Answers to Further Questions

in GCSE Physics for You (5th Edition)

On the following pages we show the detailed Answers and Mark Schemes
for the Further Questions on Earth and beyond.
The answers have been prepared by an Examiner using the mark schemes
published by each Examination Board. They are laid out in the same way
as the pages of Further Questions in the Students’ Book.

For the Student:

● It is very important that you are able to answer the questions on your
own, using your own knowledge of Physics.
So it is important that you have a go at the questions first, and then
afterwards you can check your answers using these pages.
If you get a question wrong, try to work out where you have made an
error. Discuss it with your teacher if you are not sure.
● Be aware that in some answers the mark is for the idea in your own
words (not necessarily the exact words shown), whereas in other
answers the number and unit must be exactly correct.

For the Teacher:

● You will find these sheets useful when marking the students’
homework, or when going over the Further Questions in class.
The Answer Sheet will also enable you to assess how much work
is involved in answering the questions when planning how much
homework to set.
● The PDFs are available for you to hand out to the students if you
wish (perhaps as part of a Revision Programme).
As with all mark schemes there may be alternative credit-worthy
statements for qualitative answers (for the idea) and this may need
to be explained to your students. Quantitative answers, however,
are generally more prescriptive and your students may need to be
encouraged to show the exact numerical value and the appropriate
unit.

Keith Johnson
Sue Holt

Answers to Further Questions for GCSE Physics for You (5th edition) © Keith Johnson & Sue Holt, 2016 page 1 of 4
 page 167 Further questions on Earth and beyond

► The Earth and beyond 3 (a) (i) 1 mark for 4 weeks

(ii) 1 mark for 24 hours
1 (a) 1 mark for crust
(iii) 1 mark for year
(b) 1 mark for epicentre
(b) (i) 1 mark for Uranus
(c) 1 mark for transverse
(ii) 1 mark for Pluto
(d) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
(iii) 1 mark for 228 000 000 km.
they are refracted;
Total 6 marks
by changes in density of the materials they travel
through.
4 (a) 1 mark for the idea that Io orbits Jupiter
(e) 1 mark for (the outer) part of the core is liquid.
(Jupiter has a moon).
Total 6 marks
(b) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
(at least) one body orbits Jupiter;
2 (a) 1 mark for each of the following steps:
so all ‘heavenly bodies’ cannot orbit Earth;
calculate time delays (using speed = distance ÷
plus 1 communications mark for presenting
time) time taken for P-wave to arrive =
relevant information in a suitable form.
360 000 (m) ÷ 8000 (m/s) = 45 (s); time taken
(c) 1 mark for the idea that he wanted to make
for S-wave to arrive = 360 000 (m) ÷ 3000
others aware of his findings.
(m/s) = 120 (s)
Total 5 marks
correct arithmetic delay = 120 s – 45 s = 75 s
(b) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
5 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
P-wave has lower amplitude than S-wave so
a comet’s orbit is more elliptical (less circular);
will cause less damage;
a comet travels farther out from the Sun than
therefore the early arrival of the P-wave
Pluto and closer in than Mercury.
gives a warning that allows people time to
Total 2 marks
take precautions (eg. escape from building
or get under table/doorway or switch off gas
6 (a) 1 mark for rocks.
appliances) before the more damaging S-wave
1 mark for left over from the formation of the
arrives.
planets.
Total 4 marks
(b) 1 mark for crater.
1 mark for an example, eg. Yucatan or Siberia
or Arizona.
(c) (i) 1 mark for an asteroid or a comet.
1 mark for that could possibly collide with the
Earth.
(ii) 1 mark for each of the following steps:
making a digital image of part of the night sky;
making another image of the same region after
some time;
comparing the two images to detect any moving
objects;
using a computer to calculate the path or to
compare the images.
(iii) 1 mark for might collide with the Earth.
1 mark for possibly causing damage or disaster
or climate change.
Total 12 marks

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page 168 Further questions on Earth and beyond

7 (a) 1 mark for orbit time increases (as the distance (d) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
increases). every extraterrestrial source discovered so far
(b) (i) 1 mark for once. has been natural;
(ii) 1 mark for so that it stays above the same place. a signal from an intelligent source would
(iii) 1 mark for each of two of the following: contain data.
television, telephone, mobile phone, weather (e) 1 mark for in a journal or on the internet or at a
monitoring, navigation. conference.
(c) (i) 1 mark for 14.4 orbits (24 × 60 ÷ 100) 1 mark for to inform other scientists.
(ii) 1 mark for each of two of the following ideas: (f) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
the Earth rotates or moves at an angle to the Rahul has not designed an experiment to test
orbit; Rita’s theory;
satellite passes over a different area on each his observation can only confirm the repeatability
orbit; of Rita’s readings.
like swathes when mowing a lawn or satellite (g) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
monitors strips. somebody must design an experiment to test the
(d) 1 mark for each of two of the following ideas: theory;
to get a clearer view or so it avoids any cloud the results must agree with the theory.
cover; Total 15 marks
to reduce friction with the atmosphere;
easier to service in a low orbit. 10 (a) 1 mark for each of four of the following ideas:
Total 10 marks spaceship needs enough fuel to get there and
back;
8 (a) 1 mark for towards Earth. astronauts need enough oxygen (or food or
(b) 1 mark for gravity. water) to survive;
(c) 1 mark for it causes a change of direction. astronauts need to keep warm because it is cold
(d) 1 mark for each of the following ideas: in space;
polar orbit; astronauts need protection from the dangerous
because it is closer to Earth. radiation in space;
(e) 1 mark for each of the following ideas: weightlessness is a health hazard for astronauts;
because its mass is constant; spaceship might collide with a meteor (or
and its speed is constant. asteroid).
(f) 1 mark for each of the following ideas: (b) 1 mark for each of four of the following ideas:
eg. communication satellite; research into:
aerials on Earth can remain in fixed positions. new propulsion systems such as ion drive (or
(g) 1 mark for each of the following ideas: solar wind sails);
eg. weather satellite; recycling of water for drinking;
it can scan large areas of the Earth’s surface recycling of oxygen for breathing;
quickly. removal of carbon dioxide from the air in the
Total 11 marks spaceship;
the effects of weightlessness or centrifuges to
9 (a) 1 mark for frequency is the number of vibrations provide artificial gravity;
in one second. light weight thermal insulation;
1 mark each for these ideas: radar collision warning systems.
red-shift is an increase in wavelength of light Total 8 marks
(or ultra-violet waves or X-rays);
coming from stars (or galaxies) that are moving 11 (a) 1 mark for gravity.
away from us. (b) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
(b) 1 mark for furthest stars have the biggest gravitational forces acting inwards;
amount of red-shift. high internal temperatures generate outward
(c) 1 mark for computer helps with collecting data forces.
or calculating. (c) 1 mark for each of four of the following ideas:
1 mark for more readings improve accuracy. the star expands;
1 mark for repeated measurements help to form a red giant;
anomalies to be spotted or allow a mean to then it either contracts (collapses) to form
be calculated or reduce the effect of random a white dwarf;
errors. or it may explode or become a supernova;
with the remnants forming a neutron star or a
black hole.
(d) 1 mark for eg. engulfed.
Total 8 marks

Answers to Further Questions for GCSE Physics for You (5th edition) © Keith Johnson & Sue Holt, 2016 page 3 of 4
 page 169 Further questions on Earth and beyond

12 (a) 1 mark for the idea that there is an increase in (b) 1 mark for each of four of the following ideas:
wavelength (decrease in frequency) (shift optical telescopes and deductions about the
towards the red end of the spectrum). Solar System (or orbits);
(b) 1 mark for the distance travelled by light in one optical (or radio) telescopes and deductions
year. about star life cycle;
(c) 1 mark for 12 000 million years. radio (or microwave) telescopes and deductions
1 mark for showing working, or using about the Big Bang;
the idea that 1/10 speed implies 10 × the time. optical (or X-ray) telescopes and deductions
(d) 1 mark for the idea that it is the age of the about red-shift (or the expanding Universe);
Universe (length of time since the Big Bang). X-ray telescopes and deductions about
Total 5 marks supernovas (or pulsars);
Infra-red telescopes and deductions about the
13 (a) 1 mark for each of the following ideas: birth of new stars;
light from distant galaxies reaching the Earth is Ultraviolet telescopes and deductions about
shifted towards the red end of the spectrum; very hot young stars;
the increase in wavelength of the light shows the Gamma-ray telescopes and deductions about
galaxies are moving away relative to the Earth. the hottest objects like quasars.
(b) 1 mark for each of the following ideas: Total 8 marks
the data shows that more distant galaxies are
moving away faster; 16 (a) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
which suggests that space (or the Universe) is the Universe started with a huge explosion;
expanding; when all matter (or energy) was created.
so either the Universe was much smaller in the (b) 1 mark for each of three of the following ideas:
past or the Universe may have started from a the red shift is greater for more distant galaxies;
single point. the speed is greater for the more distant
(c) 1 mark for read distance and speed data from galaxies, which implies that all galaxies are
the graph. moving away from us;
1 mark for calculate time = distance ÷ speed. we can detect Cosmic Microwave Background
(d) 1 mark for each of two of the following ideas: Radiation which we think is the remnant of the
more observations or more accurate Big Bang.
measurements have been made; Total 5 marks
telescopes (or technology) has improved;
observations can be made from outside the 17 (a) 1 mark for each of three of the following ideas:
Earth’s atmosphere or the cloud collapses;
radiations other than visible light can be the gas particles are drawn together by gravity;
observed. the gas becomes very hot;
Total 9 marks energy transferred from gravitational potential
store to kinetic store.
14 (a) 1 mark for used up in fusion or helium is (b) (i) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
produced from hydrogen. when the outward forces become greater than
(b) 1 mark for each of the following steps: the gravitational forces;
‘burns’ hotter (or faster) than the Sun or gives the star expands.
out blue light; (ii) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
expands to form a red supergiant; the star contracts;
collapses and forms a supernova; under its own gravity.
leaving a neutron star or a black hole. (c) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
(c) (i) 1 mark for iron came from fusion in earlier the fusion of lighter elements (eg. hydrogen);
larger star or supernova. to produce heavier elements.
(ii) 1 mark for Solar System is younger than the (d) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
other stars. atoms of heavy elements;
Total 7 marks are present both in the Sun;
and in the inner planets.
15 (a) 1 mark for each of two of the following (e) 1 mark for each of the following ideas:
advantages: the red-shift;
to get a clearer view; is greater for more distant galaxies;
so there is never any cloud cover; the speed is greater for the more distant
to avoid atmospheric pollution. galaxies;
1 mark for each of two of the following this implies that all galaxies are moving away
disadvantages: from each other.
expensive to launch; Total 16 marks
maintenance is difficult or dangerous;
it has a limited lifespan.

Answers to Further Questions for GCSE Physics for You (5th edition) © Keith Johnson & Sue Holt, 2016 page 4 of 4