International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

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International Journal of Thermal Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts

Impact of fins and inclined magnetic field in double lid-driven cavity with
Cu–water nanofluid
Shafqat Hussain a,b ,∗, Muhammad Jamal c , B. Pekmen Geridonmez d
a
Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
b
Institut für Angewandte Mathematik (LS III), Technische Universität, Dortmund, Germany
c
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
d
Department of Mathematics, TED University, Ankara, Turkey

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This study deals the influence of fins and inclined magnetic field with nanofluid in single lid-driven and
Mixed convection double lid-driven cavities. The effect of fins length and distance between them is also given attention. A
Fins two dimensional system of partial differential equations has been discretized by employing Galerkin finite
Single/double lid-driven cavities
element method. A finite element method involving the cubic polynomials (P3) has been implemented to
Nanofluid
compute for velocity and temperature fields while the pressure is approximated by quadratic (P2) finite element
Galerkin finite element method
space of functions. The system of discretized equations is simplified using the adaptive Newton’s method.
The implemented finite element code is validated with an experimental study. Simulations are performed for
various ranges of pertinent parameters such as distance among fins (between 0.2 and 0.5), Hartmann number
(between 0 and 100), length of fins (between 0.25 and 0.50), Richardson numbers (between 0.01 and 1),
number of fins (between 2 and 5) and magnetic field inclination (between 0◦ and 90◦ ). Two cases of fins such
as adiabatic and isothermal are also discussed in view of average Nusselt number. It is inferred that the fluid
flow and heat transfer are significantly affected in the presence of fins comparing to the absence of fins. The
smallest convective heat transfer is achieved when the distance between adiabatic fins is 0.3. Fluid flows faster
at the angle 𝛾 = 90◦ than 𝛾 = 0◦ in both cases. Also, isotherms form larger red hot zones inside the cavity at
𝛾 = 90◦ . Isothermal fins have much more weakening effect on convective heat transfer than the adiabatic fins.

1. Introduction in both horizontal opposite directions of upper wall. It is revealed that

Mixed convection heat transfer gained a tremendous attention for
engineers due to its plenty of applications such as heat exchangers, pulp
paper, nuclear reactors, oil-drilling, heat-removal, heat-storage, cooling
of electronics equipments and food industry etc. [1–3]. Moreover, lid-
driven fluid flow in a cavity is an essential area due to its inclusive
engineering applications such as oil extraction, solar ponds, crystal
growth, glass productions and dynamics of lakes. [4–9]. It has been
observed that to control the heat enhancement in a lid-driven cavity
is a central issue to save energy and boost the thermal system. There
is limited literature available in this area and still some gaps which is
needed to be filled [10,11].
Selimefendigil and Öztop [12] discussed the effect of inclined adi-
abatic fin in a square cavity by computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
code. Different features of fin are incorporated in this study and found
that both inclined angle and length of fin in streamlines and isotherms
are considerably varying. A triangular shaped conductive fin in a cavity
of mixed convection deployed by Sun et al. [13]. This study performed
a good heat transfer and distribution of temperature has been observed
in the presence of parameter of triangular shaped conductive fin. Li
et al. [14] figure out the analysis of natural convection of nanofluid in
a square tilted cavity in the presence of horizontal magnetic field. It is
found that an augmentation of the Hartmann number decreases the rate
of heat transfer. By rising the Hartmann number, an augmentation in
Bejan number is seen. More recent studies related to effect of magnetic
field and fin are available [15–19]
Selimefendigil and Chamkha [20] examined MHD mixed convection
in a triangular shaped cavity which includes power law nanofluids by
Galerkin weighted residual finite element method (FEM). It is reported
that the heat transfer is switching toward decline by enriching the
Hartmann and Richardson numbers. Average Nusselt number rises with
volume fraction. Moreover, a minor impact on average Nusselt number
is observed for different power law indices. A finite volume method
(FVM) has been carried out in multi-scaled fins of mixed convection

∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
E-mail address: shafqat.hussain@cust.edu.pk (S. Hussain).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106707
Received 29 August 2020; Received in revised form 10 October 2020; Accepted 17 October 2020
1290-0729/© 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Shafqat Hussain, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106707
S. Hussain et al.
Nomenclature
𝑥, 𝑦 Horizontal and vertical coordinates (m)
𝑢, 𝑣 Velocity components (m s−1 )
𝑝 Pressure (N m−2 )
𝑔 Gravity acceleration (m s−2 )
𝐵 Magnetic field
𝑑 distance between the fins
𝑇 Temperature (K)
𝑅𝑖 Richardson number
𝑁𝑢 Nusselt number (local)
𝑁𝑢avg Nusselt number (average)
𝑃 Pressure (dimensionless)
𝐻𝑎 Hartmann number
𝑋, 𝑌 Horizontal and vertical coordinates (di-
mensionless)
𝑈, 𝑉 Velocity components (dimensionless)
𝑅𝑒 Reynolds number
𝑘 Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1 )
𝐶𝑝 Specific heat (J kg−1 K−1 )
Greek symbols
𝜃 Temperature (dimensionless)
𝛼 Thermal diffusivity (m2 s−1 )
𝜇 Dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1 )
𝜌 Density (kg m−3 )
with fixed pressure by Mustafa [21]. It has been concluded that the
twice enhancement in heat transfer density has pointed out for small
angles of fin such as 𝜆 = 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦ and Rayleigh/Bejan numbers
ratios. By reviewing the literature papers, it has been found that more
works related to the present study are [22–32].
Öztop et al. [33] figure out the heated cavity for mixed convection
with the effect of magnetic field. The results reveal that magnetic field
as an important component of this study controls the heat transfer
mechanism, and also boundary layer is seen higher by enhancing
the Hartmann (𝐻𝑎) number. The impact of magnetic field and Joule
heating on the left wall of square geometry having circular obstacle
has been examined by Rahman et al. [34]. The results indicated that a
significant influence of 𝐻𝑎 and Joule heating parameter (𝐽 ) is seen on
fluid flow and temperature contours.
Razera et al. [35] numerically surveyed on elliptical shaped fins in
lid driven cavity in mixed convection. Fins are considered for different
dimensions. The outcomes approved that 40% improvement in the
thermal performance has been achieved for the current configuration
if compared with other geometries in the literature. The impact of hot
obstacle under mixed convection in enclosure with Cu–water nanofluid
is surveyed by Mehdi et al. [36]. The effect of Richardson number has
been seen with obstacle position and highest average Nu is found at
Ri = 0.1 when obstacle is near to the horizontal wall. Moreover, the
highest rate of heat transfer is found when the obstacle is located near
inlet and outlet respectively. No much change in flow pattern has been
observed by varying the volume fraction of nanofluid.
Bendaraa et al. [37] discussed a numerical study of natural convec-
tion in a cavity contained with Cu–water nanofluid. The results reveal
that average Nusselt number rises if fins are along the adiabatic and
cold walls, conversely it declines if fin is along hot wall. The impact
of magnetic field for various angles under natural convection in a
cavity with nanofluid has been discussed by Zhang et al. [38]. Both
FVM and SIMPLE algorithm are used for simulating the results and
found that heat transfer rises 10% and entropy generation enriches 11%
2
International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 1
Thermophysical properties [41,42].
Physical properties 𝜌 (kg/m3 ) 𝑘 (W/mK) 𝐶𝑝 (J/kg K) 𝜎 (1/Ω m) 𝛽 (1/K)
Water 997.1 0.613 4179 0.05 21 × 10−5
Copper 8933 401 385 5.96 × 107 1.67 × 10−5
by adding 6% quantity of nanoparticles. There is more concentration
found along vertical magnetic field instead of horizontal magnetic
field. Heat transfer rate and entropy generation enriches 36% and 27%
correspondingly by rising the aspect ratio of fin. Yildiz et al. [39]
investigated the application of phase change by using the fins under
natural convection in phase change material (PCM) container. Fins are
used for different types, length and height for this study. The results tell
that when aspect ratio is 𝐴𝑅 = 1, the convection has been enhanced up
to 20% subject to the fin length and when 𝐴𝑅 = 4, it has been found
toward the downward.
A horizontal magnetic field has been applied for mixed convection
non-Newtonian nanofluid power law by Kefayati [40] using finite
difference Lattice Boltzmann method (FDLBM). The results reveal that
heat transfer is deteriorated by enriching the Richardson number and
heat transfer rises by dropping 𝑛. The 𝐻𝑎 rises as heat transfer declines.
In the literature review and authors understandings, no already
published work has been found in which the effect of fins and inclined
magnetic field of mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity. The com-
parisons of single sided moving lid and double sided moving lid has
been discussed in details in the presence of copper–water nanofluid.
This study is one of the attempt to address the above combination in a
detailed way especially for different length and distances between the
fins. Due to practical application in engineering, this combination is
needed to be explored more. Therefore, the effect of various controlled
parameters such as the distance among fins, Hartmann number, the
length of fins, the number of fins, Richardson numbers and magnetic
field inclination are examined in details.
2. Model description
2.1. Geometry of the problem
The problem configuration is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. It
is two dimensional mixed diffusive square cavity having fins filled with
nanofluid. The following are considered features of this configuration:
• 𝐿 is length of the square cavity.
• 𝑇ℎ and 𝑇𝑐 are the temperatures on upper and bottom walls
respectively. Other sides walls are adiabatic.
• 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are the lengths of fins which are considered at upper
wall.
• Two cases are discussed. For the first case, only the upper wall
lid moves to the right direction. For the second case, both the
upper and the bottom walls are moving to the right and the left
directions respectively.
• A uniform magnetic field with inclination angle 𝛾 is applied in on
both cavities.
• The flow of this model is laminar, steady and incompressible.
• Viscous dissipation, radiation, Joule heating and induced mag-
netic field are neglected.
• The thermophysical properties of copper (Cu) and water (H2 O)
are presented in Table 1
2.2. Governing equations
The dimensional governing equations on the above considerations
can be represented as: [41,43]
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ = 0, (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
S. Hussain et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. Computational sketch of present problem for Case-I (left) and Case-II (right).

Fig. 2. Streamlines for different 𝐻𝑎 numbers with 𝛾 = 0◦ in the absence of fins.

( )
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜇𝑛𝑓 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜎𝑛𝑓 𝐵 2 • On left/right walls: 𝜕𝑇
= 𝑢 = 𝑣 = 0.
𝑢 +𝑣 =− + + + 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑦2 𝜌𝑛𝑓
On fins (for both cases)
× (𝑣 sin 𝛾 cos 𝛾 − 𝑢 sin2 𝛾), (2)
𝜕𝑇
( ) • =0 if adiabatic,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜇𝑛𝑓 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜎𝑛𝑓 𝐵 2 𝜕𝑛
𝑢 +𝑣 =− + + + • 𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ if isothermal,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑦2 𝜌𝑛𝑓
× (𝑢 sin 𝛾 cos 𝛾 − 𝑣 cos2 𝛾) where 𝑛 is the normal vector.
(𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑓 The following variables are applied to render the governing equa-
+ 𝑔(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐 ), (3) tions into the dimensionless
𝜌𝑛𝑓
( 2 ) 𝑥 𝑢 𝑦 𝑣 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐 𝑝
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝑋= , 𝑈= , 𝑌 = , 𝑉 = , 𝜃= , 𝑃 = ,
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝛼𝑛𝑓 + . (4) 𝐿 𝑢0 𝐿 𝑢0 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝑢20
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑦2 √
The two cases of boundary conditions are: 𝑢 𝐿 𝑔𝛽𝛥𝑇 𝐿3 𝜈𝑓 𝐺𝑟 𝜎𝑓
𝑅𝑒 = 0 , 𝐺𝑟 = , 𝑃𝑟 = , 𝑅𝑖 = , 𝐻𝑎 = 𝐵𝐿 .
Case I 𝜈𝑓 𝜈2 𝑓
𝛼𝑓 𝑅𝑒2 𝜇𝑓

• On top wall: 𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ , 𝑣 = 0, 𝑢 = 𝑢0 , The reduced dimensionless form is expressed as follows

• On bottom wall: 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑐 , 𝑢 = 0, 𝑣 = 0, 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑉
𝜕𝑇 + = 0, (5)
• On left/right walls: = 𝑢 = 𝑣 = 0. 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌
𝜕𝑥 ( 2 )
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑃 1 𝜌𝑓 1 𝜕 𝑈 𝜕2 𝑈
Case II 𝑈 +𝑉 =− + +
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑋 𝑅𝑒 𝜌𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝜙)2.5 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌 2
• On top wall: 𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ , 𝑣 = 0, 𝑢 = 𝑢0 , 𝜌𝑓 𝜎𝑛𝑓 𝐻𝑎2
• On bottom wall: 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑐 , 𝑣 = 0, 𝑢 = −𝑢0 , + (𝑉 sin 𝛾 cos 𝛾 − 𝑈 sin2 𝛾), (6)
𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝜎𝑓 𝑅𝑒

3
S. Hussain et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Isotherms for different 𝐻𝑎 numbers with 𝛾 = 0◦ in the absence of fins.

Fig. 4. Streamlines for different 𝐻𝑎 numbers with adiabatic fins and 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 0.25, 𝑑 = 0.5, 𝑁 = 2, 𝛾 = 0◦ .

4
S. Hussain et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. Isotherms for different 𝐻𝑎 numbers with adiabatic fins and 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 0.25, 𝑑 = 0.5, 𝑁 = 2, 𝛾 = 0◦ .

( 2 )
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑃 1 𝜌𝑓 1 𝜕 𝑉 𝜕2 𝑉 where 𝑛 is the normal vector.
𝑈 +𝑉 =− + +
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑌 𝑅𝑒 𝜌𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝜙)2.5 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌 2
( )
𝜌𝑓 𝜎𝑛𝑓 𝐻𝑎2 𝜌 𝑓 𝜌𝛽
+ (𝑈 sin 𝛾 cos 𝛾 − 𝑉 cos2 𝛾) + 𝑅𝑖 1 − 𝜙 + 𝑠 𝑠 𝜙 𝜃, 2.3. Thermophysical properties
𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝜎𝑓 𝑅𝑒 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝛽𝑓
(7) Single-phase nanofluid model is adopted as in many studies [44–
( )
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 1 𝛼𝑛𝑓 𝜕2 𝜃 𝜕2 𝜃 46], and some physical properties of nanofluid may be written as
𝑈 +𝑉 = + . (8)
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌 𝑅𝑒𝑃 𝑟 𝛼𝑓 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌 2
• Density: 𝜌𝑛𝑓 = (1 − 𝜙)𝜌𝑓 + 𝜙𝜌𝑠 ,
The two cases of boundary conditions are:
• Specific heat: (𝜌𝐶𝑝 )𝑛𝑓 = (1−𝜙)(𝜌𝐶𝑝 )𝑓 +𝜙(𝜌𝐶𝑝 )𝑠 ,
Case I
• Coefficient of thermal expansion: (𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑓 = (1 − 𝜙)(𝜌𝛽)𝑓 + 𝜙(𝜌𝛽)𝑠 ,
𝑘𝑛𝑓 𝑘𝑠 +2𝑘𝑓 −2𝜙(𝑘𝑓 −𝑘𝑠 )
• On top wall: 𝜃 = 1, 𝑈 = 1, 𝑉 = 0, • Thermal conductivity: = .
𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑠 +2𝑘𝑓 +𝜙(𝑘𝑓 −𝑘𝑠 )
• On bottom wall: 𝜃 = 0 𝑈 = 0, 𝑉 = 0, 𝜎𝑛𝑓 3(𝜎−1)𝜙 𝜎𝑠
𝜕𝜃 • Electric conductivity: = 1 + (𝜎+2)−(𝜎−1)𝜙 ,𝜎 = ,
• On left/right walls: 𝜕𝑋
= 𝑈 = 𝑉 = 0. 𝜎𝑓 𝜎𝑓
𝑘𝑛𝑓
• Thermal diffusivity: 𝛼𝑛𝑓 = (𝜌𝐶𝑝 )𝑛𝑓
,
Case II 𝜇𝑓
• Effective dynamic viscosity: 𝜇𝑛𝑓 = (1−𝜙)2.5
.
• On top wall: 𝜃 = 1, 𝑈 = 1, 𝑉 = 0,
• On bottom wall: 𝜃 = 0 𝑈 = −1, 𝑉 = 0, 2.4. The Nusselt number
𝜕𝜃
• On left/right walls: 𝜕𝑋
= 𝑈 = 𝑉 = 0.

On fins (for both cases) The 𝑁𝑢 and 𝑁𝑢avg of the phenomenon are achieved as follows

𝜕𝜃
• 𝜕𝑛
=0 if adiabatic, 𝑘𝑛𝑓 ( 𝜕𝜃 )
• 𝜃=1 if isothermal, 𝑁𝑢 = − , (9)
𝑘𝑓 𝜕𝑌

5
S. Hussain et al.
Fig. 6. Streamlines in different fin distances with adiabatic fins at 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 0.25, 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝑁 = 2, 𝛾 = 0◦ .
1 on the reference element in terms of (𝜉, 𝜂), the inverse mapping 𝐹𝑘−1 ∶
𝑁𝑢avg = 𝑁𝑢 𝑑𝑋.
∫0
3. Numerical scheme
The mathematical model existing in (5)–(8) for the proposed config-
uration has been solved numerically by implementing the higher order
and stable Galerkin finite element method (GFEM). At the start, a so
called weak formulation is developed by taking a suitable test space
and a sequence of grids is designed from the coarsest grid at 𝓁 = 1. The
grid at any level 𝓁 is refined for the finer level 𝓁 + 1 by increasing the
number of elements as shown in Table 2. Thus, the whole domain is
decomposed into non-overlapping cells or elements 𝛺𝑘 , 𝑘 ∈ N at each
space mesh level 𝓁. In order to define the local shape or interpolating
functions on an any element 𝛺𝑘 , a local reference coordinate system
(𝜉, 𝜂) is introduced. A geometrical mapping from the reference or master
element to each physical or real element is referred to 𝐹𝑘 ∶ 𝛺̂ 𝑘 →
𝛺𝑘 . A finite element space consisting of the cubic polynomials (P3 )
has been chosen for the approximation of velocity and temperature
fields whereas the pressure is approximated by utilizing the quadratic
polynomials (P2 ). The standard Lagrange basis or shape functions for
the chosen finite element space (P𝑘 ) are designed on reference element
International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
(see [47,48] for further details). Once the basic functions are defined
(10) 𝛺𝑘 → 𝛺̂ 𝑘 is employed to get back to each physical element. The
integrals involving in the local system matrix and right hand side are
computed numerically by utilizing the appropriate Gaussian quadrature
rule.
The stability of the proposed finite element pair (P3 ∕P2 ) is well-
known (see [49,50] for more details). This pair of finite element
appends 10 unknowns in the local system matrix for each of 𝑈 , 𝑉 , 𝑇
components and 6 unknowns for the pressure 𝑃 [47,48]. That is, a
local system consisting of 36 degree of freedoms (DOFs) is required
to be assembled and integrated into the global discretized system. This
discrete nonlinear system of equations is linearized using the adaptive
Newton’s method (see for further details [50]). A certain threshold of
tolerance has been set to stop the nonlinear iteration process and the
last iteration is considered as the solution approximation. For further
details regarding the solver, the reader is referred to [51].
3.1. Code authentication and grid sensitivity test
To prove the efficiency of the numerical results, nine different
refined grids are checked as presented hereinafter (Table 2). Therefore,
the (NEL) and the (DOFs) are varied from (684*14670) to
6
S. Hussain et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. Streamlines for different 𝐿1, 𝐿2 values with adiabatic fins at 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝑑 = 0.5, 𝑁 = 2, 𝛾 = 0◦ .

(33177*613896). As it can be deduced from the gathered data in this Table 2

table, a slight variation between the results of average Nusselt is found Grid convergence.

between G8 and G9 grids. Therefore, to avoid the long simulation time, 𝓁 NEL DOFs 𝑁𝑢avg

the retained mesh for this study is G9. G1 684 14 670 1.461501929
The current results are checked compared to those of Shulepova G2 829 17 830 1.670162648
G3 1137 23 884 1.575637742
et al. [52], Saghir et al. [53] and with the experimental study of Ho
G4 1748 36 112 1.423416644
et al. [54] by measuring the average Nu for the same simulation condi- G5 2401 48 660 1.390753517
tions. As it is shown in Table 3, which represent a good agreement, G6 4026 78 978 1.363050768
the current results bear a close qualitative resemblance to those of G7 9680 186 638 1.312700768
[52–54]. G8 24 159 456 081 1.296538675
G9 33 177 613 896 1.296535147

4. Results and discussion

Table 3
The parameter selection is determined by considering convergence Code validation.
of utilized numerical method and mixed convection flow. Prandtl num- 𝜙 Present Shulepova et al. [52] Saghir et al. [53] Ho (Eeperimental) et al. [54]
ber for base fluid, Reynolds number and solid volume fraction are fixed 1% 30.6594 31.6043 30.6570 32.2037
at 𝑃 𝑟 = 6.2, 𝑅𝑒 = 200, 𝜙 = 0.02, respectively. Richardson numbers 2% 30.5063 31.2538 30.5030 31.0905
𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 and 𝑅𝑖 = 1 are examined in each cases. The range of 3% 30.2179 30.8290 30.2050 29.0769
other parameters Hartmann number (𝐻𝑎), the distance between fins
(𝑑), the length of fins (𝐿1, 𝐿2), the number of fins (𝑁), and the angle
of magnetic field (𝛾) are chosen as 0 ≤ 𝐻𝑎 ≤ 100, 0.2 ≤ 𝑑 ≤ 0.5, 0.25 ≤
𝐿1, 𝐿2 ≤ 0.5, 2 ≤ 𝑁 ≤ 5, 0◦ ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 90◦ .

7
S. Hussain et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 8. Isotherms for different 𝐿1, 𝐿2 values with adiabatic fins at 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝑑 = 0.5, 𝑁 = 2, 𝛾 = 0◦ .

4.1. Impact of Hartmann number without fins Table 4

The values of 𝑁𝑢avg for different 𝐻𝑎 numbers with 𝛾 = 0◦ in the absence of fins.
𝐻𝑎 Case-I Case-II
Figs. 2 and 3 display the behavior of fluid flow and heat transfer, 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1
respectively, when there is no fin inside the cavity. In Fig. 2, streamlines
0 5.94748 2.62056 25.06369 4.01254
under the influence of mechanical effect of lid-driven top wall are 50 1.35898 1.32410 2.15734 1.95641
squeezed along the top wall as 𝐻𝑎 number increases in Case-I in each
𝑅𝑖 numbers. In Case-II, main circulation at 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 is separated
into cells in the direction of moving lids, and the middle of the cavity
4.2. Impact of Hartmann number with fins
becomes almost stagnant. At 𝑅𝑖 = 1, the top and bottom cells in the
direction of moving lids are also suppressed under the increasing effect
Fig. 4 demonstrates the effect of 𝐻𝑎 and 𝑅𝑖 numbers on streamlines
of Lorentz force. In Fig. 3, hot temperature zone along the moving, hot
and isotherms in both cases in the presence of fins. In the absence
top wall also weakens with the rise in 𝐻𝑎 number in each cases. In
of magnetic field, in Case-I, main circulations in both 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 and
other words, the influence of mechanically driven wall is diminished
𝑅𝑖 = 1 in Fig. 2 are divided into three minor cells due to the existence
by increasing the magnitude of the horizontally applied magnetic field.
of fins. In Case-II, at 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01, core of the main cell is pushed down
Table 4 shows 𝑁𝑢avg values for Case-I and Case-II without fins. and takes the direction of moving bottom lid while minor cells emerge
The decline in 𝑁𝑢avg is noted with the ascending values of 𝐻𝑎 and 𝑅𝑖 between vertical walls and the left and the right fins. At 𝑅𝑖 = 1, the
values. A significant large 𝑁𝑢avg is realized at 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 in Case-II in top major cell along the moving top lid in Fig. 2 is divided into minor
the absence of magnetic field. This may be due to the slim temperature cells due to the fins. In the presence of the horizontal magnetic field,
gradient along the hot, top, moving wall at 𝐻𝑎 = 0, and the dominance the restraining influence of large Hartmann numbers is developed on
of forced convection. streamlines noting the shrinking either top cells or both in top and

8
S. Hussain et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 9. Streamlines for different number of adiabatic fins at 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 0.25, 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝛾 = 0◦ .

bottom cells in each cases. Once again, the dampened behavior of fluid Table 5
The values of 𝑁𝑢avg for different 𝐻𝑎 numbers with adiabatic fins and 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 =
flow due to the large Lorentz force is encountered.
0.25, 𝑑 = 0.5, 𝑁 = 2, 𝛾 = 0◦ .
Fig. 5 portrays the temperature contours in various values of 𝐻𝑎 and
𝐻𝑎 Case-I Case-II
𝑅𝑖 in both cases. In Case-I, hot temperature zone at 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01, 𝐻𝑎 = 0
𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1
notably changes comparing with Fig. 3. Temperature gradient along the
top wall is diminishing, so does the convective heat transfer. A similar 0 2.36487 1.53830 20.49727 3.61704
25 1.39354 1.29654 2.55831 2.29546
remarkable change is noted in Case-II at 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01, 𝐻𝑎 = 0. A new hot
50 1.20963 1.19614 1.80386 1.65862
temperature zone emerges between the left wall and the left fin since 100 1.12623 1.12576 1.35827 1.35216
the heat circulation between the adiabatic left wall and adiabatic left
fin occurs only via the hot top wall. In each cases, isotherms almost
become parallel to the top and bottom walls as 𝐻𝑎 number increases
by cause of the increase in Lorentz force. Conductive heat transfer is lid becomes smaller while the other two symmetric minor cells becomes
pronounced as the horizontal magnetic effect increases. Also, the effect larger. In Case-I, 𝜓max values indicate that the fluid velocity is the
of moving lids on isotherms almost disappears with the rise in magnetic smallest at 𝑑 = 0.3. In Case-II, not much alteration is noted in 𝜓max
effect. values.
Table 6 figures out 𝑁𝑢avg values for different 𝑑 values. As the
Table 5 also confirms the inhibitive effect of rising 𝐻𝑎 regardless
distance decreases up to 0.3, convective heat transfer decreases in each
of 𝑅𝑖. The crucial point here is the decrease in 𝑁𝑢avg values in the
𝑅𝑖 number and in each cases. In other words, the smallest value of
presence of fins comparing with the absence of fins in Table 4.
𝑁𝑢avg is obtained at 𝑑 = 0.3.

4.3. Impact of the distance between fins 4.4. Impact of the length of fins

Fig. 6 depicts the fluid flow in case of different distances between Fig. 7 examines the effect of the distinct lengths of fins on stream-
fins. As fins approach to each other, middle cell along the top moving lines. Not much change is noted in streamlines. 𝜓max values also do not

9
S. Hussain et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 10. Isotherms for different number of adiabatic fins at 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 0.25, 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝛾 = 0◦ .

Fig. 11. Streamlines for different 𝛾 values with adiabatic fins at 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 0.25, 𝑑 = 0.5, 𝑁 = 2, 𝐻𝑎 = 25.

10
S. Hussain et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 12. Isotherms for different 𝛾 values with adiabatic fins at 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 0.25, 𝑑 = 0.5, 𝑁 = 2, 𝐻𝑎 = 25.

Table 6 Table 8
The values of 𝑁𝑢avg for different 𝑑 values with adiabatic fins at 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 0.25, 𝐻𝑎 = The values of 𝑁𝑢avg for different number of adiabatic fins at 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 0.25, 𝐻𝑎 =
25, 𝑁 = 2, 𝛾 = 0◦ . 25, 𝛾 = 0◦ .
𝑑 Case-I Case-II 𝑁 Case-I Case-II
𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1
0.5 1.39354 1.29654 2.55832 2.29546 2 1.32854 1.26879 2.47823 2.21340
0.4 1.35088 1.27330 2.51681 2.23167 3 1.23277 1.22290 2.22385 2.05614
0.3 1.32261 1.27004 2.46343 2.21330 4 1.19742 1.19518 2.08995 1.96222
0.2 1.34168 1.28799 2.48582 2.25783 5 1.17904 1.17781 2.01217 1.90455

Table 7
The values of 𝑁𝑢avg for different lengths of adiabatic fins at 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝑑 = 0.5, 𝑁 = In isotherms (Fig. 10), red hot zone along the top wall lessen as the
2, 𝛾 = 0◦ .
number of fins increases. The effect of lid almost disappear at 𝑁 = 5
𝐿1 𝐿2 Case-I Case-II
in both cases. This is again due to the increase in adiabatic fins which
𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 𝑅𝑖 = 1 cause the obstruction on heat transfer. In other words, a conductive
0.5 0.25 1.33407 1.28975 2.49502 2.25145 behavior in heat transfer emerges with the rise in adiabatic fins along
0.25 0.25 1.39354 1.29654 2.55832 2.29546 the active hot wall. Table 8 also confirms the decline in convective heat
0.25 0.5 1.32758 1.29064 2.50336 2.26717
transfer with the rise in 𝑁.
0.5 0.5 1.29950 1.28312 2.44419 2.22716

4.6. Impact of inclination angle of magnetic field

alter if one of the fin length is greater than the other one. However, a
small decrease in 𝜓max values is realized if 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 is increased. This
may be due to the blockage area increases in the presence of equal
length adiabatic fins.
Fig. 8 illustrates the influence of distinct lengths of fins on
isotherms. If one of the fin length is greater than the other one, the
isothermal behavior is symmetrically similar. However, if the length
𝐿1 = 𝐿2 increases, temperature circulation is blocked more. This result
is also validated in Table 7. As 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 rises from 0.25 to 0.5, the
decrease in convective heat transfer is pronounced.
4.5. Impact of the number of fins
The influence of the variation of the number of fins on fluid flow
and heat transfer behavior is examined in Figs. 9 and 10 keeping the
distance between fins equal (𝑑 = 1∕(𝑁 +1)). The increase in the number
of adiabatic fins means the increase in the blockage effect of adiabatic
fins over fluid flow and heat transfer. Therefore, the expected result in
streamlines is significantly noted in Case I with the reduced values of
the absolute stream function. Also, each cells between fins obeys the
direction of the moving top lid in each cases.
Figs. 11 and 12 conduct the behavior of streamlines and isotherms
in different angles of applied magnetic field, respectively. As is noted,
the vertically applied magnetic field has a significant influence on fluid
flow and heat transfer. The cell between fins enlarges when 𝛾 = 90◦
in streamlines in both cases. With the help of vertical magnetic field,
fluid circulation inside the cavity gains fast which is also confirmed by
|𝜓|max values. This rapid circulation is much more in Case-I than in
Case-II. In Case-I, vertical magnetic field accelerates the flow with one
lid movement. However, in Case-II, contribution of vertical magnetic
field to the present fluid flow with two opposite sided lids is little. At a
small 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 of Case-II, the bottom cell at 𝛾 = 0◦ is unified with the
cell between fins at 𝛾 = 90◦ . Additionally, the inhibited flow circulation
at 𝛾 = 90◦ is less than 𝛾 = 0◦ . Main core cell of Case II at 𝑅 = 0.01 in
the absence of fins and magnetic field (Fig. 2) tends to be divided into
two cores at 𝛾 = 90◦ while it is already separated into cells at 𝛾 = 0◦ .
In isotherms, cold zone is clustered through the bottom wall in Case-
I in both 𝑅𝑖 values. Also, the red temperature zones become larger
pointing to the increase in convective heat transfer. In Case-II, at 𝑅𝑖 =
0.01, very thin temperature gradient along the top wall between fins is
noted with 𝛾 = 90◦ . Besides, a red hot zone is noted between adiabatic
left wall and the adiabatic left fin in case of 𝛾 = 90◦ . At 𝑅𝑖 = 1 in Case-II,
an increase in hot temperature region along the top wall is exhibited.

11
S. Hussain et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 13. 𝑁𝑢avg values for adiabatic and isothermal fins with 𝑁 = 2.

12
S. Hussain et al.
Fig. 13. (continued).
4.7. Impact of isothermal fins
Fig. 13 compares the average Nusselt number values for adiabatic
and isothermal fins in both cases. In each figures from (a)–(h), 𝑁𝑢avg
values are smaller in case of isothermal fins than the adiabatic fins.
This points to the reducing effect of isothermal fins on convective
heat transfer is more efficient than adiabatic fins. In Fig. 13(a)–(b), 𝑅𝑖
number almost loses its influence as 𝐻𝑎 becomes larger than 20 in the
presence of either adiabatic or isothermal fins due to the increase in
Lorentz force. In Fig. 13(b), a significant jump is noted at 𝐻𝑎 = 0, but
then almost the same values of 𝑁𝑢avg are obtained in both adiabatic
and isothermal fins. In Fig. 13(c)–(d), while 𝑑 = 0.5 takes largest 𝑁𝑢avg
value with adiabatic fins, 𝑑 = 0.2 seems more efficient on 𝑁𝑢avg value
with isothermal fins than the other 𝑑 values. In Fig. 13(e)–(f), 𝑁𝑢avg
is a decreasing function of 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 irrespective of 𝑅𝑖, adiabatic or
isothermal fins. The decrease in isothermal fins is more noticeable. In
Fig. 13(g)–(h), 𝑁𝑢avg significantly increases at 𝑅𝑖 = 0.01 in both cases
as the angle of magnetic field alters from 0◦ to 90◦ . The change in 𝑁𝑢avg
at 𝑅𝑖 = 1 is small, but again increasing trend is noted as the magnetic
field is applied vertically.
5. Conclusions
In this study, higher order Galerkin finite element method is carried
out to investigate the effects of fins along the moving walls and a
uniform magnetic field. One and two-sided lid-driven cavity involving
Cu–water nanofluid are concerned as two cases, respectively. Fluid
flow and heat transfer are significantly affected in the presence of fins
comparing to the absence of fins.
The obtained results may be summarized as follows :
• In the presence of adiabatic fins, fluid velocity and convec-
tive heat transfer decrease with the increase in Hartmann and
Richardson numbers in any cases.
• The smallest convective heat transfer is achieved when the dis-
tance between adiabatic fins is 0.3.
• The decline in convective heat transfer with the augmentation of
the equal length of fins arises.
• The average Nusselt number values are dropped by increasing the
number of adiabatic fins.
• Fluid flows faster at the angle 𝛾 = 90◦ than 𝛾 = 0◦ in both cases.
Also, isotherms form larger red hot zones inside the cavity at
𝛾 = 90◦ .
• Isothermal fins has much more weakening effect on convective
heat transfer than the adiabatic fins.
13
International Journal of Thermal Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
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