International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Computational analysis of mixed convection heat transfer characteristics

in lid-driven cavity containing triangular block with constant heat flux:
Effect of Prandtl and Grashof numbers
Krunal M. Gangawane
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Studies, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The present numerical work explores the mixed convective flow and heat transfer analysis in top lid dri-
Received 24 January 2016 ven square cavity containing heated triangular block with constant heat flux (CHF) thermal condition.
Received in revised form 16 September The fluid flow in the cavity is driven by top moving wall in +x direction, while all other walls are station-
2016
ary. Governing equations are solved by using finite volume method (FVM) and SIMPLE scheme for range
Accepted 18 September 2016
Available online 24 September 2016
of pertaining parameters such as, Reynolds number (Re = 1, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000), Prandtl number
(Pr = 1, 50, 100), and Grashof number (Gr = 0, 102, 103, 104 and 105). The influence of size of blockage
(b = 10%, 20% and 30%) on momentum and heat transfer characteristics has also been explored. The phys-
Keywords:
Lid-driven cavity
ical insights of systems are delineated by analyzing variation of streamlines and isotherm contours; while
Triangular block the heat transfer characteristics are explored by using dimensionless heat transfer coefficient or Nusselt
Reynolds number number (local as well as averaged values). It is observed that increase in Reynolds number enhances the
Mixed convection heat transfer rate (Nusselt number) only up to Re = 180–220, later, deterioration of heat transfer rate is
Grashof number observed. The critical (Recr) as well as stagnant (Restag) Reynolds number of heat transfer for present case
are identified.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction convection heat transfer [8,9]. There are numerous applications

The knowledge of heat transfer fundamentals is quite important
as it is part of almost every other industry. Hence, the analysis of
physical insights as well as heat transfer rate in heated enclosures
(differentially heated, lid driven, open ended, etc.,) have received
tremendous interests from scientific community. The reason for
overwhelming popularity of these structures is because of its sim-
ple geometry with ability to explain varieties of fluid flow phe-
nomenon and heat transfer behavior. Likewise, the study of
mixed convection heat transfer mechanism in lid driven cavity
has received enormous attention due to its pragmatic as well as
theoretical significance, since the details of flow and heat transfer
insights of cavity as well as Nusselt number (or dimensionless heat
transfer coefficient) are quite useful for possible applications in
various fields such as, design of cooling systems of electronic gad-
gets, MEMS applications, high performance building insulation,
multi-shed structures, furnace, food processing, lubrication tech-
nologies, solar heat collectors, drying, etc. [1–7].
Additionally, cavity/enclosure with detached obstacle/s of vary-
ing shapes (circular, square, triangular, etc.) is used for controlling
E-mail address: krunalgangawane@gmail.com
where fluid flow due to convection should be restricted, such as,
crystal growth or solidification. In such particular applications,
presence of object of ideal shape (circular, square or triangular)
can be placed to control fluid flow due to. Though sparse amount
of literature revealing mixed convection characteristics in cavity
with adiabatic/isothermal obstacle of circular/square shape is
available, very little is known about triangular shape [8–16]. More-
over, the natural/forced or combined convection from heated trian-
gular bodies/cylinders have practical applications such as, heat
exchangers [17,18]. It is also known that the square body is more
bluff body than circular one, as the edges of square cylinder makes
significant influence on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics
in system [19]. Thus, the presence of inclined (at particular angle)
edges in triangular body can significantly affect the momentum
and heat transfer characteristics from heated triangular cylinder/
object when compared with other cases.
Furthermore, thermal boundary condition has remarkable effect
on boundary layer; thus influencing overall structure of fluid flow
and heat transfer in cavity. Out of abundant literature available on
mixed convection from heated obstacles in cavity/enclsoure, sig-
nificant amount of literature have covered constant wall tempera-
ture condition. Much less known about the effect of other

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.09.061
0017-9310/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57
Nomenclature
AR aspect ratio, dimensionless
b edge of equilateral triangular block, m
Cp heat capacity, J/(kg K)
CWT constant wall temperature, K
Da Darcy number, dimensionless
Gr Grashof number, dimensionless
H height of cavity (characteristic length), m
h heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)
k thermal conductivity, W/(m K)
L length of cavity, m
Ma Mach number, dimensionless
Nu local Nusselt number, dimensionless
Nu average Nusselt number, dimensionless
P pressure, N/m2
Pe Peclet number, dimensionless
Pr Prandtl number, dimensionless
qw heat flux, W/m2
Ra Rayleigh number, dimensionless
Re Reynolds number, dimensionless
Ri Richardson number, dimensionless
T temperature, dimensionless
T⁄ dimensional temperature, K
important thermal conditions (linear, heat flux. etc.). Also, no infor-
mation (as much known to author) is available on identification of
governing parameters (Reynolds number in this case) from which
convection rate deteriorate, i.e., critical parameters for such prob-
lems. It constitutes the main objective of present work to identify
the critical range of Reynolds number. Therefore, study is con-
ducted to analyze the mixed convection characteristics in cavity
having centrally placed triangular block with constant heat flux
(CHF) thermal condition for ranges of Prandtl, Grashof, Reynolds
numbers and for different blockages (different size of triangular
block). However, it is required to briefly revisit the literature on
mixed convection in lid driven cavity with or without obstacle of
varying shape (circular, square, triangular, etc.) to facilitate the
subsequent presentment of the new simulation results.
2. Previous work
Extensive literature is available for exploring various aspects
(such as, vortex size and position, Nusselt number, multiplicity,
bifurcation, etc.) of convection heat transfer in top lid driven cavi-
ties. Most of the literature have explored the cavity with one of the
wall heated and single or both walls moving. However, very lim-
ited information on the lid driven cavity containing obstacle with
constant heat flux (CHF) for wide range of Prandtl numbers is doc-
umented. The benchmark results for hydrodynamics in lid driven
cavity were given by [20–22]. Prasad and Koseff [23] experimen-
tally analyzed the mixed convection in deep lid-driven cavity for
0.1 6 Ri 6 1000. They reported Nu is insensitive to Richardson
number. Oh et al. [24] presented natural convection study in an
enclosure containing heat generating body for range of pertinent
parameters such as, Ra = 103, 104; 0 6 DT 6 50; Pr = 0.71, area ratio
(AR = 0.75) and thermal conductivity (k = 1). It is observed that
increase in DT significantly affects the symmetry of isotherm pat-
tern. Subsequently, unsteady mixed convection in similar system
filled with fluid saturated porous medium is delineated by Khana-
fer and Chamkha [25]. Similar way, the heat and hydrodynamic
behavior in porous cavity is explored by Al-Amiri [26]. Roy and
Basak [27] studied natural convection in cavity with non-linearly
heated walls by using penalty finite element analysis with
35
Tc ambient temperature, dimensionless
Tref reference temperature, K
Tw surface temperature of triangular block, dimensionless
CHF constant heat flux, W/m2
Ulid velocity of lid, m2/s
ux, uy velocity components, m2/s
x,y co-ordinates, m
DT temperature difference, K
Greek
/ vorticity, m2/s
l dynamic viscosity, N s/m2
a thermal diffusivity, m2/s
b coefficient of thermal expansion, 1/K
m kinematic viscosity, m2/s
q density, kg/m3
q average density determined at Tref, K
w stream function, m2/s
Ω angular rotational speed, RPM
bi-quadratic rectangular elements for wide ranges of parameters
(103 6 Ra 6 106; 0.2 6 Pr 6 100). They observed sinusoidal type
of variations in heat transfer rate for non-uniform heating for
Ra = 105. Another such study of natural convection in cavity con-
taining square rods/blocks is reported by Braga et al. [28]. Higher
Nusselt number results are obtained for cavity with square rods
than with that of circular rods. Subsequently, natural convection
in enclosure containing heat-generating conducting body is pre-
sented by Lee and Ha [29]. For DT 6 2.5, flow and heat transfer
phenomenon becomes unstable. On the other hand, unsteady
mixed convection in cavity with externally sliding lid (which is
oscillating horizontally in a sinusoidal fashion) is reported by Kha-
nafer et al. [30]. For smaller oscillation frequency, lid driven
motion of fluid gets restricted. Further, the heat transfer in two-
sided lid driven and differentially heated cavity with nanofluids
for 0.1 6 Ri 6 10 is delineated by Tiwari and Das [31]. They
reported significant augmentation in Nu value with volume frac-
tion of nanofluids (>8%). Abdelkhalek [32] presented a numerical
simulation procedure for the analysis of unsteady two-
dimensional laminar, mixed convection in a porous medium with
assumption of constant local thermodynamics equilibrium of con-
vecting fluid and porous medium by using perturbation method.
The Prandtl number effect on buoyancy driven flow and heat
transfer in horizontal cylindrical enclosure containing triangular
cylinder for range of governing parameters is elucidated by Oztop
et al. [33]. It is observed that the natural convection behavior for a
low Prandtl number fluid (Pr = 0.03) are different for Pr P 0.71. Yu
et al. [34] presented a similar study from a horizontal circular
cylinder to its coaxial triangular enclosure for similar range of con-
ditions. Waheed [35] investigated the influence of continuously
moving horizontal plate on mixed convection in enclosure for var-
ious Richardson and Prandtl number as well as aspect ratio of
enclosure. It is reported that heat flux increases with Prandtl num-
ber. The parametric study (1 6 Re 6 2200; 0.01 6 Pr 6 100;
0.01 6 Ri 6 100; 100 6 Gr 6 4.84
106) on mixed convection in
lid driven cavity is elucidated by Cheng [36]. For considered Re
and Pr, heat transfer is dominated by forced convection for
Ri = 0.01. Nasrin [37] studied the influence of MHD mixed convec-
tion in cavity with sinusoidal wall and heat conducting body. Sub-
36 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

Table 1
A summary of related literature on convective flow and heat transfer from heated triangular prism/object either in cavity (1) or channel (2).

Source Convection Cavity: 1/ Physical parameters Numerical scheme Remarks

type channel: 2
Abbassi et al. Mixed 2 20 6 Re 6 250; Pr = 0.71; CVFEM; SIMPLER; ADI About 85% of heat transfer rates are obtained at Re = 250
[52]
Chattopadhyay Mixed 2 Re 6 40000; Pr = 0.7 FVM; SIMPLE; k-e Heat transfer in a channel is augmented by around 15% by
[53] turbulence model using triangular prism
Farhadi et al. Forced 2 100 6 Re 6 450; Pr = 0.71 UTFN Drag coefficient decrease as triangular cylinder
[54] approaches the bottom wall of the channel
Benim et al. Forced 2 2500 6 Re 6 25000; RANS/Unsteady RANS Unsteady-RANS and LES given higher Nu values as
[55] Pr = 0.7; compared to RANS
Mehrizi et al. Natural 1 103 6 Ra 6 105; Pr = 6.8 LBM Heat transfer rate increases when the inner cylinder
[56] moves downward
Kalteh et al. Mixed 1 0 6 Ri 6 5; Nanofluids: Stream function – vorticity Heat transfer rate increases due to presence of
[57] Al2O3, TiO2, Ag, CuO formulation, FDM nanoparticles in pure liquid
Sheikholeslami Natural 1 103 6 Ra 6 105; Al2O3– LBM Nusselt number varies inversely with Hartmann number
et al. [58] water; 0 6 Ha 6 100
Abdallaoui Natural 1 103 6 Ra 6 107; Pr = 7; LBM The bottom and top position of cylinder is found to be
et al. [59] 0 6 Ha 6 100 most and least favorable, respectively

CVFEM: control volume finite element method; ADI: alternative directive implicit; SIMPLE: semi implicit method for pressure linked equation; SIMPLER: semi implicit
method for pressure linked equation-revised; UTFN: unsteady turbulent flow at non-orthogonal coordinates; LBM: lattice Boltzmann method; RANS: Reynolds averaged
numerical simulation; LES: large eddy simulations.

natural convection dominant region is observed at Re = 1. Subse-

TOP quently, Sivasankaran et al. [43] elucidated the influence of inclina-
(0,H) (L,H)
tion angle cavity containing discrete heating source. It is observed
that cavity with inclination angle of 30° yielded higher heat trans-
ux=+U; uy=0;
fer rate. Similar study exploring the inclination angle effect is per-
Adiabatic formed by Cheng and Liu [44]. Enhancement in heat transfer for
cavity at angle of 75° for aspect ratio of 1 and 5 was observed. More
recently, Abu-Nada [45] used vertical lid driven cavity with a cor-
ner heater as a system by using dissipative particle dynamics. Fur-
ther, lid driven cavity containing isothermally heated square block
b is delineated by Islam et al. [46]. They considered four different
LEFT RIGHT
ux=0; uy=0; ux=0; uy=0; sizes of square blocks for range of Richardson number
(0.01 6 Ri 6 100) at constant Reynold and Prandtl numbers of
Tc=0 Tc=0
Heat 100 and 0.71, respectively. No significant changes in Nusselt num-
flux, q ber values are observed for Ri 6 1. Subsequently, study of lid-
driven cavity containing centrally placed circular cylinder is
y reported by Khanafer and Aithal [47]. Farida et al. [48] studied
MHD mixed convection in lid-driven cavity containing hallow cir-
x ux=0; uy=0;
cular cylinder. They reported decrease in flow velocity as well as
Adiabatic average Nu with the augmentation of Hartmann number. Similarly,
Ray and Chatterjee [49] delineated the MHD characteristics in cav-
(0,0) BOTTOM (L,0) ity including heat conducting circular solid object and corner hea-
ters with Joule heating. Later, the influence of rotating speed of
Fig. 1. Physical as well as computational domain for problem under consideration
with boundary conditions.
circular cylinder placed in lid driven cavity filled with nano-fluid
on mixed convection is explored by Chatterjee et al. [50]. More
recently, Selimefendigil and Oztop [51] numerically analyzed
sequently, natural convection in cavity containing hot and cold MHD mixed convection in a nanofluid filled lid driven square cav-
cylinders placed at different locations is conducted by Park et al. ity with a rotating cylinder. The influence of flow governing param-
[38]. Nusselt number shows gradual increase with Rayleigh num- eters, such as, Richardson number (0.001 6 Ri 6 10), Hartmann
ber and vertical distance between square and circular cylinder. number (0 6 Ha 6 50), angular rotational speed of circular cylinder
Similarly, Lee and Park [39] studied the influence of Prandtl num- (10 6 Ω 6 10) and solid volume fraction of nanoparticles
ber on similar cavity containing square adiabatic block. Parvin et al. (0 6 u 6 0.05) on convection characteristics have been
[40] studied the Pr effect on cooling performance of cylinder placed investigated.
centrally in enclosure filled with nano-fluid (water-Cu). Possible The combined forced and natural convection from triangular
enhancement in heat transfer rate by using highly viscous nano- prism/cylinders in channel as well as in enclosures have immense
fluid is noted. applications in cooling of electronic gadgets systems and heat
Some recent studies of mixed convection in lid driven cavities exchangers [52]. The studies pertaining to heat transfer from
are reported by [41–45]; while cavities with detached body or heated triangular bodies have been tabulated in Table 1. It reveals
blockage are given by [46–54]. Chamkha and Abu-Nada [41] stud- from the observation of Table 1 that mostly studies are for channel
ied single as well as both lid driven cavity containing nanofluids flow with built-in triangular block [52–54] and indeed very limited
(Al2O3). They interpreted the influence of different viscosity mod- information is available on lid-driven enclosures having triangular
els. Bhattacharya et al. [42] analyzed the multiple solutions in cav- prism/body [55–59]. For instance, Mehrizi et al. [56] explored the
ity of trapezoidal shape. Higher number of multiple steady states in natural convection in horizontal cylindrical annuli with inner tri-
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57
Fig. 2. Triangular mesh generated for cavity with blockage of b/H = 0.1.
angular cylinder for Cu-H2O nanofluid. They reported augmenta-
tion in heat transfer rate by positioning cylinder in downwards
direction. While reverse is observed when location of inner cylin-
der changes horizontally. Subsequently, Kalteh et al. [57] studied
mixed convection in lid-driven cavity with triangular heat source
placed centrally for nanofluids. They reported increase in Nusselt
number values with volume fractions. Recently, Sheikholeslami
et al. [58] explored natural convection of Al2O3–water nanofluid
in a horizontal cylindrical enclosure with an inner triangular cylin-
der by using thermal lattice Boltzmann-double population method.
Nusselt number shown exactly opposite behavior with increase in
Ra and Ha numbers. More recently, Abdallaoui et al. [59] studied
natural convection in square enclosure with decentered triangular
heated body. The flow symmetry breaks for decentered case with
an improvement of the conduction behavior from cylinder to
neighboring ambient wall. Recently, few studies [60–63] also have
explored the convection characteristics due to magnetic field in lid
driven cavity by using mesoscopic lattice Boltzmann method.
Therefore, in contrast to the extensive studies documented on
the mixed convection in lid-driven cavities with or without adia-
batic/isothermal body/bodies of varying shapes (circular, square,
rectangular, triangular, etc.), the momentum and heat transfer
analysis of lid-driven cavity containing triangular block in its
infancy and there has been no prior study on the determination
of detailed flow and thermal characteristics of cavity containing
triangular block with constant heat flux (CHF) for range of govern-
ing parameters. Though few studies of convection in enclosure
with triangular body are available [53–59], all these studies have
explored the convection characteristics either for fixed Prandtl
number or nano-fluids. No prior study, as much known to author,
is available for exploring laminar mixed convection in lid-driven
37
cavity containing triangular body with constant heat flux (CHF)
for wide range of Prandtl numbers.
This lapse found in literature have inspired Author to conduct
present work. In particular, the effect of Prandtl number
(1 6 Pr 6 100), Reynolds number (1 6 Re 6 1000) and Grashof
number (0 6 Gr 6 105) and thereby resultant Richardon number
range of 0 6 Ri 6 105 on mixed convection in cavity containing tri-
angular heated block for different sizes (b/H = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) with
constant heat flux (CHF) thermal condition. The problem defini-
tion, description of geometry along with mathematical formulation
for this work is presented in subsequent section.
3. Problem definition and mathematical formulation
Consider the 2D, steady, laminar, mixed convection in an
incompressible fluid from an infinitely long square cavity (AR = L/
H = 1.0, where L and H are cross-sectional length and height of
the cavity), as shown in Fig. 1. The top wall of cavity is moving with
uniform velocity (ux = Ulid) in +x-direction, while all other walls are
stationary. Both horizontal walls (top and bottom) are maintained
at adiabatic thermal condition. Vertical walls of cavity are no-slip
and maintained at ambient temperature (Tc < Tw). The cavity con-
tains equilateral triangular heated block (size either of b/H = 0.1,
0.2 and 0.3) at its center with thermal condition of constant heat
flux (CHF), qw. The working fluid is considered to be Newtonian.
Further, the thermo-physical properties of the working fluid are
assumed to be independent of the temperature. The viscous dissi-
pation effects and radiation heat transfer are neglected. The gov-
erning equations for present problem in dimensional form are
depicted following [10–16].
38 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

Fig. 3. (a) Examination of effect of different grid sizes (Table 2) on average Nusselt number values over heated triangular block (b/H = 0.1) and (b) Number of iteration utilized
to get converged solution for different grid sizes.

Table 2
Different grid sizes (number of nodes and elements) used for grid independence study.

Grid G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
Nodes 8164 13220 26318 41826 81006
Elements 5002 5928 9126 12872 18284
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57 39

Table 3 Continuity equation : @ x ux þ @ y uy ¼ 0 ð1Þ

Comparison of the average Nusselt number ðNuÞ at the top wall obtained from
present simulation with previous studies.
x-momentum equation : ðux @ x ux þ uy @ x ux Þ
Source Re = 400 Re = 1000
¼ @ x p þ m½@ 2x ux þ @ 2y ux  ð2Þ
Gr = 104 Gr = 106 Gr = 104 Gr = 106
Present 3.85 1.21 6.68 1.78 y-momentum equation : ðux @ x uy þ uy @ x uy Þ
Cheng [36] 3.90 1.21 6.29 1.75
Iwastu et al. [65] 3.62 1.22 6.50 1.77 ¼ @ y p þ m½@ 2x uy þ @ 2y uy  þ g y bðT 1  T w Þ ð3Þ
Sharif [66] 3.82 1.17 6.68 1.81

Table 4
Convergence history indicating number of iterations required for achieving convergence (106) for extreme values of physical parameters and same initial guess.

Blockage Re Pr = 1 Pr = 100
Gr = 0 Gr = 105 Gr = 0 Gr = 105
10% 1 2067 8765 5678 11456
1000 9110 10006 10024 16789
20% 1 3312 8912 6102 12251
1000 9824 10125 11031 18189
30% 1 3405 9012 6142 14312
1000 10010 12125 12003 20286

Convergence time: one iteration  1 s.

Fig. 4. Comparison of streamlines and temperature profiles of top heated lid driven cavity with bottom cold wall for Re = 1000, Gr = 100 and Pr = 0.71 with that of Iwatsu et al.
[65].
40 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

Fig. 5. Streamlines patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Prandtl (a-Pr = 1; b-Pr = 50 and c-Pr = 100) numbers at Grashof number of
Gr = 0 for blockage of b/H = 0.1.

where the buoyancy force term is expressed by gyb(T1  Tw). The x ¼ Hx ; y ¼ Hy

extent of the variation of density with temperature varies from u
ux ¼ Uux ; uy ¼ U y ; p ¼ qUp2 ;
lid lid
one fluid to another. In order to represent variation of density with lid

temperature, well-known Boussinesq approximation is widely used h¼ TT c

T w T c
in natural/mixed convection studies [5–7].
Thus after mathematical rearrangements, the continuity, momen-
k tum and energy equations are expressed as follows [46]:
Energy equation : ðux @ x T þ uy @ y TÞ ¼ ½@ 2 T þ @ 2y T ð4Þ
qc p x @ x ux þ @ y uy ¼ 0 ð5Þ

@ @ ðux @ x ux þ uy @ x ux Þ ¼ @ x p þ Re1 ½@ 2x ux þ @ 2y ux  ð6Þ

@x ¼ ; @y ¼
@x @y
Gr
where, (x, y), (ux, uy), p, q, m and T represent cartesian directions, ðux @ x uy þ uy @ y uy Þ ¼ @ y p þ Re1 ½@ 2x uy þ @ 2y uy  þ h ð7Þ
velocity components, pressure, density, kinematic viscosity and Re2
temperature, respectively. Field equations in dimensionless form
can be obtained by following dimensionless parameters.
ðux @ x h þ uy @ y hÞ ¼ ðRePrÞ1 ½@ 2x h þ @ 2y h ð8Þ
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57 41

Fig. 6. Streamlines patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Prandtl (a-Pr = 1; b-Pr = 50 and c-Pr = 100) numbers at Grashof number of
Gr = 103 for blockage of b/H = 0.1.

The physically consistent boundary conditions in dimensionless @h

ux ¼ uy ¼ 0; ¼ 1 ð12Þ
form for the present problem (Fig. 1) are written as follows: @n
 Left (0,y⁄) and right (1,y⁄) walls: These are no-slip walls and The dimensionless groups appearing in above equations are repre-
maintained at ambient isothermal temperature (Tc). sented as follows:
ux ¼ uy ¼ 0; h ¼ 0; for 0 6 y 6 1 at x ¼ 0 or 1 ð9Þ
 Reynolds number ðReÞ ¼ HUllid q
 Bottom wall (x⁄,0): It is no-slip wall and maintained at adiabatic Cp l
condition.  Prandtl number ðPrÞ ¼ k
¼ am
gbDTH3
 Grashof number ðGrÞ ¼ ðl=qÞ2
ux ¼ uy ¼ 0; @h=@y ¼ 0 for 0 6 x 6 1 at y ¼ 0 ð10Þ
gbDTH
 Richardson number ðRiÞ ¼ Re
Gr
2 ¼
U2
 Top wall (x⁄,1): It is moving with uniform velocity (Ulid) in +x lid

direction and is thermally insulated.

ux ¼ U lid ; uy ¼ 0; @h=@y ¼ 0 for 0 6 x 6 1 at y ¼ 1
 Triangular block (side, b/H = 0.1/0.2/0.3): It is no-slip and main-
tained at constant heat flux condition (CHF).
The field equations (Eqs. (1)–(8)) of mixed convection in con-
ð11Þ junction with the above noted boundary conditions (Eqs. (9)–
(12)) yields the primitive variable fields (u⁄x, u⁄y, P and h). These
fields are further processed to obtain the parameter of scientific
42 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

Fig. 7. Streamlines patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Prandtl (a-Pr = 1; b-Pr = 50 and c-Pr = 100) numbers at Grashof number of
Gr = 104 for blockage of b/H = 0.1.

or engineering importance, such as, streamlines, vorticity, Nusselt The estimated local values have been further averaged over the sur-
number, etc. These physical parameters as expressed below; face of a block to estimate the surface averaged Nusselt number. It
is expressed as follows [64]:
 Stream function ðwÞ: It is estimated from velocity field as,
Z Z
w¼ ux dy ð13Þ X
3
1 b
Nu ¼ Nu ds ð16Þ
n¼1
b 0
 Vorticity ð/Þ or tendency to rotate at point is expressed as,
where n is number of edges (n = 3 for triangular cylinder). In partic-
/ ¼ @ x uy  @ y ux ð14Þ
ular, Nu can be used in process design calculations to evaluate the
 Estimation of Nusselt number: The local Nusselt number on the rate of heat transfer from a heated wall in the isothermal heating
surface of the heated triangular block is estimated by the fol- case, or to estimate the average surface temperature heated wall
lowing expression [64]: for the CHF condition. From dimensional analysis, it is revealed that
the average Nusselt number to be a function of the Reynolds num-
hH 1 ber, Prandtl or Peclet number, and type of thermal boundary condi-
Nu ¼ ¼  ð15Þ
k Tw tion [64].
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57 43

Fig. 8. Streamlines patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Prandtl (a-Pr = 1; b-Pr = 50 and c-Pr = 100) numbers at Grashof number of
Gr = 105 for blockage of b/H = 0.1.

4. Numerical simulation procedure equations. The momentum and energy terms are discretized by
means of third order accurate QUICK (Quadratic Upwind Interpola-
The finite volume method (FVM) is used to discretize the gov- tion for Convection Kinetics). It uses 3-point point upstream
erning partial differential equations to yield a set of linear algebraic weighted quadratic interpolation for calculation of cell face values.
equations. The field governing equations are solved by using the The iterative process is terminated for convergence criteria of 106
ANSYS FLUENT (version 14) commercial CFD solver. The unstruc- based on the normalized residuals for each field equation. For gen-
tured ‘triangular’ cells of non-uniform grid spacing were generated. eral variable of f, the generalized convergence equation at node ‘m’
The mesh structure generated for blockage of 10% is shown in is expressed as follows [46]:
Fig. 2. The well-known semi-implicit method for the pressure
Cm fm ¼ umnm Cnm fnm þ k ð17Þ
linked equations (SIMPLE) scheme is used to solve the pressure–
velocity decoupling. The system of algebraic equations are solved Further, the scaled residual can be given as below.
by using the Gauss–Siedel (G–S) point-by-point iterative scheme. P P
Cells j Cnb fnb þ k  Cm fm j
The upwind differencing method is utilized for the formulation of RC ¼ P
nk
ð18Þ
Cells C f
m m
the convection contribution of the coefficients to finite-volume
44 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

Fig. 9. Isotherm patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Prandtl (a-Pr = 1; b-Pr = 50 and c-Pr = 100) numbers at Grashof number of Gr = 0
for blockage of b/H = 0.1.

where m, n, Cnb and b are node, neighboring node, influence coeffi-
cients for the neighboring nodes and constant part, respectively. It
is also observed during numerical simulation that complexity of
problem increases for higher Grashof numbers, thereby taking
higher CPU time and number of iterations (as shown in Fig. 3(b)).
It should also be noted that for considered range of parameters, 1
iterations is completed within 2 s. In numerical studies, proper
choices of grid and domain sizes is very important step as the accu-
racy of results is dependent on these parameters. Therefore, the
prudent choice of these parameters is must. Subsequent section
examines the grid independence study as well as validation of pre-
sent numerical procedure.
4.1. Grid independence test
The reliability as well as accuracy of the numerical simulation
procedure is naturally dependent upon a heady choice of optimal
parameters such as sizes of the computational domain and compu-
tational grid. In this work, the size of computational domain is
itself defined by the problem; therefore, a thorough grid indepen-
dence study has been carried out using five non-uniform of trian-
gular grids (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5). The details of grid size
showing number of nodes and elements are given in Table 2. The
influence of different grid sizes on average Nusselt number values
for blockage of 10% is shown in Fig. 3. It is observed that minimum
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57 45

Fig. 10. Isotherm patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Prandtl (a-Pr = 1; b-Pr = 50 and c-Pr = 100) numbers at Grashof number of
Gr = 103 for blockage of b/H = 0.1.

and maximum deviations between G1 to G5 is 11.91% (Re = 1,
Pr = 100, Gr = 0) and 1.08% (Re = 1000, Pr = 1, Gr = 105), respec-
tively for triangular block of size, b/H = 0.1. The average difference
between G1 and G5 is estimated to be 4.49%. It can also be clearly
seen than the effect of change in grid size after G3 is insignificant
with enormous increase in the computational time as well as
space. Changing grid size after G2, the computational time and
number of iterations increases by almost two–three times
(Fig. 3b). Thus, keeping in mind the factors such as, accuracy, com-
putational time and space, grid size G3 (nodes: 26318; elements:
9126) is found to be optimum and have been used for simulation
in present work.
4.2. Validation of simulation procedure
After grid independence study, it is mandatory to verify the
numerical simulation procedure by comparing obtained results
with previous similar studies. In this work, validation is based on
the model of [36,65,66]. For validation purpose (based on average
Nu of heated wall), simple problem of top heated and bottom
cooled cavity is simulated for Reynolds number of 400 and 1000
at Prandtl number of 0.71. Table 3 compares the Nu values
obtained in present simulation with previous studies [36,65,66].
It is clearly evident from Table 3 that present simulation results
shows excellent likeness with previous works. The minimum and
46 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

Fig. 11. Isotherm patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Prandtl (a-Pr = 1; b-Pr = 50 and c-Pr = 100) numbers at Grashof number of
Gr = 104 for blockage of b/H = 0.1.

maximum deviations between present and literature values are
found to be 2.6% and 8.1%. While the average error is found to be
5.5%. In order to give idea about the convergence time of present
numerical simulations, Table 4 showing number of iterations
required to attain convergence for extreme parametric conditions
with same initial guess is also included.
Moreover, Fig. 4 examines the accuracy of simulation procedure
by comparing the streamline and temperature contours with that
of Iwatsu et al. [65]. The comparison is carried out for Re = 1000,
Gr = 100 and Pr = 0.71. It is quite clear that both streamline and
temperature profiles in the cavity show remarkable likeness. It
gave us confidence to continue with present simulation procedure
for obtaining new results. Therefore, keeping in mind the above
mentioned inadvertent factors affecting the accuracy of numerical
results, the validation presented in Table 3 ascertains the confi-
dence in the accuracy and reliability of the present numerical sim-
ulation procedure. The results presented herein this work are,
therefore, believed to be accurate and reliable within ±4–5%. Hav-
ing gained the confidence in the present numerical simulation pro-
cedure, the ensuing section presents simulation results obtained to
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57 47

Fig. 12. Isotherm patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Prandtl (a-Pr = 1; b-Pr = 50 and c-Pr = 100) numbers at Grashof number of
Gr = 105 for blockage of b/H = 0.1.

elucidate the influence of flow governing parameters (i.e., Prandtl
number, Reynolds number and Grashof number) on the detailed
mixed convection flow phenomenon in lid driven cavity containing
centrally placed triangular block in terms of the streamline and
isotherm patterns, local and average Nusselt numbers.
5. Results and discussion
In present numerical study, the mixed convection heat transfer
and fluid flow characteristics of a top lid driven, square cavity has
been investigated. In particular, the influence of presence of
equilateral triangular block for either of three sizes (b/H = 0.1, 0.2
and 0.3) with constant heat flux (CHF) thermal condition on the
convection characteristics have been elucidated for pertinent flow
governing parameters, such as, laminar Reynolds, Grashof and
Prandtl numbers. The Reynolds number is varied as Re = 1, 10,
50, 100, 500 and 1000, corresponding to laminar range, Grashof
number as Gr = 0, 102, 103, 104 and 105 thus covering wide range
of Richardson number (0 6 Ri 6 105). The Prandtl number is varied
as Pr = 1, 50 and 100 (thus encompassing the fluids ranging from
air to engine oil). Extensive results encompassing the influences
of the Re, Pr and Gr on the local and global heat transfer character-
istics (such as streamline and isotherm contours, local and average
Nusselt numbers, etc.) are presented and discussed herein the
48 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

Fig. 13. Streamline patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Grashof (a-Gr = 0; b-Gr = 103 and c-Gr = 105) numbers at Prandtl number of
Pr = 1 for blockage of b/H = 0.2.

ensuing section. In order to maintain space constraints, detailed
hydrodynamics is presented only for the cavity with triangular
blockage of 10%. While for the cases of b/H = 0.2 and 0.3, the
streamlines and isotherms are presented for Pr = 1, 100 and
Gr = 0, 103 and 105.
5.1. Flow field
It is well known from heat transfer literature that the thickness
of boundary layer (momentum as well as thermal) is influenced by
two fluid properties, i.e., kinematic viscosity (m) and thermal diffu-
sivity (a), which in turn also influence the heat transfer rate (con-
trolling the thermal gradient across heated object). Such effects are
investigated by systematic variation of the Re, Gr and Pr, which
directly affect the thickness of boundary layer. In the studies of
combined natural and forced convection phenomenon, two gov-
erning parameters play important role, namely, Reynolds and Gra-
shof number and are combined by a single parameter, called
Richardson number (Ri = Gr/Re2). Ri = 0 represents pure forced
convection case, while Ri ? 1, natural convection phenomenon
dominates. Similarly, for low Re cases convection is primarily
due to natural convection; while higher Re values represents
forced convection dominated mixed convection.
In heated lid driven cavity (without blockage), fluid in the vicin-
ity of heated wall gains temperature becoming lighter and gets
drifted towards the cold wall with gradual decrease in temperature
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57 49

Fig. 14. Streamline patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Grashof (a-Gr = 0; b-Gr = 103 and c-Gr = 105) numbers at Prandtl number of
Pr = 1 for blockage of b/H = 0.3.

and with increase the density. The heavier fluid particles further
get attracted towards the heated wall, thus completing the fluid
circulation in clockwise or circular manner [67]. The moving wall
of cavity also facilitates the movement of fluid in cavity (i.e., forced
convection). Thus clockwise circulation of fluid in cavity is
observed. This is due to drag force exerted by fluid on moving wall,
fluid in the vicinity of top moving wall gets pulled towards the
moving wall.
In present case for pure forced convection (Gr = 0), the circula-
tion of fluid is primary due to drag force created by top moving lid
(Fig. 5). The fluid in the vicinity of moving wall gets pulled towards
direction of moving wall. At lowest considered Reynolds number
(Re = 1), the smooth circular motion of fluid is evident due to
dominant viscous forces. The smooth circular movement of fluid
causes formation of quasi-motionless trapezoidal region, called
as convection cell or vortex, just above the triangular block. The
increase in Reynolds number, i.e., increase in flow intensity (iner-
tial forces), makes stronger impact of moving lid with more and
more fluid getting pulled along with moving wall. Thus the convec-
tion cell get incline towards the top-right zone of cavity. For
Re = 1000, the circulation of fluid in the cavity becomes higher
and close to walls of cavity. The fluid near to triangular block
becomes nearly stable/motionless. The influence of Prandtl num-
ber is observed to be nearly insignificant on flow structure, as with
increase in Prandtl number only viscous forces are increasing with
decrease in thermal penetration capacity of fluid for all considered
50 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

Fig. 15. Isotherm patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Grashof (a-Gr = 0; b-Gr = 103 and c-Gr = 105) numbers at Prandtl number of
Pr = 1 for blockage of b/H = 0.2.

Reynolds number at Gr = 0. Thus, no significant change in the fluid
structure is observed with variation of Prandtl number at Gr = 0.
Fig. 6 evaluates the streamlines variations for range of Reynolds
and Prandtl numbers at Gr = 103. It is clearly evident that for Pr = 1,
the fluid circulation remains more or less similar to Gr = 0. This is
mainly due to the fact that at Gr = 103 the effect of buoyancy force
is insignificant as compared to motion of fluid created due to mov-
ing lid. At Re = 100, convection becomes mixed type (combined
forced and natural). The fluid motion due to gravity driven flows
near the vicinity of triangular block with flux condition gets
affected. The impact of buoyancy driven flow can be visible for
higher Reynolds number (Re = 100, 1000) and for all considered
Pr values at Gr > 0. Remarkable difference in the fluid structure is
observed between both cases (Gr = 0 and Gr = 103) for Re P 100.
Further enhancement in Re causes more and more fluid gets pulled
towards the moving wall, thus changing the shape of convection
cell formed above the triangular block. For Re = 100, inertial forces
are strong enough to split the fluid into two zones for Pr = 1. The
major reason for this behavior is inability to complete fluid circu-
lation throughout the cavity. It is due to weak inertial forces as well
as buoyancy forces to circulate fluid throughout the cavity. With
the increase in Prandtl number, the increased viscous effects
restricts the bifurcation and fluid circulation remains more or less
smooth and throughout the cavity.
Figs. 7 and 8 depict the variation of streamlines for Gr = 104 and
105, respectively. For Gr P 104, the natural convection phenomenon
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57 51

Fig. 16. Isotherm patterns for different Reynolds (I-Re = 1; II-Re = 100 and III-Re = 1000) and Grashof (a-Gr = 0; b-Gr = 103 and c-Gr = 105) numbers at Prandtl number of
Pr = 1 for blockage of b/H = 0.3.

is dominating than forced convection. At Gr = 104 and Re = 1 (Fig. 7),
similar flow characteristics are observed as that Gr = 0 (Fig. 2) and
Gr = 103 (Fig. 5). Further, for higher Reynolds number, the flow circu-
lation becomes elongated and fluid circulation increases between
hot and cold wall as well as from moving lid. It helps fluid to get split
around triangular block. Similar effect of Prandtl number on fluid
circulation is observed for all Grashof numbers. The effect of buoy-
ancy driven flow from triangular block towards cold walls can be
clearly seen even at low Reynolds number (Re = 1), which can be
seen in Fig. 8. The increase in Prandtl number restricts the size of
convection cell. For higher Reynolds number (Re = 100 and 100),
the flow gets bifurcated vertical halves of cavity across each side of
triangular block, which is due to movement of fluid near heated
block towards the vertical cold walls. The size of bifurcated zones
shrink with enhancement in Prandtl number. Thus it can be said that
both Reynolds as well as Grashof number have significant effect on
flow pattern than Prandtl number.
5.2. Isotherm patterns
The temperature contour (isotherm) variation with Reynolds
and Prandtl number for given Grashof number are depicted in
Figs. 9–12, respectively. At Re = 1,Pr = 1, isotherms lines are evenly
dispersed along the triangular block for different Grashof numbers
considered herein, i.e., Gr = 0 (Fig. 9), Gr = 103 (Fig. 10), Gr = 104
(Fig. 11) and Gr = 105 (Fig. 12). Due to weak buoyancy forces
52 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57
Fig. 17. Variation of local Nusselt number values for range of Reynolds and Prandtl number at different Grashof numbers for blockage of b/H = 0.1.
(and thereby weak circulation near triangular block) the isotherms
are nearly parallel to vertical walls (dominant conduction heat
transfer). This kind of behavior is also consistent with problem of
simple differentially heated cavity, where, the temperature lines
are observed to be nearly parallel between active walls [7]. Iso-
therms symmetry breaks and are smoothly stretched towards the
top moving lid with Reynolds number augumentation. Further
enhancement in Reynolds number reduces the thermal boundary
layer thickness (visible from the isotherm crowding near triangular
block). Similar effect of Pr on boundary layer can also be noted.
Therefore, increasing Prandtl number, the isotherm contours near
the heated triangular block get more confined. This is due to rise
in Prandtl number, the temperature gradient on heated block
increases, which further enhances the heat transfer rate. The
Prandtl number has negligible effect on the isotherm lines for
Re = 1000 for particular Grashof number. It is due to similar but
opposite behavior of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. The increase
in Re, increases the inertial forces, while Pr increases viscous
forces. At Re = 1000, inertial forces are strong enough to get
affected by the increase in viscous forces experienced due to
Prandtl number. It can is clearly visible from Figs. 11 and 12, that
heat transfer from block becomes significant for Gr P 104. It can
be noted from observation of Fig. 12, increase in Gr, the fluid circu-
lation between heated triangular block and vertical cold walls
becomes rapid with strong circulation throughout the cavity. The
isotherms lines for low Re (Re 6 100) become nearly parallel to
horizontal walls with the formation of vertical plume above the tri-
angular body. The increase in Prandtl number affects the size of the
plume expect for Re = 1000. The size of plume decreases with Pr,
the reason is same as stated in above discussions. Thus, it can be
concluded that Reynolds number as well as Grashof number affects
flow patterns for all ranges Pr, but Prandtl number affects the flow
field only for Re 6 100. The stronger and complex dependence of
fluid flow behavior on the dimensionless flow governing and
parameters (Re, Gr and Pr) shall also influence on the heat transfer
rate. These are presented and discussed in the ensuing sections.
5.3. Effect of size of blockage
In order to investigate the effect of size of triangular block on
fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics, numerical simulations
are carried out for three blockages, viz., b/H = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3.
The detailed streamlines and isotherms patterns for blockage of
b/H = 0.1 are already been given and discussed previously (Figs. 5–
12). In order to keep manuscript concise, the flow structure as well
as isotherms for blockage of b/H = 0.2 and 0.3 have explored only
for Re = 1, 100, 1000; Grashof number, Gr = 0, 103, 105 and Pr = 1.
Figs. 13 and 14 shows streamline contours for blockage of b/
H = 0.2 and 0.3, respectively. It is clear that with increase in surface
area, more fluid flow is expected from heated block towards ambi-
ent walls. Hence more natural convection is observed for blockage
of 20% and 30% due to higher surface area available for convection
heat transfer. Streamlines for b/H = 0.2 are more or less similar to
that of blockage of 10% at lower Reynolds and Grashof numbers.
Flow bifurcation is observed even for low Re for b/H = 0.3. Sub-
sequently, Figs. 15 and 16 delineate variation of temperature in
cavity for blockage of 20% and 30%, respectively. Significant
changes in temperature distribution are observed for higher the
blockage. For b/H P 0.2, the influence of lid driven reduces other-
wise same conditions. Similar influence of Prandtl number is
observed. Prandtl number only shrinks the isotherm lines. It can
be noted that for b/H P 0.2 fluid flow is more governed by natural
convection. The influence of blockage is found to be more signifi-
cant for Gr P 103 and Re P 100.
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57 53

Fig. 18. Variation average Nusselt number values as a function of Reynolds number for different Prandtl number values for given Grashof number for blockage of b/H = 0.1.

5.4. Heat transfer characteristics
The dependence of local Nusselt number as well as averaged
local Nusselt Number on the surface of triangular block with gov-
erning flow parameters such as, Grashof, Reynolds and Prandtl
numbers is presented and discussed here. It should be noted that
for constant heat flux (CHF) condition, Nusselt number values are
basically the reciprocal of the normalized temperature on the sur-
face of block. Fig. 17 represents the variation of Nusselt number
over the surface of triangular block (b/H = 0.1) with edges A, B
54 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57

Fig. 19. Variation average Nusselt number values as a function of Reynolds number for different Prandtl number values for given Grashof number for blockage of b/H = 0.2
and 0.3 m.

and C for the range of conditions considered herein. It can be seen
here higher Nu are obtained at the edges of block (A, B and C). This
is due to the conical and inclined surfaces are enhances the fluid
flow as well as buoyancy driven flow from block edges, which fur-
ther increases the average temperature value. Higher Nu values are
obtained at edge C (close to right wall), for 0 6 Gr 6 104 due to
fluid motion experienced by moving top wall in +x direction, which
after colliding with right wall slides down striking edge C of block.
On the other hand, Nu values shows linear dependence with Rey-
nolds, Prandtl as well as Grashof numbers. At Gr = 105 (Fig. 18d)
it is evident that due to dominant buoyancy driven flow from tri-
angular block towards walls exposed to atmospheric temperature,
higher Nu values are obtained all over the triangular block. In par-
ticular, edges A and B show higher Nu values than C, because of
 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57
Fig. 20. Variation of average Nusselt number values with Reynolds number for low Grashof number values (Gr = 0, 102) for range of considered Prandtl numbers
(Identification of critical Reynolds number, Recr) for b/H = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3.
higher fluid flow circulation from triangular block rather than
moving wall. Thus it can be concluded that the presence of triangu-
lar block has significant impact on Nu values.
The average Nusselt number values (Nu) are obtained by aver-
aging the local Nu values over the surface of triangular block (b/
H = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3). Fig. 18 shows variation of average Nusselt
number values as a function of Reynolds number for different Gra-
shof numbers for blockage of 10%. It can be seen that presence of
triangular block can be used to control the convection heat transfer
rate in a system for forced convection dominant case (Gr < 103),
which is visible from the decline in average Nu values for lower
Gr. The average Nusselt number shows proportional increase only
up to certain Reynolds number value (Re = 190–220), after which
deterioration of average Nu values are observed for Gr = 0, 100
(i.e., forced convection dominant case). For higher Gr values, linear
dependence of Nu with Reynolds and Prandtl number is observed,
which is in accordance with available literature. Fig. 19, elucidates
the variation average Nu for considered range of parameters for
cavity with blockages 20% and 30%. For higher blockage case, the
55
linear variation of average Nusselt number with Reynolds limits
only for Gr P 103. For Gr = 0, Nusselt number increases only up-
to Re  200, after that it remains more or less constant.
The identification of critical Reynolds number (Recr) is depicted
in Fig. 20 for lower Grashof numbers for otherwise similar condi-
tions. Recr can be observed for Gr 6 102 for lower considered block-
age (10%). For higher blockages (20% and 30%), the critical Reynolds
number exits only for pure forced convection case. After Recr sud-
den decrease in Nu values are observed till Re = 500, which is ter-
med as stagnant Reynolds number of heat transfer (Restag), after
which value remains more or less constant for considered range
of physical parameters. The Recr values are dependent on Prandtl
as well Grashof number. This decline in heat transfer rate can be
cleary noted for higher Prandtl numbers (Pr > 1). It can be observed
that Recr is found to be the range of Re = 190–220; while Restag val-
ues for present problem is in the range of Re = 500–520. Thus, it is
clear from the discussion that Nu has complex dependence on
parameters such as, Reynolds, Prandtl and Grashof numbers for
constant heat flux condition (CHF).
56 K.M. Gangawane / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (2017) 34–57
6. Concluding remarks
Numerical investigation of laminar mixed convection in top lid
driven square cavity with built-in triangular heated block with
thermal condition of constant heat flux (CHF) is performed by
using finite volume method with SIMPLE algorithm. Convection
characteristics are analyzed for wide range of pertinent flow gov-
erning parameters such as, Reynolds number (1 6 Re 6 1000),
Prandtl number (1 6 Pr 6 100) and Grashof number (0 6 Gr 6 105)
for different blockages (b/H = 0.1,0.2 and 0.3). For numerical
results, optimum grid size is chosen by carrying out systematic
grid independence study. The numerical validation of present work
with literature has shown excellent agreement. From this study,
following conclusions can be drawn:
1. In case of natural convection dominated cases (Gr P 103), flow
bifurcation is observed due to fluid motion from heated triangu-
lar surfaces towards the vertical ambient wall.
2. The heat transfer rate shows increase only up to certain Rey-
nolds number. For present problem, Re = 190–220 can be con-
sidered as critical Reynolds number (Recr) for heat transfer.
3. The value of Recr is found to be dependent on Grashof as well as
Prandtl numbers. The decline in average Nu is more for Pr P 50.
4. Recr values are observed only for Gr = 0 (pure forced convection
case) for higher blockages (b/H = 0.2 and 0.3).
5. The stagnant Reynolds number of heat transfer (Restag) after
which the heat transfer rate remains more or less similar is
observed to be in the range of Restag = 500–520 for all blockages.
6. All in all, it can be safely concluded that the insertion of trian-
gular block with optimum 10% can be suitable to control the
convection flow and heat transfer in lid driven cavity.
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