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UNIVERSITY OF THE SALLE

THEORY GENERAL OF CIRCUIT

LAB 9: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Pedro Andrés Botia Arias, IEEE, Gender Esteban Sierra, IEEE

Objective: Verify experimentally the functionality of the Where v1 is the voltage between the inverting terminal and
operational amplifiers. ground and v2 is the voltage between the noninverting
terminal and ground. The op amp senses the difference
Abstract—The operational amplifiers is an electronic unit that between the two inputs, multiplies it by the gain A, and causes
behaves like a voltage-controlled voltage source. An op amp the resulting voltage to appear at the output. Thus, the output
can sum signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or differentiate vo is given by
it. The ability of the op amp to perform these mathematical
operations is the reason it is called an operational amplifier. It FIG (2). THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OP AMP.
is also the reason for the widespread use of op amps in analog
design. Op amps are popular in practical circuit designs
because they are versatile, inexpensive, easy to use, and fun to
work with

Index Terms— Operational amplifier, Gain, inverting

amplifier, Summing Amplifier, KCL.

= = ( 2 − 1) (3)
I. INTRODUCTION
THE Operational Amplifiers as an active element, the op amp
must be powered by a voltage supply as typically shown. Fig A is called the open-loop voltage gain because it is the gain
(1). of the op amp without any external feedback from output to
Although the power supplies are often ignored in op amp input.
circuit diagrams for the sake of simplicity, the
power supply currents must not be overlooked. By KCL.

FIG (1). POWER IN THE OP AMP.

= 1 + 2 + (+) + (−) (1)
Inverting Amplifier
Is a circuit, where the noninverting input is grounded, vi is
connected to the inverting input through R1, and the feedback
resistor Rf is connected between the inverting input and
output. Our goal is to obtain the relationship between the input
voltage vi and the output voltage vo. Applying KCL at node 1,
1= 2→ 1− 1 = 1− 0 (4)

But v1 = v2 = 0 for an ideal op amp, since the noninverting

terminal is grounded. Hence,

The equivalent circuit model of an op amp is shown in Fig.

(2).The output section consists of a voltage-controlled source
in series with the output resistance Ro. It is evident from Fig.
(2). that the input resistance Ri is the Thevenin equivalent
resistance seen at the input terminals, while the output The voltage gain is Av = vo / vi = - Rf/R1
resistance Ro is the Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at the
output. The differential input voltage vd is given by

Submitted on October 16TH, 2016.

Gender Esteban works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: gesteban98@unisalle.edu.co)
Botia Pedro works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: pbotia37@unisalle.edu.co)
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UNIVERSITY OF THE SALLE
THEORY GENERAL OF CIRCUIT

It takes advantage of the fact that the inverting configuration an amplifier that is powered by two voltages at the input
can handle many inputs at the same time. We keep in mind source and the operational amplifier is a saturation
that the current entering each op amp input is zero. Applying voltage which is given in the datasheet element in our
case is the LM741 the potential difference between the
KCL at node a gives: inputs of the amplifier is based multiplied by the amplifier
= 1 + 2 + 3 (6)
gain and restricted by the saturation voltage value, for it is
called tensions comparator.
We note that va = 0 and substitute Eq. (6). We get
The gain of an LM741 operational amplifier, is between
1− 2− 20 and 200 V for mV, which means a gain of 20,000 to
1= , 2= 200,000
1 2
III. . THEORETICAL CIRCUIT
3− − FIGURE 3: CIRCUIT THEORY FOR THE FIRST
3= , = QUESTION
3

=−( 1+ 2+ 3)
II. QUESTIONS

1. How does the output signal of an operational amplifier

change when the temperature increases?

The operational amplifier remains linear, unless otherwise

specified, these specifications apply for VS = ±15V, −55˚C ≤
TA ≤ +125˚C (LM741/LM741A). For the LM741C/LM741E,
these specifications:
are limited to 0˚C ≤ TA ≤ +70˚C.

in our case we handle one LM741C, which supports a

temperature ranging from 0 ° C to 70 ° C at this temperature
the operational amplifier remains linear but sise exceeds this FIGURE 4: CIRCUIT THEORY FOR THE SECOND
temperature we find that the output signal is not as expected as QUESTION
the element exceeded its specifications provided by the
manufacturer

2. What happens when the gain is high enough so that the

output signal is greater than the bias voltage of an OpAmp?

this question refers one amplifier a operational ideals since the

bias voltage of the op amp is always one be multiplied by a
gain (A), this means that the output voltage will always be
higher than the input voltage, depending on the because circuit
design amplifier gain may be negative (inverting amplifier) in
this case would not be met with the query criteria.

3. How to set up an operational amplifier to function as a

comparator of two voltage input levels?

Submitted on October 16TH, 2016.

Gender Esteban works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: gesteban98@unisalle.edu.co)
Botia Pedro works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: pbotia37@unisalle.edu.co)
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UNIVERSITY OF THE SALLE
THEORY GENERAL OF CIRCUIT

FIGURE 5: CIRCUIT THEORY FOR THE THIRD IV. SIMULATION CIRCUIT

QUESTION
FIGURE 6: SIMULATION CIRCUIT FOR THE FIRST
QUESTION

FIGURE 5: CIRCUIT THEORY FOR THE FOUR

QUESTIONS
FIGURE 7: SIMULATION CIRCUIT FOR THE SECOND
QUESTION

Submitted on October 16TH, 2016.

Gender Esteban works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: gesteban98@unisalle.edu.co)
Botia Pedro works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: pbotia37@unisalle.edu.co)
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UNIVERSITY OF THE SALLE
THEORY GENERAL OF CIRCUIT

FIGURE 8: SIMULATION CIRCUIT FOR THE THIRD Error for the third circuit
QUESTION
EA= 10-8.92=1.08v
ER=10−8.9210 = 10.8%

Uncertainty: 0.001v

Error for the four circuit

EA= 65-50-=15v
ER=6565−50 = 23%

Uncertainty:0,01v

VII. SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS

Making calculations for the most current in the circuit we can

FIGURE 8: SIMULATION CIRCUIT FOR THE FOUR
be found by Ohm's law that most current is given by the
QUESTION following equation

V = IR (8) I
=V/R
I = 5/1000
I = 5mA
Which puts us in the area usually out of a dangerous
pathophysiological effect, this risk classified in Zone 2

FIGURE 6: RISK ELECTRIC

VI. ERROR AND UNCERTAINLY ANALYSIS

For determining the error value between the theoretical and
the simulated circuit, the base errors found in V0 results
found in for a circuit

Error for the first circuit

EA= 1-1=0v
ER=1−11 = 0%

Uncertainty: 0.001v

Error for the second circuit

EA= 5-4.5=0.5v
ER=5−4.55 = 10%

Uncertainty: 0.001v

Submitted on October 16TH, 2016.

Gender Esteban works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: gesteban98@unisalle.edu.co)
Botia Pedro works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: pbotia37@unisalle.edu.co)
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UNIVERSITY OF THE SALLE
THEORY GENERAL OF CIRCUIT

VI1. PROCEDURE AND RESULTS

SOLUTION SECOND QUESTION
THE CIRCUIT FOR THE FIRST QUESTION IS

You can check the linearity of an LM741 op amp as the

input signal is 1 V and its output signal is -1V giving so
is a voltage inverter circuit.

 COMPARISON BETWEEN ESTIMATED AND OBTAINED

VALUES

on this circuit not know exactly the behavior of op amp,

therefore could not establish a mistake was not value theoric
had op amp

Note that the voltage operational amplifier HEAT THIRD QUESTION.

Increases
 COMPARISON BETWEEN ESTIMATED AND OBTAINED
VALUES

if we compare dice in practice as the theoretical values

obtained in the error was

ERROR VALUES SHOW A 0%

Submitted on October 16TH, 2016.

Gender Esteban works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: gesteban98@unisalle.edu.co)
Botia Pedro works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: pbotia37@unisalle.edu.co)
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UNIVERSITY OF THE SALLE
THEORY GENERAL OF CIRCUIT

we can see that the OpAmp shows the signal up to the

positive way and it cuts in the 0 point, this is because the
saturation in the OpAmp was +15 and -0, how it can see in the
digital source. The reference signal it´s the signal that it´s in (-
0) volts and the other it´s the comparator signal

 COMPARISON BETWEEN ESTIMATED AND OBTAINED

VALUES
note that the input of the comparator circuit indicates
whether to join or subtracted resulting in a signal that
can have an amplitude greater or lesser extent
depending combine circuit
FOUR QUESTION
Observe on this circuit is the difference between the input
signals which one is 8v and the second is 7v giving power
deference which one volt reflected in the result of voltimeter
 COMPARISON BETWEEN ESTIMATED AND OBTAINED
VALUES
if we compare dice in practice as the theoretical values
obtained in the error was

because the potential difference between the two terminals is

therefore only 1V low error values are presented in the
theoretical calculations and experimental

Vll1. CONCLUSIONS
 learned the operation lm741 op amp

 we can determinate the operation and the function of

the OpAmp´s, also we learn that the polarization in
the 7 and 4 input, determinate the output signal that
it can show in a oscilloscope

 temperature up to longer and linear

amplifieroperational tencion begins to increase
resistance to mean low

Submitted on October 16TH, 2016.

Gender Esteban works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: gesteban98@unisalle.edu.co)
Botia Pedro works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: pbotia37@unisalle.edu.co)
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UNIVERSITY OF THE SALLE
THEORY GENERAL OF CIRCUIT

REFERENCES .html
[2] National MagLab. (2016, October). Wheatstone
[1] Área Tecnología. (2016, October). Circuitos Bridge. [Online]. ttps://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-
eléctricos. [Online]. academy/watchplay/interactive/wheatstone-bridge
http://www.areatecnologia.com/electricidad/circuitoselectricos

Submitted on October 16TH, 2016.

Gender Esteban works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: gesteban98@unisalle.edu.co)
Botia Pedro works at Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Salle. (E-mail: pbotia37@unisalle.edu.co)