ICHMT-02703; No of Pages 11

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmt

Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with

louvered strip inserts☆
H.A. Mohammed ⁎, Husam A. Hasan, M.A. Wahid
Department of Thermofluids, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Available online xxxx The effect of using louvered strip inserts placed in a circular double pipe heat exchanger on the thermal and
flow fields utilizing various types of nanofluids is studied numerically. The continuity, momentum and ener-
Keywords: gy equations are solved by means of a finite volume method (FVM). The top and the bottom walls of the pipe
Double pipe heat exchanger are heated with a uniform heat flux boundary condition. Two different louvered strip insert arrangements
Forced convection (forward and backward) are used in this study with a Reynolds number range of 10,000 to 50,000. The effects
Turbulent flow
of various louvered strip slant angles and pitches are also investigated. Four different types of nanoparticles,
Nanofluids
Louvered strip
Al2O3, CuO, SiO2, and ZnO with different volume fractions in the range of 1% to 4% and different nanoparticle
Inserts diameters in the range of 20 nm to 50 nm, dispersed in a base fluid (water) are used. The numerical results
indicate that the forward louvered strip arrangement can promote the heat transfer by approximately 367%
to 411% at the highest slant angle of α = 30° and lowest pitch of S = 30 mm. The maximal skin friction coef-
ficient of the enhanced tube is around 10 times than that of the smooth tube and the value of performance
evaluation criterion (PEC) lies in the range of 1.28–1.56. It is found that SiO2 nanofluid has the highest Nusselt
number value, followed by Al2O3, ZnO, and CuO while pure water has the lowest Nusselt number. The results
show that the Nusselt number increases with decreasing the nanoparticle diameter and it increases slightly
with increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The results reveal that there is a slight change in the
skin friction coefficient when nanoparticle diameters of SiO2 nanofluid are varied.
© 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction as; power plant, air-conditioning, petrochemical industry, refrigera-

Forced convection heat transfer in a circular tube had been a sub-
ject of interest in many research studies over the past decades. In
terms of reducing the size and the cost of the heat exchanger devices
and saving up the energy, many engineering techniques had been
devised to enhance the heat transfer rate from the wall in heat
exchangers. One of these heat transfer enhancement techniques is
the passive method. This method includes the insertion of louvered
strip and twisted tapes, turbulent/swirl flow devices, coil wire and
helical wire coil in a circular tube. The utilization of the heat transfer
enhancement turbulator elements is one of these applications in
order to increase the heat transfer coefficient from the flow surface
through an increase in turbulent motion. Recently, the novel concept
in augmenting the heat transfer rate by using small louvered strip
inserts is developed and investigated numerically. The louvered strips
are expected to induce a rapid mixing, high turbulent and longitudi-
nal vortex flow [1]. All these methods of heat transfer enhancement
techniques had been developed and widely applied to several indus-
trial and engineering applications in double pipe heat exchanger such
☆ Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Hussein.dash@yahoo.com (H.A. Mohammed).
tion, process industry, solar water heater, chemical reactors, sell-
and-tube heat exchangers and nuclear reactor.
Over the past few years heat transfer enhancement by using
nanofluids has gained significant attention by researchers and scientists.
The limitation of thermophysical properties and poor thermal conduc-
tivity of conventional fluids (pure water, ethylene-glycols etc.) led to
preparing new fluids which can enhance the heat transfer. Several
researches have concluded that the use of nanofluids effectively
improved the fluid thermal conductivity which consequently enhanced
the heat transfer performance. The concept of nanofluid was proposed
by Choi [2] in 1995. Nanofluids showed a promising future as heat
transfer fluids due its better stability and anomalous increase in thermal
conductivity even for small volume fraction of suspended nanoparticles
[3,4]. The advantages of nanofluids utilization include (i) higher thermal
conductivities than that predicted by currently available macroscopic
models; (ii) excellent stability; and (iii) negligible penalty in pumping
power due to pressure drop and pipe wall abrasion. Researchers have
experimented different types of nanoparticles such as metallic
particles (Cu, Al, Fe, Au, and Ag), non-metallic particles (Al2O3, CuO,
Fe3O4, TiO2, and SiC) and carbon nanotubes [3]. The thermal con-
ductivity of nanofluids varies with the size, shape, and material of
nanoparticles dispersed in the base fluids. Past studies showed that
nanofluids exhibit enhanced thermal properties, such as higher thermal

0735-1933/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023

Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
2 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx

Eiamsa-ard et al. [11] investigated experimentally the effect of twist-

Nomenclature ed tape (TT) with serrated twisted tape (STT) on the heat transfer and
pressure drop in a constant heat flux tube with air as a working fluid.
Cp specific heat, kJ/kg K The thermal performance factor of the tube with (STT) was found to
D hydraulic diameter, m be better than that of the tube with (TT). Murugesan et al. [12] investi-
dp nanoparticles diameter, nm gated experimentally the effect of v-cut twisted tape insert on the ther-
f friction factor ΔPD/2Lρvu 2 mal performance in a circular tube using water as a test fluid. It was also
h average heat transfer coefficient, W/m 2 K observed that the thermal performance factors for V-cut twisted tapes
k thermal conductivity, W/m K (VTT) were found to be greater than those for the plain twisted tape
L length of tube, m (PTT). Naphon and Suchana [13] studied experimentally the effect of
Nu Nusselt number, Nu = h D/k twisted wire brush inserts of water turbulent flow on the heat transfer
P pressure, N/m 2 enhancement in a horizontal concentric tube. It was observed that the
Pr Prandtl number, Pr = μ Cp/k heat transfer rate and the friction factor from the plain tube with 300
PEC performance evaluation twisted wire brush insert were higher than those from the plain tube


1 = with 200, 100 twisted wires brush insert, and subsequently higher
criteria, PEC ¼ Nu=NuÅ = f=fÅ
3
than those from the plain tube without twisted wire brush insert.
q ´´ heat flux rate per unit tube length, W/m Wongcharee et al. [14] investigated experimentally the influence
Re Reynolds number, Re = ρ u D/μ of alternate clockwise and counter-clockwise twisted tapes (TA) on
S pitch distance of louvered strip, m heat transfer performance of laminar swirl water flow through
T temperature, K round tubes. It was noted that the Nusselt numbers and the friction
u flow velocity in x direction, m/s factors of the tube with TA are higher than those in the tube with
v flow velocity in y direction, m/s TT by around 70.9 to 104.0% and 4.9 to 14.6 times respectively.
Shabanian et al. [15] investigated experimentally and numerically
the effect of three types of tube insert including butterfly, classic
Greek symbols and jagged twisted tape on the thermal performance of an air cooled
α slant angle (°) heat exchanger. The experimental results show that the Nusselt
ρ density of fluid, kg/m 3 number for the jagged insert was higher than that of the classic one
μ dynamic viscosity, Ns/m 2 at the same twist ratio and the heat transfer increased with the de-
ε turbulent dissipation rate, m 2/s 3 crease of the twist ratio. Wongcharee et al. [16] investigated experi-
ϕ nanoparticles volume fraction mentally the effect of twisted tape with alternate axis and CuO/water
nanofluid laminar flow on the thermal performance characteristics.
The experimental results show that the twisted tape with alternate
Subscript axis (TA) provided a higher Nusselt number and friction factor than
A plain tube the typical twisted tape (TT).
av average value Eiamsa-ard et al. [17] studied experimentally the effect of insertion
bf base fluid of single twisted tape, full-length dual and regularly-spaced dual twist-
eff effective ed tapes as swirl generators in a tube on the Nusselt number and friction
f fluid factor. The experimental results show that the heat transfer rate and
nf nanofluid friction factor for the dual twisted tapes were increased from 12% to
np nanoparticles 29% in comparison with the single one. Guo et al. [18] carried out
p particle numerical study on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of
w wall laminar flow in a circular tube fitted with center-cleared twisted tape.
It was noted that the Nusselt number decreased with the decrease of
the width ratio, and the larger the width ratio provided the better the
heat transfer enhancement. Thianpong et al. [19] conducted an experi-
mental work on the flow friction and heat transfer characteristics using
the perforated twisted-tapes with parallel wings in a heat exchanger
conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficients compared to the tube. The results show that the heat transfer enhancement was up to
base fluid [5–8]. 208% for the tube with perforated twisted-tapes (PTT) and 190% with
Recently, most researchers have studied the enhancement of heat twisted-tapes compared to plain tube.
transfer on the performance of heat exchanger by louvered strip in- Eiamsa-ard et al. [20] investigated experimentally the heat transfer
serts experimentally and numerically. Eiamsa-ard et al. [1] investigat- and the pressure drop characteristics in a circular tube fitted with regu-
ed experimentally the impact of louvered strip inserts in a double larly spaced twisted tape elements. The results show that the use of
pipe heat exchanger on heat transfer and pressure loss under turbu- small value of space ratio (S) provided higher heat transfer rate than
lent flow. Experimental results show that the utilization of louvered that of large value of space ratio (S). Wongcharee and Eiamsa-ard [21]
strips led to a higher heat transfer rate over the plain tube. Fan et al. investigated experimentally the influence of CuO/water nanofluid and
[9] studied numerically the thermo-hydraulic characteristics of tur- corrugated tube equipped with twisted tape on the thermal perfor-
bulent air flow in a circular tube fitted with conical strip inserts. It mance. The maximum thermal performance factor of 1.57 was found
was observed that the Nusselt number and the maximal friction in counter arrangements at twist ratio of 2.7 and Reynolds number of
factor were augmented with the use of conical strip around 5 times 6200. Bas and Ozceyhan [22] investigated experimentally the effect of
and 10 times respectively compared with the smooth tube. Torii et a twisted tape swirl generator inserted tube on heat transfer enhance-
al. [10] studied numerically by using finite difference methods the ment and friction factor. The Nusselt number of air turbulent flow in-
effect of louvered fins on the heat transfer and air laminar flow distri- creased with the decrease of clearance ratio (c/D) and twist ratio
butions. It was found that the heat transfer performance became larg- (y/D). Saha et al. [23] studied experimentally the influence of inte-
er in the high Reynolds number region, different heat transfer rates gral axial rib roughness and fitted with center-cleared twisted-tape
yielded at both side walls of the louvered fin rear the plate. on heat transfer and friction factor with laminar flow of oil through a

Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx 3

Fig. 1. (A) Schematic diagram of a circular tube fitted with forward and backward arrangements of louvered strip inserts, and (B) geometry details of louvered strip insert.

circular tube. It was observed that the combined use of integral axial rib
roughness and twisted tapes (with and without center-clearance) were
better than the individual enhancement technique acting alone. Rahimi
et al. [24] carried out experimental and CFD studies on heat transfer and
friction factor characteristics of a tube equipped with classic and three
modified (jagged, perforate and notch) twisted tape inserts. The results
show that thermal–hydraulic performance of the jagged insert was
higher than other tested inserts.
The effect of using swirl flow device inserts such as helical tape
inserts, helical screw tape inserts, helical screw-tape with or without
core-rod, spiraled rod inserts, and rotor-assembled strands on the
heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics has been studied by
many researchers such as Eisma-ard and Promvonge [25], Suresh et
al. [26], Ibrahim [27], Suresh et al. [28], Zhang et al. [29], Eiamsa-ard
and Promvonge [30]. It was noted that the Nusselt number increased
about 145% to 165% with and without core-rod, respectively, over the
corresponding plain tube.
The effect of using wire coil inserts on the heat transfer and fluid
flow characteristics has been investigated by many researchers such
as Naphon [31], Gunes et al. [32], Chandrasekar et al. [33], and Saeedinia
et al. [34]. These studies have revealed that the heat transfer coefficient
for the tube with coil-wire insert was higher than those without
coil-wire insert. In addition, the results show that the Nusselt number
increased with the increase of wire thickness and the decrease of
pitch ratio. The effect of using conical ring inserts on the heat transfer
and fluid flow characteristics has also been examined by many re-
searchers such as Kongkaitpaiboon et al. [35], Promvonge and Eiamsa-
ard [36], and Promvonge and Eiamsa-ard [37]. It was found that the per-
forated conical-rings (PCR) with larger number of perforated holes (N)
provided a lower heat transfer rate due to the lower turbulence intensi-
ty in the tube. The D-nozzle arrangement provided higher heat transfer
rate and friction factor than the C-nozzle arrangement.
It is obvious from the above literature review that the case of
forced convective heat transfer in a horizontal circular tube having
louvered strip inserts utilizing nanofluids under uniform heat flux
boundary conditions seems not to have been investigated in the
past and this has motivated the present study. In addition, most of
the previous research on circular pipe having inserts involved con-
ventional fluids (not nanofluids) and there is a very little work
reported in the open literature that involved nanofluids in such ge-
ometry. The present study investigates turbulent forced convective
flow in a horizontal circular pipe having louvered strip inserts with
different arrangements (forward and backward) by using different
types of nanofluids, different nanoparticle volume fractions, different
nanoparticle diameters, and dispersed in water as a base fluid over
Reynolds number in the range of 10,000 b Re b 50,000. Results of inter-
ests such as Nusselt number, skin friction coefficient and performance
evaluation criterion (PEC) for turbulent forced convective in a circular
tube are reported to illustrate the effects of the louvered strip inserts
and nanofluids on these parameters.
2. Numerical model
2.1. Physical model
Schematic diagrams of the circular tube with two arrangements of
louvered strips are shown in Fig. 1A. The louvered strip is connected
to a central rod of 1 mm diameter as shown in Fig. 1B. The length
and inner diameter of the tube are L = 500 mm and D = 19.6 mm,
respectively and the length of the louvered strip is 16 mm. The effect
of different combinations of the slant angle (α = 15°, 25°, and 30°)
and pitch (S = 30, 45 and 60 mm) are investigated in the present
work. Different types of nanofluids are selected as the working fluids.
The problem under consideration is assumed to be two dimensional,
turbulent and steady. The following assumptions are made for the
derivation of governing equations: (i) the physical properties of
fluid are constant; (ii) the fluid is incompressible and Newtonian;
(iii) the effect of gravity is negligible; and (iv) heat conduction in
the louvered strips and central rod is neglected and the thickness of
the solid wall is also not considered.

Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
4 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx

A 500 Table 1
Values of β for different nanoparticles.
Present Work α=30°
450
Fan et al. α=30°
Type of β Concentration Temperature (K)
Present Work α=30° particles (%)
Fan et al. α=30°
400 plain tube Fan et al. Al2O3 8.4407(100ϕ)−1.07304 1% ≤φ ≤10% 298 K ≤ T ≤ 363 K
plain tube present work
[40]
350
CuO 9.881(100ϕ)−0.9446 [40] 1% ≤φ ≤6% 298 K ≤ T ≤ 363 K
SiO2 1.9526 (100ϕ)−1.4594 1% ≤φ ≤10% 298 K ≤ T ≤ 363 K
300 [40]
ZnO 8.4407(100ϕ)−1.07304 1% ≤φ ≤7% 298 K ≤ T ≤ 363 K
Nuav

250 [40]

200

150 2.2. Governing equations

100 Based on the above simplifying assumptions, equations of conti-

nuity, momentum and energy for the fluid flow are given below in
50
tensor form as follows [1]:
0 Continuity equation:
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
Re ∂
ðρui Þ ¼ 0 ð1Þ
∂xi
B 1

Fan et al. α=30° Momentum equation:

present work α=30°
α=20°
0.8
Fan et al.
present work α=20°

 !

t b
plain tube Fan et al. ∂ ρui uj ∂p ∂ ∂ui ∂uj 2 ∂u
plain tube present work
¼− þ μ þ − μ k δij ð2Þ
Skin Friction Coefficient

∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi 3 ∂xk

0.6

Energy equation:
! !

t b
0.4
∂ ∂T ∂p ∂ui ∂uj 2 ∂u
ρuj C p T−k ¼ uj þ μ þ − μ k δij ð3Þ
∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi 3 ∂xk
0.2
Where CP is the specific heat at constant pressure, k is the turbu-
lent kinetic energy, and ε is the turbulent dissipation rate.
0 The Reynolds-averaged approach
 to turbulence modeling requires
0 0 
that the Reynolds stresses −ρu i u j in Eq. (2) need to be modeled.
For closure of the equations, the k − ε turbulence model was cho-
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 sen. A common method employs the Boussinesq hypothesis to relate
Re the Reynolds stresses to the mean velocity gradients:
C 3   !
0 0
∂ui ∂uj
−ρ ui uj ¼ μ þ ð4Þ
2.8 present work α=30° ∂xj ∂xi
Fan et al. α=30°
present work α=20°
2.6 Fan et al. α=20°

2.4
The turbulent viscosity term μt is to be computed from an appro-
priate turbulence model. The expression for the turbulent viscosity
2.2 is given as:
2
K2
PEC

1.8 μ t ¼ ρC μ ð5Þ
ε
1.6
In the present study, k − ε RNG turbulence model is used as follows:
1.4
 

t b
1.2 ∂ ∂ u ∂k
ðρkui Þ ¼ μþ t þ Gk −ρε ð6Þ
1 ∂xi ∂xj σ k ∂xj

0.8

0.6
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
Table 2
Re
The thermophysical properties of water and different nanoparticles at T = 300 K.

Fig. 2. Comparison of the present results with the results of Fan et al. [9] for various Thermo-physical properties Water Al2O3 SiO2 CuO ZnO
slant angles and S = 60 mm, (A) Nusselt number, (B) skin friction coefficient, and
Density ρ(kg/m3) 998.2 3600 2200 6500 5600
(C) performance evaluation criteria (PEC).
Dynamic viscosity, μ(Ns/m2) 1.00E-03 0 0 0 0
Thermal conductivity, k(W/m.K) 0.6 36 1.2 20 13
Specific heat, CP(J/kg. K) 4182 765 703 535.6 495.2

Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx 5

A 2200 A
Forward Arrangement α =30°, S=30mm 2200 Backward Arrangement α=30°, S=30mm
Forward Arrangement α =25°, S=30mm Backward Arrangement α=25°, S=30mm
Forward Arrangement α =15°, S=30mm Backward Arrangement α=15°, S=30mm
2000 Forward Arrangement α =30°, S=45mm 2000 Backward Arrangement α=30°, S=45mm
Forward Arrangement α =25°, S=45mm Backward Arrangement α=25°, S=45mm
1800 Forward Arrangement α =15°, S=45mm Backward Arrangement α=15°, S=45mm
Forward Arrangement α =30°, S=60mm 1800 Backward Arrangement α=30°, S=60mm
Forward Arrangement α =25°, S=60mm Backward Arrangement α=25°, S=60mm
1600 Forward Arrangement α =15°, S=60mm 1600 Backward Arrangement α=15°, S=60mm
Plain tube PlainTube

1400 1400
Nuav

Nuav
1200 1200
1000 1000

800 800

600 600

400 400

200 200

0 0
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Re Re
B 0.4 Forward Arrangement α =30°, S=30mm B 0.4
Forward Arrangement α =25°, S=30mm
Forward Arrangement α =15°, S=30mm Backward Arrangement α=30°, S=30mm
Forward Arrangement α =30°, S=45mm Backward Arrangement α=25°, S=30mm
0.35 Forward Arrangement α =25°, S=45mm 0.35 Backward Arrangement α=15°, S=30mm
Backward Arrangement α=30°, S=45mm
Forward Arrangement α =15°, S=45mm Backward Arrangement α=25°, S=45mm
Forward Arrangement α =30°, S=60mm Backward Arrangement α=15°, S=45mm
0.3 Forward Arrangement α =25°, S=60mm 0.3 Backward Arrangement α=30°, S=60mm
α =15°, S=60mm Backward Arrangement α=25°, S=60mm
Skin Friction Coefficient

Forward Arrangement
Backward Arrangement α=15°, S=60mm

Skin Friction Coefficient

Plain Tube PlainTube

0.25 0.25

0.2 0.2

0.15 0.15

0.1 0.1

0.05 0.05

0 0

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Re
Re
C 1.8
C
Forward Arrangement α=30°, S=30mm
1.75 Forward Arrangement α=25°, S=30mm 1.8
Forward Arrangement α=15°, S=30mm Backward Arrangement α=30°, S=30mm
1.7 Forward Arrangement α=30°, S=45mm Backward Arrangement α=25°, S=30mm
Forward Arrangement α=25°, S=45mm
1.75 Backward Arrangement α=15°, S=30mm
Forward Arrangement α=15°, S=45mm Backward Arrangement α=30°, S=45mm
1.65 Forward Arrangement α=30°, S=60mm Backward Arrangement α=25°, S=45mm
1.7
Forward Arrangement α=25°, S=60mm Backward Arrangement α=15°, S=45mm
1.6 Forward Arrangement α=15°, S=60mm Backward Arrangement α=30°, S=60mm
1.65 Backward Arrangement α=25°, S=60mm
Backward Arrangement α=15°, S=60mm
1.55
1.6
PEC

1.5
PEC

1.55
1.45
1.5
1.4
1.45
1.35
1.4
1.3
1.25 1.35

1.2 1.3

1.25
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Re 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Re
Fig. 3. The effect of different slant angles and different pitches with Reynolds number for
forward arrangement on, (A) Nusselt number, (B) skin friction coefficient, and (C) PEC. Fig. 4. The effect of different slant angles and different pitches with Reynolds number for
backward arrangement on, (A) Nusselt number, (B) skin friction coefficient, and (C) PEC.

Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
6 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx

Similarly the dissipation rate of TKE, ε is given by: enhanced wall function method was adopted for the treatment of
tube wall and surfaces of louvered strips. At the outlet, a pressure-
 

t b
∂ ∂ ut ∂ε ε ε2 outlet condition is used. On the tube walls, and the surfaces of the
ðρεui Þ ¼ μþ þ C 1ε Gk −C 2ε ρ ð7Þ louvered strips and central rod, no slip conditions are imposed. The
∂xi ∂xj σ k ∂xj k k
standard k − ε turbulence model, and the Renormalized Group
(RNG) k − ε turbulence model were selected. The turbulence intensity
Where Gk is the rate of generation of the TKE while ρε is the was kept at 1% at the inlet.
destruction rate and Gk is written as:
  2.4. Grid testing and code validation
0
0 ∂uj
Gk ¼ −ρ ui uj ð8Þ
∂xi Grid independent test was performed for the physical model to
obtain the most suitable mesh faces size. In this study, rectangular
and triangular cells were used to mesh the surfaces of tube wall
2.3. Boundary conditions and inserts, respectively; while for the internal space of the circular
tube, tetrahedral meshes were adopted. Local grid refinement was
At the tube inlet, fully developed flow and temperature boundary applied in the boundary layers. Adaptive grid refinement was also
conditions are applied. The inlet velocity and temperature profiles performed in the preliminary computations. The grid independence
were obtained via the following scheme. First, uniform inlet velocity has been checked by using different grid systems and four mesh
and temperature profiles for the smooth tube and enhanced tube faces are considered 597,269, 643,929, 711,101 and 768,404 at
were used. Then, re-computation was performed using the outlet Re = 30,000 with slant angle of (α = 25°) and pitch of louvered strips
velocity and temperature profiles of the first time. After several (S = 45 mm). All four mesh faces have similar results of the average
times of computation applying this approach, fully developed flow Nusselt number. However, any number of mesh faces for these four
and temperature profiles can be obtained. The constant heat flux con- cases can be used. In this case, mesh faces with 597,269 is adopted
dition is specified on the tube wall with a value of 200,000 W/m 2. The as it's the best in terms of both the accuracy and computational time.

Fig. 5. A. Streamlines (right) and isotherms (left) for forward louvered strip arrangement at Re = 30,000, and S = 60 mm, (a) α = 15°, (b) α = 25°, and (c) α = 30°. B Streamlines
(right) and isotherms (left) for backward louvered strip arrangement at Re = 30,000, and S = 60 mm, (a) α = 15°, (b) α = 25°, and (c) α = 30°.

Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx 7

Fig. 5 (continued).

In order to validate the numerical model, the study done by Fan
et al. [9] was used. They investigated numerically the effect of conical
strip inserts on the heat transfer and air flow characteristics in a cir-
cular tube. The effects of the geometrical parameters of the conical
strip were also examined. The comparison of the present results of
Nusselt number, skin friction factor and performance evaluation
criteria (PEC) with Reynolds number with the results of Fan et al.
[9] is presented in Fig. 2. The comparison shows a good agreement be-
tween the present results with the results of Fan et al. [9].
variables to be less than 10−5. Monitor converging criterions are taken
less than 10−5 for all the continuity, momentum and energy residual.
2.6. Thermophysical properties of nanofluids
The thermophysical properties of nanofluids used in this study
were obtained using the following equations:
The density of nanofluid, ρnf can be obtained from the following
equation [39]:

2.5. Numerical parameters and procedures ρnf ¼ ð1−ϕÞρf þ ϕρnf ð9Þ

The numerical computations were carried out by solving the

governing conservation equations accompanied by the boundary condi- Where ρf and ρnf are the mass densities of the based fluid and the
tions Eqs. (1) to (4) using finite volume formulation. The numerical solu- solid nanoparticles, respectively.
tion procedure adopts the ‘SIMPLE’ algorithm [38], which is more stable The effective heat capacity at constant pressure of nanofluid can
and economical in comparison with the other algorithm-families, to be calculated from the following equation [39]:
perform the coupling between the pressure and the velocity. In the equa-



tions, the momentum, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent dissipation ρcp ¼ ð1−ϕÞ ρcp þ ϕ ρcp ð10Þ
nf f np
rate and temperature terms are modeled by the second-order upwind
scheme. The diffusion term in the momentum and energy equations    
is approximated by first-order central difference which gives a stable so- Where ρcp f and ρcp np are the heat capacities of the based fluid
lution. The convergent criterion is set as the relative residual of all and the solid nanoparticles, respectively.

Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
8 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx

A 2400 A
2200
SiO2 φ=0.01
2200 φ=0.02
Al2O3
ZnO
2000 φ=0.03
2000 CuO φ=0.04
PureWater φ=0.00
1800 1800

1600 1600
1400

Nuav
Nuav

1400
1200
1200
1000

800 1000

600
800
400
600
200

0 400
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Re Re

B B 0.33
SiO2 0.32 φ=0.04
Al2O3
φ=0.03
0.35 0.31 φ=0.02
ZnO
φ=0.01
CuO 0.3
PureWater
φ=0.00

Skin Friction Coefficient 0.29

Skin Friction Coefficient

0.3 0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25 0.25
0.24
0.23

0.2 0.22
0.21
0.2
0.19
0.15
0.18
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Re Re

Fig. 6. The effect of nanofluid type with Reynolds number for forward arrangement at Fig. 7. The effect of nanoparticle volume fraction with Reynolds number for forward
α=30° and S=30 mm on, (A) average Nusselt number, and (B) skin friction coefficient. arrangement at α = 30° and S = 30 mm on, (A) average Nusselt number, and (B) skin
friction coefficient.

The effective thermal conductivity can be obtained by using the The effective viscosity can be obtained by using the following
following mean empirical correlation [39]: mean empirical correlation [41]:
0 1
keff ¼ kstatic þ kBrownian ð11Þ
B 1 C
μ eff ¼ μf  @
−0:3 A ð12Þ
d
1−34:87 dp  ϕ1:03
2

3 f

knp þ 2kf −2Φ kf −knp

kstatic 4
¼ kf

5 ð11:1Þ
Where
knp þ 2kf þ Φ kf −knp
" #1=3
6M
df ¼ ð13Þ
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Nπρf 0
4 KT
kBrownian ¼ 5  10 β ϕ ρf C p f f ðT; ϕÞ ð11:2Þ
2
Where M is the molecular weight of base fluid, N is the Avogadro
number = 6.022*1023 mol −1, ρf 0 is the mass density of the based
Where: Boltzmann constant is k = 1.3807 ∗ 10 −23 J/K. Values of β fluid calculated at temperature T0 = 293 K. Table 2 shows the
for different particles are listed in Table 1. thermophysical properties of water and different nanoparticles.
Modeling, f(T,ϕ)
!

 T 3. Results and discussion
−2 −3
f ðT; ϕÞ ¼ 2:8217  10 ϕ þ 3:917  10
TÅ

 The effects of using louvered strip inserts with different arrange-
−2 −3
þ −3:0669  10 ϕ−3:3991123  10
ments (forward and backward) in a circular tube, different nanofluids

Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx 9

A 2200 angle of 30° and the pitch of 30 mm and Nusselt number is augment-
ed by around 4.1 times than that of the smooth tube. The forward lou-
2000 vered strip arrangements can promote the heat transfer rate by
approximately 350% to 400% with using water as a test fluid.
1800 The variation of skin friction coefficient with Reynolds number for
various slant angles and different pitches is presented in Fig. 3B. The
1600
skin friction coefficient decreases with the increase of Reynolds num-
1400 ber for all slant angles of the louvered strips. The maximal skin fric-
tion coefficient of the enhanced tube is about 10 times than that of
Nuav

1200 the smooth tube. It is also observed that the skin friction coefficient
increases with the increase of the slant angle of louvered strip and
1000
has a maximum value at the louvered angle of 30° and pitch of
800
30 mm. In other words, the larger flow resistance was found at the
dp=20nm
dp=30nm larger slant angle and lowest pitch. In addition, the highest pitch of
dp=40nm
600 dp=50nm 60 mm and smallest slant angle α = 10° of louvered strip provided
the minimal value of the skin friction coefficient because the influ-
400 ence of louvered strip inserts is very weak in this case.
The variation of performance evaluation criteria (PEC) versus
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 Reynolds number is shown in Fig. 3C for different slant angles and
Re pitches. It is seen that the PEC value increases with the increase of
B Reynolds number, and then it decreases with further increase of the
dp=20nm
Reynolds number. The maximum value of PEC was 1.52 in the case
dp=30nm of the highest slant angle of α = 30° and pitch of 30 mm. The mini-
dp=40nm
0.35 dp=50nm mum value of the (PEC) was 1.28 in the case of the lowest slant
angle of α = 15° and pitch of 60 mm. It is clearly seen that when the
Skin Friction Coefficient

Reynolds number is small, a better thermo-hydraulic performance

0.3 can be achieved by using a larger slant angle of α = 30° together with
a relatively small pitch of S = 30 and 45 mm. However, when the
Reynolds number is large, a moderate slant angle of α =25° together
0.25 with a short pitch of S = 30 mm should be selected to obtain a largest
PEC value. Meanwhile, the PEC values of this combination of
α = 30°and S = 30 mm are also relatively high at low Reynolds
number. Thus, to achieve a relatively good thermo-hydraulic per-
0.2
formance over the tested Reynolds number range, the best param-
eter combination should be α = 25° and S = 30 mm.

0.15 3.1.2. Backward louvered strips

10000 20000 30000 40000
Re
Fig. 8. The effect of nanoparticle diameter with Reynolds number for forward arrangement
at α=30° and S=30 mm on, (A) average Nusselt number, and (B) skin friction coefficient.
type, nanoparticle concentration and particle diameter, Reynolds
number on the Nusselt number, skin friction coefficient and perfor-
mance evaluation criterion (PEC) are analyzed and discussed in this
section.
3.1. Effect of louvered strip arrangement
3.1.1. Forward louvered strips
The numerical study was conducted in a concentric pipe heat ex-
changer fitted with forward arrangement of louvered strips using
water as a test fluid in this case. The inclined forward louvered strip
inserts were placed along the test tube having different slant angles
(α) of 15°, 25° and 30° with the axial direction and different pitches.
Fig. 3A shows the variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds number
at various slant angles (α) and various pitches. It can clearly be seen
that the Nusselt number increases with the increase of Reynolds
number for all slant angles of the louvered strips and it also increases
with the increase of the slant angle and has a maximum value at the
louvered angle of 30°. This can be explained by a strong turbulence
intensity generated by louvered strips, leading to a rapid mixing of
the flow especially at higher slant angles. It is also observed that the
maximum value of the Nusselt number occurred at the louvered
The variations of Nusselt number with Reynolds number for dif-
50000
ferent slant angles and different pitches for backward louvered strip
arrangement are presented in Fig. 4A. It is observed that the Nusselt
number increases with the rise of Reynolds number for all slant
angles of the louvered strips. The Nusselt number for backward lou-
vered strip arrangement follows the same trend mentioned previous-
ly for forward louvered strip arrangement. It should be mentioned
that the use of the backward louvered strips provides (i) strong
mixing or turbulence flow in front of the louvered strips leading to
destruction of thermal boundary layer; and (ii) strong vortices of
flow creating better flow mixing between the fluid at the core and
the tube wall. Both flow phenomena promote an increase in the tur-
bulence intensity. All inclined louvered strip arrangements would sig-
nificantly enhance the heat transfer in comparison with the plain
tube. The forward louvered strip arrangements can promote the
heat transfer by approximately 350% to 400% while the backward
arrangements could improve the heat transfer by approximately
367% to 411%. Moreover, the use of the louvered strip with backward
arrangement led to better overall performance evaluation criteria
than that of forward arrangement for all slant angles and pitches.
The variations of skin friction coefficient with Reynolds number for
various slant angles and different pitches are presented in Fig. 4B. The
skin friction coefficient has the same pattern as the one presented for
forward louvered strip arrangement. It is observed that the biggest
pitch of 60 mm and smallest slant angle α = 10° of louvered strip
were provided a minimal value of the skin friction coefficient because
the influence of louvered strip inserts is very weak in this case. The var-
iation of PEC versus Reynolds number is shown in Fig. 4C for different
pitches and slant angles. It is seen that the maximum PEC value is 1.54

Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
10 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx
at the highest slant angle α = 30° and lowest pitch of 30 mm, which
demonstrates that the backward louvered strip insert has a very good
thermo-hydraulic performance compared with the plain tube. The min-
imum value of the (PEC) was 1.29 in the case of the lowest slant angle of
α = 15° and pitch of 60 mm for backward louvered strip arrangement.
It is also observed that the highest value of PEC can be achieved using a
larger slant angle of α = 30° and a small pitch of 30 mm at small
Reynolds number. Thus, to achieve a relatively good thermo-hydraulic
performance over the whole Reynolds number range, the best parame-
ter combination should be α = 25° and S= 30 mm.
The effect of different slant angles and different pitches of forward
and backward louvered strips on the streamlines and isotherms at
Re = 30,000 are presented in Fig. 5A–B. It can clearly be seen that
the strong mixing or high turbulence flow behind the louvered strips
leading to provide many vortices and these vortices increase with the
increase of the slant angle. The highest mixing flow and vortices were
noted at the highest slant angle of α = 30° and the flow was found
weak at the smallest slant angle of α = 15° and resulting in much
weaker convective current and thus limited heat transfer rate.
Fig. 5B shows that the heat transfer rate and flow resistance depend
on the combined parameters of the louvered strip. This is because
the fluid mixing, boundary layer disturbing, and convective heat
transfer have close relation to those geometric parameters. It is clear-
ly seen that the fluid mixing and boundary disturbing are greatly in-
tensified when the slant angle of the louvered strip is increased
from 15° to 30°. Thus, the flow boundary layer becomes thinner at
larger slant angles. This results in a significant increase in heat trans-
fer rate, friction factor and performance evaluation criteria (PEC).
3.2. The effect of different types of nanoparticles
In this section, four different types of nanoparticles which are
Al2O3, CuO, SiO2 and ZnO with pure water as a base fluid are used.
The variation of Nusselt number versus different Reynolds numbers
is shown in Fig. 6A with using four types of nanofluids for volume
fraction of 0.04 and practical diameter of 20 nm of nanofluid and
pure water at the pitch of forward louvered strip insert of 30 mm
and slant angle of 30°. It can be clearly seen that SiO2 nanofluid has
the highest average Nusselt number, followed by Al2O3, ZnO, and
CuO respectively. This is because SiO2 nanofluid has the lowest ther-
mal conductivity than other nanofluids, but higher than water and
has the highest average velocity among the fluids due to lowest den-
sity compared with the others. The fluid velocity plays an important
role on the heat transfer in case of forced convection and it represents
the main reason to give high heat transfer coefficient. The effect of
different nanofluids on the skin friction coefficient for forward lou-
vered strip is displayed in Fig. 6B where the particle volume fraction
and nanoparticle diameter are kept constant at 4% and 20 nm respec-
tively. It is clearly seen that the skin friction coefficient decreases
when Reynolds number increases for all types of nanofluids. It is
observed that SiO2 nanofluid has the highest skin friction coefficient,
followed by Al2O3, ZnO, CuO nanofluids and finally pure water. The
suspension of nanoparticles in the base fluid causes a slight increase
in the skin friction coefficient.
3.3. The effect of different nanoparticle volume fractions
This section analyzes the effects of different nanoparticle concen-
trations of SiO2 nanofluid on the Nusselt number and skin friction
coefficient. The effect of various volume fractions on Nusselt number
is shown in Fig. 7A at nanoparticle concentration in the range of 0–4%.
The results revealed that SiO2 nanofluid with highest volume frac-
tions of 4% has the highest average Nusselt number at all Reynolds
numbers. This is because as the volume fraction increases, irregular
and random movements of particles increase the energy exchange
rates in the fluid with penalty on the wall shear stress and
Please cite this article as: H.A. Mohammed, et al., Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered
strip inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.10.023
consequently enhance the thermal dispersion of the flow. It is also
found that the average Nusselt number increases with the increase
of Reynolds number. The variation of skin friction coefficient with
Reynolds number for different volume fractions is presented in
Fig. 7B. The skin friction coefficient slightly increases with the increase
of nanofluid concentration. In general, the increase of nanofluid concen-
tration results in an increase of fluid viscosity which diminishes the
fluid movement.
3.4. The effect of different nanoparticle diameters
The effect of different nanoparticle diameters of SiO2 nanofluid on
the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient with different Reynolds
numbers is investigated in this section. The ranges of nanoparticle di-
ameter are varied from 20 nm to 50 nm with 4% concentration of SiO2
nanofluid, slant angle of 30° and the pitch is 30 mm for forward lou-
vered strips. As illustrated in Fig. 8A, the results revealed that the
nanofluid with smaller particle diameter has the higher Nusselt num-
ber. The effect of particle size may be attributed mainly to two reasons
which are the high specific surface area of the nanoparticles and the
Brownian motion. As the particle size reduces, the surface area per
unit volume increases, the heat transfer is being dependent on the sur-
face area, and thus the effectiveness of nanoparticles in transferring
heat to the base liquid increases. However, reducing the particle size
means increasing the Brownian motion velocity, which again adds up
to the contribution by the nanoparticles to the total heat transfer by
continuously creating additional paths for the heat flow in the fluid.
As presented in this figure the nanofluid with 20 nm nanoparticle di-
ameter has the highest Nusselt number, whereas, the nanoparticle
with a diameter of 50 nm has the lowest Nusselt number. The effect
of different nanoparticle diameters of SiO2 nanofluid on the skin friction
coefficient with different Reynolds numbers is presented in Fig. 8B.It is
noted that there is a slight change in the skin friction coefficient when
nanoparticle diameters of SiO2 nanofluid are varied.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, numerical simulations for turbulent forced convection
heat transfer in a circular tube having louvered strip inserts with differ-
ent arrangements (forward and backward) subjected to a uniform heat
flux boundary condition were reported. The heat transfer enhancement
resulting from various parameters such as nanofluid types, nanoparticle
volume fraction, nanoparticle diameter, and Reynolds number was
studied. The governing equations were solved using the finite volume
method with certain assumptions and appropriate boundary condi-
tions. The Nusselt number, skin friction coefficient, and performance
evaluation criterion were obtained through the numerical simulation.
The following conclusions can be drawn as follows:
• The Nusselt number is augmented by around 4 times for the louvered
strip insert than that of the smooth tube. The forward louvered strip
arrangement can promote the heat transfer by approximately 350%
to 400% at the highest slant angle of (α =30°) and pitch of 30 mm
while the backward arrangement could improve the heat transfer
by approximately 367% to 411%. The Nusselt number increased with
the increase of the slant angle and decreased with the increase of
the pitch distance. The maximum value of Nusselt number was
found at the slant angle of 30° for forward and backward arrange-
ments of louvered strips together with a small pitch of 30 mm.
• The maximal skin friction coefficient of the enhanced tube is around 10
times that of the smooth tube. The skin friction coefficient in case of
forward arrangement with the slant angle of 30° was higher than
those of other inclination angles of 25°, and 15°. It is also greater than
those for the case of backward arrangement at all Reynolds numbers.
• The maximum value of the PEC was 1.52 in the case of the highest
slant angle of (α=30°) and the pitch of 30 mm for forward louvered
 H.A. Mohammed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer xxx (2012) xxx–xxx
strip. However, the peak value of PEC was 1.54 for backward louvered
strips at the same slant angle and pitch. This demonstrates that the
backward louvered strip insert has a very good thermo-hydraulic
performance compared with the forward arrangement.
• The SiO2 nanofluid has the highest Nusselt number and skin friction
coefficient values, followed by Al2O3, ZnO, and CuO and finally pure
water has the lowest Nusselt number. The Nusselt number is slightly
improved with the increase of nanoparticle concentration. However,
it decreased with the increase of the nanoparticle diameter.
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