Bioestadistica Ejercicios Marzo 27, 2020

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1. Researchers at Case Western Reserve University (A-2) wanted to develop and implement a transducer,
manageable in a clinical setting, for quantifying isometric moments produced at the elbow joint by
individuals with tetraplegia (paralysis or paresis of all four limbs). The apparatus, called an elbow
moment transducer (EMT), measures the force the elbow can exert when flexing. The output variable
is voltage. The machine was tested at four differetn elbow extension angles, 30,60,90, and 120 degrees,
on a mock elbow consisting of two hinged aluminum beams. The data are shown in the following table.

2. Patients suffering from rheumatic diseases osteoporosis often suffer critical losses in bone mineral
density (BMD). Alendronate is one medication prescribe to build or prevent further loss of BMD.
Holcomb and Rothenberg (A-3) looked at 96 women taking alendronate to determine if a difference
existed in the mean percent chenge in BMD among five different primary diagnosis classifications. Group
1 patients were diagnosed with rheumatic arthritis (RA). Group 2 patients were a mixed collection of
patients with diseases including lupus, Wegener’s granulomatosis and polyarteritis, and other vasculitic
disease (LUPUS). Group 3 patients had polymyalgia rheumatic or temporal arthritis (PMRTA). Group
4 patients had osteoarthritis (OA) and group 5 patients had osteoporosis (O) with no other rheumatic
diseases identified in the medical record. Changes in BMD are shown in the following table.
3. Ilich-Ernst et al. (A-4) investigated dietary intake of calcium among a cross section of 113 healthy
women ages 20-88. The researchers formed four age groupings as follows: Group A, 20.0-45.9 years;
group B, 46.0-55.9 years; group C, 56.0-65.9 years; and group D, over 66 years. Calcium from food
intake was measured in mg/day. The data below are consistent with summary statistics given in the
paper.
4. Gold et al. (A-5) investigated the effectiveness on smoking cessation of a nicotine patch, bupropion
SR, or both, when co-administered with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Consecutive consenting patients
(n=164) assigned themselves to one of three treatments according to personal preference: nicotine
patch (NTP,n=13), bupropion SR(B, n=92), and bupropion SR plus nicotine patch (BNTP, n=59). At
their first smoking cessation class, patients estimated the number of packs of cigarettes they currently
smoked per day and the number of years they smoked. The ”pack yearsı̈s the average number of packs
the subject smoked per day multiplied by the number of years the subject had smoked. The results are
shown in the following table.
5. In a study by Wang et al. (A-6), researches examined bone strength. They collected 10 cadaveric femurs
from subjects in three age group: young (19-49 years), middle-aged (50-69 years), and elderly (70 years
or older) [Note: one value was missing in the middle-age group]. One of the outcome measures (W) was
the force in Newtons required to fracture the bone. The following table shows the data for the three
age groups.
6. In a study of 90 patients on renal dialysis, Farhad Atassi (A-7) assessed oral home care patients. He
collected data from 30 subjects who were in (1) dialysis for less than 1 year, (2) dialysis for 1 to 3
years, and (3) dialysis for more than 3 years. The following table shows plaque index scores for these
subjects. A higher score indicates a greater amount of plaque.

7. Thrombocytopaenia is a condition of adnormally low platelets that often occurs during necrotizing
enterocolitis (NEC)–a serious illness in infants that can cause tissue damage to the intestines Ragazzi
Bioestadistica Ejercicios Page 2 of 7

et al (A-8) investigated in the log1 0 of platelet counts in 178 infants with NEC. Patients were grouped
into four categories of NEC status. Group 0 referred to infants with no gangrene, group 1 referred to
subjects in whom gangrene was limited to a single intestinal segment, group 2 referred to patients with
two or more intestinal segments of gangrene, and group 3 referred to patients with the majority of
small and large bowel involved. The following table th log1 0 platelet counts for these subjects.

Cont.
Bioestadistica Ejercicios Page 3 of 7

Cuadro 1: Elbow Angle (Degrees)

30 60 90 120
-0.003 1.094 0.000 -0.001 0.000 -0.007 0.558 0.003
0.050 1.061 0.053 0.010 0.006 0.012 0.529 0.062
0.272 1.040 0.269 0.028 0.026 -0.039 0.524 0.287
0.552 1.097 0.555 0.055 0.053 -0.080 0.555 0.555
1.116 1.080 1.103 0.105 0.108 -0.118 0.539 1.118
2.733 1.051 2.727 0.272 0.278 -0.291 0.539 2.763
0.000 1.094 -0.002 0.553 0.555 -0.602 0.557 0.006
0.056 1.075 0.052 0.840 0.834 -0.884 0.544 0.050
0.275 1.035 0.271 1.100 1.106 -1.176 0.539 0.277
0.556 1.096 0.550 1.647 1.650 -1.725 1.109 0.557
1.100 1.100 1.097 2.728 2.729 0.003 1.085 1.113
2.723 1.096 2.725 -0.001 0.005 0.003 1.070 2.759
-0.003 1.108 0.003 0.014 -0.023 -0.011 1.110 0.010
0.055 1.099 0.052 0.027 -0.037 -0.060 1.069 0.060
0.273 1.089 0.270 0.057 -0.046 -0.097 1.045 0.286
0.553 1.107 0.553 0.111 -0.134 -0.320 1.110 0.564
1.100 1.094 1.100 0.276 -0.297 -0.593 1.066 1.104
2.713 1.092 2.727 0.555 -0.589 -0.840 1.037 2.760
0.007 1.092 0.022 0.832 -0.876 -1.168 2.728 -0.003
-0.066 1.104 -0.075 1.099 -1.157 -1.760 2.694 -0.060
-0.258 1.121 -0.298 1.651 -1.755 0.004 2.663 -0.289
-0.581 1.106 -0.585 2.736 -2.862 0.566 2.724 -0.585
-1.162 1.135 -1.168 0.564 0.000 1.116 2.693 -1.180
0.008 1.143 0.017 0.556 0.245 2.762 2.670 0.000
-0.045 1.106 -0.052 0.555 0.497 0.563 2.720 -0.034
-0.274 1.135 -0.258 0.567 0.001 0.551 2.688 -0.295
-0.604 1.156 -0.548 0.559 0.248 0.551 2.660 -0.579
-1.143 1.112 -1.187 0.551 0.498 0.561 0.556 -1.165
-0.004 1.104 0.019 1.107 0.001 0.555 0.560 -0.019
-0.050 1.107 -0.044 1.104 0.246 0.558 0.557 -0.056
-0.290 1.107 -0.292 1.102 0.491 0.551 0.551 -0.270
-0.607 1.104 -0.542 1.112 0.001 0.566 0.564 -0.579
-1.164 1.117 -1.189 1.103 0.262 0.560 0.555 -1.162
1.105 1.101 1.104 0.527 1.107 0.551
1.103 1.114 0.001 1.1046 0.563
1.095 0.260 1.109 0.559
1.100 0.523 1.108 1.113
2.739 -0.005 1.106 1.114
2.721 0.261 1.102 1.101
2.687 0.523 1.111 1.113
2.732 2.696 1.102 1.113
2.702 2.664 1.107 1.097
2.660 2.722 2.735 1.116
2.743 2.686 2.733 1.112
2.687 2.661 2.659 1.098
2.656 0.548 2.727 2.732
2.733 2.739 0.542 2.722
2.731 2.742 0.556 2.734
2.728 2.747

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Bioestadistica Ejercicios Page 4 of 7

Cuadro 2: Diagnosis

RA LUPUS PMRTA OA O
11.091 7.412 2.961 -3.669 11.146 2.937
24.414 5.559 0.93 -7.816 -0.838 15.968
10.025 4.761 8.394 4.563 4.082 5.349
-3.156 -3.527 2.832 -0.093 6.645 1.719
6.835 4.839 -1.369 -0.185 4.329 6.445
3.321 1.850 11.288 1.302 1.234 20.243
1.493 -3.933 3.997 5.299 -2.871 3.290
-1.864 9.669 7.260 10.734 3.544 8.992
5.386 4.659 5.546 1.399 4.160 6.120
3.868 1.137 0.497 1.160 25.655
6.209 7.521 0.592 -0.247
-5.640 0.073 3.950 5.372
3.514 -8.684 0.0674 6.721
-2.308 -0.372 9.354 9.950
15.981 21.311 2.610 10.820
-9.646 10.831 5.682 7.280
5.188 3.351 6.605
-1.892 9.557 7.507
16.553 5.075
0.163
12.767
3.841
0.917
15.853

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Bioestadistica Ejercicios Page 5 of 7

Age Groups(Years) Age Groups(Years)

A B C D A B C D
1820 191 724 1652 1020 775
2588 1098 613 1309 805 1393
2670 644 918 1002 631 533
1022 136 949 966 641 734
1555 1605 877 788 760 485
222 1247 1368 472 449
1197 1529 1692 471 236
1249 1422 697 771 831
1520 445 849 869 698
489 990 1199 513 167
2575 489 429 731 824
1426 2408 798 1130 448
1846 1064 631 1034 991
1088 629 1016 1261 590
912 1025 42 994
1383 948 767 1781
1483 1085 752 937
1723 775 804 1022
727 1307 1182 1073
1463 344 1243 948
1777 961 985 222
1129 239 1295 721
944 1676 375
1096 754 1187

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Bioestadistica Ejercicios Page 6 of 7

Packs Years
NTP B BNTP
15 8 60 90 8 80
17 10 60 90 15 80
18 15 60 90 25 82
20 20 60 95 25 86
20 22 60 96 25 87
20 24 60 98 26 90
30 25 60 98 30 90
37 26 66 99 34 90
43 27 66 100 35 90
48 29 67 100 36 90
60 30 68 100 40 95
100 30 68 100 45 99
100 35 70 100 45 100
35 70 100 45 102
39 70 105 45 105
40 75 110 48 105
40 75 110 48 105
40 75 120 49 111
40 75 120 52 113
40 76 123 60 120
40 80 125 60 120
45 80 125 60 125
45 80 126 64 125
45 80 130 64 129
50 80 130 70 130
51 80 132 70 133
52 80 132 70 135
55 84 142 75 140
58 84 157 75 154
60 84 180 76
60 90

Young(Y) Moddle-aged(MA) Elderly(E)

193.6 125.4 59.0
137.5 126.5 87.2
122.0 115.9 84.4
145.4 98.8 78.1
117.0 94.3 51.9
105.4 99.9 57.1
99.9 83.3 54.7
74.0 72.8 78.6
74.4 83.5 53.7
112.8 96.0

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Bioestadistica Ejercicios Page 7 of 7

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

2.00 2.67 2.83 2.83 1.83 1.83
1.00 2.17 2.00 1.83 2.00 2.67
2.00 1.00 2.67 2.00 1.83 1.33
1.50 2.00 2.00 1.83 1.83 2.17
2.00 2.00 2.83 2.00 2.83 3.00
1.00 2.00 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.33
1.00 2.33 2.17 1.67 2.83 2.50
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.33 2.50 2.83
1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.17 2.83
1.67 2.00 1.67 2.00 1.67 2.33
1.83 .83 2.33 2.17 2.17 2.33
2.17 .50 2.00 3.00 1.83 2.67
1.00 2.17 1.83 2.50 2.83 2.00
2.17 2.33 1.67 2.17 2.33 2.00
2.83 2.83 2.17 2.00 2.00 2.00

Grangrene Grouping
0 1 2 3
1.97 2.33 2.48 1.38 2.45 1.87 2.37 1.77
0.85 2.60 2.23 1.86 2.60 1.90 1.75 1.68
1.79 1.88 2.51 2.26 1.83 2.43 2.57 1.46
2.30 2.33 2.38 1.99 2.47 1.32 1.51 1.53
1.71 2.48 2.31 1.32 1.92 2.06 1.08 1.36
2.66 2.15 2.08 2.11 2.51 1.04 2.36 1.65
2.49 1.41 2.49 2.54 1.79 1.99 1.58 2.12
2.37 2.03 2.21 2.06 2.17 1.52 1.83 1.73
1.81 2.59 2.45 2.41 2.18 1.99 2.55 1.91
2.51 2.23 1.96 2.23 2.53 2.52 1.80 1.57
2.38 1.61 2.29 2.00 1.98 1.93 2.44 2.27
2.58 1.86 2.54 2.74 1.93 2.29 2.81 1.00
2.58 2.33 2.23 2.00 2.42 1.75 2.17 1.81
2.84 2.34 2.78 2.51 0.79 2.16 2.72 2.27
2.55 1.38 2.36 2.08 1.38 1.81 2.44 2.43
1.90 2.52 1.89 2.46 1.98 1.74
2.28 2.35 2.26 1.66 1.57 1.60
2.33 2.63 1.79 2.51 2.05 2.08
1.77 2.03 1.87 1.76 2.30 2.34
1.83 1.08 2.51 1.72 1.36 1.89
1.67 2.40 2.29 2.57 2.48 1.75
2.67 1.77 2.38 2.30 1.40 1.69
1.80 0.70 1.75 2.49
2.16 2.67 1.75
2.17 2.37 1.86
2.12 1.46 1.26
2.27 1.91 2.36

The End.