IMA -

Wireless Communications
and Networking

Jon W. Mark and Weihua Zhuang

Centre for Wireless Communications
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Prentice
Hall

Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Contents

Preface xi

1 Overview of Wireless Communications and Networking 1

1.1 Historical Overview of Wireless Communications 1
1.2 Challenges in Wireless Communication Networking 2
1.2.1 The Wireless Channel 3
1.2.2 User Mobility 3
1.3 Wireless Communications Standards 4
1.3.1 First Generation Cellular Systems 4
1.3.2 Second Generation Cellular Systems 5
1.3.3 Third Generation Wireless Communications Networks 7
1.3.4 Coverage Extension 8
1.3.5 Types of Wireless Communication Networks 8
1.4 Organization of This Text 9
Summary 10
Endnotes 10
Problems 11

2 Characterization of the Wireless Channel 12

2.1 Multipath Propagation Environment 12
2.2 Linear Time-Variant Channel Model 16
2.2.1 Channel Impulse Response 16
2.2.2 Time-Variant Transfer Function 18
2.2.3 Doppler Spread Function and Delay-Doppler Spread Function 19
2.2.4 Example on the Channel Functions 22
VI Contents

2.3 Channel Correlation Functions 25

2.3.1 Delay Power Spectral Density 25
2.3.2 Frequency and Time Correlation Functions 27
2.3.3 Doppler Power Spectral Density 29
2.3.4 Examples on the Channel Correlation Functions 31
2.4 Large-Scale Path Loss and Shadowing 35
2.4.1 Free Space Propagation Model 36
2.4.2 Propagation Over Smooth Plane 38
2.4.3 Log-Distance Path Loss with Shadowing 40
2.4.4 Okumura-Hara Path Loss Model 41
2.4.5 Lee's Path Loss Model 43
2.4.6 Radio Cell Coverage 45
2.5 Small-Scale Multipath Fading 48
2.5.1 First-Order Statistics 48
2.5.2 Second-Order Statistics 51
Summary 57
Endnotes 57
Problems 58

3 Bandpass Transmission Techniques for Mobile Radio 63

3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Signal Space and Decision Regions 68
3.2.1 Vector-Space Representation of M-ary Signals 68
3.2.2 Signal Detection and Optimal Receiver 70
3.3 Digital Modulation 76
3.3.1 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) 76
3.3.2 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 84
3.33 Gaussian MSK (GMSK) 88
3.3.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 90
3.4 Power Spectral Density 93
3.5 Probability of Transmission Error 100
3.5.1 Coherent Reception in an AWGN Channel 100
3.5.2 Coherent Reception in a Flat Slow Rayleigh Fading Channel 108
Summary 112
Endnotes 112
Problems 112

4 Receiver Techniques for Fading Dispersive Channels 117

4.1 Overview of Channel Impairment Mitigation Techniques 117
4.2 Diversity 121
4.2.1 Diversity Mechanisms 121
4.2.2 Linear Combining 122
4.2.3 Performance Improvement 126
4.3 Channel Equalization 134
Contents VII

4.3.1 Linear Equalization 136

4.3.2 Decision Feedback Equalization 146
Summary 155
Endnotes 155
Problems 156

5 Fundamentals of Cellular Communications 160

5.1 Introduction 160
5.2 Frequency Reuse and Mobility Management 161
5.2.1 Cellular Communications and Frequency Reuse 161
5.2.2 Mobility Management 163
5.3 Cell Cluster Concept 163
5.3.1 Capacity Expansion by Frequency Reuse 164
5.3.2 Cellular Layout for Frequency Reuse 165
5.3.3 Geometry of Hexagonal Cells 168
5.3.4 Frequency Reuse Ratio 171
5.4 Cochannel and Adjacent Channel Interference 172
5.4.1 Cochannel Interference 172
5.4.2 Adjacent Channel Interference 175
5.5 Call Blocking and Delay at the Cell-Site 176
5.6 Other Mechanisms for Capacity Increase 180
5.6.1 Cell Splitting 180
5.6.2 Directional Antennas (Sectoring) 182
5.7 Channel Assignment Strategies 184
Summary 185
Endnotes 185
Problems 186

6 Multiple Access Techniques 189

6.1 Multiple Access in a Radio Cell 189
6.2 Random Access 191
6.2.1 Aloha Systems 191
6.2.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 195
6.3 Conflict-Free Multiple Access Technologies 197
6.3.1 FDMA 197
6.3.2 TDMA 198
6.3.3 CDMA 201
6.4 Spectral Efficiency 212
6.4.1 FDMA Systems 213
6.4.2 TDMA Systems 218
6.4.3 DS-CDMA Systems 222
Summary 229
Endnotes 229
Problems 230
VIII Contents

7 Mobility Management in Wireless Networks 235

7.1 Introduction 235
7.2 Call Admission Control (CAC) 237
7.2.1 Prioritized Call Admission 238
7.3 Handoff Management 238
7.3.1 Handoff Strategies 239
7.3.2 Types of Handoff 239
7.3.3 Design Issues 240
7.3.4 Feedback-Based MAHO Strategy 241
7.3.5 AP/MSC Identification 242
7.3.6 Profile 244
7.3.7 Capability of the Mobile 244
7.3.8 Mobility Model 245
7.3.9 Intraswitch Handoff Algorithm 247
7.4 Location Management for Cellular Networks 250
7.4.1 Two-Tiered Architecture of IS-41 252
7.4.2 SS7 Network and Common Channel Signaling 253
7.4.3 Location Update, Call Setup, and Paging 255
7.5 Location Management for PCS Networks 257
7.5.1 Overlay Approach 258
7.5.2 Local Anchor Approach 259
7.6 Traffic Calculation 261
7.6.1 System and Traffic Parameters 262
7.6.2 Handoff Rate Calculation 263
Summary 266
Endnotes 266
Problems 267

8 Wireless/Wireline Interworking 272

8.1 Background 272
8.2 Mobile IP 274
8.2.1 Operation of Mobile IP 276
8.2.2 Local Anchor for Mobile IP 281
8.2.3 Hierarchical Routing 282
8.3 Internet Protocol (IP) 284
8.3.1 IPv6 versus IPv4 284
8.3.2 Mobile IPv6 287
8.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 289
8.4.1 Flow Control 289
8.4.2 Modified TCP 290
8.4.3 Modified UDP 293
8.5 Network Performance 294
8.5.1 Network Model 294
Contents IX

8.5.2 Mobility Model 3 295

8.5.3 Handoff Delay with Local Anchor 295
8.6 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 300
8.6.1 Wireless Application Environment 300
8.6.2 WAP Protocol Stack 301
8.6.3 WAP Gateway 302
8.7 Mobile AD HOC Networks 303
8.7.1 Ad Hoc Routing Protocols 303
8.7.2 Comments 305
Summary 305
Endnotes 306
Problems 306

Appendix 311
A Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization 311
B Maximum Likelihood Detection 313
C MSK Signal Representation 314
D Derivation of the Rician Distribution 315
E Pseudorandom Noise Sequences 317
F The Erlang-B and Erlang-C Tables 319

Abbreviations and Acronyms 327

Bibliography 333

Answers to Selected Problems 345

Index 350