BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN

BRIDGE NAME: _ _ _ _ _ _

LOCATION: ( Sta._ _ _ _)

DESIGNED BY: Dr. Abrham Gebre (Structural Engineer)

25-Dec-15
Addis Ababa
 BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN
Design Data and Specifications BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN
i) Material Properties
Steel strength, Fy= 400 Mpa
Concrete strength, f'c = 28 Mpa
3
Concrete density, yc = 2400 Kg/m
3
Bituminous density, yb = 2250 Kg/m
The modulus of elasticity of steel, Es = 200 Gpa
ii) Bridge Span and Support Dimensions
Clear span of the bridge,Cs = 30 m
Road way width Rw = 7.32 m
Additional Curb width Cw = 0.8 m
Curb depth Cd = 0.25 m
Abutment Width, Wrs = 0.4 m
Diaphragm Width Dwi = 0.25 m
Girder Spacing, Gs = 2.32 m
Diaphragm Spacing, Ds = 5 m
Skewness= 0 deg
Concrete Barriers are used 1
Thickness of Asphalt Layer (Wearing Surface) = 75 mm
Concrete Cover for the slab (bottom) = 35 mm
Concrete Cover for the slab (top) = 60 mm
Concrete Cover for the girders = 50 mm
iii) Reinforcement Sizes
Diameter of main reinforcement for the girders = 32 mm
Diameter of main reinforcement for the slab = 16 mm
Diameter of distribution reinforcement = 12 mm
Diameter of temperature reinforcement = 12 mm
Diameter of shear reinforcement = 12 mm
Diameter of main reinf for diaphragms = 12 mm
Diameter of stirrups for diaphrams= 16 mm
* Design Method: LRDF

iv) Current Construction Costs (Unit price)

Material Unit Unit Price
Reinforcing bars kg
3
Concrete m
Formwork m2
3
Asphalt (bitumen) m
Steel Pipe kg
Steel bearings pcs
Stone Masonry m3

Longitudinal section of a Box-Girder Bridge

Cross Section of a Box-Girder Bridge

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Design Data

 Box-Girder Bridge Design (30 m, C/C spacing of bridge) 26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)
0
1. Typical Section 175
1.1. Deck Thickness > 175mm >
- Minimum recommended thickness of the slab, to control deflection is t smin=175 mm [AASHTO Art. 5.14.1.3.1a] mm
Or (Gs+3000)/30 =177.33mm > 175mm 170 177.33
- htf > 1/20
- htfof>clear
1/20span
of clear
between
span fillets
between fillets =1/20(2.32*1000-400-2*50)= 91mm 91.00 90 100 =1/20(2.32*1000-400-2*50)= 91mm
- htf > 1/18
- htf
of>effective
1/18 of effective
length of length
flange of flange =1/18(2.32*1000-400)= 106.67mm 106.67 100 110 =1/18(2.32*1000-400)= 106.67mm

Use ts= 180 mm 180 180

1.2. Web Thickness No. of bars in a row 3

Minimum thickness of the web, b min=200 mm without prestressing duct. [AASHTO Art. 5.14.1.3.1c] bmin
bars in one
3 bars
rowinrequire
one rowa beam
requirewidth
a beam
of: width of: 150 Φ
bmin= 3Φ+2(1.5Φ)+2*cover =242mm [bmin= 300mm, AASHTO Art. 5.10.3.1.1] 240 242
Use b= 400 mm 400
Actual bar spacing= 66mm 66 Dw
1.3. Girder Depth 1650 30.4
Structure depth, Dw = 0.06L for simple span T- beams (L=C s +Wrs) 30400
Dw=0.06*30400= 1824 1820 1824
0 Use Dw= 1830 mm b= 400 mm 1830
Dw = 1830 mm
1.4. Girder Spacing and overhang 250
Gs = 2.32
Numbers of girders, Ng =INT(Rw/Gs)+1
Ng= 4 ( Four girders with c/c spacing of 2.32 m is used.) Four
Cx=0.5(Rw-(Ng-1)Gs) = 0.18 m 0.18
Cx+Cw = 0.98 m (Overhang) 0.98
Number of lanes loaded = Int (7.32/3.6)=2 2 2.03333333
2. Deck Design
ts = 180 mm (deck thickness )

2.1. Weight of components

1) Top flange (180mm thick) =0.18*2400*9.81/1000 = 4.24 KN/m2
2) Wearing surface (75mm thick) = 0.075*2250*9.81/1000 =1.66 KN/m2
3) Curb (250mm above slab) =0.25*2400*9.81/1000 =5.89 KN/m2
4) Concrete Barriers -------------------------------------------------- = 3.6 KN/m
2.1. Dead load moments
An approximate analysis of strips perpendicular to girders will be considered.

The strips vshall be treated as continuous beams with span length equal to the c/c distance between girders. The girders are assumed rigid.
For case in applying load factors, the bending moments will be determined for slab dead load, wearing surface and vehicle loads
separately.
2.1.1 Slab dead load
A one-meter strip width is taken for the analysis.

Who= 0
Wcb= 5.89 KN/m
Ws= 4.24 KN-m/m
Who+Wcb= 5.89 2.8
Ws'=Who+Wcb-Ws= 1.65
2.32

5.4752 5.475
Me = Ws(Cx+Cw)^2/2+Ws'*Cw(Cw/2+Cx) 5.0218483 5.022 Influence segment coeff.
= 4.24*0.98^2/2+1.65*0.8*(0.8/2+0.18) =2.8 KN-m/m 4.8149517 4.815 -2.56 -0.1
Moment at supports 4.9184 4.918 10.497 -0.33
Mb=Mc = 4.24*(-0.1)*2.32^2+2.8*(-0.1)= -2.56 KN-m/m 4.9184 4.918 9.733
Mws= 1.826 KN-m/m Mws 1.826
A1= 5.475 KN/m B1= 4.815 KN/m RA= 10.497 KN/m
A2= 5.022 KN/m B2= 4.918 KN/m RB= 9.733 KN/m
Influence segment coefficient for moment is obtained from tables.
where:
- Me = End moment at support A (exterior girder)
- Mws= moment due to dead weight of the slab
- Mb and Mc are support moments at supports B and C respectively
- B1, B2, A1 and A2 are shear forces at the left and right of supports B and A respectively.
- RB and RA are reactions at supports B and A respectively.

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Top flange Design 3

 2.1.2 Wearing Surface

Wdw= 1.66 0.03

0.2988 0.299 1.851

1.5523241 1.552 4.225
Mew = Wdw*Cx^2/2 =0.03 KN-m/m 2.2988759 2.299
Moment at supports 1.9256 1.926 -0.8964784
Mbw=Mcw = 1.66*(-0.1)*2.32^2+0.03*(-0.1) =-0.896 KN-m/m 1.9256 1.926 -0.896
Mbr 2.133
Ar= 0.299 KN/m Br= 2.299 KN/m RA= 1.851 KN/m Mdw 0.715
Al= 1.552 KN/m Bl= 1.926 KN/m RB= 4.225 KN/m 0.71478272
Mbr = 2.133 KN-m/m Mdw= 0.715 KN-m/m
where 2.14368
Mew = end moment at support A due to wearing surface (exterior girder)
Mbw and Mcw are support moments at supports B and C due to wearing surface respectively
Bl, Br are shear forces at the left and right of supports B respectively.
RA and RB are reactions at supports A and B respectively.
2.1.3 Concrete Barriers
Me= BL*(Cx+Cw)=(3.6+0)*0.98= 3.528 KN-m/m BL*(Cx+Cw)
Mb=Mc = 3.528*(-0.1)=-0.353 KN-m/m 3.528 -0.353
Moh 4.66
2.1.3 Moment due to overhang
Moh= A2*0.4*Gs =5.022*0.4*2.32=4.66 KN-m/m
3. Vehicular Live Load
When decks are designed using the approximate strip method (Art. 4.6.2.1) and the strips are transverse, they shall be designed for the 145
KN axle load (Art. 3.6.1.3.3). The design truck load shall be positioned transversely to produce maximum force effects.
3.1. Maximum Positive Live Load Moment
For repeating equal spans, the maximum positive bending moment occurs near the 0.4 points of the first interior span.
The equivalent width of the strip over which the live load is applied is:
E=660+0.55Gs = 1936 mm

0.4*Gs= 0.928 m

(on the
Position of the second wheel = 0.4*Gs+1.8 = 2.728 m > 2.32 m (on the second span) second span)
Using moment distribution method, 1936
Reaction due to the above loading (maximum raection and moment at the interior girder) 1.936
Ra= 32.726 KN Rb= 109.909 KN mp 1.2
Rb1= 39.774 KN Mmaxp = 30.369 KN-m Mp 18.824
Rb2= 70.134 KN 68.125
Mp = 1.2*30.369 KN-m/1.936m =18.824 KN-m/m
Rb= 1.2*109.909 KN/1.936m =68.125 KN/m
3.2. Maximum Interior Negative live load moment
The critical placement of live load for maximum negative moment is at the first interior support.
The width of equivalent transverse strip is E=1220+0.25*Gs

The equivalent width, E= 1800 mm

Using moment distribution method, 1800
1.8
Ra= 14.98 KN Rb= 112.387 KN mp 1.2
Rb1= 57.52 KN MmaxN = -30.497 KN-m Mn -20.331
Rb2= 54.867 KN 74.925
MmaxN = 1.2*-30.497 KN-m/1.8m =-20.331 KN-m/m
Rb= 1.2*112.387 KN/1.8m =74.925 KN/m

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Top flange Design 4

 4. Select Resistance Factors 1 1
Strength Limit States (RC) 1 1 0.95
Flexure & Torsion Flexure & Torsion 1 i) Strength Limit State 1.00 1.05
Resistance Factor = 1 Shear & Torsion 1 ii) Service Limit State 0.90 1
Bearing on Concrete 1 0.70
5. Select Load Modifiers Concrete in strut & Tie model 0.70
i) Strength Limit State 1
i) Ductility 0.95 1.25 [Art. 1.3.3] dc 1.25
ii) Continuous 0.95 1.50 [Art. 1.3.4] dw 1.5
iii) Importancy 1.05 1.75 [Art. 1.3.5] LL 1.75
Load Modifier = 0.95 1.00 FR 0.75
1
6. Select Applicable Load Combinations 1
i) Strength Limit State U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00(FR+TG)

7. Investigate Strength Limit State

Temperature gradient effect reduces gravity load effects.Because temperature gradient may not be there, assume TG=0
Thus, U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM))

8. Design Moment and Reaction Computaions

Ra= 0.95*[1.25(10.497)+1.5(2.299)+1.75*1.33(50.117)]=126.56 KN/m = 126.56 KN/m 126.560
Ma= 0.95*[1.25(-2.8)+1.5(0.03)+1.75*1.33(0)]= -3.28 KN-m/m = -3.28 KN-m/m -3.280
Mmaxp= 0.95*[1.25(Moh-Mws)+1.5(Mbr+Mdw)+1.75*1.33(Mp)]= 49.046 KN-m/m 49.046 29.288
MB= 0.95*[1.25(Mb)+1.5(Mbw)+1.75*1.33(Mn)]= -49.271 KN-m/m -49.271 = -49.271 KN-m/m
-49.271 49.271
For
reinfor For reinforcement computation, negative moment may be taken at face of support. The T-beams are bmin wide.
cement Thus, we calculate moments at support B , bmin=400mm.
KN-m/m
Mb-Ws*(bmin/2)^2/2+B2*(bmin/2)
MDC= Mb-Ws*(bmin/2)^2/2+B2*(bmin/2)=-2.56-4.24*(0.2)^2/2+4.918*0.2=-1.661 KN-m/m -1.661
Mbw-Wdw*(bmin/2)^2/2+Bl*(bmin/2)
MDW= Mbw-Wdw*(bmin/2)^2/2+Bl*(bmin/2)=-0.896-1.66*0.2^2/2+1.926*0.2=-0.544 KN-m/m -0.544
MLL= 1.2*(-30.497+54.867*0.2)/1.8=-13.016 KN-m/m -19.516 -13.016
Mneg= 0.95*[1.25*(-1.661)+1.5*(-0.544)+1.75*1.33*(-13.016)]= -31.528 KN-m/m = -31.528 KN-m/m
-31.528 31.528

9. Reinforcement
a) Positive Moment Reinforcement
dp= 137 dp=137 mm (effective depth,dp=180-16/2-35)
Mmaxp= 49.046 KN-m/m 1.000

Checking the adequacy of the section 1.000 126.56

The section is checked for the maximum design moment whether the initial depth under consideration is sufficed or not.
49.046E+6 The section is sufficed!
#REF!
dic =Sqrt( ) =84.49mm The section is sufficed!
0.254*b*f'c As, provided 84.49
ρ =0.0078 ( Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars) 1116.44 0.00777
ρ > ρ min Ok! 1.000 95.51
As=0.0078*1000*137 = 1063.84mm2 0.00780
S =189mm Use Φ 16 c/c 180 mm (As, provided= 1116.44 mm2) 1.000 1063.84
1.000 180.000 180
1.000 Φ
b) Negative Moment Reinforcement 1
dn= 112 dn=112 mm (effective depth,dn=180-16/2-60)
Mneg= = -31.528 KN-m/m
ρ =0.0074 ( Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars) 837.33 0.00745
ρ > ρ min Ok!
As=0.0074*1000*112 = 834.13mm2 1 0.00740
S =241mm Use Φ 16 c/c 240 mm (As, provided= 837.33 mm2) 1.000 834.13

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Top flange Design 5

 240
c) Distribution Reinforcement
The amount of distribution reinforcement at the bottom of the slab to distribute the loads may be taken as a percentage of the primary
reinforcement and a minimum spacing of 250mm.

Pe= min[67,3840/√Se] 67
Pe = Percentage of distribution reinforcement
Se = Clear spacing of geiders = Gs-bmin
Se = 2320-400 =1920 1920
Thus Pe= min [67, 3840/sqrt (1920 )] = 0.67 67% 87.64 67.00
748.01
As= Pe*Asp = 748.01mm2 ( Using 12 mm diameter reinforcing bars) 0.67
Sdi =min(3.14 (dd)21000/Ati,250] = Min (150,250 ) 151.12 15 150 150
S = 151.12 mm Provide Φ 12 c/c 150 mm at bottom, longitudinal direction.

d) Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily temperature
changes. For members greater than 150 mm in thickness, the steel should be distributed equally on both sides.
Ast≥ 0.75Ag/Fy
Where: Ag is the gross concrete area
337.5
Ast = 0.75*1000*180/400=337.5 mm2/m
168.75
Top layer Ast = 1/2*337.5= 168.75 mm2/m 669.87 66 660 450
Spacing =min (3.14 (dt)21000/Ast, 450, 3ts) = Min (660, 450 ,540 ) 540
S = 669.87 mm Provide Φ12 c/c 450 mm at top, longitudinal direction.

10. Investigation of Service Limit State

i) Durability
For durability, adequate cover shall be used (for bottom of cast in place slab the cover is 25mm). A 25mm concrete cover is provided here,
thus there is no problem of durability.

a) Check positive moment reinforcement

The load factors used above in all dead and live loads are taken as unity.
Thus, Mp= 29.288 KN-m/m 29.288 KN-m/m

Reinforcement :
Mpu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 1018
AS =
fs*j*dp OK!
29288000
AS = = 1018mm2/m OK!
(0.6*400)*0.875*137
b) Check negaitive moment reinforcement
Mn = -19.51628 KN-m/m -19.516 19.516
Reinforcement :
Mnu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 829.77
AS =
fs*j*dn OK!
4
19516280
AS = = 829.77mm2/m OK!
(0.6*0.4)*0.875*112

ii) Control of Cracking.

Cracking may occur in the tension zone for RC members due to the low tensile strength of concrete. The cracks may be controlled by
distributing steel reinforcements over the maximum tension zone in order limit the maximum allowable crack widths at the surface of the
concrete for given types of environment.
Components shall be so proportioned that the tensile stress in the mild steel reinforcement at the service limit state, f sa doesn’t exceed.
Fs≤Fsa
Fsa=Z/(dc*A)1/3 ≤ 0.6fy
Z=23000N/mm
dc= concrete cover + (diam. of bars/2)
- clear cover to compute dc≤50mm
Ac= 2dcS
Fr=0.63√ (fc’)
Where:
Z= Crack width parameter
Ac= area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinforcement are bounded by the surfaces of the
cross section and a line parallel the neutral axis divided by the number of bars (mm2), clear cover here also≤50mm.
S = spacing of bars. 3.33 2.66
Fr = modulus of rupture 11
Fr=0.63√ (fc’) = 3.33 Mpa 0.8fr = 2.66 Mpa
If fs > fsa, then the area of reinforcing bars has to be increased by reducing the spacing of bars.

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Top flange Design 6

 a) Ppositive moment reinforcement

26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)

Ec = 0.043Yc1.5(fc')1/2 d1= 43 mm
=26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete) d2= 68 mm
n= 7 dp= 137 mm
dn= 112 mm

2
The equivalent concrete area, n*Ap = 7815.080 mm
Ap =1116.44mm2, S=180mm dp=137mm, n=Es/Ec =7, d2=68 mm, An =837.33mm2 , Mpu=29.288 KN-m/m
0.5*bX2=n*Ap*(d2-X)+n*An*(dp-X) X= 39.76 mm 39.76 -27.35278 106.88112 39.7641701 1000000000
500 1 27.35278 -2668.84982
3 2 2
Icr=(b*X )/3+(n*Ap*(d2-X) )+(n*An*(dp-X) ) = 82.606 *E+06 mm4 55417553 20958225.7 6230667.017 8.26E+07
fs=(n*MPu*(dp-X))/Icr = 241.32 Mpa For bottom steel, dc= 2.41E+02
263.54 241.32
240 82.606
For bottom steel, dc=43 mm, A= 2*43*180 =15480mm2 15480 240
fsa=23000/(dc*A)1/3 = 263.54 Mpa fsa =240 Mpa 240 fsa ( =240 Mpa
where:
X is the neutral axis depth from top fiber > Increase the amount of reinforcing bars provided (reduce the c/c spacing b/n b
MPu= unfactored max positive moment 222 (Provide Φ16 c/c 180 mm)
Icr = moment of inertia of the composite transformed section
The above results show that :
fs = 241.32 Mpa > fsa ( =240 Mpa) Increase the amount of reinforcing bars provided (reduce the c/c spacing b/n bars)

Trial Δs= 10 mm (change in spacing of bars)

Try S = 170 mm As =1182.12 mm2 10 1182.12 170
Ap =1182.12mm2, S=170mm dp=137mm, n=Es/Ec =7, d2=68 mm, An =837.33mm2, Mpu=29.288 KN-m/m
Upon substitution, the corresponding values become: 40 -28.2723 108.281262 40.00448092 1000000000
X=40 mm, Icr= 82.97E+06 mm4, fs=239.67Mpa, fsa=268.61Mpa 500 1 28.2723 -2731.37718
fs= 239.67 Mpa > fsa ( =240 Mpa) 55143971 21340503.6 6485398.306 8.30E+07
No problem of cracking 2.40E+02 239.67 82.97
Provide Φ16 c/c 170 mm No problem of >
cracking 268.61 240 240
14620 fsa =240 Mpa 240 fsa ( =240 Mpa
b) Negative moment reinforcement

d1= 43 mm
d2= 68 mm
1.26764E+22 dp= 137 mm
dn= 112 mm

2
The equivalent concrete area, n*An = 5861.310 mm
An =837.33mm2, S=240mm dn=112mm, n=Es/Ec =, d2=68 mm, Ap =1182.12mm2, Mpn= -19.51628 KN-m/m 0
0.5*bX2=(n-1)*Ap*(d1-X)+n*An*(dn-X) X= 32.77 mm 32.77 -25.90806 91.4486578 32.7702989 1000000000
Icr=(b*X3)/3+(n*Ap*(d1-X)2)+(n*An*(dn-X)2) = 49.39E+06 mm4 36793468 11730592.6 865935.3993 4.94E+07
fs=(n*MPn*(dp-X))/Icr = 219.15 Mpa 2.19E+02 219.15 49.39
Where:- MPn= unfactored negative moment For top steel, dc= 176.41
For top steel, dc=68 mm, A= 2*68*240 =32640mm2 32640 240
fsa=23000/(dc*A)1/3 = 176.41 Mpa fsa = Mpa fsa ( = Mpa
fs > fsa (There is a problem of Cracking) Provide Φ16 c/c 240 mm
Therefore, increase the amount of reinforcing bars provided (reduce the c/c spacing b/n bars)
40 (change in spacing of bars)
Trial Δs= 40 mm (change in spacing of bars)
Δs S = 200 mm As =1004.8 mm2 40 1004.8 200.00000 20 20.00
An =1004.8mm2, S=200mm dn=112mm, n=Es/Ec =7, d2=68 mm, Ap =1182.12mm2, Mpn= -19.51628 KN-m/m
Thus, the corresponding values of X, Icr, fs and fsa are: 34.71 -28.25264 97.6740137 34.71068684 1000000000
X=34.71 mm, Icr= 56.525E+06 mm4, fs=186.8Mpa, fsa=187.46Mpa 500 1 28.25264 -2185.50032
fs= 186.8 Mpa < fsa ( =187.46 Mpa) 27200 42016180 13940179.5 568586.7038 5.65E+07
No problem of cracking 186.798925 186.8 56.525
Thus, Provide Φ16 c/c 200 mm No problem of <
cracking 187.46 240 240
17200 fsa =240 Mpa fsa ( =187.46 Mpa
Investigation of Fatigue Limit State 0 0.66
Fatigue need not be investigated for concrete decks in multi-girder applications. [AASHTO Art 9.5.3]

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Top flange Design 7

 1) Bottom Flange Thickness
- Minimum recommended thickness of the bottom slab, tsb,min=140 mm [AASHTO Art. 5.14.1.3.1a]

- tb > 1/30
- tb of> clear
1/30 span
of clear
between
span between
webs webs =1/30(2.32*1000-400-2*50)= 60.67mm 60.67 60
Use tb= 140 mm

2. Reinforcement
a) Reinforcement parallel to the girder span
dp= As = 0.4% flange area = 0.4%(total flange width*bottom slab thickness)
Total flange width= 7360mm
As=0.4% (7360*140) =4121.6mm2=560mm2/m
S = min(450,359) Provide Φ 16 c/c 350 mm
1.000
b) Transversal Reinforcement 1
The transverse reinforcement to girder span, As=0.5%flange area
dn= As = 0.5% flange area = 0.5%(total flange width*bottom slab thickness)
Total flange width= 7360mm
As=0.5% (7360*140) =5152mm2=700mm2/m
S = min(450,287) Provide Φ 16 c/c 280 mm

c) Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided near surfaces of concrete
exposed to daily temperature changes. For members greater than 150 mm in thickness, the steel should be
distributed equally on both sides.
Ast≥ 0.75Ag/fy
Where: Ag is the gross concrete area
262.5
Ast = 0.75*1000*140/400=262.5 mm2/m
131.25
Top layer Ast = 1/2*262.5= 131.25 mm2/m 861.26 86
2
Spacing =min (3.14 (dt) 1000/Ast, 450, 3ts) = Min (860, 450 ,420 )
S = 861.26 mm Provide Φ12 c/c 420 mm at top, (on both directions).

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Bottom flange Design 8

 Deck Overhang Design

According to AASHTO Bridge Design Manual (Art. 2.7), curbs will be designed to resist a lateral force of 7.3 KN/m
applied at the top of the curb or the railing load of 44.5Kn whichever produces larger force effect.

Moment due to Live Load

1.825 M1=7.3*Cd= 1.825 KN-m/m
M2 =44.5*Ph/E 20.43 E= 0.833*Ph+1.143 1.851

335 M2 = 20.43KN-m/m E=1.851 m

M2 will be taken for design. will be taken for design.
Mdl=Mb+Mbw 2.8 0.896 3.696
Moment due to Dead Load
Mdl=Mb+Mbw2.8+0.896=3.696 KN-m/m
Mu = 1.3*M2+Mdl M2
Design Moment, Mu 31.364
Mu = 31.364 KN-m/m 31.364
617
b=1000mm
d =Cw-cover-Φ/2 d =617mm d = D+Cw-cover-Φ/2
150 15.000 ### 15
ρ = 0.00023 ρmin = 0.0021 ( Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars)
As As =ρmin *b*d 0.0021 Φ
1295.7 As= 1295.7 mm2/m Use Φ 16 c/c 150 mm

Temperature Reinforcement 356.25 178.125

Ast = 0.75*(180+10)*1000/400=356.25 mm2 634.61 63 630 450
Spacing =min(3.14 *(dt)2*1000/Ast,450) = Min(630,450 )
Use Φ12 mm rebars c/c 450mm 1.7777778 2 0.2222222 3

Φ 16 c/c 150 mm

3 Φ12
Design of Barriers

Strength limit state and extreme event limit state are considered for the design of barriers. The design forces for
a TL-4 barrier as per AASHTO: Table A13.2.1 is used.

Fig: Cross section of a bridge

600
175 230
75 289.01
H= Barrier height= 0.85 850 area of barrier 1814
top width= 150 0.164875 30.8 111.74
cover= 25
bottom width= 380

Design forces for a TL-4 barrier (AASHTO: Table A13.2.1)

Direction Force (KN) Length(m)
Transverse (Ft) 240 1.07
Longituidinal (Fl) 80 1.07
Vertical (Fv) 80 5.5

Ft  R w

  and 8H M b  M wH 
2 2
Rw 
2 M L
 8M b  8M w  c c  lt L 
  Lc    t 
2 I c  Lt  H  2  2 Mc

Where:
Mb - additional flexural resistance of beam in additionto Mw, if any, at top of wall (KN-m)
Mw - flexural resistance of the wall about its vertical axis (KN-m)
Mc - flexural resistance of cantilevered walls about an axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the bridge (KN-m/m)
H - height of wall
Lt- longitudinal length of distribution of impact force, Ft (KN)
Lc - critical length of yield line failure pattern (m) 28 400
i) Flexural capacity of the wall about vertical axis, M w
78.5 diam of Hori bars= 10 φ φ
c/c spacing for Hori bars 200 number of bars, nb=5.25 5
30900 3.55 3 236.67 230
bar 2-d2 d1 235 1 5
40
40mm
row -1 235
235mm 235
row-2 240
235mm 100
row-3
240mm
row-4
100mm
row-5

* bar 1 is on the inside face and bar 2 is on the outside face

* Provide 5φ10 horizontal bars, L= 30900mm on both faces (spacing of bars is as shown in the
above diagram)

 a
M  As f y  d  
 2
w

for extreme limit state φ =1

φ10, A=78.5mm2
392.5 As,tot=nb*A= 5*78.5=392.5mm2
a=As,totf y /(0.85f c ' b)
7.76 392.5*400
a= =7.76mm
0.85*28*850

Calculation of Mw
measured from measured from
row the outside face Mw1 the inside face Mw2 230
d1 (bar1) d2 (bar2) 850 150 0
1 110 3.332 110 3.332 810 150 0
2 110 3.332 110 3.332 575 150 0
3 110 3.332 110 3.332 340 150 0
4 307 9.522 307 9.522 100 347 150
5 340 10.554 340 10.554 0 380 250
Total 30.072 30.072
35.38
35.38 Mwi =Mw1/H= 35.38KN-m/m Mwo =Mw2/H= 35.38KN-m/m

Thus, Mw= (2*MwixMwo)/3 =35.38KN-m/m 35.38

ii) Flexural capacity of the wall about horizontal axis, M c
78.5 diam of vert bars= 10
c/c spacing for Vert. bars 300 number of bars, nb=4.3 5 min spacing?
102φ10 c/c 300mm, L=1840mm
d 1840

2
Bridge length
30.4
3 101.3333 102

4
1350
5

102φ10 c/c 300mm, L=1350mm

 a
M c  As f y  d  
 2
for φ=10, A=78.5mm2
As,tot=nb A =5*78.5mm2/m
=392.5mm2/m
a=As,totf y /(0.85f c ' b) 6.60
a=6.6mm

Calculation of Mc
d=measured from
Location dave Mc Hi
the outside face
1 120
120 18.322 510
3 120
4 317
333.57 51.982 340
5 350

Thus, Mc= ∑(Mci*Hi)/∑Hi 27018.1 31.786

= 31.786KN-m

 L  8H M b  M w H 
2
Lt =3430.671mm (Mb=0)
Lc    t 
2 2 Mc

 M Lc 
2
2
Rw   8M b  8M w  c =249.74KN
 ( >240KN) OK!
2Lc  Lt  H 
 Design of Longitudinal Girders 26.752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)
Diaphragm loadDiaphragm
on exteriorload
girder
on =interior
(Di*(Dw-ts)*(Gs-b)/2)Yc
girder = (Di*(Dw-ts)*(Gs-b))Yc
1. Dead load effect due to web and diaphragm wt. Own weight of web= b*(Dw-ts-tb)Yc
Structural depth, Dw = 1830 mm 14.22 9.32
Web width, b= 400 mm 14.22 18.64
Own weight of web= b*(Dw-ts-tb)Yc=14.22KN/m. , Yc=2400 Kg/m3
Weight of bottom flange weight of bottom flange
Exterior girder: tb*be*Yc=3.82KN/m. 3.82 tb*be*Yc
Interior girder: tb*bi*Yc=7.65KN/m. 7.65 tb*bi*Yc
28.537 KN/m
31.603 0.926
2. Slab reactions (dead loads & live loads) transferred to girders 4.225 30.4
Exterior Girder 433.7624
Reactions, DC: RA = 10.497+14.22+3.82=28.537 KN/m (including web wt) 14.2685
DW: RA = 1.851 KN/m ω=RA (KN/m) 4.66

Moments, DC: M(x)= 433.762X-14.269X^2 480.3656

DW: M(x)= 28.135X-0.926X^2 15.8015
9.32
Interior Girder
Reactions, DC: RB = 9.733+14.22+7.65=31.603 KN/m (including web wt.)
DW: RB = 4.225 KN/m 1

Moments, DC: M(x)= 480.366X-15.802X^2

DW: M(x)= 64.22X-2.113X^2

3. Distribution factors for Moments and Shears

The distribution factors for moment and shear for both external and internal girders are obtained from the empirical formula given in Table
Art 4.6.2.2-1 of AASHTO 1998.

3.1.1 Distribution factors for Moment [Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1 and d-1]

a) Interior beams with concrete decks:

Girder distribution factor with multiple presence factor included mg is,

One Lane loaded:
mgSIm=(1.75+Gs/1100)*(300/L)0.35*(1/Nc)0.45 Where Nc is the number of box cells, L is c/c of bridge length (mm).
Two or more lanes loaded:
mgmIm=(13/Nc)0.3*(Gs/430)*(1/L)0.25
Skew correction factor= 1.05-0.25(tanθ)
mgslm= 0.582 and mgmlm= 0.634
Skew Correction Factor =1
Thus, mgslm= 0.582 and mgmlm= 0.634

b) Exterior beams:
One lane loaded: 0.517 0.431
mgsem=We/4300 (We is half the web spacing plus the total overhang < girder spacing) 2.14 2140
We= 2140mm mgsem= 0.498

Two or more lanes loaded

mgsem=We/4300 mgmem= 0.498 0.18
Skew Correction Factor =1 0.834 1 <
mgmem= 0.498

3.1.2 Distribution factors for Shear [Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1 and b-1]

a) Interior beams (L= 30.8
sl 0.6 0.1
mg v= (Gs/2900) *(d/L) , mgslv = 0.654 effective depth= 1668 0.654 0.654
mgmlv= (Gs/2200)0.6*(d/L) , mgmlv = 0.772 0.772 0.772
Skew correction factor= 1+(0.25+12L/70d)tanθ
sl ml
Skew Correction Factor =1 mg v= 0.654 and mg v= 0.772
b) Exterior beams
One lane loaded: Lever Rule
mgsev= 1.2*0.431= 0.517 0.517

Two or more lanes loaded

mgmev=e*mgsIv where, e=0.64+Cx/3800 = 0.687
e= 0.687 mgmev= 0.53

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 13

 0

Influence Lines for Bending Moment and Shear Force

* Slab bridges shall be designed for all vehicular live loads specified in AASHTO Art. 3.6.1.2 including the lane load.

4. Distributed Live Load Force Effects 0 3.04 6.08 9.12 12.16 15.2
Single design vehicular load is considered for design.
i) Influence Line for Live Load Moment (Truck Load) Rank 16 2007.75 13.68
At X = 13.68 m, Mtr(x) =2029.275 KN-m (IM is considered.) Max effect 2029.275 2029.275 13.68 Max effect
#
# 1
2 0.10 0
3.04 30.40
27.36 2.7360 m2 2.3060
m3
1.8760 m2 2.3060
m3
1.8760 Mtr_1 0
796.75
#
# 3
4 0.125
0.15 3.8
4.56 26.60
25.84 3.325
3.876 2.7875
3.231 2.25
2.586 2.7875
3.231 2.25
2.586 965.0625
1121.025
#
# 5
6 0.175
0.2 5.32
6.08 25.08
24.32 4.389
4.864 3.6365
4.004 2.884
3.144 3.6365
4.004 2.884 1264.6375
3.144 1395.9
#
# 7
8 0.225
0.25 6.84
7.6 23.56
22.80 5.301
5.7 4.3335
4.625 3.366
3.55 4.3335
4.625 3.366 1514.8125
3.55 1715.5875
1621.375
#
# 9
10 0.275
0.3 8.36
9.12 22.04
21.28 6.061
6.384 4.8785
5.094 3.696
3.804 4.8785
5.094 3.696
3.804 1797.45
#
9 11
12 0.325
0.35 9.88
10.64 20.52
19.76 6.669
6.916 5.2715
5.411 3.874
3.906 5.2715
5.411 3.874
3.906 1866.9625
1924.125
7
5 13
14 0.375
0.4 11.4
12.16 19.00
18.24 7.125
7.296 5.5125
5.576 3.9
3.856 5.5125
5.576 3.9 1968.9375
3.856 2001.4
3
1 15
16 0.425
0.45 12.92
13.68 17.48
16.72 7.429
7.524 5.6015
5.589 3.774
3.654 5.6015
5.589 3.774
3.654 2021.5125
2029.275
2
4 17
18 0.475
0.5 14.44
15.2 15.96
15.20145 7.581
7.6 5.5385
5.45 35 3.496
3.3 5.5385
5.45 3.496
3.3 2024.6875
2007.75
6
8 19
20 0.525
0.55 15.96
16.72 14.44
13.68 7.581
7.524 145 5.3235
5.159 3.066
2.794 5.3235
5.159 3.066 1978.4625
2.794 1882.8375
1936.825
#
# 21
22 0.575
0.6 17.48
18.24 12.92
12.16 7.429
7.296 4.9565
4.716 2.484
2.136 4.9565
4.716 2.484
2.136 1816.5
#
# 23
24 0.625
0.65 19
19.76 11.40
10.64 7.125
6.916 4.4375
4.121 1.75
1.326 4.4375
4.121 1.75 1737.8125
1.326 1646.775
7.52 3.65 13.68 7.52 5.59 3.65
5.59 15.20 4.00 7.60
13.680 0.00
7.52 17.98
17.98 5.590 22.28
22.28 3.650 13.68
13.68 7.520
17.98
22.28 5.59
3.65
30.40
30.400 0.000 13.68
7.524
00 0 17.98 0.00
6.07 22.28 13.68 6.07 5.589
3.654
0
17.98 5 7.1 22.28 13.68 6.82 13.680
0.00
0.00 0.00 10
0.00 00 15 0
0
20 0
0
25 0
0
30
0 0 35 0
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 00 0
0 0 0 0
1606 1136.52

Rank 15.2
0 Select the position of the wheel where moment is maximum 18 X = 15.2 m Mtm(x) =1606 KN-m (IM is considered.
At X = 15.2 m, 0Mtm(x) =16060.00KN-m (IM is considered.)
15.20 Max. effect 1606 1606 15.2 Max. effect
15.20
16.40 18.00
0.00 15.20 18.000 16.40
16.40 0.000
30.40 0.000
0
15.20 0.00
19.20 16.40
15.20 20.4 16.40 13.68
0.20 0.20 00 0 15.2
18
0.00 0.00 0 0
1 0.10 X L-X m1 m2 m3 m2 m3 Vtr
2
3
4
5 0.125
0.15
0.175 3.80
3.04
4.56
5.32
30.40
27.36
26.60
25.84
25.08
7.6 0.91 0.733552632
7.000.875
0.85
0.825
0.858552632 0.5921053
0.758552632
0.708552632
0.7171053 0.73355263
0.6171053
0.5671053
0.85855263 0.592105263
0.75855263
0.70855263
0.717105263 253.963816
0.617105263
0.567105263
294.588816
262.088816
245.838816
6
7
8 0.2
0.225
0.25 6.08
6.84
7.6 24.32
23.56
22.80 0.8 0.683552632
0.775
0.75 0.658552632 0.5421053
0.633552632
0.608552632 0.5171053 0.68355263
0.4921053
0.4671053 0.65855263 0.542105263
0.63355263
0.60855263 0.517105263 237.713816
0.492105263
0.467105263 229.588816
221.463816
213.338816
9
10
11 0.275
0.3
0.325 8.36
9.12
9.88 22.04
21.28
20.52 0.725
0.7
0.675 0.583552632
0.558552632 0.4421053
0.4171053
0.533552632 0.3421053 0.58355263
0.55855263
0.3921053 0.48355263 0.442105263
0.417105263 205.213816
0.392105263 197.088816
0.53355263 0.342105263 188.963816
12
13
14 0.35
0.375
0.4 10.64
11.4
12.16 19.76
19.00
18.24 0.65
0.625
0.6 0.508552632
0.483552632
0.458552632 0.3671053
0.3171053 0.50855263
0.45855263 0.367105263
0.317105263 180.838816
172.713816
164.588816
15
16
17 0.425
0.45
0.475 12.92
13.68
14.44 17.48
16.72
15.96 0.575
0.55
0.525 0.433552632 0.2921053
0.408552632 0.2171053
0.383552632 0.43355263
0.2671053 0.35855263
0.2421053 0.292105263
0.267105263 156.463816
0.40855263 0.217105263
0.38355263 0.242105263 148.338816
140.213816
18
19
20 0.5
0.525
0.55 15.2
15.96
16.72 15.20
14.44
13.68 0.5
0.475
0.45 0.358552632
0.333552632 0.1421053
0.308552632 0.1921053 0.28355263
0.1671053 0.192105263 132.088816
0.33355263 0.142105263
0.30855263 0.167105263 123.963816
115.838816
21
22
23 0.575
0.6
0.625 17.48
18.24
19 12.92
12.16
11.40 0.425
0.4
0.375 0.283552632
0.258552632 0.1171053 0.25855263 0.117105263 107.713816
99.5888158
24 0.65 19.76 10.64 0.35 0.208552632 0.0671053 0.20855263 0.067105263 91.4638158
0.233552632 0.0921053 0.23355263 0.092105263 83.3388158
0
0 0
0 1 0.858552632
0 0.7171053 0 0.858552630 0.717105263
30.400
0 30.40
0.00 0
1
0 -1 0110 110 4.34.3
4.3 0
0
0.859 8.6
8.60 0.7170 1 1
1
0
30.40
0 0.00 0 -1 0.859 8.6 0.717
0
00 1.62 4.3
4.3 1.62 8.6
8.6 1.6
1.75
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 0 0
0 0
0
30.00
0 035.00
0
0 0
0
0
0
iii) Influence Line for Shear Force (Truck Load) 30.40
Vtr =294.589 KN/m294.589
At position where x =0 m , the shear force due to truck load, Vtr=294.589 KN x =0 m Vtr=294.589 KN

0 0
0 0
0 0 9.3KN/m
0 30.4 1 0 1.2 0 16.2 16.2 0 0
30.4
145 145 0 0 -1 1.2 0.961 17.400 17.400 0 0
30.4 0 35 0 -1 1.2
0.961
1 0 1.6 1.2 1.6 0
0.859
0 2 0.717 1.2 2 0

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

iv) Influence Line for Shear Force (Tandem Load)

At position where X =0 m , the shear force due to tandem load, Vtm =215.658 KN X =0 m Vtm =215.658 KN

110 110

1 0.961

0 0
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 14

 5. Select Resistance Factors 1 1
Strength Limit States (RC) 1 1 0.95
Flexure & Torsion Flexure & Torsion 1 i) Strength Limit State 1.00 0.95
Resistance Factor = 1 Shear & Torsion 1 ii) Service Limit State 0.90 1

6. Select Load Modifiers Concrete in strut & Tie model 0.70 1.05
i) Strength Limit State 1
i) Ductility 0.95 1.25 [Art. 1.3.3] dc 1.25
ii) Redundancy 0.95 1.50 [Art. 1.3.4] dw 1.5
iii) Importancy 1.05 1.75 [Art. 1.3.5] LL 1.75
Load Modifier = 0.95 1.00 FR 0.75

7. Select Applicable Load Combinations

i) Strength Limit State U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00FR+TG)
Seismic Force Effects 1
From EBCS-8, the site and acceleration coefficients are selected for the particular site condition. 0.05 Site coefficient =
For zone I Acceleration coefficient = 1
a= Site coefficient = 1 Zone I I
A = Acceleration coefficient = 0.05 Zone II 1
Zone III
The seismic horizontal force is, FH = Wb*a*A Zone IV
where: Wb is the total weight of the bridge
Weight of components Wt. (KN) 212.621
Top flange 931.104 Thus, FH = 212.621 KN 106.3105
Wearing surface 373.235 Earth quake force transferred to one support is 1/2FH = 106.3105 KN
Overhang Slab & Curbs 290.062 (This force is applied at the bearings)
Concrete Barriers 221.760 Total dead load reaction transferred at one support is 1/2Wb
1/2Wb = 2126.21 KN
Girders (internal & external) 1751.980 The coefficient of friction between the bearing and concrete beam seat
Bottom flange 684.283 at abutment, μ is:
Total weight, Wb 4252.420 μ = 0.5 > 1063.105

The frictional resistance force developed between the interface is μ * dead load reaction = 1063.105 KN > 106.3105 KN. 1000
Earth quake force is negligible. 1

8. Investigate Strength Limit State

It is necessary to calculate moment and shear force at different locations to determine the bar cut off points and to calculate
spacing of stirrups.

9. Design Shear and Moment Computaions

Distribution factors for moments and shear forces, mg is applied only on live load forces.
a) Interior Girder
i) Shear Force 0.772
X Vtr Vtm Vln Vdc Vdw VD VDU
0 0 294.589 215.658 141.360 480.366 64.22 1346.236 881.138 336.552
0.1 3.04 262.089 193.658 114.502 384.290 51.373 1123.890 726.391
0.2 6.08 229.589 171.658 108.229 288.214 38.526 927.965 587.535
0.3 9.12 197.089 149.658 102.133 192.138 25.679 732.266 448.815
0.4 12.16 164.589 127.658 96.213 96.061 12.832 536.794 310.232
0.5 15.2 132.089 105.658 90.470 -0.015 -0.015 341.549 171.786
0.55 16.72 115.839 94.658 84.904 -48.053 -6.439 240.468 100.482
0.6 18.24 99.589 83.658 79.515 -96.091 -12.862 139.614 29.315
0.65 19.76 83.339 72.658 74.302 -144.129 -19.286 38.986 -41.716
294.589 141.360 1346.236 1346.236
VDmax=0.95*[mgv*1.75[1.33*Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+(1.25*Vdc+1.5*Vdw)] = 1346.236 KN

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 15

 ii) Moment 0.634
X Mtr Mtm Mln Mdc Mdw MD MDU
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00000
3.04 796.750 588.720 386.761 1314.277 175.701 3335.660 2240.324 1489.97818
6.08 1395.900 1043.680 687.575 2336.482 312.348 5901.236 3969.753 2648.82982
9.12 1797.450 1364.880 902.442 3066.616 409.939 7696.727 5188.287 3476.55494
12.16 2001.400 1552.320 1031.363 3504.678 468.475 8722.134 5895.925 3973.15354
15.20 2007.750 1606.000 1074.336 3650.669 487.956 8977.455 6092.668 4138.62560
16.72 1936.825 1582.680 1063.593 3590.119 483.052 8787.812 5975.435 4073.17014
18.24 1816.500 1525.920 1031.363 3504.588 468.383 8462.692 5778.516 3972.97114
19.76
2007.750 1646.775
1606.000 1435.720 977.646 3322.021 443.950
6092.668 7916.529
8977.455 5429.854 3765.97146
110
4138.62560 4138.626
MDmax=0.95*[mgm1.75[1.33*Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+(1.25*Mdc+1.5*Mdw)] = 8977.455 KN-m

b) Exterior Girder
i) Shear Force 1024.968 231.053 0.53
X Vtr Vtm Vln Vdc Vdw VD VDU
0 0 294.589 215.658 141.360 433.762 28.135 1024.968 692.950 231.053
0.1 3.04 262.089 193.658 114.502 347.006 22.505 852.171 569.104
0.2 6.08 229.589 171.658 108.229 260.251 16.875 697.512 456.169
0.3 9.12 197.089 149.658 102.133 173.495 11.245 543.009 343.328
0.4 12.16 164.589 127.658 96.213 86.740 5.615 388.661 230.580
0.5 15.2 132.089 105.658 90.470 -0.016 -0.015 234.470 117.925
0.55 16.72 115.839 94.658 84.904 -43.393 -2.830 154.999 60.170
0.6 18.24 99.589 83.658 79.515 -86.771 -5.645 75.685 2.508
0.65 19.76 83.339 72.658 74.302 -130.149 -8.461 -3.474 -55.060
294.589 141.360 #REF!
VDmax=0.95*[mgv*1.75[1.33*Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+(1.25*Vdc+1.5*Vdw)] = 1024.968 KN
ii) Moment
0.498
X Mtr Mtm Mln Mdc
Mdw MD MDU
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3.04 796.750 588.720 386.761 1186.768
76.973 2716.516 1853.129 1263.741
6.08 1395.900 1043.680 687.575 2109.799
136.830 4806.712 3284.200 2246.629
9.12 1797.450 1364.880 902.442 2769.094
179.572 6270.588 4293.212 2948.666
12.16 2001.400 1552.320 1031.363 3164.652
205.198 7108.144 4880.165 3369.850
15.20 2007.750 1606.000 1074.336 3296.473
213.709 7319.380 5045.060 3510.182
16.72 1936.825 1582.680 1063.593 3263.482
211.546 7190.129 4969.236 3475.028
18.24 1816.500 1525.920 1031.363 3164.557
205.104 6904.297 4787.897 3369.661
19.76 1646.775 1435.720 977.646 2999.698
194.384 6461.886 4501.043 3194.081
5045.06043 3510.182
MDmax=0.95[mgm1.75[1.33*Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+(1.25*Mdc+1.5*Mdw)] = 7319.38 KN-m

Checking the adequacy of the section 8977.455

The section is checked for the maximum design moment whether the initial depth under consideration is sufficed or not.

Interior Girder, MD = 8977.455 KN-m 8977.455

8977.455*E+6 (The section is 1.53
sufficed!)
dic =Sqrt( ) =737.627 mm.
0.254*b*f'c 737.627
Effective flange width, bi
1/4*Effective span =7.6 m 1/4*Effective span 7.600
bi,top < 12*tmin+bw = 2.56 m bi,top= 2.320 2.560
average spacing of adjacent beams= 2.32 m average spacing of adjacent beams
2.32

1/4*Effective span =7.6 m

bi,bot < 12*tbf+bw = 2.08 m bi,bot= 2.080 2.08
average spacing of adjacent beams= 2.32 m

Check depth: d = 737.627mm (The section is sufficed!)

0.42*d = 309.803 mm > 180 mm (T beam ) 309.803
Effective depth = 1668 mm >
1668
Exterior Girder, MD = 7319.38 KN-m 7,319.38 1668 T beam
7319.38*E+6 (The section is 1.53
sufficed!)
dic =Sqrt( )= 693.481 mm.
0.254*b*f'c 693.481

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 16

 Effective flange width, be
1/8*Effective span =3.8 m 1/8*Effective span 3.800
be-0.5bi < 6*tmin+bw/2 = 1.28 m bet= 2.140 1.280
average spacing of adjacent beams= 0.98 m beb= 1.240 average spacing of adjacent beams
0.98
0.2
Check depth: d = 693.481mm (The section is sufficed!) >
291.262
0.42*d = 291.262 mm > 180 mm (T beam ) Φ 1668
Effective depth = 1668 mm T beam
Development length, lb =
as= 803.84 Development length, lb =1215.29 mm
Reinforcement
a) Flexure
Interior Girder Exterior Girder
x (m) MD AS No. of bars Length MD AS No. of bars Length
0 6.08 3335.66 5284.633 7 Φ32 33535 2716.516 4303.732 6 Φ32 33535
9.12 7696.73 12193.801 9 Φ32 15810 6270.588 9934.391 7 Φ32 15810
12.16 8722.13 13818.336 2 Φ32 8515 7108.144 11261.318 2 Φ32 8515

Crack control
Positive moment reinforcement- Interior Girder KN-m/m
M= 6092.668 KN-m/m 6092.668 0.000 0 5284.633
5188.287 14811.82661 14811.827
Reinforcement : 6092.668 17393.70824 17393.708
Mpu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 17393.71
AS =
fs*j*d 17393.71
6092668000
AS = = 17393.71mm2 (Provided reinforcement)
(0.6*400)*0.875*1668
Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =15810 mm, 2 Φ 32 length =8515 mm,
Positive moment reinforcement- Exterior Girder 0.000 0 4303.732
M= 5045.06 KN-m/m 5045.060 5045.060 4293.212 12256.5147 12256.515
Reinforcement : 5045.060 14402.93602 14402.936
Mnu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 14402.93
AS =
fs*j*d 14402.93 803.84
4
5045060000
AS = = 14402.93mm2 (Provided reinforcement)
(0.6*400)*0.875*1668
140 1510 180
Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =15810 mm , 2 Φ 32 length =8515 mm 400 935
n As d bi/be
Critical Moment of Inertia 3 7.00 16229.856 1668 2320
Interior Girder 20
X int = 407.926 mm 407.926
Icr, int = 225.304*E+9 mm4 225.304
3 7.00 13672.838 1668 2140
Exterior Girder 17
X ext = 386.344 mm 386.344
Icr, ext = 193.257*E+9 mm4 193.257

fsint 238.525 fsext 234.207

fs=238.525MPa, (fsa=240Mpa), the section doesn't crack. Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =15810 mm, 2 Φ 32
Int. girder
length =8515 mm,
fs=234.207MPa, (fsa=240Mpa), the section doesn't crack. Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =15810 mm , 2 Φ 32
Ext. girder
length =8515 mm
240.000 50 240 1240
b) Shear Design
Nominal shear resistance
The section is check for maximum shear and thus shear reinforcements are designed.
4.882
Vc+Vs where: Vn is the nominal shear strength
Vn = min.
0.25*f'cbvdv = 4.882 MPa Vc = shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
bv = effective web width
Vc = 0.083β*sqrt(f'c)bvdv β= 2 dv = effective shear depth
Vs = Avfyd/S S = spacing of shear reinforcement

Spacings d=
Determine VU (the design shear force) at a distance dv from face of support. 1764 2.320

Av f y d v cot  Av f y
S  
Vs 0.083 bv f 'c

for VU < 0.1f 'cbvdv, S< 0.8dv < 600 mm

for VU > 0.1f 'cbvdv, S< 0.4dv < 300 mm

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 17

 Interior girder m 40.676
d-a/2 = 1743.662 mm a =Asfy/0.8fc'beff d-a/2 1743.662
dv =max 0.9d= 1587.6 mm dv = 1743.662 mm a = 40.676 0.9d 1587.6
0.72D = 1317.6 mm d =1764 mm 0.72D 1317.6
1743.662
Vs=(Vu/ϕ)-Vc, ϕ=0.9 1952.90144 1394.9296 350.127
Vn=4.882 MPa and f'c=28Mpa Vn/f'c = 0.174 (<0.25) OK
M D / dv  0.5VD cot 0.174
x   0.002 Vn/f'c = 0.174
Es As
From chart
x(m) Vu Mu Assumed θ εx (E-3) θ β Vs Spacing of bars
1.74 1218.705 1913.245 36.39 1.71 36.395 1.285 960.491 Φ 12 c/c 220 mm
3.04 1123.890 3335.660 36.25 2 36.25 1.143 898.64 Φ 12 c/c 230 mm
6.08 927.965 5901.236 36.25 2 36.25 1.143 680.945 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
9.12 732.266 7696.727 36.297 1.91 36.295 1.187 450.024 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
12.16 536.794 8722.134 36.324 1.855 36.323 1.214 224.562 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
15.20 341.549 8977.455 36.321 1.86 36.32 1.211 8.542 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm

Exterior girder 1764 2.140

m 35.912
d-a/2 = 1746.04 mm a =As*fy/0.8fc'beff d-a/2 1746.04
dv =max 0.9d= 1587.6 mm dv = 1746.04 mm a = 35.912 0.9d 1587.6
0.72D = 1317.6 mm d =1764 mm 1955.5648 0.72D 1317.6
1746.04
Vn/f'c = 0.174 MPa 1396.832 394.162
1746.04
From chart
x(m) Vu Mu Assumed θ εx (E-3) θ β Vs Spacing of bars
1.74 925.856 1558.120 36.694 1.57 36.465 1.353 613.709 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
3.04 852.171 2716.516 37 2 36 1.143 596.252 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
6.08 697.512 4806.712 37 2 36.25 1.143 424.409 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
9.12 543.009 6270.588 36.858 1.892 36.304 1.195 236.788 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
12.16 388.661 7108.144 36.873 1.796 36.352 1.242 50.874 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
15.20 234.470 7319.380 36.875 1.803 36.349 1.239 -119.53 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm

iii) Deformations

Deflection and camber calculations shall consider dead load, live load, erection loads, concrete creep and shrinkage. Immediate (Instantaneous)
deflections may be computed taking the moment of inertia as either the effective moment of inertia I e, or the gross moment of inertia Ig.
Distribution factor for deflection mg is the ratio of the number of lanes loaded to number of girders. mg = NL/Ng = 0.5
mg = NL/Ng = 0.5
The long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage may be taken as the immediate deflection multiplied by the following factor.
(3 to 1.2) As’/As ≥1.6 if ddl is calculated using Ie.
(4)As’/As ≥ 1.6 if ddl is calculated using Ig.
Where:
ddl is the total dead load deflection.
mm
Interior girder cross section Interior Girder
ts= 180 mm 180 Yt, int= 980.80 1312800 1287588000
4
Dw = 1830 mm 1830 Ig, int = 6.310E+11 mm
bw= 400 mm 400 Mcr, int = 2142.39 Mpa 2142.39
bi,top =
2320 mm 2320
bi,bot =
2080 mm 2080
Dw-ts =1650 mm 1650
tbf=
140 mm 140
Mcr = fr*Ig/Yt
fr = 0.63*√ (fc’) = 3.33 Mpa 3.33
Exterior girder cross section 980 780
Exterior Girder
bet = 2140 mm 2140 Yt, ext= 1051.75 1162800 1222980000
4
beb= 1240 mm 1240 Ig, ext = 4.807E+11 mm
Mcr, ext = 1522.02 Mpa 1522.02

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 18

 Total moment due to dead and live load (unfactored)
Interior Girder
MDU int= 6092.668 KN-m 6092.668
5045.060
Exterior Girder
MDU ext= 5045.06 KN-m
a) Dead load deflection and camber 4252.42
The effective moment of inertia is calculated using the following equation: #REF!
3 3
Ie=(((Mcr/MDU) )*Ig)+(1-((Mcr/MDU) ))*Icrt 0.0434784 0.95652165 2.429E+11 242.943
Interior Girder
Icrt, int= 225.304*E+9 mm4 Ie, int= 242.943*E+9 mm4 (Effective Moment of Inertia)

Exterior Girder 0.02745757

Icrt, ext= 193.257*E+9 mm4 Ie, ext= 201.15*E+9 mm4 (Effective Moment of Inertia)
0.97254243 2.012E+11 201.15

Maximum Dead load moment

Interior Girder, M max DL = 4138.626 KN-m 4138.626
Exterior Girder, M max DL = 3510.182 KN-m 3510.182
2.42943E+11
The maximum dead load deflection of the girders is obtained by integrating twice the DL moment equation. 0.24294295
Thus, the maximum dead load moment at the mid span becomes:
ddl, int = 1/EIe*(80.06*X^3 - 1.32*X^4 -36994.02X) = 54.101 mm
ddl, ext = 1/EIe*(72.29*X^3 - 1.19*X^4 -33404.86X) = 58.985 mm
Camber =ddl+long term deflection, Long term deflection = 3*ddl 58.985 38
Camber =ddl (1+3)= 226.172 mm (average of interior and exterior girder)

b) Live Load Deflection

dmax=L1/800 (L1 is in mm); the permissible limit = 38 mm 30400/800 =38 mm

In the computation of live load deflection, design truck load alone or design lane load plus 25% of truckload is considered.
i) Deflection due to truck load
Pi1 =Pi2 = 145 KN 145
Pi3 = 35 KN 35
Pi1 Pi2 Pi3
The second load is to the

-1.52 left
X1
at X1=13.68 m, Mtr =2029.275 KN-m/m (Location of maximum truck load) 17.98 12.42
The maximum deflection of the bridge due to truck load occurs at a wheel load position where moment is a maximum. In general, the
deflection at the point of maximum moment, X1, due to each truck load at a distance 'a' from the left support is given by:

X1 13.68
b 16.72 of the center
dki=Pi*b*x(L12-b2-x2)/6EcIcL1 (for x < a)
where:
dki = deflection due to each truck load. 12.42
a = location of the load to be considered 17.98
b=L1-a X=L1-X1 ( X is the point where deflection is computed, for the first load, X=X1)
The second load is to the left ,-1.52m, of the center

a) First Load 0.0128m= 43590.712 321.3212

a =13.68 m, b =16.72 m, x =13.68 m 12.8mm 1.19E+09 1.18E-02
145*16.72*13.68 1.18E+01
dk1= (30.4^2-16.72^2-13.68^2) =0.0128m= 12.8mm
6*6.499*E+6*30.4 6.50E+06 6.50E+00
6.50E+15 26752
b) Second Load 6.50E+06 0.00E+00
a =17.98 m, b =12.42 m, x =13.68 m 0.01211m= 12.11mm
145*12.42*13.68 3.32E+04 4.57E+02
dk2= (30.4^2-12.42^2-13.68^2) =0.01211m= 12.11mm
6*6.499*E+6*30.4 1.19E+09 1.28E-02
1.28E+01

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 19

 c) Third Load
a=22.28 m, b=8.12 m, x=13.68 m 0.0022m= 2.2mm 3.80E+01
35*8.12*13.68 5.95E+03 5.83E+02
dk3= (30.4^2-8.12^2-13.68^2) =0.0022m= 2.2mm
6*6.499*E+6*30.4 1.19E+09 2.92E-03

dkt=∑dki= = 12.8+ 12.11+ 2.2 = 27.11mm 2.92E+00

Using the method of superposition, the total live load deflection due truck load is the sum of each deflections, d ki’s.
Thus, compare the value obtained with the permissible limit.
Interior girder, dkt=∑dki1+∑dki2 = 27.11mm 27.54mm 2.75E+01
Similarly for exterior girder, ∑dkt= 32.74mm 33.26 mm 15.46

ii) Deflection due to tandem load

The max. deflection of the interior girder due to tandem load occurred when a single concentrated tandem load is acting at the mid span.
dtl=Pstl*L13/48EcIc
where: dtl = deflection due to tandem load.
Pstl = Single concentrated tandem load = 110KN 110
dtl= 2*110*30.4^3/(48*6499209.83) = 0.01981m = 19.81 mm 1.98E+01 1.98E-02
1.98E+01

iii) Deflection due to lane load

WL1=9.3 18.6
4
dLa = 5*WL1*L1 /(384EIe) = 5*(9.3*2)*30.4^4/(384*6499209.83) = 0.03183m = 31.83 mm 0.03183m = 31.833.18E-02
mm
3.18E+01
Thus, the total live load deflection becomes:
dk = 0.25*dkt+dla 40.015 4.00E+01
dkt = (0.25*32.74)+31.83 =40.015 mm (for 25% of truck load) 20.008 4.00E+01
-1.80E+01
dmax=mg*dkt= 0.5*40.015=20.008mm (< 38mm) The deflection is within the limit. <

Investigation of Fatigue Limit State

U=0.75*(LL+IM)
U= Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m spacing.
For single vehicular load, maximum moment results when the two front axles are on the span and the rear axle is out of the span.
Mmf= 0.75*1.15(Mmax)
19 L1 0 L2 30.40 m1 0 m2 0 m3 0 m2 0 m3 0 M_Max
17
15 0.10
0.15 3.04
4.56 27.36
25.84 2.306
3.231 2.736
3.876 -5.364
-3.774 2.736
3.876 0
0
0.000
489.190
684.765
14
12 0.2
0.25 6.08
7.6 24.32
22.80 4.004
4.625 4.864
5.7 -2.336
-1.05 4.864
5.7 0
0 847.660
988.375
11
9 0.3
0.35 9.12
10.64 21.28
19.76 5.094
5.411 6.384
6.916 0.084
1.066 6.384
6.916 0.084
1.066 1116.150
1346.775
7
5 0.4
0.45 12.16
13.68 18.24
16.72 5.576
5.589 7.296
7.524 1.896
2.574 7.296
7.524 1.896
2.574 1528.000
1659.825
3
1 0.5
0.55 15.2
16.72 15.20
13.68 5.45
5.159 7.6
7.524 3.1
3.474 7.6
7.524 3.1
3.474 1742.250
1775.275
2
4 0.6
0.65 18.24
19.76 12.16
10.64 4.716
4.121 7.296
6.916 3.696
3.766 7.296
6.916 3.696
3.766 1758.900
1693.125
6
8 0.7
0.75 21.28
22.8 9.12
7.60 3.374
2.475 6.384
5.7 3.684
3.45 6.384
5.7 3.684
3.45 1577.950
1413.375
10
13 0.8
0.85 24.32
25.84 6.08
4.56 1.424
0.221 4.864
3.876 3.064
2.526 4.864
3.876 3.064
2.526 1199.400
936.025
16
18 0.9
0.95 27.36
28.88 3.04
1.52 -1.134
-2.6410 2.736
1.4440 1.836
0.9940 2.736
1.4440 1.836
0.9940 662.940
353.510
19
19 11 30.4
30.4 0.00
0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000
0.000
19
19 11 30.4
30.4 0.00
0.00 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0.000
0.000
19 1 30.4 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.000
16.72 1775.28
968.63
173.84
Mmax occurs at x = 16.72 m and equals to 1775.275 KNm 0 5.572
Mg SIm = 0.582/1.2= 0.485
Mmf= 0.75*1.5*Mg SIm*(Mmax) = 968.634KN-m 1.2 0.582
Mmf= the maximum moment for fatigue. 0.485
161.5 <
a) Tensile live load stresses
for interior girder
d = 1668 mm, x = 407.926 mm, Icr=225.304*E+9 mm4 407.926 2.25304E+11 7
fsmax = n*Mf*(d-x)/Icr 37.92 407.926 mm 1668
fsmax= 37.922 Mpa

b) Reinforcing Bars
The stresses range in straight reinforcement bars resulting from fatigue load combination shall not exceed.
If fsmax < ff , then there is no problem of fatigue. Otherwise increase area of reinforcing bars.
ff is the stress range.
fmin is the minimum live load stress where there is stress reversal. For simply supported slab bridge, r/h is 0.30 and fmin is zero.
ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h) =145+55*0.3=161.5Mpa 161.5
fs < ff (37.922 < 161.5 Mpa) OK! fs ff

THE DESIGN IS COMPLETED!

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 20

Design of Bearing (Using 60 durometer reinforced bearing)
Design Data:
Expandable span length of the bridge =30.4m
Dead Load reaction/girder= 544.586kN
Exterior girder=0.5L(28.537+1.851)=461.898kN
Interior girder=0.5L(31.603+4.225)=544.586kN
Live Load reaction (without inpact)/girder=mgv*[Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]=336.552kN
Maximum temperature change is 21 deg. C
- Δshrinkage = Girder shortening due to concrete shirinkage = 2mm
Shear modulus of elastomer is 0.9 to 1.38MPa (For this bearing deign, use G=1.2MPa)
γ=Load factor for uniform temp and etc1.2
Constant amplitude of fatigue treshold for Category A =170MPa

1. Temperature Movement
-6 o
Thermal coefficient of normal concrete, α, is 10.8x10 / C
ΔTemp= αΔT L= 0.0000108*21*30.4*1000=6.89mm 21?

2. Girder Shortening
Δsh= 2mm
Bearing maximum longitudinal movement= γ(Δsh+ΔTemp) = 1.2*(2+6.89)=10.668mm

3. Determination of the minimum bearing area

According to S14.7.5.3.2, the maximum compressive stress limit under service limit state for bearings
fixed against shear deformations:
11 σs < 1.66GS < 11MPa
ζL < 0.66GS
where:
ζs = service average compressive stress due to the total load (MPa)
ζL = service average compressive stress due to live load (MPa)
G = shear modulus of elastomer (MPa)
S = shape factor of the thickest layer of the bearing

To satisfy the 11MPa limit, the minimum bearing area, Areq, should satisfy:
Areq > (544.586+336.552)*1000/11=80103.45 (mm2) 80103.45

For a first estimate, 228.867

-choose a width of W=(Width of girder bottom flange – 2(chamfer +edge clearance) 140000
W=400-2(12.5+12.5)=350mm and L=400mm
Trial size of bearing is 350mm x 400mm, A=140000 >80103.45 (OK!)
The shape factor of a layer of an elastomeric bearing, Si, is taken as the plan area of the layer divided
by the area of perimeter free to bulge.

Si = LW/[2hri(L + W)]
where:
L = length of a rectangular elastomeric bearing (parallel to the longitudinal bridge axis) (mm)
W = width of the bearing in the transverse direction (mm)
hri = thickness of ith elastomeric layer in elastomeric bearing (mm)

4.Compressive stress
Shape factor under total load, STL,(S14.7.5.3.2-3)
STL>σs/1.66G
where:
σs = PTL/Areq
PTL= maximum bearing reaction under total load
STL> (881.138*1000/140000)/(1.66*1.2)
> 3.16
Shape factor under live load, SLL,
SLL>σL/0.66G
where:
σL = PLL/Areq
PLL= maximum bearing live load reaction
SLL> (336.552*1000/140000)/(0.66*1.2)
> 3.04
Thus, the minimum shape factor of any layer is 3.16
Notice that if holes are present in the elastomeric bearing their effect needs to be accounted for when
calculating the shape factor because they reduce the loaded area and increase the area free to bulge.

5.Elastomer Thickness
Using the shape factors of STL and SLL calculated above, determine the elastomer thickness.
hri(TL) < (LW)/[2(STL)(L + W)]
hri(TL) < 400*350
2*3.16(400+350)
< 29.54

hri(LL) < (LW)/[2(SLL)(L + W)]

400*350
hri(lL) <
2*3.04(400+350)
< 30.7 min ?
2
Use an interior elastomer layer thickness of hri =31mm
The corresponding shape factor is: 750
S = (LW)/[2(hri)(L + W)]= 3.01 3.01

Check compressive stresses

-average compressive due to toal load
σs = PTL/A = 881.138*1000/140000=6.29Mpa 6< MPa >
i. ζs=6.29MPa >1.66GS(=6MPa) Revise Bearing Size!
ii. 1.66GS (=6MPa) < 11MPa Ok!

-average compressive due to live load

σL = PLL/A = 336.552*1000/140000=2.4Mpa 2.38 MPa >
i. ζs=2.4MPa >0.66GS (=2.38MPa) Revise Bearing Size!

6. Compressive deflection
Deflections of elastometric bearings due to total load and live load alone will be considered separately.
Instantaneous deflection is be taken as:
δ=∑εihri (S14.7.5.3.3-1)
where: εi = instantaneous compressive strain in ith elastomer layer of a laminated bearing
hri = thickness of ith elastomeric layer in a laminated bearing
Values for εi are determined from test results or by analysis when considering long-term deflections.
Obtain εi from Fig. C14.7.5.3.3.1 of AASHTO. 6.29 #VALUE!
#VALUE!

7. Shear deformation
The bearing is required to satisfy:
hrt >2Δs (S14.7.5.3.4-1)
hrt > 2*10.668=21.336mm
where: hrt =total elastomer thickness (sum of the thicknesses of all elastomer layers)
Δs =maximum shear deformation of the elastomer at the service limit state
8. Combined compression and rotation
Rectangular bearings are assumed to satisfy uplift requir ements if they satisfy:
2
σs > 1.0GS(θs/n)(B/hri) (S14.7.5.3.5-1)
where: n = number of interior layers of elastomer (interior layers are bonded on each face).
hri, thickness of ith elastomeric layer =31 mm
= σs =maximum compressive stress in elastomer =6.29MPa
B = length of pad if rotation is about its transverse axis or width of pad if rotation is about its
longitudinal axis. B=L=400mm
θs = maximum service rotation due to the total load (rads).
It will include the rotations due to live load and construction load (assume 0.005 rads)
The rotation at a point , x, due to each live load at a distance 'a' from the left support is given by:

EI x 
pbx2
 L  b2 
pb 2
(for x<a)
2L 6L

Thus, the rotation at the left support is obtained by setting x=0.

EI  0   
pb
L 2  b 2 
6L

Location of Loads Rotation, θ

Girder EIeff st nd rd
1 (145KN) 2 (145KN) 3 (35KN) θ
Interior 6.50E+15 b=16.72m b=12.42m b=8.12m -0.0025 rad
Exterior 5.38E+15 b=16.72m b=12.42m b=8.12m -0.003 rad

Rotation due to DL
 wL3
 DC 
24 EI e

Girder EIeff w θ
Interior 6.50E+15 31.603KN/m -0.0057 rad 31.603
Exterior 5.38E+15 28.537KN/m -0.0062 rad 28.537
Long term rotation produced by creep effect should be considered in the calculation of camber.
θdL=3*θDC= 3*0.0062=0.0186 rad

θdesign=mg*θLL+=θdL+θalw = 0.5*(0.003)+0.0186+0.005=0.0251 rad

8.1 Uplift requirement
To determine the number of interior layers of elastomer, nu, for uplift
nu > 1.0GS(θs)(B/hri)2/σs
1.0*1.2*3.01*0.0251(400/31)^2
nu >
6.29 3
> 2.4
8.2 Shear deformation requirement
To prevent excessive stress on the edges of the elastomer, rectangular bearings fixed against shear
deformation must also satisfy:
σs < 1.875GS[1 – 0.2(θs/n)(B/hri)2]
The number of interior layers of elastomer, nc,required to limit compression along the edges.
-0.20(θs)(B/hri)2 -0.83579605
nc >
[σs/1.875GS-1] 0.928756
> 11.73 12 11.7314585
12 Exterior layers
Use 12 interior layers, 31mm thick each 12
Exterior layers 19mm thick each (< 70% of the thickness of the interior layer) 18.6
mm thick each
9. Bearing maximum rotation
Instantaneous deflection is :
δ=∑εihri #VALUE!
δ= #VALUE! 13
Bearing rotational capacity: #VALUE!
θcapacity=2δ/L= #VALUE! #VALUE!
θdesign= #VALUE!

10. Stability of elastomeric bearings

The bearing pad should be designed to prevent instability at the service limit state by limiting the average compressive
stress to one half the estimated buckling stress.
For the bridge deck free to translate horizontally
h rt
G 1 . 92 2 .67
   where, A  L and B 
2A  B  L 
S  S  2  1 
s cr

S 1
2L 
W  4W 
hrt=12(31)+2(19)= 410mm hrt=
1.92*410/400
A= = 0.361
3.01Sqrt(1+2*400/350)
2.67
B= = 0.138
3.01(3.01+2)(1+400/4*350) G/(2A-B) =
<
G/(2A-B) =2.05MPa (<6.29Mpa) Revise the design!

11. Bearing Steel Reinforcement

The reinforcement should sustain the tensile stresses induced by compression on the bearing. With the
present load limitations, the minimum steel plate thickness practical for fabrication will usually provide
adequate strength.
At the service limit state:
hs > 3hmaxσs/f y (S14.7.5.3.7-1)
where:
hmax = thickness of thickest elastomeric layer in elastomeric bearing
ζs= hmax=31 mm, ζs=6.29MPa
Fy = yield strength of steel reinforcement = 400MPa
hs(TL) > 1.46 mm 1.46

At the fatigue limit state:

hs > 2hmaxσL/ ΔF TH ζL= 2.4MPa
ΔFTH =constant amplitude fatigue treshold for category A 0.4
hs(LL) > 0.88 mm 13
Use 13 steel reinforcement plates. hs= 1.5 mm thick each (check with the min. thickness)

If holes exist in the reinforcement, the minimum thickness is increased by a factor equal to twice the gross
width divided by the net width. Holes in the reinforcement cause stress concentrations.

The total height of the bearing, hrt :

hrt = cover layers + elastomer layers + shim thicknesses 2Δ =
=2(19)+12(31)+13(1.5)= 429.5mm (> 2Δ = 2*10.668=21.336mm) Ok! Ok!
4 0
Elastomeric Bearings (grade 60 Shore A Durometer hardness) 0 0
12 interior layers, 31mm thick each -1 8 8 0
2 Exterior layers 19mm thick each -1 0 18 18
13 steel reinforcement plates. hs= 1.5 mm thick each 0 28 28
Total thickness of bearing is 429.5 mm 0 38 38
Bearing size: 350mm (transverse) x 400mm (longitudinal) 0 48 48
0 58 58
 ABUTMENT DESIGN

Enter Preliminary Dimensions and Material Properties

Bottom width of the foundation on the left side,BL1= 1.00 m

Bottom width of the toe on the right side,BL3 = 3.25 m
slope V:H = 2.5
Top width of the abutment cap, X= 0.20 m
Depth of the abutment cap, Bf1= 0.25 m
Depth of the base concrete, ht= 1.00 m
Depth of the base concrete, hh= 1.00 m
Roadway grade, Rgr = 856 m
Footing elevation to bottom of footing, EB = 851 m
Allowable stress of the foundation Soil,sall = 250 Kpa
Friction angle of the backfill material,δ = 18 degrees
Density of the backfill material,γbm = 18.9 KN/m3
Cohesion of the backfill material, C = 0
Unit weight of the abutment,γm = 24 KN/m3 (Stone masonry)
Unit weight of the abutment cap (beam seat), γac = 24 KN/m3 (Stone masonry)
Soil thickness (surcharge), ts = 0.22 m
Percentage of creep, shrinkage & temperature = 10 % of DL
Passive Pressure is ignored.
Height, H2 = 2.00 m
CALCULATIONS Ebd=Rgr-Dw
1 DIMENSIONS
Ebd=Rgr-Dw =856-1830/1000=854.17m
Net height of the abutment, Hnet=(Rgr-Eb-ts)= 4.78
H1=Ebd-EB-hh-Bf1 = 1.92m
B1=H1/Slope=1.92/2.5=0.77m
BL2=B1+Wrs+X = (0.77+0.4+0.2)=1.37 m 1.37
B2=Wrs+X = 0.4+0.2=0.6 m
B=BL1+BL2+BL3 = 1+1.37+3.25=5.62m 5.62

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Abutment Design Page 25

 2 LOADS
i) Dead Load Reaction
Rdl= 2242.986KN (DL reaction from the deck slab and girders)
ii) Live Load Reactions
Rlli=(max(Vtrl,Vtml)+Vln)
Vtr = 294.589KN, Vtm =215.658KN, Vln = 141.36KN
Rlli = 1135.211KN

iii) Wind Load on Live Loads

WL=1.46(Rgr-Eb+1.8) ,1.8m above roadway surface.
WL = 1.46*(856-851+1.8)=9.928KN
iv) Breaking Force, Brf
Brf=0.25*(2P2+P1)NL ,Braking force,25%, 1.8m above roadway surface.
=0.25*(2*145+35)*2= 162.5KN
v) Earthquake Force, EQ
EQ =106.3105 KN (This force is applied at the bearings)
vi) Creep, shrinkage & temperature...(10% of DL)
CR_SH_TU = 113.521 KN
vii) Lateral active earth pressure
sult = 1.5Sall = 375Kpa
ϕ=1.5δ= 27deg.
Ѳ=180-tan-1(H1/B1) = 111.88 deg.
η=(1+Sqrt(Sin(δ+Ѳ))Sinϕ)/(Sin(δ+Ѳ)SinѲ)2 = 2.399
Ka= (Sin(ϕ+Ѳ))2/(ηSin2Ѳ(Sin(Ѳ-δ))) = 0.296
γ= 180-(δ+Ѳ)= 50.12deg.
Pmax=kaγbmHnet -2C√Ka
= 0.296*18.9*4.78-(2*0*√0.296) =26.741 KN/m2
Pa=0.5PmaxHnet
= 0.5*26.741*4.78=63.911 KN/m
Pah=Pa*Sinγ=49.059 KN/m Pah=Pa*Sinγ
Pav=Pa*Cosγ=40.961 KN/m Pav=Pa*Cosγ
viii) Lateral passive earth pressure
Passive earth pressure is ignored.
Pmaxp=kpγbmHnet +2C√Kp = 0 KN/m2
Pp=0.5PmaxH2 = 0 KN/m
Pph=Pp*Sinγ = 0 KN/m Pph=Pp*Sinγ
Ppv=Pp*Cosγ = 0 KN/m Ppv=Pp*Cosγ
ix) Dead load Surcharge
qss= γbm*ts
= 18.9*0.22 =4.158Kpa
Pressure =kaqss= 1.23 KN/m
Qsh=kaqssSin(γ)= 0.944 KN/m
Qsv=kaqssCos(γ)= 0.788 KN/m
x) Live load Surcharge heq
Pressure=kaheqγbm= 4.872 KN/m
Qlh=Pressure Sin(γ)= 3.681 KN/m
Qlv=Pressure Cos(γ)= 3.191 KN/m
3 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Strength I:DC=1.25, EV=1.35, EH=1.5, LL=1.75, BR=1.75, LS=1.75, WS=0, WL=0,
ES=1.5, CR_SH_TU=0.5
Strength Ia:DC=0.9, EV=1, EH=0.9, LL=1.75, BR=1.75, LS=1.75, WS=0, WL=0,
ES=0.75, CR_SH_TU=0.5

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Abutment Design Page 26

 Total Width of the abutment = 8.92m
Moment Factored Factored
Unfactored Factored Forces Factored Forces Arm from Pt. Unfactored Moments Moments
Loads (Strength I) (Strength Ia) A Moments (Strength I) (Strength Ia)
W1 695.76 869.70 626.18 1.63 1130.61 1413.26 1017.55
W2 246.62 308.28 221.96 3.55 875.50 1094.38 787.95
W3 32.11 40.14 28.90 3.55 114.00 142.50 102.60
W4 78.35 97.94 70.52 3.75 293.82 367.28 264.44
W5 75.83 94.78 68.24 4.11 311.40 389.25 280.26
W6 164.84 206.05 148.36 4.24 698.10 872.63 628.29
W7 214.08 267.60 192.67 4.95 1060.41 1325.51 954.37
Vertical Loads

W8 59.71 74.64 53.74 4.36 260.55 325.69 234.50

W9 241.45 301.81 217.31 4.24 1022.55 1278.19 920.29
W10 805.85 1007.31 725.27 4.95 3991.65 4989.56 3592.48
W11 547.91 684.89 493.12 1.63 890.36 1112.94 801.32
RDL 2242.99 2803.73 2018.69 3.45 7738.30 9672.88 6964.47
RLL 1135.21 1986.62 1986.62 3.45 3916.48 6853.84 6853.84
Pav 195.79 264.32 195.79 5.62 1100.36 1485.49 1100.36
Ppv 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qsv 33.61 45.38 33.61 5.62 188.90 255.02 188.90
Qlv 28.47 38.43 28.47 5.62 159.98 215.97 159.98
TOTAL 6,798.59 9,091.63 7,109.45 23,752.97 31,794.37 24,851.60
Brf 162.50 284.38 284.38 6.58 1069.25 1871.19 1871.19
EQ 106.31 0.00 0.00 2.95 313.62 0.00 0.00
Horizontal Loads

WL 9.93 0.00 0.00 6.58 65.33 0.00 0.00

CR,SH,TU 113.52 56.76 56.76 4.78 542.63 271.32 271.32
Pah 234.50 351.75 211.05 1.59 373.64 560.46 336.28
Pph 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qsh 40.26 60.39 36.23 2.39 96.21 144.32 86.59
Qlh 32.84 49.26 29.55 2.39 78.48 117.72 70.63
TOTAL 699.86 802.53 617.97 2,539.16 2,965.01 2,636.00
∑M 28,829.37 22,215.60

Stability and Safety Criteria

1 Eccentricity %=(emax-e)*100/emax

Design Margin
V ∑M Xo=∑M/V e=B/2-Xo emax=B/4 Remark
(%)
Strength I 9,091.631 28,829.37 3.171 -0.361 1.405 74.31 OK!
Strength Ia 7,109.448 22,215.60 3.125 -0.315 1.405 77.59 OK!

2 Sliding %=(φs*Fr-H)*100/φs*Fr φs = 0.8

Design Margin
V tanδ Fr=V*tanδ φs *Fr HL Remark
(%)
Strength I 9,091.631 0.33 2955.318 2364.254 802.530 66.06 OK!
Strength Ia 7,109.448 0.33 2310.991 1848.793 617.972 66.57 OK!

3 Bearing Capacity %=(φb*RI*qult-qmax)*100/(φb*RI*qult) φb = 0.5 2

sult= 500 Kpa RI=(1-(H/V))3= 0.722 qmax=Vn/(2*Xo*B)

Design Margin
Hn Vn Hn/Vn φb*RI*qult (%) Remark
qmax
Strength I 699.856 6,798.59 0.103 180.469 190.748 -5.70 NOT OK!
Strength Ia 699.856 6,798.59 0.103 180.469 193.567 -7.26 NOT OK!

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Criteria (Abt)

Bill of Quantities 3 8.92
A) Reinforcement 8920
Deck Slab (top flange) Reinforcement
1. Main Reinforcement
1.1 Positive Reinforcement
Provide 182 Φ 16 c/c 170 mm, L=11030 mm
1.2 Negative Reinforcement
Provide 155 Φ 16 c/c 200 mm, L=11030 mm
2 Distribution Reinforcement
Bottom longitudinal
Provide 60 Φ 12 c/c 150 mm , L=34950 mm
3. Temperature Reinforcement
Top longitudinal
Provide 17 Φ 12 c/c 450 mm , L=30870 mm

4. Overhang
a) Main Reinforcement
Provide 206 Φ 16 c/c 150 mm , L= 2000 mm
b) Longitudinal direction
Provide 3 Φ 12 c/c 450 mm , L= 30900 mm
5. Posts and Railing Reinforcements
5.1 Posts
5.1.1 Main bars
Provide 4 Φ12 ,L=1780 mm
5.1.2 Stirrups
Provide 5 Φ16 stirrups c/c 200mm, L=1120 mm for each post
5.2 Railing
5.2.1 Main bars
Provide 4 Φ12 ,L=31500 mm
5.2.2 Stirrups
Provide 155 Φ16 stirrups c/c 200mm, L=920 mm for each rail

5. Barrier Reinforcements
5.1 Longitudinal bars
* Provide 5φ10 horizontal bars, L= 30900mm on both faces (spacing of bars is as shown in the above diagram)
5.2 Transversal bars
a) Provide102φ10 c/c 300mm, L=1840mm
b) Provide 102φ10 c/c 300mm, L=1350mm (To connect with the curb, see fig for detailings)

Bar Schedule for the deck slab (top flange)

Item Spacing Length Total No.
Bar Code Φ Total Wt.(Kg) Bar Shape
No. (mm) (mm) of Bars
1.1 1 16 170 11030 182 3169.78

1.2 2 16 200 11030 155 2699.54

2 3 12 150 34950 60 1862.14
3 4 12 450 30870 17 466.01
4a 5 16 150 2000 412 1301.10
4b 6 12 450 30900 6 164.64
5.1 7 10 30900 20 381.10
5.2a 8 10 300 1840 204 231.47 See detailings
5.2b 9 10 300 1350 204 169.83 See detailings
5.1.1 7 12 - 1780 0 0.00

5.1.2 8 16 200 1120 0 0.00

5.2.1 9 12 - 31500 8 0.00

5.2.2 10 16 200 920 310 0.00

Total wt. = 10445.61 Kg.
6) Bottom Flange Reinforcement
6.1 Reinforcement parallel to the girder span
Provide Φ 16 c/c 350 mm

6.2 Transversal Reinforcement

Provide Φ 16 c/c 280 mm

6.3 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Provide Φ12 c/c 420 mm at top, (on both directions).

Bar Schedule for the bottom flange

Item Spacing Length Total No.
Bar Code Φ Total Wt.(Kg) Bar Shape
No. (mm) (mm) of Bars
6.1 1a 16 350 31300 22 1087.07
6.2 2a 16 280 7360 112 1301.33
6.3.1 3a 12 420 31040 74 2039.70
6.3.2 4a 12 420 7360 18 117.64
Total wt. = 4545.74 Kg.

Girder Longitudinal Reinforcement Φ

i) Interior Girders 2 Number of Interior Girders
Number of Interior Girders = 2 2 Number of Exterior Girders
7 Φ 32 L =37095 mm, 10 Φ 32 L =15810 mm and 4 Φ 32 L =8515 mm 10 Φ 32 L =15810 mm
4 Φ 32 L =8515 mm
ii) Exterior Girders
Number of Exterior Girders = 2 8 Φ 32 L =15810 mm
6 Φ 32 L =37095 mm, 8 Φ 32 L =15810 mm and 4 Φ 32 L =8515 mm 4 Φ 32 L =8515 mm

iii) Nominal reinforcements at the side

Provide 9 Φ 12, L= 37095 mm at each side of the girder. 9
Bar Schedule for girder reinforcements 21 18
Item No. of No. of Length Total No.
Description Total Wt.(Kg) Bar Shape
No. Girders bars (mm) of Bars
1 7 37095 14 3279.40
Interior
2 2 10 15810 20 4684.85
Girders
3 4 8515 8 1873.94
4 6 37095 12 2810.91
Exterior
5 2 8 15810 16 1597.36
Girders
6 4 8515 8 430.16
Nominal
7 4 18 30700 72 1962.84
reinf.
Nominal
8 4 2 30700 8 218.09
reinf.
16857.54 Kg.

Shear Reinforcement Kg.

i) Interior Girders A total of
A total of 230 Φ 12 of length 4070 mm with different spacing as shown in the details. mm with different spacing as shown in the details.
ii) Exterior Girders
A total of 218 Φ 12 of length 4070 mm with different spacing as shown in the details. 1.578666667
Wt. = 787.887 Kg. 0.888
Total Wt. of Shear reinforcement = 831.257+787.887 =1619.144 Kg 170 0
Main bar length 6890
Diaphragm (lb -170mm) Length 520
No of diaphragms = 0 6890 0 No of diaphragms =
Main Bars 2 Φ 16, L = 6890 mm , for each diaphragm. 0 33
Stirupps A total of 0 Φ 12 of length 520 mm of stirrups @ 200 mm is used.
Beam Seat 90 45
Main Bars A total of 60 Φ 12 of length 8850 mm , @ 200 mm is used. Main bar length 8850
413.986
Stirupps A total of 90 Φ 12 of length 5180 mm of stirrups at c/c 200 mm is used. 30
Bar shedule for shear, diaphragm and beam seat reinforcement 115 109
Item Total No. Length
Description Reint. Type Spacing Total Wt.(Kg) Bar Shape
No. of Bars (mm)
Int. Girder 230 4070 Φ 12 (and see 831.257
1 Shear reinf.
details)
Ext. Girder 218 4070 787.887

Int. Girder intermediate 230 450 Φ 12 (and see 91.908

1a
ties details)
Ext. Girder 218 450 87.113

Int. Girder intermediate 0 450 Φ 12 (and see 0

2a
Ext. Girder ties 0 450 details) 0
Mian bars 60 8850 Φ 12 c/c 200 mm 471.528

3 Beam Seat
Stirrups 90 5180 Φ 12 c/c 200 mm 413.986

2683.68 Kg.
B) Concrete
1.1 Lean Concrete
Lean concrete for the foundation of the abutment (5cm thick)
Size: (BL1+BL2+BL3+0.50)*(Rw+2*Cw+0.50) (clarance of 25 cm on each side)
= (1+1.37+3.25+0.5)*(7.32+2*0.8+0.5) 57.65
= 57.65m2 2.88
Volume of concrete =2.88m3 (C-5)
1.2 Structurasl Concrete
3
No. Description Volume (m )
1 Deck Slab (top flange) 49.45 49.45
2 Curbs 12.32 12.32
3 Longitudinal girders 74.41 74.413
4 Bottom flange 31.32 31.324
5 Beam Seat 9.14 9.14
6 Barriers 10.16 #VALUE! #VALUE!
186.81 #VALUE!
C) Abutment Masonry 116.43 116.43 Total volume of stone masonry =
Total volume of stone masonry =116.43 m3 m3

D) Area of Asphalt Layer 225.46

Area of Asphalt Layer = (Cs+2*Wrs)*Rw = 225.46m2 ( 75 mm thick) 225.46
Area of Asphalt Layer = (Cs+2*Wrs)*Rw =
E) Formwork 225.46m2 ( 75 mm thick)
No. Description Area (m2)
Top flange (deck slab) 226.688 7.36 226.688
1 Side 13.87
2 Curbs 16.632 16.632
3 Longitudinal girders 372.064 372.064
4 Bottom flange 220.800 220.800
5 Beam Seat 57.802 57.8016
6 Barriers 111.74 #VALUE!
Total area of formwork = 1019.60 #VALUE!

Summary of Estimated Quantities and Cost

Item No. Description Unit Qty Unit Price Total Amount
1 Reinforcement Bars kg 34532.57 0 -
2 Lean Concrete m3 2.9 0 - -
3 Concrete m3 186.81 0 -
4 Formwork m2 1019.60 0 -
5 Asphalt (Bitumen) m3 16.9095 0 -
6 Stone Masonry m3 116.43 0 -
7 Bearings each 8.00 0 -
Total (A) - -
Design & Supervision Cost (10%A) - 10
Administration Cost (2%A) - 2
Sub Total (B) -
Profit Margin (25%B) - 25
Sub Total (C) -
VAT (15%C) - 15
Grand Total -
 1000
5 - 206Φ16 @150, L=2000

5 - 206Φ16 @150, L=2000

1 - 182Φ16 @170, L=11030

3 - 60Φ12 @150, L=34950 (lb=170)

4 - 17Φ12 @450, L=30870 (lb=170)

30800
2 - 155Φ16 @200, L=11030
1000

8920

Fig 1. Plan (top flange)

5 - 206Φ16 @150, L=2000 3 Φ12

4
2
3

180

1830

4a

140

800 2a 1 1a 3a

Fig 2. Bridge Section (deck slab reinforcements)

 1000
2a- 112 Φ16 c/c 280mm, l=7360mm

1a- 22 Φ16 c/c 350mm, l=31300mm

3a- 74 Φ12 c/c 420mm, l=31040mm

30800
4a- 18 Φ12 c/c 420mm, l=7360mm
1000

7360

Fig 3. Plan (bottom flange)

Reinforcement details

Girder section
150 150
180mm

18 Φ 12, L =30700 mm 2Φ12 shear reinforcement

1720

1720
(nominal bars) Φ 12, L = 4070 mm.
1650mm

330
115 Φ 12 shear reinf. for int.
21 Φ 32 for interior & 18 400mm & 109 Φ 12 for ext. girders,
Φ 32 for exterior girders of L= 4070 mm.
variable length.

115 Φ 12 ties. for int. & 109 Φ 12 for ext. girders, L= 450 mm.
Longitudinal girder
(Temp reinf. For the deck slab) Provide 17 Φ 12 c/c 450 mm , L=30870 mm
Dw = 1830 mm

a b c d e d c b a

3040mm 3040mm 3040mm 3040mm 6080mm 3040mm 3040mm 3040mm 3040mm

30.8 30800 mm

7 Φ 32 for interior & 6 Φ 32 for exterior girders L =37095mm

10 Φ 32 for interior & 8 Φ 32 for exterior girders L =15810mm

4 Φ 32 for interior & 4 Φ 32 for exterior girders L =8515mm

Fig 4. Shear reinforcement detailings

Shear reinforcements
a= 14 Φ 12 c/c 220 mm for interior & 11 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for exterior girders, L= 4070mm on both sides.
b= 11 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for interior & 11 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for exterior girders, L= 4070mm on both sides.
c= 11 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for interior & 11 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for exterior girders, L= 4070mm on both sides.
d= 11 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for interior & 11 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for exterior girders, L= 4070mm on both sides.
e= 21 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for interior & 21 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm for exterior girders, L= 4070mm.
Reinforcement details

Beam seat 150 mm -20

200 mm 1980 150.00
Stirrups

1980 mm
Φ 12 c/c 200 mm, L = 5180 mm

2010 mm
30 Φ 12 c/c 200 mm, L =
2080 mm

8850 mm
2010 550 mm 550
2080 180
180 mm
600
250 mm
530 530 mm

600 mm
45 Φ 12 c/c 200 mm, L
= 5180mm

Fig 5. Reinforcement detailings of a beam seat

Assume

-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 0 0.125 0.25 0.5 0.75

0.05 27 27 27 27 27 28.5 29 33
0.06 27 27 27 27 27 28 29.5 33.25
0.07 27 27 27 27 27 27.75 29.75 33.375
0.08 27 27 27 27 27 27.5 30 33.5
0.09 25.25 25.25 25.25 25.25 25.5 27 30.25 33.75
0.1 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5 24 26.5 30.5 34
0.11 21.75 22.25 22.75 23.5 25 27.25 31 34
0.12 20.875 21.625 22.375 23.5 25.5 27.625 31.25 34
0.13 20 21 22 23.5 26 28 31.5 34
0.14 21 21.75 22.75 24.25 26.5 28.5 31.75 34
0.15 22 22.5 23.5 25 27 29 32 34
0.16 22.75 23.25 24.25 25.75 27.5 29.5 32.25 34
0.17 23.125 23.625 24.625 26.125 27.75 29.75 32.375 34
0.18 23.5 24 25 26.5 28 30 32.5 34
0.19 24.25 24.75 25.75 27 28.5 30.5 32.75 34
0.2 25 25.5 26.5 27.5 29 31 33 34
0.21 25.75 26.25 27 28.25 29.75 31.5 33 34
0.22 26.125 26.625 27.25 28.625 30.125 31.75 33 34
0.23 26.5 27 27.5 29 30.5 32 33 34
0.24 27.25 27.75 28.25 29.5 30.75 32 33 34
0.25 28 28.5 29 30 31 32 33 34

-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 0 0.125 0.25 0.5 0.75

0.05 6.78 6.17 5.63 4.88 3.99 3.49 2.51 2.37
0.06 6.78 6.17 5.63 4.88 3.82 3.25 2.49 2.35
0.07 6.78 6.17 5.63 4.88 3.735 3.13 2.48 2.34
0.08 6.78 6.17 5.63 4.88 3.65 3.01 2.47 2.33
0.09 6.64 6.02 5.47 4.07 3.13 2.775 2.44 2.305
0.1 6.5 5.87 5.31 3.26 2.61 2.54 2.41 2.28
0.11 4.605 4.29 4.01 2.93 2.59 2.52 2.39 2.23
0.12 3.6575 3.5 3.36 2.765 2.58 2.51 2.38 2.205
0.13 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.6 2.57 2.5 2.37 2.18
0.14 2.685 2.66 2.66 2.575 2.535 2.475 2.325 2.12
0.15 2.66 2.61 2.61 2.55 2.5 2.45 2.28 2.06
0.16 2.625 2.595 2.575 2.525 2.455 2.42 2.24 2.005
0.17 2.6075 2.5875 2.5575 2.5125 2.4325 2.405 2.22 1.9775
0.18 2.59 2.58 2.54 2.5 2.41 2.39 2.2 1.95
0.19 2.57 2.535 2.51 2.475 2.39 2.36 2.15 1.885
0.2 2.55 2.49 2.48 2.45 2.37 2.33 2.1 1.82
0.21 2.5 2.465 2.455 2.41 2.35 2.3 2.01 1.745
0.22 2.475 2.4525 2.4425 2.39 2.34 2.285 1.965 1.7075
0.23 2.45 2.44 2.43 2.37 2.33 2.27 1.92 1.67
0.24 2.405 2.4 2.375 2.335 2.355 2.14 1.78 1.595
0.25 2.36 2.36 2.32 2.3 2.38 2.01 1.64 1.52