International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 12–17

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Heat transfer of nanofluids in a shell and tube heat exchanger

B. Farajollahi, S.Gh. Etemad *, M. Hojjat
Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Heat transfer characteristics of c-Al2O3/water and TiO2/water nanofluids were measured in a shell and
Received 6 January 2009 tube heat exchanger under turbulent flow condition. The effects of Peclet number, volume concentration
Received in revised form 15 September 2009 of suspended nanoparticles, and particle type on the heat characteristics were investigated. Based on the
Accepted 15 September 2009
results, adding of naoparticles to the base fluid causes the significant enhancement of heat transfer char-
Available online 2 November 2009
acteristics. For both nanofluids, two different optimum nanoparticle concentrations exist. Comparison of
the heat transfer behavior of two nanofluids indicates that at a certain Peclet number, heat transfer
Keywords:
characteristics of TiO2/water nanofluid at its optimum nanoparticle concentration are greater than those
Nanofluids
Nanoparticles
of c-Al2O3/water nanofluid while c-Al2O3/water nanofluid possesses better heat transfer behavior at
Shell and tube heat exchanger higher nanoparticle concentrations.
Heat transfer Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction been interest in using nanoparticles to modify heat transfer perfor-

Due to the limitation of fossil fuel in the world, subject of en-
ergy consumption optimization in various industrial processes be-
comes very important. In chemical processes one of the most
important devices related to energy and heat transfer is heat ex-
changer. For decades, efforts have been done to enhance heat
transfer, reduce the heat transfer time, minimize size of heat
exchangers, and finally increase energy and fuel efficiencies. These
efforts include passive and active methods such as creating turbu-
lence, increasing area, etc. Most of them are limited by inherent
restriction of thermal conductivity of the conventional fluids (such
as water, mineral oil and ethylene glycol). The poor heat transfer
properties of the employed fluids in the industries are obstacles
for using different types of heat exchangers.
Since solid particles have thermal conductivity higher than that
of common fluids, when they are dispersed in the fluids result in
higher heat transfer characteristics. There are many types of parti-
cles such as metallic, nonmetallic and polymeric. However, due to
large size of micro and macro-sized particles, they will face some
problems in using of these suspensions, such as clogging of flow
channels due to poor suspension stability, erosion of heat transfer
device, and increasing in pressure drop.
Modern material technology helps us to produce nanometer-
sized particles that their mechanical and thermal properties are
different from those of the parent materials. Recently, there has
* Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1 N 6N5. Tel.: +1 613
8623981; fax: +1 613 5625172.
E-mail address: sgetemad@uottawa.ca (S.Gh. Etemad).
mance of suspensions. Nanofluids are stable suspension of nano-
meter-sized particles (smaller than 100 nm in at least one
dimension) in conventional heat transfer fluids. Nanofluids are
suitable for engineering applications and show several potential
advantages such as better stability, dramatically high thermal
conductivity and no extra pressure drop compared to other
suspensions.
Since thermal conductivity is one of the important parameters
for heat transfer enhancement, some studies have been done on
thermal conductivity of nanofluids. All experimental results have
indicated the enhancement of thermal conductivity by addition
of nanoparticles. For example Wang et al. [1], Lee et al. [2], and
Das et al. [3] measured the thermal conductivity of nanofluids con-
taining Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles and investigated the effect of
the base fluid on the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. Xie
et al. [4,5] examined the effect of base fluid on thermal conductiv-
ity of Al2O3 nanofluid. Li and Peterson [6] investigated on the tem-
perature dependency of thermal conductivity enhancement of
Al2O3/water and CuO/water nanofluids.
There are several published studies on the forced convective
heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids and most of them are under
the constant heat flux or constant temperature boundary condi-
tions at wall of tubes and channels. In shell and tube heat exchang-
ers the real heat boundary condition is different from the
aforementioned boundary conditions and wall temperature and/
or heat flux is not constant. The experimental results for forced
convection inside a channel show that convective heat transfer
coefficient of nanofluids is enhanced compared to base fluid. These
studies include investigation on convective heat transfer of
c-Al2O3/water and TiO2/water nanofluids for turbulent flow in a

0017-9310/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.10.019
 B. Farajollahi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 12–17 13

Nomenclature

A heat transfer area (m2) Greek symbols

Cp specific heat (kJ kg1 K1) DTlm logarithmic mean temperature difference(oC)
D tube diameter (m) a thermal diffusivity (m2/s)
d nanoparticle diameter (m) q density (kg m3)
h convective heat transfer coefficient (W m2 oC1) t Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
k thermal conductivity (W m1oC1) um nanoparticle volume concentration (Dimensionless)
L tube length (m)
m_ mass flow rate (kg s1) Subscripts
Nu Nusselt number (Dimensionless) f fluid
Pe Peclet number (Dimensionless) i inside
Pr Prandtl number (Dimensionless) in inlet
Q heat transfer rate (W) m mean
Re Reynolds number (Dimensionless) nf nanofluid
T temperature (oC) o outside
U overall heat transfer coefficient (W m2 oC1) out outlet
V velocity (m2/s) p particles
w wall

stainless steel tube [7], copper nanoparticles suspended in water
for turbulent flow in a brass tube [8], suspensions of c-Al2O3 nano-
particles in water for laminar flow in a copper tube [9], graphite
nanoparticles dispersed in two base fluids for laminar flow in a
horizontal tube exchanger [10], CuO/water and Al2O3/water nano-
fluids for laminar flow in a copper tube [11], aqueous suspensions
of TiO2 nanoparticles and nanotubes flowing upward through a
vertical pipe in both laminar and turbulent flow regimes [12,13].
The objective of the present study is to investigate on the heat
transfer characteristics (such as overall and convective heat
transfer coefficients, and Nusselt number) of c-Al2O3/water and
TiO2/water nanofluids for turbulent flow in a horizontal stainless
steel shell and tube heat exchanger.
2. Experimental setup
Fig. 1 shows the flow loop of constructed system. The system
mainly includes two flow loops (nanofluids and water flow loops).
It contains a stainless steel shell and tube heat exchanger, a heating
tank (15 L), a nanofluids cooling system, a nanofluids reservoir
tank (5 L), by-pass-line, two pumps in order to provide required
flow rates, thermocouples, and two flow meters.
The test section is a shell and tube heat exchanger where nano-
fluid passes through the 16 tubes with 6.1 mm outside diameter,
1 mm thickness, and 815 mm length and water flows inside the
shell with 55.6 mm inside diameter. The tube pitch is 8 mm and
the baffle cut and baffle spacing are 25% and 50.8 mm, respectively.
The heat exchanger and pipe lines are thermally insulated to re-
duce heat loss to the surrounding. The flow rates are controlled by
two valves, one at the main flow loop and the other at the by-pass-
line (Fig. 1). The flow meters of water and nanofluids were cali-
brated by weighting collected water and nanofluids over a certain
period of time. Four thermocouples (K type) were inserted in the
inlet and outlet pipes of heat exchanger. Thermocouples were cal-
ibrated by PT100 type thermocouple. The error in measurement of
the fluid temperature by the K type thermocouple was ±0.1 °C. Two

Fig. 1. Experimental setup.

14 B. Farajollahi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 12–17

of the thermocouples, 1 and 2, measure the nanofluid tempera-
tures at the inlet and outlet of heat exchanger tube side, and the
other two thermocouples, 3 and 4, measure the water tempera-
tures at the inlet and outlet of heat exchanger shell side.
Error analysis was carried out by calculating the error of mea-
surements. Results show that the maximum error for the overall
heat transfer coefficient is about 4.2%.
Two series of nanofluids were prepared using two different
types of nanoparticles, c-Alumina (c-Al2O3) and Titanium dioxide
(TiO2) with mean diameters of 25 and 10 nm, respectively, while
water used as base fluid. Table 1 contains the other properties of
these nanoparticles. To prepare stable nanofluids, ultrasonic vibra-
tion was used to reduce the particle agglomeration.
The nanofluids with different particle volume concentrations
were prepared to investigate the effect of the nanoparticle
concentrations on the heat transfer performance of the nanofluids.
The nanoparticle volume concentrations of c-Al2O3/water and
TiO2/water nanofluids vary in the range of 0.3–2% and
0.15–0.75%, respectively.
3. Data processing
The experimental data were used to calculate overall heat
transfer coefficient, convective heat transfer coefficient and Nus-
selt number of nanofluids with various particle volume concentra-
tions and Peclet numbers. The thermophysical properties were
calculated based on mean bulk temperature of nanofluids.
The heat transfer rate of the nanofluid is
_ pnf ðTout  Tin Þ
Q ¼ mC
where m_ is the mass flow rate of the nanofluid, and Tout and Tin are
the outlet and inlet temperatures of the nanofluid, respectively.
The effective density of nanofluid is
qnf ¼ ð1  uv Þqf þ uv qp
Subscripts f, p, and nf refer to the base fluid, the nanoparticles, and
the nanofluid, respectively. uv is the nonoparticle volume
concentration.
C pnf is the effective specific heat of the nanofluid which can be
calculated from Xuan and Roetzel relation [14]:
ðqC p Þnf ¼ ð1  uv ÞðqC p Þf þ uv ðqC p Þp
The heat transfer coefficient of the test fluid, hi, can be calculated by
the following equation [15]:
 
Do
1 1 Di Ln Di Di 1
¼ þ þ 
U i hi 2kw D o ho
where Di and Do are the inner and outer diameters of tubes respec-
tively, Ui is the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside
tube area, hi and ho are the individual convective heat transfer coef-
ficients of the fluids inside and outside the tubes respectively and
kw is the thermal conductivity of the tube wall. Ui is given by:
The outside heat transfer coefficient can be computed by Bell’s
procedure [16].
Nusselt number of nanofluids is defined as:
hi Di
Nunf ¼ ð6Þ
knf
where the effective thermal conductivity (knf) of the nanofluids can
be evaluated by Maxwell’s model that is given as following [17]:
kp þ 2kf  2uv ðkf  kp Þ
knf ¼ kf ð7Þ
kp þ 2kf þ uv ðkf  kp Þ
Maxwell’s formula shows that the effective thermal conductivity of
nanofluids (knf) relies on the thermal conductivity of spherical par-
ticles (kp), the thermal conductivity of base fluid (kf) and volume
concentration of the solid particles (uv).
4. Results and discussions
To evaluate the accuracy of the measurements, experimental
system was tested with distilled water before measuring the con-
vective heat transfer of nanofluids. Fig. 2 shows the comparison be-
tween the measured overall heat transfer coefficient and
prediction of Eq. (4) in which hi is evaluated by Gnielinski correla-
tion for turbulent flow through a tube [18]:
Nu ¼ 0:012ðRe0:87  280ÞPr0:4 ð8Þ
As shown in Fig. 2, the good agreement exists between the experi-
mental data and predicted values.
ð1Þ
4.1. Convective heat transfer of nanofluids
Figs. 3 and 4 present the overall heat transfer coefficient of the c-
Al2O3/water and TiO2/water nanofluids versus Peclet number for
ð2Þ various volume concentrations respectively. From the results, the
overall heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids increases significantly
with Peclet number. For both nanofluids the overall heat transfer
coefficient at a constant Peclet number increases with nanoparticle
concentration compared to the base fluid. As clearly shown in Fig. 3,
the maximum enhancement of the overall heat transfer coefficient
of c-Al2O3/water nanofluids occurs at 0.5% volume concentration
ð3Þ and the enhancement at the Peclet number about 50,000 is approx-
imately 20%. At this Peclet number (50,000) the enhancement of the
overall heat transfer coefficient at 0.3%, 0.75%, 1%, and 2% nanopar-
ticle volume concentrations are about 14%, 16%, 15%, and 9%, respec-
tively. For TiO2/water nanofluids the maximum enhancement is
ð4Þ
5000
Theory
Experimental
4000
Ui (W/m K)
2

Q ¼ U i Ai DT lm ð5Þ 3000

where Ai = pDiL and DTlm is the logarithmic mean temperature

difference.
2000
Table 1
Physical properties of the nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles Mean Specific Density Thermal Specific

diameter surface (kg/m3) conductivity heat
1000
(nm)
15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000
area (W/m K) (kJ/kg K)
(m2/gr) Pe
c-Al2O3 25 180 3700 46 880
Fig. 2. Comparison between the measured overall heat transfer coefficient and
TiO2 10 120 3900 8.4 710
predicted values for distilled water.
 B. Farajollahi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 12–17 15

4000
Distilled water Distilled water
11000
0.30% Al2O3 0.30% Al2O3
3500 0.50% Al2O3 0.50% Al2O3
9000
0.75% Al2O3 0.75% Al2O3
1% Al2O3
Ui (W/m K)

1% Al2O3

hi (W/m K)
3000
2

2% Al2O3 7000

2
2% Al2O3

2500 5000

2000 3000

1500 1000
15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000 15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000
Pe
Pe
Fig. 3. Overall heat transfer coefficient of c-Al2O3/water nanofluid versus Peclet
number for various volume concentrations. Fig. 5. Convective heat transfer coefficient of c-Al2O3/water nanofluid versus Peclet
number for different volume concentrations.

4000
Distilled water Distilled water
11000
0.15% TiO2
0.15% TiO2
3500 0.3% TiO2
0.3% TiO2 9000 0.5% TiO2
0.5% TiO2 0.75% TiO2
hi (W/m K)
Ui (W/m K)

3000
2

0.75% TiO2 7000

2

2500 5000

2000 3000

1500 1000
15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000 15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000

Pe Pe
Fig. 4. Overall heat transfer coefficient of TiO2/water nanofluid versus Peclet Fig. 6. Convective heat transfer coefficient of TiO2/water nanofluid versus Peclet
number for various volume concentrations. number for different volume concentrations.

observed at 0.3% particle volume concentration (Fig. 4). At a certain
Peclet number (44,000) the enhancement of the overall heat transfer
coefficient at 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.75 vol.% are about 11%, 24%, 16%,
and 13%, respectively.
Based on the experimental data the optimum volume concen-
tration of Al2O3 and TiO2 particles in water are 0.5 and 0.3 vol.%,
respectively. Although the thermal conductivity of Al2O3 nanopar-
ticle is higher than that of TiO2 nanoparticle (Table 1), the optimum
volume concentration of TiO2 nanoparticle in water is less than
that of Al2O3 nanoparticle. The difference may be related to the dif-
ference between the mean diameters of two nanoparticles. As
shown in Table 1, the mean diameter of TiO2 nanoparticle is less
than that of Al2O3 nanoparticle.
Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate variation of convective heat transfer coef-
ficients with Peclet number for different volume concentrations of
Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. As shown in Figs. 5 and
6, addition of nanoparticles has strong influences on the convective
heat transfer coefficient of both nanofluids. The maximum
enhancement of convective heat transfer coefficient with
0.5 vol.% c-Al2O3/water and 0.3 vol.% TiO2/water nanofluids ex-
ceeds 50%. This enhancement for 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 2 vol.% of
c-Al2O3/water are about 46%, 56%, 46%, 38%, and 19%, respectively.
The convective heat transfer coefficients of the TiO2/water nano-
fluid with 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.75 vol.% of TiO2 nanoparticles are
about 20%, 56%, 33%, and 18% higher than those of water.
Generally the enhancement of convective heat transfer coeffi-
cient depends on increasing of the fluid thermal conductivity and
decreasing of thermal boundary layer thickness. Thermal conduc-
tivity of the nanofluids increases with increasing of the volume
concentrations. Decreasing of the thermal boundary layer thick-
ness can be due to mobility of particles near the wall, migration
of them to the center of tube, and reduction of viscosity at the wall
region.
Convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids decreases
with nanoparticle volume concentration at the concentrations
higher than the optimum. This may be associated with the effect
of high viscosity at the higher volume concentrations that causes
in thickening of thermal boundary layer. In other words, at the
higher volume concentrations the effect of increase of viscosity
on the heat transfer coefficient is more than the effect of increase
of thermal conductivity.
Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate the effect of c-Al2O3 and TiO2 nanopati-
cles concentrations on the Nusselt number of the nanofluids at var-
ious Peclet numbers. As shown in Figs. 7 and 8, the enhancement of
the convective heat transfer coefficient of both nanofluids is much
higher than that of thermal conductivity. The enhancement of the
Nusselt number for both nanofluids is particularly significant at
their optimum nanoparticle concentrations and is higher than 50%.
Based on the results at the lower volume concentrations
(<0.3 vol.%) TiO2 nanoparticle possesses better heat transfer
16 B. Farajollahi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 12–17

100
Distilled water 110 0.50% Al2O3 (Theory)
0.30% Al2O3 0.50% Al2O3 (Exp)
80
0.50% Al2O3 90 2% Al2O3 (Theory)
0.75% Al2O3 2% Al2O3 (Exp)
60 1% Al2O3 70

Nui
2% Al2O3
Nui

40 50

20 30

0 10
15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000 15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000
Pe Pe

Fig. 7. Nusselt number of c-Al2O3/water nanofluid versus Peclet number for Fig. 9. Comparison between the experimental results and calculated values from
different volume concentrations. correlation (9) for c-Al2O3/water nanofluids.

100 100
Distilled water 0.3% TiO2 (Theory)
0.15% TiO2
80 80
0.3% TiO2 (exp)
0.3% TiO2
0.5% TiO2 0.75% TiO2 (Theory)
60 0.75% TiO2 60 0.75% TiO2 (exp)
Nui
Nui

40 40

20 20

0 0
15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000 15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000
Pe Pe

Fig. 8. Nusselt number of TiO2/water nanofluid versus Peclet number for different Fig. 10. Comparison between the experimental results and calculated values from
volume concentrations. correlation (9) for TiO2/water nanofluids.

behavior than c-Al2O3 nanoparticle and at the higher volume con- where the thermal diffusivity is given by:
centrations (>0.3 vol.%) c-Al2O3 nanoparticle is more effective than
TiO2 nanoparticle in augmenting the heat transfer coefficient. This knf knf
/nf ¼ ¼ ð13Þ
behavior may be related to the competition of thermal conductiv- ðqC p Þnf ð1  uv ÞðqC p Þf þ uv ðqC p Þp
ity and particle size of both nanoparticles.
Results show that at 0.5 vol.% of c-Al2O3 nanoparticles and at
4.2. Comparison between experimental results and available 0.3 vol.% of TiO2 nanoparticles a good agreement exist between
correlations the experimental results and the predicted values by Eq. (9) spe-
cially at higher Peclet numbers. At 2 vol.% c-Al2O3 nanoparticles
In Figs. 9 and 10 the experimental results for the Nusselt num- and 0.75 vol.% TiO2 nanoparticles the correlation offers Nusselt
ber of c-Al2O3/water and TiO2/water nanofluids are compared with numbers which are higher than those of experimental data. For
the prediction of Xuan and Li correlation. The correlation was pro- example, the deference between the experimental data and the pre-
vided by Xuan and Li for turbulent flow of nanofluids inside a tube dicted values for 0.5 vol.% of c-Al2O3 nanoparticles at Peclet number
[8]: 50,800 is 1.4%, while this deference for 2 vol.% c-Al2O3 nanoparti-
  cles at Peclet number 48,467 is 77.7%. The differences for 0.3 vol.%
Nunf ¼ 0:0059 1 þ 7:6286u0:6886
v Pe0:001
p Re0:9238
nf Pr0:4
nf ð9Þ of TiO2 nanoparticles at Peclet number 51,190 and for 0.75% of
TiO2 nanoparticles at Peclet number 51,422 are 2.9% and 27.0%,
The particle Peclet number, Reynolds number and the Prandtl num-
respectively. Therefore, the correlation is almost valid for the pre-
ber for nanofluid are defined respectively as:
diction of Nusselt number at low volume concentrations.
V m dp
Pep ¼ ð10Þ
anf
V mD 5. Conclusion
Renf ¼ ð11Þ
#nf
In the present experimental study heat transfer behavior
#nf
Prnf ¼ ð12Þ of c-Al2O3/water and TiO2/water nanofluids in a shell and tube
anf heat exchanger was investigated. The experiments were done for
 B. Farajollahi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 12–17
a wide range of Peclet numbers, nanoparticle volume concentra-
tions, and for different particle types.
The experimental results for both nanofluids indicate that the
heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids improve with Peclet
number significantly. Addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid
enhances the heat transfer performance and results in larger heat
transfer coefficient than that of the base fluid at the same Peclet
number.
Both nanofluids have the different optimum volume concentra-
tion in which the heat transfer characteristics show the maximum
enhancement. The nanoparticle with less mean diameter (TiO2
nanoparticle) has a lower optimum volume concentration.
At different nanoparticle concentrations the heat transfer
enhancement of both nanofluids are not the same. TiO2/water
and c-Al2O3/water nanofluids possess better heat transfer behavior
at the lower and higher volume concentrations, respectively. Com-
petition of thermal conductivity and particle size of both nanopar-
ticles may be the source of these differences for heat transfer
performances.
For both nanofluids the experimental results are very close to
the predicted values of available correlation at the lower nanopar-
ticle volume concentrations.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Petrochemical Research and Technology
Company at I.R. Iran for its financial support to the present re-
search project.
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