Whatisc?: Execution of C Program

WHAT IS C ?
C language is a general purpose and structured pragramming langauge developed by 'Dennis Ritchie' at AT &T's Bell
Laboratories in the 1972s in USA.
It is also called as 'Procedure oriented programming language.'
C is not specially designed for specific applications areas like COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) or
FORTRAN (Formula Translation). It is well suited for business and scietific applications. It has some various features
like control structures, looping statements, arrays, macros required for these applications.
The C language has following numorous features as:
 Portability
 Flexibility
 Effectiveness and efficiency
 Reliability
 Interactivity
Execution of C Program :
C program executes in following 4 (four steps).
1. Creating a program :
An editor like notepad or wordpad is used to create a C program. This file contains a source code which consists
of executable code. The file should be saved as '*.c' extension only.
2. Compiling the program :
The next step is to compile the program. The code is compiled by using compiler. Compiler converts executable
code to binary code i.e. object code.
3. Linking a program to library :
The object code of a program is linked with libraries that are needed for execution of a program. The linker is
used to link the program with libraries. It creates a file with '*.exe' extension.
4. Execution of program :
The final executable file is then run by dos command prompt or by any other software.
History of C :
Year of
Language Name Developed By
Establishment
1960 ALGOL-60 Cambridge University
CPL (Combined Programming
1963 Cambridge University
Language)
BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Martin Richard at Cambridge
1967
Language) University
Ken Thompson at AT & T's Bell
1970 B
Laboratories.
Dennis Ritchie at AT & T' Bell
1972 C
Laboratory.
The development of C was a cause of evolution of programming languages like Algol 60, CPL (Combined Programming
Langauge), BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) and B.
 Algol-60 : (1963) :
ALGOL is an acronym for Algorithmic Language. It was the first structured procedural programming language,
developed in the late 1950s and once widely used in Europe. But it was too abstract and too general structured
langauage.
 CPL : (1963) :
CPL is an acronym for Combined Programming Language. It was developed at Cambridge University.
 BCPL : (1967) :
BCPL is an acronym for Basic Combined Programming Language. It was developed by Martin Richards at
Cambridge University in 1967. BCPL was not so powerful. So, it was failed.
 B : (1970) :
B language was developed by Ken Thompson at AT & T Bell Laboratories in 1970. It was machine dependent.
So, it leads to specific problems.
 C : (1972) :
'C' Programming Langauage was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T Bell Laboratories in 1972. This is
general purpose, compiled, structured programming langauage. Dennis Ritchie studied the BCPL, then
improved and named it as 'C' which is the second letter of BCPL
Structure of C Program
The basic structure of C program is as follow:
Document Section
Links Section (File)
Definition Section
Global variable declaration Section
void main()
{
Variable declaration section
Function declaration section
executable statements;
}
Function definition 1
---------------------
---------------------
Function definition n
where,
Document Section : It consists of set of comment lines which include name of a program, author name, creation date
and other information.
Links Section (File) : It is used to link the required system libraries or header files to excute a program.
Definition Section : It is used to define or set values to variables.
Global variable declaration Section : It is used to declare global or public variable.
void main() : Used to start of actual C program. It includes two parts as declaration part and executable part.
Variable declaration section : Used to declare private variable.
Function declaration section : Used to declare functions of program from which we get required output.
Then, executable statements are placed for execution.
Function definition section : Used to define functions which are to be called from main().
Character Set :
A character refers to the digit, alphabet or special symbol used to data represetation.
1. Alphabets : A-Z, a-z
2. Digits : 0-9
3. Special Characters : ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + { } [ ] - < > , . / ? \ | : ; " '
4. White Spaces : Horizontal tab, Carriage return, New line, form feed
Identifier :
Identifier is the name of a variable that is made up from combination of alphabets, digits and underscore.
Variable :
It is a data name which is used to store data and may change during program execution. It is opposite to constant.
Variable name is a name given to memory cells location of a computer where data is stored.
* Rules for varibales:
 First character should be letter or alphabet.
 Keywords are not allowed to use as a variable name.
 White space is not allowed.
 C is case sensitive i.e. UPPER and lower case are significant.
 Only underscore, special symbol is allowed between two characters.
 The length of indentifier may be upto 31 characters but only only the first 8 characters are significant by
compiler.
 (Note: Some compilers allow variable names whose length may be upto 247 characters. But, it is
recommended to use maximum 31 characters in variable name. Large variable name leads to occur errors.)
Keywords :
Keywords are the system defined identifiers.
All keywords have fixed meanings that do not change.
White spaces are not allowed in keywords.
Keyword may not be used as an indentifier.
It is strongly recommended that keywords should be in lower case letters.
There are totally 32(Thirty Two) keywords used in a C programming.
int float double long
short signed unsigned const
if else switch break
default do while for
register extern static struct
typedef enum return sizeof
goto union auto case
void char continue volatile
Escape Sequence Characters (Backslash Character Constants) in C:

C supports some special escape sequence characters that are used to do special tasks.
These are also called as 'Backslash characters'.
Some of the escape sequence characters are as follow:
Character Constant Meaning
\n New line (Line break)
\b Backspace
\t Horizontal Tab
\f Form feed
\a Alert (alerts a bell)
\r Carriage Return
\v Vertical Tab
\? Question Mark
\' Single Quote
\'' Double Quote
\\ Backslash
\0 Null
Constants in C :
A constant is an entity that doesn't change during the execution of a program.
Followings are the different types of constants :
1. REAL CONSTANT :
 It must have at least one digit.
 It must have a decimal point which may be positive or negative.
 Use of blank space and comma is not allowed between real constants.
 Example:
+194.143, -416.41
2. INTEGER CONSTANT :
 It must have at least one digit.
 It should not contain a decimal place.
 It can be positive or negative.
 Use of blank space and comma is not allowed between real constants.
 Example:
1990, 194, -394
3. CHARACTER CONSTANT :
 It is a single alphabet or a digit or a special symbol enclosed in a single quote.
 Maximum length of a character constant is 1.
 Example:
'T', '9', '$'
4. STRING CONSTANT :
 It is collection of characters enclosed in double quotes.
 It may contain letters, digits, special characters and blank space.
 Example:
"Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli"
Data Types in C :
"Data type can be defined as the type of data of variable or constant store."
When we use a variable in a program then we have to mention the type of data. This can be handled using data type
in C.
Followings are the most commonly used data types in C.
Keyword Format Specifier Size Data Range
char %c 1 Byte -128 to +127
unsigned char <-- -- > 8 Bytes 0 to 255

int %d 2 Bytes -32768 to +32767
long int %ld 4 Bytes -231 to +231
unsigned int %u 2 Bytes 0 to 65535
float %f 4 Bytes -3.4e38 to +3.4e38
double %lf 8 Bytes -1.7e38 to +1.7e38
long double %Lf 12-16 Bytes -3.4e38 to +3.4e38
* QUALIFIER :
When qualifier is applied to the data type then it changes its size or its size.
Size qualifiers : short, long
Sign qualifiers : signed, unsigned
* ENUM DATA TYPE :

This is an user defined data type having finite set of enumeration constants. The keyword 'enum' is used to create
enumerated data type.
Syntax:
enum [data_type] {const1, const2, ...., const n};
Example:
enum mca(software, web, seo);
* TYPEDEF :
It is used to create new data type. But it is commonly used to change existing data type with another name.
Syntax:
typedef [data_type] synonym;
OR
typedef [data_type] new_data_type;

Example:
typedef int integer;

integer rno;
Operators in C :
"Operator is a symbol that is used to perform mathematical operations."
When we use a variable in a program then we have to mention the type of data. This can be handled using data type
in C.
Followings are the most commonly used data types in C.
Operator Name Operators

Assignment =
Arithmetic +, -, *, /, %
Logical &&, ||, !
Relational <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
Shorthand +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Unary ++, --
Conditional ()?:;
Bitwise &, |, ^, <<, >>, ~
1. Assignment Operator
It is used to assign a value to variable.
/* Program to demonstrate assignment operator .
Creation Date : 10:05 AM 08/11/2010
Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
int a,b;
clrscr();
a = 53;
printf("\n\t Value of A : %d",a); // 53
b = a; // Interchange of value using assignment
printf("\n\n\t Value of B : %d",b); // 53
getch();
}
1. Assignment Operator
2. Arithmetic Operators
It is also called as 'Binary operators'. It is used to perform arithmetical operations.
These operators operate on two operands.
/* Program to demonstrate arithmetic operators .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
int a,b,c,d,e,f,g;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t Enter First Number :"); // 5
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("\n\t Enter Second Number :"); // 2
scanf("%d",&b);
c = a + b;
printf("\n\n\t Addition is : %d",c); // 7
d = a - b;
printf("\n\n\t Subtraction is : %d",d); // 3
e = a * b;
printf("\n\n\t Multiplication is : %d",e); // 10
f = a / b;
printf("\n\n\t Division is : %d",f); // 2
g = a % b;
printf("\n\n\t Modulus is : %d",g); // 1
getch();
2. Arithmetic Operators
3. Logical Operators
Sometimes, we have to check more than one condition at a time then it is operator
which is primarily used to check more than two conditions. This operator returns 1 if
condition is true otherwise 0.
/* Program to demonstrate logical operators .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
int no1=2, no2=5;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n %d",(no1 && no2)); // returns 1
printf("\n\n %d",(no1 || no2)); // returns 1
getch();
}
3. Logical Operators
4. Relational Operators
It is also used to check conditions. These operators return 1 if condition is true
otherwise 0.
/* Program to demonstrate Relational operators .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
int a=6, b=2;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n A<=B : %d",(a<=b)); // 0 - False

printf("\n\n A>B : %d",(a>b)); // 1 - True
printf("\n\n A!=B : %d",(a!=b)); // 1 - True
getch();
4. Relational Operators
5. Shorthand Operators
It is used to perform mathematical operations at which the result or output can
affect on operands.
/* Program to demonstrate shorthand operators .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
int a,b;
clrscr();
a = 18;
b = 4;
printf("\n\t Value of A : %d",a); // 18
printf("\n\t Using of B : %d",b); // 4
b += a ; // b = b + a
printf("\n\n\t Using += (i.e b=b+a): %d",b); // 22
// Change the operator as -=, *=, /=, %=
getch();
}
5. Shorthand Operators
6. Unary Operators
It operates on a single operand. Therefore, this operator is called as 'unary
operator.' It is used to increase or decrease the value of variable by 1.
/* Program to demonstrate Unary / Ternary operators .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
int a=4, b;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n Value of A : %d",a); // 4
a++; // Post
++a; // Pre
b=--a;
printf("\n\n Value of B : %d",b); // 5
b=a++;
b++;
getch();
}
6. Unary Operators
7. Conditional Operator
Conditional operator is also called as 'ternary operator.' It is widely used to execute
condition in true part or in false part. It operates on three operands. The logical or
relational operator can be used to check conditions.
/* Program to demonstrate conditional operator .

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
int a, b=3;
clrscr();
a = 5;
printf("\n\n A is less than B ? ");
// No
getch();
}
7. Conditional Operator
8. Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are used for manipulation of data at a bit level. They can be
directly applied to char, short int and long.
/* Program to demonstrate bitwise operators .
------ Not available -------
Decision Making Statements / Conditional Statements :

C program executes program sequentially. Sometimes, a program requires checking of certain conditions in program
execution. C provides various key condition statements to check condition and execute statements according
conditional criteria.
These statements are called as 'Decision Making Statements' or 'Conditional Statements.'
Followings are the different conditional statements used in C.
If Statement :
This is a conditional statement used in C to check condition or to control the flow of execution of statements. This is
also called as 'decision making statement or control statement.' The execution of a whole program is done in one
direction only.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
statements;
}
In above syntax, the condition is checked first. If it is true, then the program control flow goes inside the braces and
executes the block of statements associated with it. If it returns false, then program skips the braces. If there are
more than 1 (one) statements in if statement then use { } braces else it is not necessary to use.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate if statement.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 02:36:27 AM
Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
a=5;
clrscr();
if(a>4)
printf("\nValue of A is greater than 4 !");
if(a==4)
printf("\n\n Value of A is 4 !");
getch();
}
Output :
Value of A is greater than 4 !_

If-Else Statement :
This is also one of the most useful conditional statement used in C to check conditions.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
true statements;
}
else
{
false statements;
}
executes the block of statements associated with it. If it returns false, then it executes the else part of a program.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate if-else statement.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int no;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter Number :");
scanf("%d",&no);
if(no%2==0)
printf("\n\n Number is even !");
else
printf("\n\n Number is odd !");
getch();
}
Output :
Enter Number : 11
Number is odd !_
Nested If-Else Statement :
It is a conditional statement which is used when we want to check more than 1 conditions at a time in a same
program. The conditions are executed from top to bottom checking each condition whether it meets the conditional
criteria or not. If it found the condition is true then it executes the block of associated statements of true part else it
goes to next condition to execute.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
if(condition)
{
statements;
}
else
{
statements;
}
}
else
{
statements;
}
again checks the next condition. If it is true then it executes the block of statements associated with it else executes
else part.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate nested if-else statement.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int no;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter Number :");
scanf("%d",&no);
if(no>0)
{
printf("\n\n Number is greater than 0 !");
}
else
{
if(no==0)
{
printf("\n\n It is 0 !");
}
else
{
printf("Number is less than 0 !");
}
}
getch();
}
Switch case Statement :
This is a multiple or multiway brancing decision making statement.
When we use nested if-else statement to check more than 1 conditions then the complexity of a program increases in
case of a lot of conditions. Thus, the program is difficult to read and maintain. So to overcome this problem, C
provides 'switch case'.
Switch case checks the value of a expression against a case values, if condition matches the case values then the
control is transferred to that point.
Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case expr1:
statements;
break;
case expr2:
statements;
break;
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
case exprn:
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
}
In above syntax, switch, case, break are keywords.
expr1, expr2 are known as 'case labels.'
Statements inside case expression need not to be closed in braces.
Break statement causes an exit from switch statement.
Default case is optional case. When neither any match found, it executes.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate switch case statement.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int no;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter any number from 1 to 3 :");
scanf("%d",&no);
switch(no)
{
case 1:
break;
case 2:
break;
case 3:
break;
default:
printf("\n\n Invalid number !");
}
getch();
}
Output 1 :
Enter any number from 1 to 3 : 3
It is 3 !_
Output 2 :
Enter any number from 1 to 3 : 5
Invalid number !_
* RULES FOR DECLARING SWITCH CASE :

 The case label should be integer or character constant.
 Each compound statement of a switch case should contain break statement to exit from case.
 Case labels must end with (:) colon.
* ADVANTAGES OF SWITCH CASE :
 Easy to use.
 Easy to find out errors.
 Debugging is made easy in switch case.
 Complexity of a program is minimized.
Looping Statements / Iterative Statements :
'A loop' is a part of code of a program which is executed repeatedly.
A loop is used using condition. The repetition is done until condition becomes condition true.
A loop declaration and execution can be done in following ways.
o Check condition to start a loop
o Initialize loop with declaring a variable.
o Executing statements inside loop.
o Increment or decrement of value of a variable.
* TYPES OF LOOPING STATEMENTS :
Basically, the types of looping statements depends on the condition checking mode. Condition checking can be made
in two ways as : Before loop and after loop. So, there are 2(two) types of looping statements.
 Entry controlled loop
 Exit controlled loop
1. Entry controlled loop :
In such type of loop, the test condition is checked first before the loop is executed.
Some common examples of this looping statements are :
o while loop
o for loop
2. Exit controlled loop :
In such type of loop, the loop is executed first. Then condition is checked after block of statements are executed. The
loop executed atleat one time compulsarily.
Some common example of this looping statement is :
o do-while loop
Break Statement :
Sometimes, it is necessary to exit immediately from a loop as soon as the condition is satisfied.
When break statement is used inside a loop, then it can cause to terminate from a loop. The statements after break
statement are skipped.
Syntax :
break;
Figure :
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate break statement.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 05:32:33 PM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=1; ; i++)
{
if(i>5)
break;
printf("%d",i); // 5 times only
}
getch();
}
Output :
12345_
Break Statement :
Sometimes, it is necessary to exit immediately from a loop as soon as the condition is satisfied.
When break statement is used inside a loop, then it can cause to terminate from a loop. The statements after break
statement are skipped.
Syntax :
break;
Figure :
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate break statement.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=1; ; i++)
{
if(i>5)
break;
printf("%d",i); // 5 times only
}
getch();
}
Continue Statement :
Sometimes, it is required to skip a part of a body of loop under specific conditions. So, C supports 'continue'
statement to overcome this anomaly.
The working structure of 'continue' is similar as that of that break statement but difference is that it cannot terminate
the loop. It causes the loop to be continued with next iteration after skipping statements in between. Continue
statement simply skipps statements and continues next iteration.
Syntax :
continue;
Figure :
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate continue statement.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
if(i==6)
continue;
printf("\n\t %d",i); // 6 is omitted
}
getch();
}
Output :
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
Goto Statement :
It is a well known as 'jumping statement.' It is primarily used to transfer the control of execution to any place in a
program. It is useful to provide branching within a loop.
When the loops are deeply nested at that if an error occurs then it is difficult to get exited from such loops. Simple
break statement cannot work here properly. In this situations, goto statement is used.
Syntax :
goto [expr];
Figure :
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate goto statement.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1, j;
clrscr();
while(i<=3)
{
for(j=1; j<=3; j++)
{
printf(" * ");
if(j==2)
goto stop;
}
i = i + 1;
}
stop:
printf("\n\n Exited !");
getch();
}
Output :
* *
Exited_
Functions in C :
The function is a self contained block of statements which performs a coherent task of a same kind.
C program does not execute the functions directly. It is required to invoke or call that functions. When a function is
called in a program then program control goes to the function body. Then, it executes the statements which are
involved in a function body. Therefore, it is possible to call fuction whenever we want to process that functions
statements.
Types of functions :
There are 2(two) types of functions as:
1. Built in Functions
2. User Defined Functions
1. Built in Functions :
These functions are also called as 'library functions'. These functions are provided by system. These functions are
stored in library files. e.g.
 scanf()
 printf()
 strcpy
 strlwr
 strcmp
 strlen
 strcat
2. User Defined Functions :
The functions which are created by user for program are known as 'User defined functions'.
Syntax:
void main()
{
// Function prototype
<return_type><function_name>([<argu_list>]);
// Function Call
<function_name>([<arguments>]);
}
// Function definition
<return_type><function_name>([<argu_list>]);
{
<function_body>;
}
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void add()
{
int a, b, c;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter Any 2 Numbers : ");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
c = a + b;
printf("\n Addition is : %d",c);
}
void main()
{
void add();
add();
getch();
}
Output :
Enter Any 2 Numbers : 23 6

Addition is : 29_
* Function Call By Passing Value

.
* Function Call By Returning Value
* Function Call By Passing and Returning Value
Advantages :
 It is easy to use.
 Debugging is more suitable for programs.
 It reduces the size of a program.
 It is easy to understand the actual logic of a program.
 Highly suited in case of large programs.
 By using functions in a program, it is possible to construct modular and structured programs.
Function Call by Passing Value :
When a function is called by passing value of variables then that function is known as 'function call by passing values.'
Syntax:
// Declaration
void <function_name>(<data_type><var_nm>)
// Calls
<function_name>(<var_nm>);
// Definition
void <function_name>(<data_type><var_nm>)
{
<function_body>;
- - - - - - - -;
}
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate function call by passing value.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void printno(int a)
{
printf("\n Number is : %d", a);
}
void main()
{
int no;
void printno(int);
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter Number : ");
scanf("%d", &no);
printno(no);
getch();
}
Output :
Enter Number : 21
Number is : 21_
Function Call by Returning Value :
When a function returns value of variables then that function is known as 'function call by returning values.'
Syntax:
// Declaration
<data_type><function_name>();
// Calls
<variable_of_function>=<function_nm>();
// Definition
<data_type><function_name>()
{
<function_body>;
- - - - - - - -;
return <variable_of_function>;
}
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate function call by returning value.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int number()
{
int no;
printf("\n Enter Number : ");
scanf("%d",&no);
return no;
}
void main()
{
int no;
int number();
clrscr();
no = number();
printf("\n Number is : %d",no);
getch();
}
Output :
Enter Number : 5
Number is : 5_
Function Call by Passing and Returning Value :
When a function passes and returns value of variables then that function is known as 'function call by passing and
returning values.'
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate function call by passing
and returning value.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int number(int n)
{
return n;
}
void main()
{
int number(int);
int a = number(4);
clrscr();
printf("\n Number is : %d",a);
getch();
}
Output :
Number is : 4_
Recursion (Recursive Function) :
When a function of body calls the same function then it is called as 'recursive function.'
Example:
Recursion()
{
printf("Recursion !");
Recursion();
}
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate function recursion.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
Recursion()
{
int no;
printf("\nRecursion... ");
printf("\n\n Enter Number : ");
scanf("%d",&no);
if (no==3)
exit(0);
else
Recursion();
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
Recursion();
}
Output :
Recursion...
Enter Number : 2
Recursion...
Enter Number : 1
Recursion...
Enter Number : 3_
Features :
 There should be at least one if statement used to terminate recursion.
 It does not contain any looping statements.
Advantages :
 It is easy to use.
 It represents compact programming strctures.
Disadvantages :
 It is slower than that of looping statements because each time function is called.
Note :
 It can be applied to calcula
Storage Class :
'Storage' refers to the scope of a variable and memory allocated by compiler to store that variable. Scope of a variable
is the boundary within which a varible can be used. Storage class defines the the scope and lifetime of a variable.
From the point view of C compiler, a variable name identifies physical location from a computer where varaible is
stored. There are two memory locations in a computer system where variables are stored as : Memory and CPU
Registers.
Functions of storage class :
To detemine the location of a variable where it is stored ?
Set initial value of a variable or if not specified then setting it to default value.
Defining scope of a variable.
To determine the life of a variable.
Types of Storage Classes :
Storage classes are categorised in 4 (four) types as,
 Automatic Storage Class
 Register Storage Class
 Static Storage Class
 External Storage Class
Automatic Storage Class :
o Keyword : auto
o Storage Location : Main memory
o Initial Value : Garbage Value
o Life : Control remains in a block where it is defined.
o Scope : Local to the block in which variable is declared.
Syntax :
auto [data_type] [variable_name];
Example :
auto int a;
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate automatic storage class.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
auto int i=10;
clrscr();
{
auto int i=20;
printf("\n\t %d",i);
}
printf("\n\n\t %d",i);
getch();
}
Output :
20
10_
Register Storage Class :
o Keyword : register
o Storage Location : CPU Register
o Initial Value : Garbage
o Life : Local to the block in which variable is declared.
o Scope : Local to the block.
Syntax :
register [data_type] [variable_name];
Example :
register int a;
When the calculations are done in CPU, then the value of variables are transferred from main memory to CPU.
Calculations are done and the final result is sent back to main memory. This leads to slowing down of processes.
Register variables occur in CPU and value of that register variable is stored in a register within that CPU. Thus, it
increases the resultant speed of operations. There is no waste of time, getting variables from memory and sending it
to back again.
It is not applicable for arrays, structures or pointers.
It cannot not used with static or external storage class.
Unary and address of (&) cannot be used with these variables as explicitly or implicitly.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate register storage class.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
register int i=10;
clrscr();
{
register int i=20;
}
getch();
}
Output :
20
10_
Static Storage Class :
o Keyword : static
o Initial Value : Zero and can be initialize once only.
o Life : depends on function calls and the whole application or program.
o Scope : Local to the block.
Syntax :
static [data_type] [variable_name];
Example :
static int a;
There are two types of static variables as :
a) Local Static Variable

b) Global Static Variable
Static storage class can be used only if we want the value of a variable to persist between different function calls.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate static storage class.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
void incre(void);
clrscr();
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
incre();
getch();
}
void incre(void)
{
int avar=1;
static int svar=1;
avar++;
svar++;
printf("\n\n Automatic variable value : %d",avar);
printf("\t Static variable value : %d",svar);
}
Output :
Automatic variable value : 2 Static variable value : 2
Automatic variable value : 2 Static variable value : 3
Automatic variable value : 2 Static variable value : 4_

External Storage Class :
o Keyword : extern
o Initial Value : Zero
o Life : Until the program ends.
o Scope : Global to the program.
Syntax :
extern [data_type] [variable_name];
Example :
extern int a;
The variable access time is very fast as compared to other storage classes. But few registers are available for user
programs.
The variables of this class can be referred to as 'global or external variables.' They are declared outside the functions
and can be invoked at anywhere in a program.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate external storage class.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
extern int i=10;

void main()
{
int i=20;
void show(void);
clrscr();
show();
getch();
}
void show(void)
{
}
Output :
20
10_
Array :
Array is a collection of homogenous data stored under unique name. The values in an array is called as 'elements of
an array.' These elements are accessed by numbers called as 'subscripts or index numbers.' Arrays may be of any
variable type.
Array is also called as 'subscripted variable.'
Types of an Array :
1. One / Single Dimensional Array
2. Two Dimensional Array
Single / One Dimensional Array :
The array which is used to represent and store data in a linear form is called as 'single or one dimensional array.'
Syntax:
<data-type> <array_name> [size];
Example:
int a[3] = {2, 3, 5};

char ch[20] = "TechnoExam" ;
float stax[3] = {5003.23, 1940.32, 123.20} ;
Total Size (in Bytes):
total size = length of array * size of data type
In above example, a is an array of type integer which has storage size of 3 elements. The total size would be 3 * 2 =
6 bytes.
* MEMORY ALLOCATION :
Fig : Memory allocation for one dimensional array
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate one dimensional array.
Author :www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3], i;;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t Enter three numbers : ");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &a[i]); // read array
}
printf("\n\n\t Numbers are : ");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf("\t %d", a[i]); // print array
}
getch();
}
Output :
Enter three numbers : 9 4 6
Numbers are : 9 4 6_
Features :
o Array size should be positive number only.
o String array always terminates with null character ('\0').
o Array elements are countered from 0 to n-1.
o Useful for multiple reading of elements (numbers).
Disadvantages :
o There is no easy method to initialize large number of array elements.
o It is difficult to initialize selected elements.
Two Dimensional Array :
The array which is used to represent and store data in a tabular form is called as 'two dimensional array.' Such type of
array specially used to represent data in a matrix form.
The following syntax is used to represent two dimensional array.
Syntax:
<data-type> <array_nm> [row_subscript][column-subscript];
Example:
int a[3][3];
In above example, a is an array of type integer which has storage size of 3 * 3 matrix. The total size would be 3 * 3 *
2 = 18 bytes.
It is also called as 'multidimensional array.'
Fig : Memory allocation for two dimensional array
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate two dimensional array.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][3], i, j;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t Enter matrix of 3*3 : ");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); //read 3*3 array
}
}
printf("\n\t Matrix is : \n");
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("\t %d",a[i][j]); //print 3*3 array
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
Output :
Enter matrix of 3*3 : 3 4 5 6 7 2 1 2 3
Matrix is :
3 4 5
6 7 2
1 2 3_
Limitations of two dimensional array :

o We cannot delete any element from an array.
o If we dont know that how many elements have to be stored in a memory in advance, then there will be
memory wastage if large array size is specified.
Structure :
Structure is user defined data type which is used to store heterogeneous data under unique name. Keyword 'struct'
is used to declare structure.
The variables which are declared inside the structure are called as 'members of structure'.
Syntax:
struct structure_nm
{
<data-type> element 1;
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - -
<data-type> element n;
}struct_var;
Example :
struct emp_info
{
char emp_id[10];
char nm[100];
float sal;
}emp;
Note :
1. Structure is always terminated with semicolon (;).

2. Structure name as emp_info can be later used to declare structure variables of its type in a program.
* INSTANCES OF STRUCTURE :
Instances of structure can be created in two ways as,
Instance 1:
struct emp_info
{
char emp_id[10];
char nm[100];
float sal;
}emp;
Instance 2:
struct emp_info
{
char emp_id[10];
char nm[100];
float sal;
};
struct emp_info emp;
In above example, emp_info is a simple structure which consists of stucture members as Employee ID(emp_id),
Employee Name(nm), Employee Salary(sal).
* ACEESSING STRUCTURE MEMBERS :
Structure members can be accessed using member operator '.' . It is also called as 'dot operator' or 'period
operator'.
structure_var.member;
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate structure.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct comp_info
{
char nm[100];
char addr[100];
}info;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter Company Name : ");
gets(info.nm);
printf("\n Enter Address : ");
gets(info.addr);
printf("\n\n Company Name : %s",info.nm);
printf("\n\n Address : %s",info.addr);
getch();
}
Output :
Enter Company Name : TechnoExam, Technowell Web Solutions

Enter Address : Sangli, Maharashtra, INDIA
Company Name : TechnoExam, Technowell Web Solutions

Address : Sangli, Maharashtra, INDIA_
Pointer :
Pointer is a variable which holds the memory address of another variable. Pointers are represented by '*'. It is a
derive data type in C. Pointer returns the value of stored address.
Syntax:
<data_type> *pointer_name;
In above syntax,
* = variable pointer_name is a pointer variable.
pointer_name requires memory location
pointer_name points to a variable of type data type.
How to Use ?
int *tot;
Illustration :
int tot = 95;
Figure :
In above example, the statement instructs the system to find out a location for integer variable quantity and puts the
values 95 in that memory location.
* Features of Pointer :
* Pointer variable should have prefix '*'.

* Combination of data types is not allowed.
* Pointers are more effective and useful in handling arrays.
* It can also be used to return multiple values from a funtion using function arguments.
* It supports dynamic memory management.
* It reduces complexity and length of a program.
* It helps to improve execution speed that results in reducing program execution time.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate pointer.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10;
int *ptr;
clrscr();
ptr = &a;
printf("\n\t Value of a : %d", a);
scanf("\n\n\t Value of pointer ptr : %d", *ptr);
printf("\n\n\t Address of pointer ptr : %d", ptr);
getch();
}
Output :
Value of a : 10
Value of pointer ptr : 10
Address of pointer ptr : -12_

Union :
Union is user defined data type used to stored data under unique variable name at single memory location.
Union is similar to that of stucture. Syntax of union is similar to stucture. But the major difference between
structure and union is 'storage.' In structures, each member has its own storage location, whereas all the
members of union use the same location. Union contains many members of different types, it can handle only one
member at a time.
To declare union data type, 'union' keyword is used.
Union holds value for one data type which requires larger storage among their members.
Syntax:
union union_name
{
}union_variable;
Example:
union techno
{
int comp_id;
char nm;
float sal;
}tch;
In above example, it declares tch variable of type union. The union contains three members as data type of int, char,
float. We can use only one of them at a time.
Fig : Memory allocation for union

To access union members, we can use the following syntax.
tch.comp_id
tch.nm
tch.sal
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate union.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
union techno
{
int id;
char nm[50];
}tch;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t Enter developer id : ");
scanf("%d", &tch.id);
printf("\n\n\t Enter developer name : ");
scanf("%s", tch.nm);
printf("\n\n Developer ID : %d", tch.id);//Garbage
printf("\n\n Developed By : %s", tch.nm);
getch();
}
Output :
Enter developer id : 101
Enter developer name : technowell
Developer ID : 25972
Developed By : technowell_
String Handling in C :
String :
A string is a collection of characters. Strings are always enlosed in double quotes as "string_constant".
Strings are used in string handling operations such as,
 Counting the length of a string.
 Comparing two strings.
 Copying one string to another.
 Converting lower case string to upper case.
 Converting upper case string to lower case.
 Joining two strings.
 Reversing string.
Declaration :
The string can be declared as follow :
Syntax:
char string_nm[size];
Example:
char name[50];
String Structure :
When compiler assigns string to character array then it automatically suppliesnull character ('\0') at the end of
string. Thus, size of string = original length of string + 1.
char name[7];
name = "TECHNO"
Read Strings :
To read a string, we can use scanf() function with format specifier %s.
char name[50];
scanf("%s",name);
The above format allows to accept only string which does not have any blank space, tab, new line, form feed, carriage
return.
Write Strings :
To write a string, we can use printf() function with format specifier %s.
char name[50];
scanf("%s",name);
printf("%s",name);
string.h' is a header file which includes the declarations, functions, constants of string handling utilities. These string
functions are widely used today by many programmers to deal with string operations.
Some of the standard member functions of string.h header files are,
Function Name Description
strlen - Returns the length of a string.
strlwr - Returns upper case letter to lower case.
strupr - Returns lower case letter to upper case.
strcat - Concatenates two string.
strcmp - Compares two strings.
strrev - Returns length of a string.
strcpy - Copies a string from source to destination.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate string.h header file working.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char str[50];
clrscr();
printf("\n\t Enter your name : ");
gets(str);
printf("\nLower case of string: %s",strlwr(str));
printf("\nUpper case of string: %s",strupr(str));
printf("\nReverse of string: %s",strrev(str));
printf("\nLength of String: %d",strlen(str));
getch();
}
Output :
Enter your name : Technoexam

Lower case of string: technoexam
Upper case of string: TECHNOEXAM
Reverse of string: MAXEONHCET
Length of String: 10_
Header File in C :
Header file contains different predefined functions, which are required to run the program. All header files should be
included explicitly before main ( ) function.
It allows programmers to seperate functions of a program into reusable code or file. It contains declarations of
variables, subroutines. If we want to declare identifiers in more than one source code file then we can declare such
identifiers in header file. Header file has extension like '*.h'. The prototypes of library functions are gathered together
into various categories and stored in header files.
E.g. All prototypes of standard input/output functions are stored in header file 'stdio.h' while console input/output
functions are stored in 'conio.h'.
The header files can be defined or declared in two ways as
Method 1 : #include "header_file-name"
Method 2 : #include <header_file-name>
Method 1 is used to link header files in current directory as well as specified directories using specific path. The path
must be upto 127 characters. This is limit of path declaration. Method 2 is used to link header files in specified
directories only.
Standard Header Files :
Followings are the some commonly used header files which plays a vital role in C programming :
Assert.h Ctype.h Math.h
Process.h Stdio.h Stdlib.h
String.h Time.h Graphics.h
assert.h header file :
↓↓Download assert.h Header File
assert.h is a header file which defines C preprocessor macro as assert(). Macro uses assertion which is used to verify
conditions or assumptions in a program. It prints message when it returnes false.
The use of assert() can be defined as follow :
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate assert.h header file working.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <assert.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
assert(12 == 2);
getch();
}
Output :
Assertion failed: 12==2, file ..\ASSERT.C, line 5

Abnormal program termination
_
ctype.h (Character Functions header file):
↓↓Download ctype.h Header File
It contains the declarations for character functions i.e. it contains information used by the character classification and
character converstion macros.
Some of the standard member functions of ctype.h header files are,
isalnum - checks for alphanumeric character.
isalpha - checks for alphabetic character.
isxdigit - checks for hexadecimal digit.
isupper - checks for upper case character.
isspace - checks for any whitespace character.
ispunct - checks for punctuation character.
isdigit - checks for digits.
islower - checks for lower case characters.
isprint - checks for printable character with space character.
isgraph - checks for graphic character without space character.
Example :
/* Program to demonstrate ctype.h header file working.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
int len, i;
char *str = "TECHNOEXAM";
clrscr();
len = strlen(str);
for(i=1;i<=len;i++)
{
str[i] = tolower(str[i]); //tolower()
}
printf("\n\t Using tolower() : %s"<,str);
for(i=1;i<=len;i++)
{
str[i] = toupper(str[i]); //toupper()
}
printf("\n\n\t Using toupper() : %s",str);
getch();
}
Output :
Using tolower() : Technoexam

process.h header file :
↓↓Download process.h Process File
'process.h' is a header file which includes macros and declarations. These are especially used during work with thread
and processes. There is no standard for process.h functions. They depend on compiler which we use.
Some of the standard member functions of process.h header files are,
It loads & executes new child process by placing it in memory previously

execle -
occupied by the parent process.
Parameters are passed as an array of pointers. It loads & executes new child
spawnv -
process.
getpid - It returns the process identifier.
It loads & executes a new child process by placing it in memory previously

execlp -
occupied by the parent process.
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate process.h header file working.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
// under DOS PSP segment
printf("\n\t Program's process identification");
printf(" number is : %X",getpid());
getch();
}
Output :
Program's process identification number (PID) number is : 8E01_

stdlib.h (Standard Library header file):
↓↓Download stdlib.h Header File
'stdlib' is an acronym for Standard Library. It is header file of standard library in C which contains the functions like
allocation of memory, conversions, process controls and other utilities.
Some of the standard member functions of stdlib.h header files are,
abs - It returns the absolute value of a number.
atof - It converts string into double value.
atoi - It converts string into integer value.
atol - It converts string into long integer value.
abort - It terminates execution as abnormally.
exit - It terminates execution of a program.
malloc - It allocates memory from heap.
realloc - It reallocates the memory.
calloc - It allocates specific memory to array of object of sizes.
free - Releases the momory.
rand - It creates the series of pseudo numbers.
qsort - It sorts an array.

Program :
/* Program to demonstrate stdlib.h header file working.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
char no[10];
clrscr();
printf("\n\t Using abs(-194): %d",abs(-194)); // 1
printf("\n\n\t Enter any number : ");
scanf("%s",no);
printf("\n\t Using atof() : %lf",atof(no)); // 2
printf("\n\n\t Using atoi() : %d",atoi(no)); // 3
getch();
}
Output :
Using abs(-194) : 194
Enter any number : 12
Using atof() : 12.000000
Using atoi() : 12_

The 'graphics.h' header file is used to declare graphics functions. It declares prototypes for the graphics functins.
Some of the standard member functions of graphics.h header files are,
initgraph - Used to initilize graphics and load graphics driver.
line - Used to draw a line as line(x1,y1,x2,y2).
bar - Used to draw rectangle with diagonal, bar(x1,y1,x2,y2).
circle - Used to draw circle, circle(x1,y1,radius).
cleardevice - It clears the graphics screen.

closegraph - Closes or shut downs graphics system.
rectangle - Used to draw a rectangle.
setcolor - It sets the current drawing color.
getcolor - It returns the current drawing color.
floodfill - Used to flood-fill bounded region.
settextstyle - It sets current text features.
ellipse - It draws ellipse, as ellipse(x,y,start,end,xrad,yrad).
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate graphics.h header file working.
Creation Date : 6:12 PM 08/11/2010
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT, gmode;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
circle(70,70,20);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output :

Whatisc?: Execution of C Program

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Whatisc?: Execution of C Program

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Whatisc?: Execution of C Program

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WHAT IS C ?

Escape Sequence Characters (Backslash Character Constants) in C:

1990, 194, -394

'T', '9', '$'

"Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli"

Keyword Format Specifier Size Data Range

char %c 1 Byte -128 to +127

unsigned char <-- -- > 8 Bytes 0 to 255

long int %ld 4 Bytes -231 to +231

unsigned int %u 2 Bytes 0 to 65535

float %f 4 Bytes -3.4e38 to +3.4e38

double %lf 8 Bytes -1.7e38 to +1.7e38

long double %Lf 12-16 Bytes -3.4e38 to +3.4e38

* ENUM DATA TYPE :

enum [data_type] {const1, const2, ...., const n};

enum mca(software, web, seo);

typedef [data_type] synonym;

typedef [data_type] new_data_type;

typedef int integer;

Operator Name Operators

/* Program to demonstrate assignment operator .

Creation Date : 10:05 AM 08/11/2010

Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] */

printf("\n\t Value of A : %d",a); // 53

b = a; // Interchange of value using assignment

printf("\n\n\t Value of B : %d",b); // 53

/* Program to demonstrate arithmetic operators .

Creation Date : 10:03 AM 08/11/2010

Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] */

printf("\n\t Enter First Number :"); // 5

printf("\n\t Enter Second Number :"); // 2

printf("\n\n\t Addition is : %d",c); // 7

printf("\n\n\t Subtraction is : %d",d); // 3

printf("\n\n\t Multiplication is : %d",e); // 10

printf("\n\n\t Division is : %d",f); // 2

printf("\n\n\t Modulus is : %d",g); // 1

/* Program to demonstrate logical operators .

Creation Date : 10:31 AM 08/11/2010

Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] */

int no1=2, no2=5;

printf("\n\n %d",(no1 && no2)); // returns 1

printf("\n\n %d",(no1 || no2)); // returns 1

/* Program to demonstrate Relational operators .

Creation Date : 10:09 AM 08/11/2010

Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] */

int a=6, b=2;

printf("\n\n A<=B : %d",(a<=b)); // 0 - False

printf("\n\n A!=B : %d",(a!=b)); // 1 - True

/* Program to demonstrate shorthand operators .

Creation Date : 10:42 AM 08/11/2010

Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] */

printf("\n\t Value of A : %d",a); // 18

printf("\n\t Using of B : %d",b); // 4

printf("\n\n\t Using += (i.e b=b+a): %d",b); // 22

// Change the operator as -=, *=, /=, %=

Creation Date : 10:57 AM 08/11/2010

Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] */

printf("\n\n Value of A : %d",a); // 4