File Organization in DBMS

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Introduction

As we have seen already, database consists of tables, views, index,

procedures, functions etc. The tables and views are logical form of
viewing the data. But the actual data are stored in the physical
memory. Database is a very huge storage mechanism and it will have
lots of data and hence it will be in physical storage devices. In the
physical memory devices, these datas cannot be stored as it is. They
are converted to binary format. Each memory devices will have many
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data blocks, each of which will be capable of storing certain amount of
data. The data and these blocks will be mapped to store the data in the
memory.

Any user who wants to view these data or modify these data, simply fires SQL query and gets the result on the
screen. But any of these queries should give results as fast as possible. But how these data are fetched from
the physical memory? Do you think simply storing the data in memory devices give us the better results when
we fire queries? Certainly not. How is it stored in the memory, Accessing method, query type etc makes great
affect on getting the results. Hence organizing the data in the database and hence in the memory is one of
important topic to think about.

Types of File Organization

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In a database we have lots of data. Each data is grouped into related groups called tables. Each table will have
lots of related records. Any user will see these records in the form of tables in the screen. But these records are
stored as files in the memory. Usually one file will contain all the records of a table.

As we saw above, in order to access the contents of the files – records in the physical memory, it is not that
easy. They are not stored as tables there and our SQL queries will not work. We need some accessing methods.
To access these files, we need to store them in certain order so that it will be easy to fetch the records. It is
same as indexes in the books, or catalogues in the library, which helps us to find required topics or books
respectively.

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Storing the files in certain order is called file organization. The main objective of file organization is

Optimal selection of records i.e.; records should be accessed as fast as possible.

Any insert, update or delete transaction on records should be easy, quick and should not harm other records.

No duplicate records should be induced as a result of insert, update or delete

Records should be stored efficiently so that cost of storage is minimal.

There are various methods of file organizations. These methods may be efficient for certain types of
access/selection meanwhile it will turn inefficient for other selections. Hence it is up to the programmer to
decide the best suited file organization method depending on his requirement.

Some of the file organizations are

1. Sequential File Organization

2. Heap File Organization
3. Hash/Direct File Organization
4. Indexed Sequential Access Method
5. B+ Tree File Organization
6. Cluster File Organization

Let us see one by one on clicking the above links

Difference between Sequential, heap/Direct, Hash, ISAM, B+ Tree, Cluster file organization in database
management system (DBMS) as shown below:

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  Sequential Heap/Direct Hash ISAM B+ tree Cluster

Method of Stored as Stored at the Stored at Address index is Stored in a Frequently

storing they come or end of the file. the hash appended to the tree like joined tables
sorted as But the address record structure are clubbed
they come address in the generated into one file
memory is based on
random. cluster key

Types Pile file and   Static and Dense, Sparse,   Indexed and
sorted file dynamic multilevel indexing Hash
Method hashing

Design Simple Simplest Medium Complex Complex Simple

Design

Storage Cost Cheap Cheap Medium Costlier Costlier Medium

(magnetic
tapes)
Advantage Fast and Best suited for Faster Searching records is Searching Best suited
efficient bulk insertion, Access faster. range of data for frequently
when there and small No Need to Suitable for large & partial data joined tables.
is  large files/tables Sort database. are efficient. Suitable for
volumes of Handles Any of the columns No 1:M
data, Report multiple can be used as key performance mappings
generation, transactions column. degrades
statistical Suitable for when there is
calculations Online Searching range of insert / delete
etc transactions data & partial data / update.
are efficient. Grows and
shrinks with
data.
Works well in
secondary
storage
devices and
hence
reducing disk
I/O.
Since all datas
are at the leaf
node,
searching is
easy.
All data at leaf
node are
sorted
sequential
linked list.
 Disadvantage Sorting of Records are Accidental Extra cost to Not suitable Not suitable
data each scattered in Deletion or maintain index. for static for large
time for the memory updation of File reconstruction is tables database.
insert/delete/ and they are Data needed as Suitable only
update takes inefficiently Use of insert/update/delete. for the joins
time and used. Hence Memory is Does not grow with on which
makes increases the inefficient data. clustering is
system slow. memory size. Searching done.
range of Less
Proper data, partial frequently
memory data, non- used joins
management hash key and 1: 1
is needed. column, Mapping are
searching inefficient.
Not suitable single hash
for large column
tables. when
multiple
hash keys
present or
frequently
updated
column as
hash key
are
inefficient.

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File Organization in
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