intensities

h.) Exercise Duration and Fuel Selection

 Prolonged , low-intensity exercise
-Shift from carbohydrate metabolism toward fat
metabolism

 Due to an increased rate of lipolysis

-Breakdown of triglycerides – glycerol plus FFA
(by enzymes called lipases)
-Stimulated by rising blood levels of epinephrine
i.) Shift From Carbohydrate to Fat Metabolism During Prolonged Exercise

j.) Interaction of Fat and CHO Metabolism During Exercise

  “FATS burn in the flame of CARBOHYDRATES”
 Glycogen is depleted during prolonged high-intensity exercise
-Reduced rate of glycolysis and production of pyruvate
-Reduced Krebs cycle intermediates
-Reduced fat oxidation
(fats are metabolized by krebs cycle)

k.) Carbohydrate Feeding via Sports Drinks Improves Endurance Performance

 The depletion of muscle and blood carbohydrates stores contributes
to fatigue

 Ingestion of carbohydrates can improve endurance performance

-During submaximal (<70% VO2 max), long-duration (>90% minutes)
exercise
-30-60 g of carbohydrate per hour are required
 May also improve in shorter, higher intensity events

l.) Sources of Carbohydrate During Exercise

 Muscle glycogen
-Primary source of carbohydrate during high intensity exercise
-Supplies much of the carbohydrate in the first hour of exercise

 Blood glucose
-From liver glycogenolysis
-primary source of carbohydrate during low-intensity exercise
-Important during long duration exercise
(As muscle glycogen levels decline)

m.) Sources of Fat During Exercise

  Intramuscular triglycerides
-Primary source of fat during higher intensity execise

 Plasma FFA
-From adipose tissue lipolysis
(triglycerides ti glycerol plus FFA)
-FFA converted to acetyl-CoA and enters Krebs cycle
-Primary source of fat during low-intensity exercise
-Becomes more important as muscle triglyceride levels decline in long-
duration exercise

n.) Influence of Exercise Intensity on Muscle Fuel Source

o.) Effect of Exercise Duration on Muscle Fuel Source

p.) Sources of Protein During Exercise

  Proteins broken down into amino acids
-Muscle can directly metabolize branch chain amino acids and alanine
-Liver can convert alanine to glucose
 Only a small contribution (2%) to total energy production during
exercise
-May increase to 5-10% late in prolonged-duration exercise

q.) Lactate as a Fuel Sources During Exercise

 Can be used as a fuel source by skeletal muscle and the heart
-Converted to acetyl-CoA and enters Krebs cycle
 Can be converted to glucose in the liver
-Cori cycle
 Lactate shuttle
-Lactate produced in one tissue and transported to another

r.) The Cori Cycle: Lactate as a Fuel Source

 Lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle is transported to the liver
 Liver converts lactate to glucose
-Gluconeogenesis
 Glucose is transported back to muscle and used as a fuel
In Summary

 The regulation of fuel selection during exercise under complex control and is dependent
upon several factors, including diet and the intensity and duration of exercise.
 In general, carbohydrates are used as a major fuel source during high-intensity exercise.
 During prolonged exercise, there is a gradual shift from carbohydrate metabolism toward
fat metabolism
 Proteins contribute less than 2% of the fuel used during exercise of less than one hour’s
duration. During prolonged exercise (i.e., three to five hours duration), the total
contribution of protein to the fuel supply may reach 5% to 10% during the final minutes
of prolonged work.