Depar

tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

A
SEMI
NARREPORT
ON
THEFUTUREOFENERGYBI
OBATTERY

Submitt
edinpar
ti
alf
ulf
il
lmentinVIIsemest
erElect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingfort
heawardofthedegreeofTechnol
ogyunderthe
af
fil
iat
ionof

Raj
ast
hanTechni
calUni
ver
sit
y,Kot
a

Sessi
on2019-
20

Submitt
edto: Submi
tt
edby
:
Mr .Pr
erakbhar
dwaj
(HeadofDepar
tment
) DeepakMeena(
16EJCEE402)

DEPARTMENTOFELECTRI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG

JAI
PURENGI
NEERI
NGCOLLEGEANDRESEARCHCENTRE,
JAI
PUR

1
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

CANDI
DATE’
SDECLARATI
ON

Weher ebydeclarethatthewor kwhi chisbei

ngpresentedi nt
hisSemi narenti
tled,
"THEFUTUREOFENERGYBI OBATTERY"submi tt
edtoJai purEngineeringCollege
andResearchCent re,Jaipuri
nt heparti
alful
fi
ll
mentoft herequir
ement sinVI I
semesterElect
ricalEngineeri
ngf ortheawardofthedegr eeofBachel orof
TechnologyinElectri
calEngineering,i
sanauthenti
crecor dofourownwor kcar r
ied
outfr
om Januar y2020t oApr i
l,
2020undert hesupervi
sionofMs.Pr erakbhardwaj,
HeadofDepar t
ment ,ELECTRICALENGI NEERI
NGi nJaipurEngineeringCollegeand
ResearchCentre,Jaipur

Themat
terembodi
edi
nthi
ssemi
narr
epor
thasnotbeensubmi
tt
edbyusf
ort
he
awar
dofanyot ee.
herdegr

Pl
ace:
JECRC,
Jai
pur Nameofst
udent
swi
thsi
gnat
ure

Dat
e:05-
05-
2020 1.DeepakMeena[
16EJCEE402]

Thi
sist
ocer
ti
fyt
hatt
heabov
est
atementmadebyt
hecandi
dat
esi
scor
rectt
othe
bestofmyknowl
edge.

Semi
nargui
de

Pr
erakbhar
dwaj

2
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Wewoul
dli
ket
oexpr
essourgr
ati
tudet
oMr
.Pr
erakbhar
dwajHeadof
,Depar
tmentof
el
ect
ri
calengi
neer
ing,Jai
purEngi
neer
ingCol
legeandResear
chCent
re,Jai
purf
orpr
ovi
ding
usanoppor
tuni
tyt
opr
esentt
hispr
oject
.andf
orgui
dingmeandmot
ivat
ingmet
oaccompl
i
sh
t
hist
ask.

Weexpr
essmysi
ncer
ethankst
oal
might
yforgi
vi
ngmet
heabi
l
ityt
odot
hisj
obsuccessf
ull
y.
Ial
sot
hankmypar
ent
sandcl
assmat
es,wi
thoutwhosemor
alsuppor
t,i
twoul
dhav
ebeen
i
mpossi
blet
ofi
nisht
hist
ask.

Dat
e:05-
05-
2020 NameofSt
udent
s

Pl
ace:
JECRC,
Jai
pur 1.DeepakMeena[
16EJCEE402]

3
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

Abst
ract

Thi
sbi
obat
ter
y,whi
chi
sbasedonmechani
smsusedi
n
l
i
vingor
gani
sm,
isnotonl
yfr
iendl
ytot
heenv
ironmentbut
al
sohasgr
eatpot
ent
ial
foruseasanener
gysour
ce.
Thi
s
pr
otot
ypebi
obat
ter
yhasachi
evedt
hewor
ld’
shi
ghest
powerout
putof50mW*
2whenempl
oyedf
orapassi
ve
t
ype*
1sy
stem.Theser
esear
chr
esul
tswer
epubl
i
shedat
t
he234t
hAmer
icanChemi
cal
Soci
etyNat
ional
Meet
ing&
Exposi
ti
oni
nAugust2007andear
nedr
espectf
rom an
academi
cpoi
ntofv
iew.
Sonysuccessf
ull
ydemonst
rat
ed
bi
obat
ter
ypower
edmusi
cpl
aybackwi
thamemor
yty
pe
Wal
kmanandpassi
vespeaker
s(whi
choper
ateonpower
suppl
i
edbyt
heWal
kman)byconnect
ingf
ourbi
obat
ter
y
uni
tsi
nser
ies.Thecaseoft
hisbi
obat
ter
y,whi
chi
smade
f
rom anor
gani
cpl
ast
ic(
pol
yl
act
ate)
,isdesi
gnedt
obe
r
emi
niscentofal
i
vingcel
l
.Pl
ant
scr
eat
ecar
bohy
drat
es
andoxy
genbyphot
osy
nthesi
sfr
om car
bondi
oxi
deand
wat
er.Ani
mal
stakeupt
hosecar
bohy
drat
esandoxy
gen
andut
il
izet
hem asanener
gysour
ceandr
eleasecar
bon
di
oxi
deandwat
er.Thent
hiscy
clest
art
sagai
n.Si
ncet
he
car
bondi
oxi
dei
srecy
cledi
nthi
ssy
stem,
theamountof
car
bondi
oxi
dei
ntheat
mospher
edoesnoti
ncr
ease.I
f
el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gycoul
dbedi
rect
lyacqui
redf
rom t
hiscy
cle,

4
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

wecoul
dobt
ainmor
eenv
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
yener
gyt
han
t
hatf
rom f
ossi
lfuel
s.Fur
ther
mor
e,r
enewabl
eener
gy
sour
cessuchasgl
ucose(
whi
chi
spr
esenti
npl
ant
sand
t
her
efor
eabundant
lyav
ail
abl
e)hav
eanex
tremel
yhi
gh
ener
gydensi
ty.Onebowl
ofr
ice(
about100gr
ams)i
s
equi
val
entt
o160ki
l
ocal
ori
es,
whi
chcor
respondst
othe
ener
gyabout64AAal
kal
i
nedr
ycel
l
s.Ther
efor
e,t
hisbi
o
bat
ter
y,whi
chi
sbasedonEner
gyf
oract
ivi
ty,
thati
sthe
ATPandt
her
mal
ener
gycommonl
yusedi
nthel
i
ving
or
gani
sm,
canbeobt
ainedf
rom t
heexchangeoft
he
el
ect
ronsandpr
otonst
hrought
heset
woenzy
mat
ic
r
eact
ions.Tot
akeadv
ant
ageoft
hisl
i
vingor
gani
sm
mechani
sm,
theener
gyf
oract
ivi
tyf
rom i
nsi
det
he
or
gani
sm mustber
emov
edout
sidet
heor
gani
sm as
el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy.
Thati
s,whent
heel
ect
ronsandpr
otons
mov
efr
om enzy
met
oenz
yme,
iti
snecessar
ytoext
ract
j
ustt
heel
ect
ronsanddi
ver
tthem t
hroughasepar
atepat
h.
ThusSonyusedanel
ect
ront
ranspor
tmedi
atorsot
hat
el
ect
ronscoul
dbeexchangedsmoot
hlybet
weent
he
enzy
mesandt
heel
ect
rodest
hatar
etheent
ranceandexi
t
t
othatdet
our
.Thepr
inci
plesoft
hebi
obat
ter
yar
ebased
ont
heener
gyconv
ersi
onmechani
sm i
nli
vi
ngor
gani
sms.
Howev
er,
inor
dert
ocr
eat
ethebi
obat
ter
y,sev
eral
t
echnol
ogi
esneededt
obedev
eloped.
Thesei
ncl
ude

5
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

i
mmobi
l
izat
ionofenzy
mest
hatar
enor
mal
l
yincompat
ibl
e
wi
thcar
bonandmet
alel
ect
rodes,
elect
rodest
ruct
ures,
andel
ect
rol
ytes.mechani
smsusedi
nli
vi
ngor
gani
sms,
is
notonl
yfr
iendl
ytot
heenv
ironmentbuti
sal
sol
i
kel
ytobe
ofpr
act
ical
useasanener
gysour
ce.Sonyhasf
ocusedon
t
heseadv
ant
agessi
nce2001andhasdev
elopedan
el
ect
ri
cal
powergener
ati
ondev
icet
hatusesmechani
sms
si
mil
art
othosei
nli
vi
ngor
gani
sms.
TheMechani
sm
behi
ndBi
oBat
ter
yLi
keaconv
ent
ional
fuel
cel
lbat
ter
y,Bi
o
Bat
ter
ybasi
cal
l
yconsi
stsofananode,
cat
hode,
elect
rol
yte
andsepar
ator
.Howev
er,
BioBat
ter
yhascer
tai
nspeci
fi
c
char
act
eri
sti
cs.Fi
rst
,bi
ologi
cal
enzy
mesar
eusedas
cat
aly
stsf
ort
heanodeandcat
hode.Second,
enz
ymes
andel
ect
roni
cmedi
ator
s(whi
cht
ransf
erel
ect
rons
bet
weenenzy
mes,
andbet
weenenz
ymesandel
ect
rodes)
ar
efi
xedont
heanodeandcat
hode.

6
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

LI
STOFCONTENTS

Chapt
erNo.Ti
tl
e Page
No.
Candi
dat
e’sDecl
arat
ion 2

Acknowl
edgement 3

Abst
ract 4

Cont
ent
s 7

Li
stofFi
gur
es 9

Chapt
er1 I
ntr
oduct
ion
1.
1 I
ntr
oduct
ionofsemi
nar 11
1.
2 Necessi
ti
es 12

1.
3 Theme 13

Chapt
er2 Li
ter
atur
esur
vey 16

2.
1 I
ntr
oduct
ion 16

2.
2 Hi
stor
yofbi
obat
ter
y 17

Chapt
er3 Sy
stem dev
elopment 21

3.
1 I
ntr
oduct
ion 21

3.
2 Wor
king 22

3.
3 Feat
ures 23

3.
4 Speci
fi
cat
ions 30

7
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

er4 Advant
Chapt ages 31

4.
1 Bi
obat
ter
yadv
ant
ages 31

Chapt
er5 Appl
icat
ionofbi
obat
ter
y 32

5.
1 Appl
i
cat
ionbi
obat
ter
y 32

Chapt
er6 Fut
ureofbi
obat
ter
y 33

6.
1 Fut
ureofbi
obat
ter
y 33

Chapt
er7 Concl
usi
on 34

Ref
erence

8
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

Li
stofFi
gur
es

Fi
gno. Name Page
No.

1.
1 Bl
ockDi
agr
am ofbi
obat
ter
y 11

1.
2 Car
boncy
cle 13

1.
3 St
ackedbi
obat
ter
y 14
2.
1 Tr
adi
ti
onal
bat
ter
ypr
inci
ples 16

2.
2 Anmp3power
edbyabi
obat
ter
y 18

2.
3 Bact
eri
apr
oduceener
gy 19
3.
1 Pr
inci
plesoff
uel
cel
l 21

3.
2 Wor
kingofbi
obat
ter
y 22

3.
3 El
ementofbi
obat
ter
y 23

3.
4 Enzy
mesusedt
oconv
ertsuperdi
rect
lyi
ntoel
ect
ri
cal 24
ener
gy

3.
5 Enz
ymesex
tract
edf
rom 24

mi
croor
gani
sms

3.
6 Si
ngl
ecel
lbi
obat
ter
y 25

3.
7 Si
xcel
lbi
obat
ter
y 27

3.
8 Mi
cropr
ocessorandLCDpower
edbi
obat
ter
y 28

3.
9 Sensorandwi
rel
esst
ransmi
tt
err
unni
ngonbi
obat
ter
y 28

9
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

3.
10 Cel
lst
ackbi
obat
ter
y 29

10
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Abi
o-bat
ter
yisanener
gyst
ori
ngdev
icet
hati
spower
edbyor
gani
c
compounds.Bi
o-Bat
ter
ygener
atesel
ect
ri
cit
yfr
om r
enewabl
efuel
s(gl
ucose,
sucr
ose,f
ruct
ose,et
c)pr
ovi
ding a sust
ained,on-
demand por
tabl
e power
sour
ce.Whenenzy
mesi
nourbodi
esbr
eakdowngl
ucose,sev
eralel
ect
rons
andpr
otonsar
erel
eased.Ther
efor
e,byusi
ngenzy
mest
obr
eakdowngl
ucose,
bi
o-bat
ter
iesdi
rect
lyr
ecei
veener
gyf
rom gl
ucose.Thesebat
ter
iest
henst
ore
t
hisener
gyf
orl
ateruse.Thi
sconcepti
sal
mosti
dent
icalt
ohowbot
hpl
ant
s
and many ani
mal
s obt
ain ener
gy. Bi
o bat
ter
y use bi
ocat
aly
st,ei
ther
bi
omol
ecul
essuchasenzy
mesorev
enwhol
eli
vi
ngor
gani
sm t
ocat
aly
ze
oxi
dat
ionofbi
omass-
basedmat
eri
alsf
orgener
ati
ngel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy.

FI
G:ABi
oBat
ter
y

Bi
o Bat
ter
y can be cal
l
ed as ener
gy accumul
ated dev
ice t
hati
s
mot
ori
zed byor
gani
ccompounds,usual
l
ybei
ng gl
ucose,l
i
ke gl
ucose i
n
humanbl
ood.Manyel
ect
ronsandpr
otonsar
erel
easedduet
obr
eakdownof
gl
ucosebyenzy
mespr
esenti
nourbody
.Thus,bi
obat
ter
iesdi
rect
lyget
ener
gyf
rom gl
ucosebyusi
ngenzy
mespr
esenti
nahumanbodybr
eakdown
gl
ucose.Ani
nter
est
ingf
acti
sthatbact
eri
acangener
ateel
ect
ri
cit
ywhena
pr
otei
nint
hei
rcel
lmembr
anes get
sint
ouch wi
th a mi
ner
alsur
face.
Shewanel
l
aonei
densi
sismar
inebact
eri
athatcandev
elopel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
s
whenbar
edt
oheav
ymet
alsl
i
kei
ronandmanganese.Thesepr
otei
nscan
t
ransmi
tel
ect
ronst
ransv
ersel
yamembr
aneatar
atef
ast
erenoughsot
hat
t
heener
gypr
oducedi
ssuf
fi
cientsot
hatbact
eri
acansur
viv
e.Funct
ioni
ngof
t
hesebact
eri
awi
l
lhel
psci
ent
ist
sinmaki
ngt
hosebi
obat
ter
iest
hatcoul
d
st
oreener
gyf
orsensor
sinr
emot
eenv
ironment
.

11
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

Humanbl
oodandsugargl
ucosear
econsi
der
edasmostpr
icel
esssour
cesof
powerbecause t
hey happen nat
ural
l
y,ar
e easy t
o getand no har
mful
emi
ssi
onsar
erepr
oduced.Anot
heri
nter
est
ingbat
ter
yuseshumanur
ineas
i
tsf
uel
.Thesi
zeoft
hedev
icei
sli
keacr
edi
tcar
dsi
zeandmi
ghtf
ormt
he
sour
ceofeconomi
cal
,di
sposabl
edi
seaset
est
ingki
ts.Whatmakesi
tmor
e
usef
uli
sthatt
hebat
ter
yand dev
icesf
ort
est
ing i
sincor
por
ated i
n one
di
sposabl
echi
p

1.
1Necessi
ty
Ther
ear
esev
eralr
easonst
oresear
chal
ter
nat
ivef
uelsour
ces.Forone,
i
tmayl
eadt
oanal
ter
nat
ivesol
uti
ont
oourdependenceonoi
landot
hert
ypes
ofener
gysour
cest
hathar
mtheenv
ironment
.Al
so,f
rom amedi
calpoi
ntof
v
iew,dev
elopi
ngsmal
lbat
ter
iest
hatcanbepower
edbyahumanbodymy
pr
over
evol
uti
onar
yformanyr
easons:heal
thcompl
i
cat
ions/
cost
/av
ail
abi
l
ity
.
Car
bohy
drat
es(
glucose)ar
ebr
okendownt
orel
easeener
gyandgener
ate
el
ect
ri
cit
y.Thi
sbi
obat
ter
y,whi
chi
sbasedonmechani
smsusedi
nli
vi
ng
or
gani
sm,i
snotonl
yfr
iendl
ytot
heenv
ironmentbutal
sohasgr
eatpot
ent
ial
f
oruseasanener
gysour
ce.

Unl
i
kef
ossi
lfuel
s,car
bohy
drat
es(
glucose)ar
ecar
bonneut
ralanddo
notcont
ri
but
etoi
ncr
easesi
ncar
bondi
oxi
de.Thei
mpor
tantconst
rai
ntsl
i
ke
ener
gy densi
ty,si
ze/
wei
ght
,inst
antr
echar
ge,f
lexi
ble shape,r
enewabl
e
bi
ocat
aly
sts,r
oom t
emper
atur
eoper
ati
on,andr
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
efuelsour
ce
cr
eat
edt
henecessi
tyofbat
ter
ieswhi
chcanber
enewabl
eandacont
inuous
sour
ceofener
gy.Thei
nvent
ionofBi
obat
ter
iescont
ri
but
eingoodwi
l
loft
he
env
ironmentbutel
i
minat
ing t
heshor
tfal
l
sof
fer
ed byt
radi
ti
onalbat
ter
ies
madeupofmet
alpl
ates.

12
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

Fi
g:Car
boncy
cle

Pl
ant
scr
eat
ebot
hcar
bohy
drat
esandoxy
genbyphot
osy
nthesi
sfr
om
car
bondi
oxi
deandwat
er.Ani
mal
stakeupt
hosecar
bohy
drat
esandoxy
gen
andut
il
izet
hem asanener
gysour
ceandr
eleasecar
bondi
oxi
deandwat
er.
Thent
hiscy
clest
art
sagai
n.Si
ncet
hecar
bondi
oxi
dei
srecy
cledi
nthi
s
sy
stem,
theamountofcar
bondi
oxi
dei
ntheat
mospher
edoesnoti
ncr
ease.I
f
el
ect
ri
calener
gycoul
dbedi
rect
lyacqui
redf
rom t
hiscy
cle,wecoul
dobt
ain
mor
eenv
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
yener
gyt
hant
hatf
rom f
ossi
lfuel
s.Fur
ther
mor
e,
r
enewabl
eener
gysour
cessuchasgl
ucose(
whi
chi
spr
esenti
npl
ant
sand
t
her
efor
e abundant
ly av
ail
abl
e)hav
e an ext
remel
y hi
gh ener
gy densi
ty.
Bat
ter
iescont
aini
ngheav
ymet
alsposeadangert
obot
htheenv
ironmentand
humanheal
th.Bi
obat
ter
iest
hathav
ebeendev
elopedi
nrecenty
ear
sneedt
o
bepl
acedi
nsepar
atecompar
tment
sforwast
esepar
ati
on.Buti
nthenear
f
utur
e,i
tmaybepossi
blet
ocompl
etel
yav
oidmet
alsi
nourbat
ter
ies.

1.
2Theme

Bi
obat
ter
y,whi
chi
sbasedonEner
gyf
oract
ivi
ty,t
hati
stheATPand
t
her
malener
gycommonl
yusedi
nthel
i
vingor
gani
sm,canbeobt
ainedf
rom
t
heexchangeoft
heel
ect
ronsandpr
otonst
hrought
heset
woenzy
mat
ic
r
eact
ions.Tot
akeadv
ant
ageoft
hisl
i
vingor
gani
sm mechani
sm,t
heener
gy

13
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

f
oract
ivi
tyf
rom i
nsi
det
heor
gani
sm mustber
emov
edout
sidet
heor
gani
sm
asel
ect
ri
calener
gy.Thati
s,whent
heel
ect
ronsandpr
otonsmov
efr
om
enzy
met
oenzy
me,i
tisnecessar
ytoext
ractj
ustt
heel
ect
ronsanddi
ver
t
t
hem t
hroughasepar
atepat
h.ThusSonyusedanel
ect
ront
ranspor
tmedi
ator
sot
hat
elect
ronscoul
dbeexchangedsmoot
hlybet
weent
heenzy
mesandt
he
el
ect
rodest
hatar
etheent
ranceandexi
ttot
hatdet
our
.Thepr
inci
plesoft
he
bi
obat
ter
yar
ebasedont
heener
gyconv
ersi
onmechani
sm i
nli
vi
ngor
gani
sms.

Howev
er,i
n or
dert
o cr
eat
ethe bi
o bat
ter
y,sev
eralt
echnol
ogi
es
neededt
obedev
eloped.Thesei
ncl
udei
mmobi
l
izat
ionofenzy
mest
hatar
e
nor
mal
l
yincompat
ibl
ewi
thcar
bonandmet
alel
ect
rodes,
elect
rodest
ruct
ures,
andel
ect
rol
ytes.Mechani
smsusedi
nli
vi
ngor
gani
sms,
arenot
onl
yfr
iendl
yto
t
heenv
ironmentbuti
sal
sol
i
kel
ytobeofpr
act
icaluseasanener
gysour
ce.
Thi
spr
otot
ypebi
obat
ter
y hasachi
evedt
hewor
ld’
shi
ghestpowerout
putof
50mW*
2.

Fi
g-3:St
ackedBi
oBat
ter
y

Ther
ear
etwo t
ypesofBi
o bat
ter
iesPassi
vesy
stem t
ype& Act
ivet
ype
sy
stem.I
npassi
vet
ypesy
stem r
eact
ivesubst
ancesar
eabsor
bedi
ntot
he
el
ect
rodest
hroughapr
ocessofnat
uraldi
ff
usi
on.I
nact
ivet
ypesy
stem t
he
r
eact
ivesubst
ancear
eint
roducedbyf
orcebyt
echni
queasst
ri
ng,
conv
ect
ion.
Bi
obat
ter
ies
wor
ksi
mil
arl
ytot
hemet
abol
i
cpr
ocessi
nourbodi
es,
ormor
especi
fi
cal
l
ythe
met
abol
i
cpr
ocessesi
nrumi
nant
sandt
ermi
test
hathav
etheabi
l
ityt
odi
gest

14
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

cel
l
ulose.Enzy
mesbr
eakdowncel
l
ulosei
ntogl
ucose,
acent
ral
ener
gysour
ce
i
nbot
hani
malandpl
antmet
abol
i
sm andacl
eanener
gysour
cewhi
l
ebi
o-
bat
ter
yismor
eenv
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
ytor
ecy
clet
hanmet
al-
basedbat
ter
ies
asi
tcr
eat
esi
tsownener
gyf
rom t
he
cel
l
ulosef
oundi
ncar
dboar
dandpaper
.

15
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

2.LI
TERATURESURVEY
2.
1Int
roduct
ion
El
ect
ri
cit
y,asweal
readyknow,i
sthef
low ofel
ect
ronst
hrougha
conduct
ivepat
hli
keawi
re.Thi
spat
hiscal
l
edaci
rcui
t.Bat
ter
ieshav
ethr
ee
par
ts,ananode(
-)
,acat
hode(
+),
andt
heel
ect
rol
yte.Thecat
hodeandanode
(
theposi
ti
veandnegat
ivesi
desatei
therendofat
radi
ti
onalbat
ter
y)ar
e
hookedupt
oanel
ect
ri
cal
cir
cui
t.

Fi
g-4:Tr
adi
ti
onal
Bat
ter
yPr
inci
ple
Thechemi
calr
eact
ionsi
nthebat
ter
ycauseabui
l
dupofel
ect
ronsat
t
heanode.Thi
sresul
tsi
nanel
ect
ri
caldi
ff
erencebet
weent
heanodeandt
he
cat
hode.Youcant
hinkoft
hisdi
ff
erenceasanunst
abl
ebui
l
d-upoft
he
el
ect
rons.Theel
ect
ronswantt
orear
ranget
hemsel
vest
o getr
id oft
his
di
ff
erence.Butt
heydot
hisi
nacer
tai
nway
.El
ect
ronsr
epeleachot
herandt
ry
t
ogot
oapl
acewi
thf
ewerel
ect
rons.I
nabat
ter
y,t
heonl
ypl
acet
ogoi
stot
he
cat
hode.But
,theel
ect
rol
ytekeepst
heel
ect
ronsf
rom goi
ngst
rai
ghtf
rom t
he
anodet
othecat
hodewi
thi
nthebat
ter
y.Whent
heci
rcui
tiscl
osed(
awi
re
connect
sthecat
hodeandt
heanode)t
he el
ect
ronswi
l
lbeabl
etogett
othe
cat
hode.I
nthepi
ctur
eabov
e,t
heel
ect
ronsgot
hrought
hewi
re,l
i
ght
ingt
he
l
i
ghtbul
bal
ongt
heway
.Thi
sisonewayofdescr
ibi
nghowel
ect
ri
calpot
ent
ial
causesel
ect
ronst
ofl
owt
hrought
heci
rcui
t.

Howev
er,t
heseel
ect
rochemi
calpr
ocesseschanget
hechemi
cal
sin

16
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

anodeandcat
hodet
omaket
hem st
opsuppl
yi
ngel
ect
rons.Sot
her
eisa
l
i
mit
edamountofpowerav
ail
abl
einabat
ter
y.Whenwer
echar
geabat
ter
y,
y
ouchanget
hedi
rect
ionoft
hef
lowofel
ect
ronsusi
nganot
herpowersour
ce,
suchassol
arpanel
s.Theel
ect
rochemi
calpr
ocesseshappeni
nrev
erse,and
t
heanodeandcat
hodear
erest
oredt
othei
ror
igi
nalst
ateandcanagai
n
pr
ovi
def
ull
power
.

2.
2Hi
stor
y
Asanel
ect
ri
calsi
gnalcani
nduceabi
ologi
calr
eact
ion;
ther
ever
sei
nis
al
sot
ruei
nmostoft
hecasesandi
nthi
swaybi
ologi
calpr
ocessescanbe
usedt
ogener
ateel
ect
ri
cit
yforpower
ingel
ect
ri
calequi
pment
.Ev
ent
hough
t
heBi
ofuelcel
l
shav
ebeen known f
oral
mostacent
urysi
ncet
hef
ir
st
mi
crobi
alBFC(
Biof
uelcel
l
s)wasdemonst
rat
edi
n1912,
thef
ir
stenzy
me-
basedbi
o-f
uelcel
lwasr
epor
tedonl
yin1964usi
nggl
ucoseoxi
dize(
GOx)as
t
heanodi
ccat
aly
standgl
ucoseast
hebi
o-f
uel
.

Thef
ir
stBi
oBat
ter
y:
TheBi
oBat
ter
y,basedont
hewor
kofPr
ofessorKenj
iKano(
Kyot
o
Uni
ver
sit
y),i
sat
ype of bat
ter
ythat uses ener
gy sour
ces such as
car
bohy
drat
es,ami
noaci
dsandenzy
mesf
rom av
ari
etyofsour
ces.anode
consi
sts of sugar
-di
gest
ing enzy
mes and medi
ator
,and t
he cat
hode
composesofoxy
genr
educi
ngenzy
mesandmedi
ator
.Themedi
ator
sint
his
casear
eVi
tami
nK3f
ort
heanodeandpot
assi
um f
err
icy
ani
def
ort
hecat
hode.
Whensugari
saddedt
othemi
xtur
e,t
heanodegar
ner
stheel
ect
ronsand
hy
drogeni
ons.Whent
hebat
ter
ygener
atespower
,thepr
otonst
rav
elt
othe
cat
hodet
hrought
heel
ect
rol
ytet
ocombi
newi
tht
heoxy
gent
opr
oducewat
er.
Si
nce t
he bi
ocat
aly
sts(
enzy
mes) ar
ever
y sel
ect
ive cat
aly
tical
l
y,t
he
mi
niat
uri
zedbi
o-f
uelcel
lcoul
dinpr
inci
plebef
abr
icat
edasamembr
ane-
less
f
uel
cel
l
.

Bi
oBat
ter
yusi
ngCar
bohy
drat
es
SonyCor
por
ati
on(
Japan)hasdev
elopedabi
o-bat
ter
ywi
thapeakpower
out
putof50mW,whi
chcoul
dpowerapor
tabl
eMP3pl
ayer
.OnAugust23,

17
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

2007 Sony announced he dev

elopmentofa bi
o bat
ter
ythatgener
ates
el
ect
ri
cit
yfr
om car
bohy
drat
es (
sugar
)ut
il
izi
ng enzy
mes as i
ts cat
aly
st,
t
hrough t
he appl
i
cat
ion of power gener
ati
on r
inci
ples f
ound i
nli
vi
ng
or
gani
sms.

Fi
g-5:AnMp3power
edbyaBi
obat
ter
y

RecentBi
oBat
ter
iesusi
ngBl
oodandSweat
:
“I
tsf
lexi
ble,
itcanbeshapedorf
olded,
&canpokeahol
eini
t&i
tst
il
l
wor
ks”say
schemi
stROBERTLI
NHARDT,amemberofr
esear
cht
eam t
hat
dev
elopedt
henewbi
obat
ter
ymadef
rom paper&car
bonnanot
ubeswor
king
atRENSSELAR POLYTECHNI
CINSTI
TUTE I
N NEWYORK,easi
l
yimpl
ant
ed
di
rect
lyundert
heski
nunl
i
kemet
albat
ter
ies.

TheLat
estBi
oBat
ter
yusi
ngVi
rus:
Sci
ent
ist
sengi
neer
edav
irusatt
he“
MIT”t
hatcoul
dfor
m abat
ter
y3
t
imesmor
epower
fult
hant
hosef
oundi
ngadget
stoday
.PROBLEM:v
iruscan
mut
ate&canspr
eadbyai
r.Sowhent
hesebat
ter
iesr
unourl
apt
opwer
eal
l
y
hav
etowat
chwhi
chv
irust
oremov
e.

Bi
oBat
ter
yusi
ngBact
eri
a:
Bi
elef
eldi
GEM t
eam i
sto dev
elop anenv
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
ybi
o-
bat
ter
y(Mi
crobi
alf
uelcel
l--MFC)
,whi
chdi
rect
lyt
ransf
ormsbact
eri
aint
o
ener
gy.Bat
ter
ies such as t
hese wor
kint
he same wayas conv
ent
ional
bat
ter
ies,butwi
thanodeandt
hecat
hodecomponent
s,j
ustl
i
ket
hebat
ter
ies
now i
ncur
renthousehol
duse.Apar
tl
yper
meabl
emembr
anesepar
atest
he

18
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

t
woar
eas.I
ncont
rastt
oconv
ent
ionalbat
ter
ies,
howev
er,
ther
ear
ebact
eri
ain
t
heanodear
eaoft
hebi
o-bat
ter
yinst
eadofel
ect
rol
ytes.Thesebr
eakdown
subst
rat
es,i
nthi
s case gl
ucose,i
n a met
abol
i
cpr
ocess.Thi
s pr
oduces
el
ect
ronst
hataf
terst
art
ingf
rom t
heanodear
efi
nal
l
ydel
i
ver
edi
nanext
ernal
l
oopt
othecat
hode.Theext
ernalci
rcui
tist
hent
heonewi
tht
hebat
ter
y-
power
edappl
i
cat
ion,f
orexampl
e,f
orl
i
ght
sorsmal
lmot
ors.I
nthi
sway
,
bact
eri
a can pr
oduce el
ect
ri
c ener
gy.The bi
o-bat
ter
yof
fer
s an ar
rayof
adv
ant
ages.Duet
othei
rsi
mpl
e onst
ruct
iont
heycanbeusedi
nregi
onsher
e
t
her
eisshor
tageofel
ect
ri
cit
y,f
orexampl
e,suchasi
ndev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es.
Anadv
ant
aget
hatt
hebi
o-bat
ter
yhasov
erot
herr
egener
ati
veener
gysour
ces,
suchassol
arandwi
ndpoweri
sthatt
heyar
enotdependentont
heweat
her
.
I
nthecaseofbi
o-bat
ter
ies,t
hemor
enour
ishmentt
hebact
eri
arecei
vet
he
mor
e ener
gy t
hey pr
oduce. What i
s mor
e, i
n t
heor
y bact
eri
a ar
e
ani
nexhaust
ibl
esour
ceofener
gyast
heymul
ti
plyqui
ckl
ywhensuppl
i
edwi
th
subst
rat
es.
[5]

Anew st
udyr
eveal
show bact
eri
apr
oduceel
ect
ri
cit
ywhenpr
otei
nsi
nthei
r
cel
lmembr
anescomei
ntocont
actwi
thami
ner
alsur
face.Sci
ent
ist
shav
e
knownf
orsomet
imet
hataf
ami
l
yofmar
inebact
eri
aknownasShewanel
l
a
onei
densi
s,f
oundi
ndeepoceansedi
ment
sandsoi
l
,cancr
eat
eel
ect
ri
cal
cur
rent
swhenexposedt
oheav
ymet
alsl
i
kei
ronandmanganese

I
nast
udypubl
i
shed(
Mar
ch25,
13)i
nthej
our
nalPr
oceedi
ngsoft
heNat
ional
Academy ofSci
ences,r
esear
cher
s show t
hatt
hese pr
otei
ns can f
err
y
el
ect
ronsacr
ossamembr
aneatar
atef
astenought
opr
oducet
heener
gyt
he
bact
eri
aneedt
osur
viv
e

Fi
g:Bact
eri
athatpr
oducesel
ect
ri
cit
y

19
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

I
nthe l
abor
ator
y,t
he Bi
elef
eld st
udent
s ar
einv
est
igat
ing v
ari
ous
bact
eri
alor
gani
smsandt
hei
rgenet
iccomponent
s.Thr
ought
hecombi
nat
ion
ofdi
ff
eri
nggenesi
tisossi
blet
oopt
imi
zet
heor
gani
sm Escher
ichi
acol
iwi
tha
v
iew t
o pr
oduce el
ect
ri
cit
y mor
e ef
fi
cient
ly.The st
udent
s can al
ready
r
epor
ti
nit
ialsuccesses:t
heyhav
eisol
atedv
ari
ousgenest
hatser
vet
ocar
ry
t
heel
ect
ronsandbegunt
oconst
ructasui
tabl
eappar
atusf
ort
hepr
oduct
ion
ofel
ect
ri
cit
y.Theywoul
dli
ket
ohav
eanopt
imi
zedbi
o-bat
ter
yforsmal
l
-scal
e
usedev
elopedbyt
het
imet
hepr
eli
minar
yEur
opeanr
oundoft
hei
GEM has
beendeci
ded.ThusonJul
y17,
2013t
echnol
ogysi
ght
sonconst
ruct
ingabi
o-
bat
ter
ymaki
nguseoft
hebact
eri
aEscher
ichi
acol
itoconv
ertgl
ucosei
nto
ener
gy.[
5].

20
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

3.SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

3.
1Int
roduct
ion

Abi
o-bat
ter
ygener
atesel
ect
ri
cit
yfr
om car
bohy
drat
es(
sugar
)ut
il
izi
ng
enzy
mes as t
he cat
aly
st,t
hrough t
he appl
i
cat
ion ofpowergener
ati
on
pr
inci
plesf
oundi
nli
vi
ngor
gani
sms.Thebi
o-bat
ter
yincor
por
atesananode
consi
sti
ng of sugar
digest
ing enzy
mes and medi
ator
,and a cat
hode
compr
isi
ng oxy
gen-
reduci
ng enzy
mes and medi
ator
,ei
ther si
de of a
cel
l
ophanesepar
ator
.Theanodeext
ract
sel
ect
ronsandhy
drogeni
onsf
rom
t
hesugar(
glucose)t
hroughenzy
mat
icoxi
dat
ionasf
oll
ows:
Gl
ucose→Gl
uconol
act
one+2H++2e−
Thehy
drogeni
onmi
grat
est
othecat
hodet
hrought
hesepar
ator
.Onceatt
he
cat
hode,t
hehy
drogeni
onsandel
ect
ronsabsor
boxy
genf
rom t
heai
rto
pr
oduce

O2+4H++4e−→2H2O

Fi
g:Pr
inci
pleofFuel
Cel
l

Dur
ingt
hisel
ect
rochemi
calr
eact
ion,t
heel
ect
ronspasst
hrought
he
out
erci
rcui
ttogener
ateel
ect
ri
cit
y.I
tisi
nter
est
ingt
onot
ethatt
hecat
aly
tic
f
our
-el
ect
ronr
educt
ionofoxy
gent
owat
ercoul
dtakepl
aceatanenzy
me
el
ect
rodei
naneut
ralsol
uti
on.Duet
othesel
ect
iver
eact
ivi
tyoft
heenzy
mes
ateachel
ect
rode,nocr
ossr
eact
ionoccur
sbet
weent
heanodeandcat
hode.
I
ngener
alt
heBi
obat
ter
iescoul
dbecl
assi
fi
edi
nto

21
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

manyt
ypesbasedonf
uelcont
ainment
,fuel
andcat
aly
stsour
ces,
ori
ginoft
he
cat
aly
ticenzy
mesandt
hemet
hodofel
ect
ront
ransf
erbet
weenr
eact
ionsi
te
andel
ect
rode.

3.
2Wor
king
ABi
o-Bat
ter
ybat
ter
yconsi
stsoft
wodi
ff
erentmet
alssuspendedi
nan
aci
dicsol
uti
on.Theycont
ainananode,cat
hode,separ
atorandel
ect
rol
yte,
whi
char
ethebasi
ccomponent
sto anycel
lbat
ter
y.Eachcomponenti
s
l
ayer
edont
opofanot
hercomponent
.Anodesandcat
hodesar
ethenegat
ive
andposi
ti
vear
easonabat
ter
y.Theanodei
slocat
edatt
het
opoft
hebat
ter
y
and t
he cat
hode i
slocat
ed att
he bot
tom oft
he bat
ter
y.[
Anodes ar
e
component
sthatal
l
owel
ect
ronst
ofl
owi
nfr
om out
sidet
hebat
ter
y,wher
eas
cat
hodes
ar
edev
icest
hatal
l
owcur
rentt
ofl
owoutf
rom t
hebat
ter
y.

Fi
g:Wor
kingofaBi
oBat
ter
y

Bet
weent
heanodeandt
hecat
hodel
i
est
heel
ect
rol
ytewhi
chcont
ains
asepar
ator
.Themai
nfunct
ionoft
hesepar
atori
stokeept
hecat
hodeand
anodesepar
ated,t
oav
oidel
ect
ri
calshor
tci
rcui
ts.Thi
ssy
stem asawhol
e
al
l
owsf
oraf
lowofpr
otons(
H+)andel
ect
rons(
e-)whi
chul
ti
mat
elygener
ate
el
ect
ri
cit
y.Themov
ementofpr
otonshasamov
ingf
orcet
hatpushes,t
his
mov
ementi
scal
l
edcur
rent
.Whent
hismov
ingf
orce(
cur
rent
)ismeasur
ed,i
t
i
smeasur
edi
twhati
scal
l
edv
olt
ageorv
olt
s.

22
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

Fi
g:El
ement
sofaBi
obat
ter
y

Li
keaconv
ent
ionalf
uelcel
lbat
ter
y,Bi
oBat
ter
ybasi
cal
l
yconsi
stsofan
anode,cat
hode,el
ect
rol
yteandsepar
ator
.Howev
er,Bi
oBat
ter
yhascer
tai
n
speci
fi
cchar
act
eri
sti
cs.Fi
rst
,bi
ologi
cal
enzy
mesar
eusedascat
aly
stsf
ort
he
anode and cat
hode.Second,enzy
mes and el
ect
roni
c medi
ator
s(whi
ch
t
ransf
erel
ect
ronsbet
weenenzy
mes,andbet
weenenzy
mesandel
ect
rodes)
ar
efi
xedont
heanodeandcat
hode.

Gl
ucosei
sbr
okendownont
heanodesi
deoft
hebat
ter
y,pr
oduci
ng
pr
otons(
H+)andel
ect
rons(
e-)
.Thepr
otons(
H+)ar
etr
ansf
err
ed t
othe
cat
hodesi
det
hrought
hesepar
ator
,whi
l
etheel
ect
rons(
e-)ar
etr
anspor
tedt
o
t
hecat
hodesi
det
hrought
hemedi
ator
,whi
cht
ransf
erst
hem t
otheext
ernal
ci
rcui
t.Thecat
hodeusest
heenzy
mest
odr
iveanoxy
gen-
reduct
ionr
eact
ion
whi
ch ul
ti
mat
ely pr
oduces wat
erusi
ng bot
hthe pr
otons (
H+)and t
he
el
ect
rons(
e-)t
ransf
err
edf
rom t
heanode.Theser
eact
ionsatt
heanodeand
cat
hodegener
ateel
ect
ri
cener
gybycr
eat
ingpr
oton(
H+)andel
ect
ron(
e-)
f
lowi
nthecel
lsy
stem.

Bi
obat
ter
iesar
eheav
il
ybasedont
heamountofgl
ucoseav
ail
abl
e.The
decomposi
ti
onofmat
eri
alst
ogl
ucose(
ift
heyar
enotal
readyi
nthepr
oper
st
age)i
sthe mai
n st
ep i
n get
ti
ng t
he cy
cle st
art
ed.Mat
eri
als can be
conv
ert
ed i
nto gl
ucose t
hrough t
he pr
ocess of enzy
mat
ic hy
drol
ysi
s.

23
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

Enz
ymat
ic hy
drol
ysi
sist
he pr
ocess i
n whi
ch cel
l
ulose (
an i
nsol
ubl
e
subst
ance)i
s conv
ert
ed t
o gl
ucose wi
tht
he addi
ti
on ofenzy
mes.Af
ter
gl
ucoseexi
stsoxy
genandot
herenzy
mescanactont
hegl
ucoset
ofur
ther
pr
oducehy
drogeni
onsandel
ect
rons.

Fi
g:Enzy
mesusedt
oconv
ertsugardi
rect
lyi
ntoel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy

Fi
g:Enzy
mesext
ract
edf
rom mi
croor
gani
sms

Asshowni
ntheabov
efi
gur
eBi
obat
ter
yusesenzy
mest
oconv
ertsugar
di
rect
lyi
ntoel
ect
ri
calener
gy.Enzy
mesar
eext
ract
edf
rom mi
croor
gani
sms
t
hese enzy
mes ar
eimmobi
l
ized i
n Car
bon Nanot
ube based el
ect
rode.
Nanocomposi
teel
ect
rodesar
eint
egr
atedwi
thf
uel
cel
lhar
dwar
e

3.
3Feat
ures&Speci
fi
cat
ions
Thebi
obat
ter
iesar
est
ackedi
nsi
ngl
eoramul
ticel
lpr
otot
ype.The
packagi
ngaspect
soft
hebi
o-f
uelcel
l
sar
eal
soanal
yzedandt
hef
oundt
hat
r
elat
ivel
yli
tt
lewor
khasbeendonei
ntheengi
neer
ingdev
elopmentofbi
o-f
uel

24
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

cel
l
s.Thesi
ngl
ecel
landsi
xcel
lbi
obat
ter
ypackagi
ngi
sasshowni
nthe
f
igur
ebel
ow

Fi
g:Si
ngl
eCel
lBi
obat
ter
y

Fi
g:Si
xCel
lBi
obat
ter
y

25
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

The si
ngl
e cel
lty
pe bi
o bat
ter
y pr
otot
ype has a power densi
ty of
appr
oxi
mat
ely10mi
l
iwatpersquar
ecm att
hecur
rentdensi
tyof25mAper
squar
ecm pr
ovi
dingv
olt
ageofabout800mV.Whi
l
ethesi
xcel
lst
ackhas
apowerdensi
tyofappr
oxi
mat
ely0.
25mi
l
iwat
tpersquar
ecm att
hecur
rent
densi
tyof125mApersquar
ecm pr
ovi
dingv
olt
ageofabout2v
olt
s.Rapi
d
pr
ogr
esshasl
edt
ost
ateoft
hear
tpowerandcur
rentdensi
ti
esof9mW/
cm2
and35mA/
cm2.

TheBi
obat
ter
yhasgr
eat
ert
hansi
xmont
hsshel
fli
feat+55°
C(r
esul
tsf
rom 6
t
estcel
l
s).Si
gni
fi
canti
ncr
easeov
erenzy
mei
nfr
eesol
uti
on(
denat
uredat
40°
C).
.Thi
sst
orageandoper
ati
ngper
for
mancei
sshowni
nthegr
aphsbel
ow.

26
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

Dev
ices(
3cel
l
s)show st
abl
ecur
rent(
>1.
5mA/
cm2)ov
er72hr
scont
inuous
oper
ati
onwi
th160μL/
minoff
uelr
eci
rcul
ati
on.Thecur
rentdensi
tyv
ersus
oper
ati
ngt
imegr
aphi
sshowni
nthegr
aphabov
e.

Thebi
obat
ter
yShowsr
obust
,repeat
abl
e,andr
eli
abl
eper
for
manceandst
abl
e
oper
ati
onf
rom -
30°
Cto+55°
Cfor>6mont
hs.

Theper
for
manceofabi
obat
ter
ycanbeunder
stoodbyanal
yzi
ngi
twi
tht
he
hel
pofanappl
i
cat
iondemo.
The
f
oll
owi
ngexampl
eshowsaBi
o-Bat
ter
yPower
ingMi
cropr
ocessorandLCD.

Fi
g:Mi
cropr
ocessorandLCDpower
edbybi
obat
ter
y

27
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

Theopenci
rcui
tvol
tageher
eis>4.
0V,Shor
t-
Cir
cui
tCur
renti
s>125mA.
The
l
oadv
olt
agei
sV>2.
0Vandcur
renti
sappr
oxi
mat
ely
0.5mAwhi
l
ethepoweri
s
1mW .
Thi
sappl
i
cat
ionneeds5mLofgl
ucosef
ueli
ssuf
fi
cientf
or>100hr
s
oper
ati
onAnot
herexampl
eshowsSensorandWi
rel
essTr
ansmi
tt
err
unni
ng
onabi
obat
ter
y

Fi
g:SensorandWi
rel
essTr
ansmi
tt
err
unni
ngonabi
obat
ter
y

Temper
atur
esensorwi
th2.
4GHzr
adi
oat
tachedpower
edby6-
cel
lBi
o-Bat
ter
y
St
ackBi
o-Bat
ter
y.I
twi
rel
essl
ytr
ansmi
tsdat
atocomput
er(
temper
atur
eand
v
olt
age)
.Av
eragepowerdr
awi
s5mA(
peak20mA)at3.
0V.I
ttr
ansmi
tsev
ery
1secal
l
ows~1.
5-2hr
soper
ati
onwi
thBi
o-Bat
ter
y.Tr
ansmi
tt
ingev
ery60sec
woul
d al
l
ow ~100hr
s oper
ati
on.The new Pr
otot
ype ofbi
o bat
ter
ies i
d
dev
elopedi
nMar
ch2013.
Iti
sa5W Pr
otot
ypewi
th15-
Cel
lGr
aphi
teSt
ack.
Thi
spr
otot
ypei
sasshowni
nthef
igur
ebel
ow

Fi
g:15cel
lst
ackbi
obat
ter
y

28
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

Thi
s5W Pr
otot
ypewi
th15-
Cel
lGr
aphi
teSt
ackDesi
gnedandf
abr
icat
edwi
th
gr
aphi
tebi
pol
arpl
ateconf
igur
ati
on.Thi
sSt
ackpr
ovi
des5Vat1A(
5W)
.I
tis
Fi
tt
edwi
thUSBconnect
oranddemonst
rat
edpower
ingel
ect
roni
cdev
icesand
r
echar
gingani
Phone.

29
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

4.ADVANTAGES

Asi
gni
fi
cantadv
ant
aget
hatbi
o-bat
ter
ieshav
eincompar
isont
oot
her
bat
ter
iesi
sthei
rabi
l
ityt
oal
l
owani
nst
antr
echar
ge.
Inot
herwor
dst
hrougha
const
antsuppl
yofsugar
,orgl
ucose,bi
obat
ter
iesar
eabl
etocont
inuousl
y
keept
hemsel
veschar
ged wi
thoutanext
ernalpowersuppl
ywi
thhi
ghf
uel
f
lex
ibi
l
ityl
i
ke sugar
,al
cohol
,di
esel
,et
hanol
,
blood et
c Ot
heradv
ant
ages
i
ncl
udehi
gh ener
gydensi
ty,si
ze/
wei
ght
,inst
antr
echar
ge,f
lexi
bleshape,
r
enewabl
ebi
ocat
aly
sts,r
oom t
emper
atur
eoper
ati
on,r
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
efuel
sour
ce.
Itcan bean i
mpl
ant
abl
epowersour
cewi
thf
lexi
blepaperbased
pr
otot
ypes.Thi
sisanGov
ernmentandI
R&Df
undedr
esear
chSi
nce2004.Bi
o
bat
ter
ies ar
e al
so a sour
ce ofnon-
fl
ammabl
e,and non-
toxi
cfuel
.Thi
s
pr
ovi
desacl
eanal
ter
nat
iver
enewabl
epowersour
ce.

30
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

5.APPLI
CATI
ONS

 Por
tabl
eChar
ging
 Di
sast
erRel
i
ef
 Repl
aci
ngBat
ter
ies
 Medi
cal
Impl
ant
s

31
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

6.FUTURESCOPE

Bi
oBat
ter
yhasgr
eatpot
ent
ialasanext
-gener
ati
onener
gydev
ice.
Adv
ant
agesi
ncl
udei
tsexcel
l
enthar
monywi
tht
heenv
ironmentasapr
oduct
f
uel
edbyacar
bohy
drat
e(gl
ucose)hav
inghi
ghener
gydensi
ty.Sonywi
l
l
cont
inuet
owor
ktowar
dthecommer
cial
i
zat
ionoft
hist
echnol
ogyi
nthenear
f
utur
e,i
nit
ial
l
yforusei
ntoy
sandot
herl
ow-
powerpr
oduct
s.

Bi
o-bat
ter
ies hav
eav
ery br
ightf
utur
e ahead of t
hem as t
est
pr
oduct
ionsandr
esear
chhav
ebeeni
ncr
easi
ngov
err
ecenty
ear
s.Theyser
ve
asanewf
orm ofener
gyt
hati
spr
ovi
ngt
obeenv
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
y,aswel
l
as successf
ul,i
n pr
oduci
ng and r
eser
ving ener
gy. Ful
l
y-i
ntegr
ated
demonst
rat
ionsar
etobeexecut
edi
ncl
osecol
l
abor
ati
onwi
thcust
omer
,for
r
elev
antappl
i
cat
ions.

32
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

7.CONCLUSI
ONS

The Bi
o bat
ter
ies ar
e Hi
gh per
for
ming,st
abl
e,and r
epr
oduci
ble
enzy
mat
icf
uelcel
ltechnol
ogydev
elopedov
erl
ast5y
ear
s.TheScal
ed-
up
demonst
rat
ionofBi
o-Bat
ter
ypower
ingel
ect
roni
cci
rcui
t(per
for
medatbot
h
Power Sour
ces and Ar
my Sci
ence Conf
s).Ful
l
y-i
ntegr
ated Bi
o-Bat
ter
y
char
gingpr
otot
ypesar
eal
readydev
eloped.Fundi
ngsecur
edf
rom mul
ti
ple
Depar
tmentofDef
ense(
DOD)agenci
esf
ormul
ti
plet
argetappl
i
cat
ionsov
er
t
henext3-
5year
s.

Whi
l
emanyexci
ti
ngannouncement
shav
ebeenmadei
nthef
iel
dofbi
o
-
bat
ter
ies,
itmaybesomet
imebef
oreweseet
hem r
epl
aci
ngni
ckel
-cadmi
um,
l
i
thi
um-
ionort
hesev
eralot
hert
ypesoft
radi
ti
onalbat
ter
ies.Ev
enso,t
he
smal
l
,fl
exi
ble,l
ongl
ast
ingandenv
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
ybat
ter
ytechnol
ogi
es
di
scussedher
eshow t
hegr
eatpossi
bil
i
tiesr
esear
cher
sseei
nbi
o-bat
ter
ies,
especi
all
yfort
hef
iel
dofmedi
cineThet
echnol
ogygener
atesel
ect
ri
cit
yby
t
urni
ngshr
eddedpaperi
ntosugarwhi
chi
ntur
nisusedasf
uel
.Ifbr
oughtt
o
mar
ket
,thei
rmobi
l
edev
icesusi
ngwast
emat
eri
al.
Compar
edt
oconv
ent
ionalbat
ter
ies,suchasl
i
thi
um bat
ter
ies,bi
o-bat
ter
ies
ar
elessl
i
kel
ytor
etai
nmostoft
hei
rener
gy.Thi
scausesapr
obl
em wheni
t
comest
olongt
erm usageandst
orageofener
gyf
ort
hesebat
ter
ies.Howev
er,
r
esear
cher
sar
econt
inui
ngt
odev
elopt
hebat
ter
yinor
dert
omakei
tamor
e
pr
act
ical
repl
acementf
orcur
rentbat
ter
iesandsour
cesofener
gy.
Thebi
o-bat
ter
iesar
eenv
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
yast
heydi
dnotusehar
mful
chemi
cal
sormet
als..Wi
tht
hati
nmi
nd,
sci
ent
ist
sseem t
obeexpl
ori
ngev
ery
possi
bleopt
ioni
nbi
o-bat
ter
yandf
uel
-cel
ltechnol
ogy
.
Theyser
veasanew f
orm ofener
gyt
hati
spr
ovi
ngt
obeenv
ironment
all
y
f
ri
endl
y,aswel
lassuccessf
ul,i
npr
oduci
ngandr
eser
vingener
gy.Al
though
t
hebat
ter
iesar
est
il
lbei
ngt
est
edbef
orebei
ngcommer
cial
l
ysol
d,sev
eral
r
esear
ch t
eams and engi
neer
s ar
e wor
king t
o f
urt
her adv
ance t
he
dev
elopmentoft
hesebat
ter
ies.

33
 Depar
tmentofel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing

8.REFERENCES
[
1].Www.
.f
espa.
com/
news/
blogs/
laur
el.
..
/phot
osy
nthesi
s-bi
obat
ter
ies.
html

[
2].
INHABI
TAT,
2007:

ht
tp:
//www.
inhabi
tat
.com/
2007/
09/
04/
sony
-bi
obat
ter
y-r
unsent
ir
ely
-on-
sugar
/.

[
3].ht
tp:
//nanot
echwi
re.
com/
news.
asp?
nid=4102,
NIHsel
ect
sPur
duet
ousephi
29
DNApackagi
ngmot
orf
ornat
ional
nanomedi
cinedev
elopmentcent
er.

[
4].
htt
p:/
/www.
sony
.net
/Sony
Inf
o/News/
Press/
200708/
07074E/
index
.ht
ml,
Ener
gy
Env
iron.Sci
.,
2,133(
2009)
.

[
5].
www.
sci
encedai
l
y.com/
rel
eases/
2013/
07/
130717051733.
htm

[
6].
htt
p:/
/www.
qrg.
nor
thwest
ern.
edu/
proj
ect
s/v
ss/
docs/
power
/2-
how-
do-
bat
ter
ies-
wor
k.ht
mln

[
7].
A.M.Kannan,
V.Renugopal
akr
ishnan,
S.Fi
l
ipek3,
P.Li
,G.F.Audet
te,
andL.
Munukut
laJour
nal
ofNanosci
enceandNanot
echnol
ogyVol
.9,
1665–1678,
2009

[
8].D.Yamaguchi
,etal
,Meet
.Abst
r.-El
ect
rochem.Soc.
(2010)
,inpr
ess

[
9]M.
B.Fi
schback,
J.K.
Youn,
X.Zhao,
P.W ang,
H.G.
Par
k,

H.
N.Chang,
J.Ki
m,andS.
Ha,
“El
ect
roanal
ysi
s"18,
2016

34