viii Contents

1.5 Collapse Patterns .............................................................................................40

1.5.1 Earthquake Collapse Patterns ............................................................ 41
1.5.1.1 Unintended Addition of Stiffness ....................................... 41
1.5.1.2 Inadequate Beam–Column Joint Strength.......................... 42
1.5.1.3 Tension/Compression Failures ............................................ 42
1.5.1.4 Wall-to-Roof Interconnection Failure ................................ 43
1.5.1.5 Local Column Failure ......................................................... 43
1.5.1.6 Heavy Floor Collapse .........................................................44
1.5.1.7 Torsion Effects ....................................................................44
1.5.1.8 Soft First-Story Collapse .................................................... 45
1.5.1.9 Midstory Collapse............................................................... 45
1.5.1.10 Pounding ............................................................................. 45
1.5.1.11 P-Δ Effect............................................................................ 45
1.5.2 Collapse due to Wind Storms ............................................................. 47
1.5.3 Explosion Effects................................................................................ 47
1.5.4 Progressive Collapse .......................................................................... 47
1.5.4.1 Design Alternatives for Reducing Progressive
Collapse .............................................................................. 49
1.5.4.2 Guidelines for Achieving Structural Integrity .................... 49
1.5.5 Blast Protection of Buildings: The New SEI Standard ...................... 50
1.6 Buckling of a Tall Building under Its Own Weight......................................... 50
1.6.1 Circular Building................................................................................ 51
1.6.1.1 Building Characteristics ..................................................... 52
1.6.2 Rectangular Building ......................................................................... 53
1.6.2.1 Building Characteristics ..................................................... 53
1.6.3 Comments on Stability Analysis ........................................................ 53

Chapter 2 Gravity Systems ......................................................................................................... 55

2.1 Formwork Considerations ............................................................................... 55
2.1.1 Design Repetition ............................................................................... 58
2.1.2 Dimensional Standards ...................................................................... 58
2.1.3 Dimensional Consistency ................................................................... 59
2.1.4 Horizontal Design Techniques ...........................................................60
2.1.5 Vertical Design Strategy .................................................................... 63
2.2 Floor Systems .................................................................................................. 65
2.2.1 Flat Plates ........................................................................................... 65
2.2.2 Flat Slabs ............................................................................................ 65
2.2.2.1 Column Capitals and Drop Panels ......................................66
2.2.2.2 Comments on Two-Way Slab Systems ............................... 67
2.2.3 Waffle Systems ................................................................................... 67
2.2.4 One-Way Concrete Ribbed Slabs ....................................................... 67
2.2.5 Skip Joist System ................................................................................ 67
2.2.6 Band Beam System ............................................................................ 68
2.2.7 Haunch Girder and Joist System ........................................................ 70
2.2.8 Beam and Slab System ....................................................................... 73
2.3 Design Methods ............................................................................................... 73
2.3.1 One-Way and Two-Way Slab Subassemblies ..................................... 73
2.3.2 Direct Design Method for Two-Way Systems .................................... 74
2.3.3 Equivalent Frame Method .................................................................. 75