La Salette of Roxas College,Inc.

Magsaysay St. Vira, Roxas, Isabela

TEXT OF REPORT

I. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to;
a) Compare and contrast the structure of the four bone classes and provide example
of each class
b) Name the major parts of the axial and appendicular skeletons and describe their
relative functions.
c) Classify joints structurally and functionally
d) Name the most common joint injuries and discuss the symptoms and problems
associated with each injuries.

II. SUBJECT MATTER:

Topic: The Bones
Materials: Audiovisual set(Laptop, Projector and Speaker) Markers/pens, Pictures, Videos
References:
Session (1)

III. LEARNING ACTIVITIES.

Motivation: Video Presentation, Educational games

IV. LESSON PROPER

A. Functions of the Bones

1) Support. Bones, the “steel girders” and reinforced concrete” of the body,
form the internal framework that supports and anchors all soft organs.
The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we
stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall.
2) Protection. Bones protect soft body organs. For example, the fused
bones of the skull provide a snug enclosure for the brain. The vertebrae
surround the spinal cord, and the rib cage helps protect the vital organs of
the thorax.
 3) Movement. Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the
bones as levers to move the body and its parts. As a result, we can walk,
swim, throw a ball, and breathe.
4) Storage. Fat is stored in the internal cavities of the bones. Bone itself
serves as a storehouse for minerals, the most important being calcium an
d phosphorus, although others also stored.
5) Blood cell formation. Blood cell formation or hematopoeieses, occurs
within the narrow cavities of certain bones.

B. Classification of Bones
The adult skeleton is composed of 206 bones. There are two basic types of
osseous, or bone, tissue:
1. Compact bone. Is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous. Forms
most of the diaphysis of long bones and thinner surfaces of all other
bones. Is mostly solid matrix and cells.
2. Cancellous Bone. Also called spongy bone because of its appearance, is
located mainly in the ephipyses of long bones, and it forms the interior of
all other bones. It consist of a lacy network in bone with many small
marrow filled spaces.

C. General Features of Bone

There are four types of bone, based on their shape:
1. Long Bones. Are longer than they are wide. Most of the bones of the
upper and lower limbs are long bones. Most compact bone.
2. Short Bones. Approximately as broad as they are long, such as the bones
of the wrist and ankle. Generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy
bone. Sesamoid bones, which are form within tendons, are a special type
of short bone. The best known example is the patella or kneecap.
3. Flat Bones. Are thin, flattened, and usually curved. They have two thin
layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between
them. Most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum are flat bones.
4. Irregular Bones. Bones that do not fit one of the preceding categories.
The vertebrae, which make up the spinal column, and the hip bones fall
into this group.
 D. Structure of a Long Bone

Gross Anatomy

 The diaphysis, or shaft, makes up most of the bones length and is

composed of compact bone. The diaphysis is covered and protected by a
fibrous connective tissue membrane, the periosteum. Hundreds of
connective tissue fibers; called Sharpeys fibers; secure the periosteum to
the underlying bone.
 The epiphyses are the ends of the long bone. Each epiphyses consist of a
thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone.
 Articular Cartilage, instead of a periosteum, covers its external surface.
Because the Articular cartilage is glassy hyaline cartilage, it provides a
smooth slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces.

E.
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V. EVALUATION
VI. ASSIGNMENT