Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549

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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

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Magnetic mixed convection of a Casson hybrid nanofluid due to split lid

driven heat generated porous triangular containers with elliptic obstacles
Sameh E. Ahmed a, b, Zehba A.S. Raizah a
a
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
b
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The current study concerns with the mixed convection process of Casson hybrid nanofluids within split lid-driven
Split lid driven porous inclined triangular enclosures with elliptic obstacles. The top wall of triangular containers is split to two-
Casson hybrid nanofluid parts; those move to left and right directions and four cases are considered based on the direction of the
FEM-CBS
movements. The inner elliptic shape has various thermal conditions, namely, hot, cold and adiabatic. An inclined
Triangular containers
MHD
magnetic field and a heat generating porous medium are considered. The considered non-Newtonian hybrid
Elliptic obstacles nanofluids are methano-Ti6Al4V + AA7075, ethylene glycol-Ti6Al4V + AA7075 and engine oil- Ti6Al4V +
AA7075. Comprehensive analyses for the heat transfer at the top moving and the inner elliptic boundaries as well
as the entropy generation are performed. FEM-CBS algorithm is applied to solve the governing system. The major
findings revealed that the cases of UL = − 1, UR = 1 and cold ellipse give the highest rate of the heat transfer.
Also, engine oil- Ti6Al4V + AA7075 augments the Nusselt number more than the other types of the non-
Newtonian hybrid nanofluids. Furthermore, using methanol as a based hybrid nanofluids is a better for
obtaining the higher irreversibility rate.

1. Introduction parameter. Yan et al. [14] presented an experimental investigation on

The non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids mixtures are new category of
the non-Newtonian fluids; those can be found in various practical ap­
plications such as medical and biological, nano-cryosurgery, cancer
treatment, MRI, bacteriostatic activity, petroleum, cooling of vehicles,
microchips and electronic equipment’s etc. Examining the heat transfer
by various convective modes (natural, forced or mixed) using the non-
Newtonian hybrid nanofluids should be a priority for researchers.
When searching for studies presented in this area, it is found that most
studies focus on ordinary nanofluids/hybrid nanofluids [1–11] and the
non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids are of little focus. Esfe et al. [12]
studied the non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids (MWCNT-Al2O3 (10:90)/
5W50) and analyzed the rheological behaviors of these mixtures. Also,
they expressed the viscosity in terms of a three-variable function. Their
results indicated to a sensitively of the viscosity to the small variations of
the volume fraction in case of the higher temperature. Madhukesh et al.
[13] used a non-Fourier heat flux model to simulate the non-Newtonian
hybrid nanofluid (AA7072-AA7075/water) flow over a stretching sur­
face with Newtonian heating. The major outcomes revealed that the rate
of the heat transfer is enhanced by the upsurge in thermal relaxation
MWCNTs–ZnO/Water–Ethylene glycol (80:20 vol%) rheological prop­
erties. They mentioned to that their results are effective in the
augmentation of the heat transfer and pumping power in designing
thermal systems. Tian et al. [15] propose a new sensitivity analysis to
estimate the apparent viscosity and the shear rate of multi-phased non-
Newtonian hybrid nanofluids. their model is found to be influential in
perdition of the shear stress and the apparent viscosity of TiO2/ZnO/EG
non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid which implies its suitable performance
for multi-phase non-Newtonian fluids. Alnaqi et al. [16] considered
zigzag micro-channels subjected to constant heat flux to study a micro-
heat sink (MHS) the cooling of the MHS is made using the
MWCNTs – SiO2/EG – H2O hybrid nanofluids (HNFs). Their results
indicated that the total entropy is enhanced as the height of zigzags is
growing due to the collision of fluid to the walls of the micro-channels.
Chamkha and Selimefendigil studied the MHD free convection [17],
forced convection [18] and entropy generation [19] inside different
shapes of the corrugated porous cavities with Cu-water nanofluid using
the finite element method.
The forced convective flow is the heat transfer using a worked
mixture due to an external force, for example, moving of one/more

E-mail addresses: sehassan@kku.edu.sa (S.E. Ahmed), zaalrazh@kku.edu.sa (Z.A.S. Raizah).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.169549
Received 28 March 2022; Received in revised form 11 May 2022; Accepted 29 May 2022
Available online 3 June 2022
0304-8853/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549

Fig. 1a. Physical model and mesh generation.

edges of the flow domain. Also, the heat transfer by the natural con­ { } {
vection mode is due to the buoyancy force resulting from the tempera­ Ω1 = (X, Y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ Y < 1 ∧ X = 0 , Ω2 = (X, Y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ X
} { }
ture differences. Thus, when aforementioned convective modes (forced < 1 ∧ Y = X , Ω3 = (X, Y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ X < 0.5 ∧ Y = 1 , Ω4
{
and natural) take place in the flow case; this is called by a mixed con­ { }
vection mode. In fact, there is a gap in this research area which is that = (X, Y) ∈ R2 : 0.5 < X ≤ 1 ∧ Y = 1 , Ω5 = (X, Y) ∈ R2
the authors focused on the one-sided lid-driven or two-sided lid-driven }
enclosures and neglected the mixed convection due to the split lid driven (X − 0.3)2 (Y − 0.68)2
: + =1
edges. Hirpho [20] studied the mixed convective flow within a wavy (0.13)2 (0.02)2
trapezoidal enclosure filled with Casson non-Newtonian fluids. He
assumed that the area is one-sided lid-driven domain. He found that for The following assumptions have been made in this study:
the considered range of the Casson parameter, the heat transfer rate is Both of the top moving walls are mentioned to the constant tem­
enhanced as Ri is increased. Mittal and Patel [21] made a work on the perature T = Th while the other outer boundaries are mentioned T = Tc .
impacts of the thermal radiation, heat generation, Brownian motion and Three cases are considered for ellipse thermal conditions, namely,
( )
thermophores on the magnetic mixed convection flow of Casson fluids. heated (T = Th ), adiabatic ∂∂Tn = 0 and cold (T = Tc ).
Their results revealed that the fluid motion is enhanced as the mixed
parameter is growing. Prasad et al. [22] presented a numerical investi­ The top boundaries are splited to two equally parts; those are moving
gation on the heat and mass transfer by mixed convective flow of a in positive and negative directions of X-axis and four cases are examined
Casson non-Newtonian fluid over an inclined wavy surface. They i.e. ul = ur = U0 , ul = − U0 andur = U0 , ul = U0 andur = − U0 , ul = ur =
concluded that the magnetic parameter weakness the velocity field. − U0 .
Ganesh at el. [23] examined the Casson fluids mixed convective flow in The inclinations angles of the flow area and the magnetic field are
the presence of cross diffusion and non-linear radiation influences. Their denoted by, α and Φ, respectively.
results disclosed that both of the temperature and concentration are The container is filled by a porous medium and the worked suspen­
rising as the Dufour and Soret numbers increases. In addition to these sion is Casson non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids where:
studies, [24–31] include comprehensive investigations of the mixed and ⎧ ( )
natural convection subjected to various thermal conditions. ⎪ 2 μB + √P̅̅̅̅̅
⎪
⎪
y
eij , π > πc
⎨ 2π
This paper aims to address the mixed convective process of Casson τij = ( ) (1)
⎪
hybrid non-Newtonian fluids due to the split-lid-driven boundaries of an ⎪
⎪ Py
⎩ 2 μB + √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ eij , π < π c
inclined right angle triangular container. An inner ellipse with various 2πc
thermal conditions (cold, hot or adiabatic) is included in the flow area. Three types of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids are assumed; those
Additionally, comprehensive examinations of the various cases of the are methano-Ti6Al4V + AA7075, ethylene glycol-Ti6Al4V + AA7075
direction of the split edges movements, Lorentz force, heat generation and engine oil- Ti6Al4V + AA7075.
and Casson parameters influences are carried out. All the computations When all the aforementioned assumptions are considered, the
are performed using non-commercial code based on the help in the following system is given to govern this case as [37,38]:
valuable works [32–36]. The originality of this work appears in
considering a different forced convective flow that is resulting from a ∂u ∂v
+ =0 (2)
split lid-driven wall which is not reported before. ∂x ∂y

2. Mathematical analyses
μhnf 1
(1. + )
1 ∂u 1 ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p 1 μhnf 1 2 ρhnf B
+ (u + v ) + − . (1. + )∇ u + .u
Consider a mixed convective flow due the moving of a split top-wall ε ∂t ε2 ∂x ∂y ρhnf ∂x ε ρhnf B K
of an inclined triangular enclosure filled with Casson hybrid nanofluid (ρβ)hnf σhnf B20
as depicted in Fig. 1a. The boundaries of the flow domain can be defined −
ρhnf
g(T − Tc )sinα −
ερhnf
(v sinΦ cosΦ − usin2 Φ) = 0
as:
(3)

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S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549

Table 1 can be obtained using the following quantities:

Values of the components of the mixture.
x y u v p (T − Tc ) Gr
Property Methanol Ethylene Engine AA7075 Ti6Al4V X= , Y= , U= a, V = , P = ,θ= , Ri = 2 ,
H H U0 U0 ρnf U02 ΔT Re
glycol oil

kg 792 1114 847.8 2810 4420 ΔT = (Th − Tc )

ρ(
(6)
)
m3
Cp (Jkg− 1 K− 1 ) 2545 2415 2161 960 0.56
k(Wm− 1 K− 1 ) 0.2035 0.252 0.138 173 7.2 Using Eq. (5), the following dimensionless system is obtained:
( )
S 0.5 × 1.07 × 10− 6
700 × 2.34 × 5.8 ×
σ ∂U ∂V
m 10− 6 106 105 105 + =0 (7)
∂X ∂Y

Table 2
Comparisons of the horizontal velocity with those of Khanafer and Chamkha
[40] at Gr = 100 and.ϕ = 0%.
Re UMin UMax

Khanafer and Present Error Khanafer and Present Error

Chamkha Chamkha
[40] [40]

100 − 0.2122 0.2035 4.99% 1.000 1.000 0%

400 − 0.3099 − 0.3212 3.65% 1.000 1.000 0%

Fig. 1b. The used triangular element.

hnf 1 μ
1 ∂v 1 ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p 1 μhnf 1 ρ (1. + B)
+ 2 (u + v ) + − . (1. + )∇2 v + hnf .v
ε ∂t ε ∂x ∂y ρhnf ∂y ε ρhnf B K
(4)
(ρβ)hnf σhnn B20
− g(T − Tc )cosα − (u sinΦ cosΦ − vcos2 Φ) = 0
ρhnf ερhnf

[ ] ∂T ∂T ∂T
ε(ρc)hnf + (1 − ε)ε(ρc)p + (ρc)hnf (u +v )
∂t ∂x ∂y (5)
[( ) ]
− ∇. εkhnf + (1 − ε)kp ∇T − Q0 (T − Tc ) = 0

where ε is the porosity, (knf , kp ) are the thermal conductivity for the
hybrid nanofluids. Q0 is the heat generation (Q0 > 0) or absorption (Q0 Fig. 3. Profiles of Nutop for various cases of the moving walls at.Gr = 103 , Ri =
< 0) coefficient. The dimensionless system of the previous formulation 0.01, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600 , B = 1.

Fig. 2. Validation test at..Re = 1000, Pr = 0.71, Gr = 100

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S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549

Fig. 4. Profiles of V(X, 0.5) for various cases of the moving walls at.Gr = 103 ,
Ri = 0.01, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600 , B = 1. Fig. 6. Profiles of θ(0.5, Y) for various cases of the moving walls at.Gr = 103 ,
Ri = 0.01, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600 , B = 1.

[ ]
ε(ρc)hnf + (1 − ε)ε(ρc)p ∂θ [ ∂θ ∂θ
]
+ U +V −
(ρc)hnf ∂τ ∂X ∂Y
⎡ ⎤
[( ) ]
⎢ ∂ εkhnf + (1 − ε)kp ∂θ ⎥
⎢
⎢ ∂X kf ∂X
⎥
⎥ (10)
(ρc)f 1 ⎢ ⎢ [( ) ]
⎥
⎥
⎢ ∂ εkhnf + (1 − ε)kp ∂θ ⎥=0
(ρc)hnf RePr ⎢ + ⎥
⎢ ∂Y kf ∂Y ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
+Qθ

Furthermore, the dimensionless boundary conditions are given as:

U = V = θ = 0onΩ1

U = V = θ = 0onΩ2

θ = 1, UL = 1or − 1, V = 0onΩ3 (11)

θ = 1, UR = 1or − 1, V = 0onΩ4
Fig. 5. Profiles of U(0.5, Y) for various cases of the moving walls at.Gr = 103 ,
Ri = 0.01, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600 , B = 1. ∂θ
θ = 1or = 0orθ = 0, U = V = 0onΩ5
∂n
1 1 √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
gβf H3 ΔT
1 ∂U 1 ∂U ∂U ∂P (1.+ B) ρf μhnf (1.+ ) ρ μ
B .( f )( hnf ).U where,Pr = αff , Re = Uν0f H, Gr =
ν
, Ha = B0 H σf /μf , Da = HK2 are
+ 2 (U +V )+ − .( )( ).∇2 U+ ν2f
ε ∂τ ε ∂X ∂Y ∂X ε.Re ρhnf μf Da.Re ρhnf μf
the Prandtl number, Reynolds number, Grashof number, Hartmann
(ρβ)hnf ρf σhnf Ha2 number and Darcy number. The hybrid nanofluid thermophysical
− Ri. .θ.sinα − ( )( ). (VsinΦcosΦ− Usin2 Φ)=0
ρhnf .βf ρhnf σf εRe properties are given as:
(8) μf [ ]
μhnf = 2.5
, ρhnf = (1 − ϕ2 ) (1 − ϕ1 )ρf + ϕ1 ρ1 + ϕ2 ρ2 ,
(1 − ϕ1 − ϕ2 )
1
1 ∂V 1 ∂V ∂V ∂P (1 + B) ρf μhnf ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ]
+ 2 (U +V )+ − .( )( ). ∇2 V
ε ∂τ ε ∂X ∂Y ∂Y ε.Re ρhnf μf ρc p hnf
= ϕ2 ρcp 2 + (1 − ϕ2 ) (1 − ϕ1 ) ρcp f + ϕ1 ρcp 1
1
(1 + ) ρ μ
B f hnf (ρβ)hnf (9) (ρβ)hnf = ϕ2 (ρβ)2 + (1 − ϕ2 )[(1 − ϕ1 )(ρβ)f + ϕ1 (ρβ)1 ] (12)
+ .( )( ).V − Ri. .θ.cosα
Da.Re ρhnf μf ρhnf .βf ( ) ( )
khnf k2 + 2kbf − 2ϕ2 kbf − k2 kbf k1 + 2kbf − 2ϕ1 kf − k1
ρf σhnf Ha2 = ( ), = ( )
− ( )( ) (UsinΦcosΦ − Vcos2 Φ) = 0 kbf k2 + 2kbf + ϕ2 kbf − k2 kf k1 + 2kf + ϕ1 kf − k1
ρhnf σ f εRe
[ ( ) ]
σ hnf 3 σ1 ϕ1 − ϕσ f + ϕ2 σ 2
= 1+ , ϕ = ϕ1 + ϕ2
σf σ 1 (1 − ϕ1 ) + σ 2 (1 − ϕ2 ) + σ f (2 + ϕ)
Where the values of the aforementioned properties are included in

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S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549

Fig. 7. Features of the streamlines and temperature for various cases of the moving walls at.Gr = 103 , Ri = 0.01, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600 , B = 1.

Table 1. where L1 is length of the considered boundaries.

• Heat transfer coefficients • Entropy

The Nusselt coefficient at the top-moving walls is given as: The entropy equations in the current case can be writing in the
⃒
keff ∂θ ⃒⃒ following form:
Nutop = − (13)
kf ∂Y ⃒Y=0 2
keff μhnf σ hnf β20 μ
Ns = (∇T)2 + (1 + B− 1 )(V∙V) + [usinΦ − vcosΦ] + hnf (1
While at the inner ellipse, the Nusselt number is given as: T02 T0 K T0 T0
⃒ − 1
(
keff ∂θ⃒⃒ + B ) τij
Nuelliptic = − (14) )
kf ∂n⃒ : ∇V

Where n is the normal vector. (16)

The average Nusselt number at the isothermal walls is defined as: kf (ΔT)2
Th +Tc
∫ where T0 = 2 . Introducing the characteristics entropy N0 = H2 T02
,
1 L1
Nuav = − NudL1 (15) we get the following non-dimensional formulation:
L1 0

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S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549

[ ( )2 ( )2 ] [ [ [( ) ( )2 ] [ ] ]]
′ ′′ keff ∂θ keff ∂θ μhnf ( ) 1 ( 2 ) ∂U 2 ∂V ∂U ∂V 2 σ hnf
Ngen = + +Θ 1+B − 1
U +V + 2 2
+ + + +Θ Ha2 Re2 Pr2 [U sin Φ − V cos Φ]2
kf ∂X kf ∂Y μf Da ∂X ∂Y ∂Y ∂X σf
⏟̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⏞⏞̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⏟ ⏟̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⏞⏞̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⏟ ⏟̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅⏞⏞̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⏟
SgT SgFF SgM

(17)

( )2
μf T 0 U0 ∫
In the above equation Θ = k0 is ratio of the irreversibility
ΔT
Sgavg = SgT dΩ (19)
distribution. The local Bejan number can be defined as: Ω

SgT ∫
Be = (18)
’’’
Ngen Sg1avg = SgFF dΩ (20)
The average values of the aforementioned quantities are given as:
Ω

Fig. 7. (continued).

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S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549

Fig. 8. Features of the streamlines and temperature for elliptic thermal conditions at..UL = 1, UR = − 1Gr = 103 , Ri = 0.001, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ =
600 , B = 1

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S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549

Fig. 11. Profiles of Nuav at the ellipse for various B at..UL = 1, UR = − 1Gr =
Fig. 9. Profiles of V at the horizontal mean position for various B at..UL = 1, 103 , Ri = 1, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600
UR = − 1Gr = 103 , Ri = 1, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600

Fig. 12. Profiles of Stotal within the flow area for various B at..UL = 1, UR =
− 1Gr = 103 , Ri = 1, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600
Fig. 10. Profiles of Nuav at the top moving walls for various B at..UL = 1,UR =
− 1Gr = 103 , Ri = 1, Ha = 10, Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600

∫
Stotal = ’’’
Ngen dΩ (20)
Ω

∫
Be(X, Y)dA
Beavg = A
∫ (21)
dA
A

3. Numerical treatments

In this part, the Galerkin finite element method is applied to solve the
dimensionless system of equations. Since the dependent variables are
time-dependent, so the CBS scheme is applied on the velocities and
temperatures. Also, a semi-implicit procedure for the porous terms is
used. This treatment is starting by introducing the dependent variables
in terms of the shape function [N]:
{ }
U ≈ [N]{U}, V ≈ [N]{V}, P ≈ [N]{P}, θf ≈ [N] θf , θs ≈ [N]{θs } (22) Fig. 13. Local Nu at the top moving wall for varies values of the Darcy number
Da at UL = 1, UR = − 1Gr = 103 , Ri = 1, Ha = 10, α = 300 , Φ = 600
The shape function in equations (22) is expressed as:

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S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549

by Iwatsu et al. [39]. Here, it should be mentioned that Iwatsu et al. [39]
considered the mixed convection case in a square lid-driven enclosure
using air as a working fluid. Another test is performed and presented in
Table 2. This table shows comparisons of the horizontal velocity with
those of Khanafer and Chamkha [40] at Gr = 100 and ϕ = 0%. It is
noticeable that the current treatment gives an excellent results in case of
a classical lid-driven flow at Re = 1000, Gr = 100.

4. Results and discussion

Here, various cases of movement of the top lid-driven boundaries,

inner shape thermal conditions and influences of the key parameters on
the hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are discussed.
The lid-driven cases are R-R (Right-Right) (UL = UR = 1), R-L (Right-
left) (UL = − 1,UR = 1), L-R (left-Right) (UL = 1, UR = − 1) and L-L (Left-
Left) (UL = UR = − 1). Additionally, the inner ellipse are considered
cold (θ = 0), adiabatic (∂∂nθ = 0) and heated (θ = 1). Also, it is focused on
the Casson parameter (0.1 ≤ B ≤ 10), various values of the Darcy
Fig. 14. Profiles of θ at the vertical mean position for varies values of the Darcy number (10− 2 ≤ Da ≤ 10− 5 ), values of the Prandtl number is Pr ≥ 150,
number Da at UL = 1, UR = − 1Gr = 103 , Ri = 1, Ha = 10, α = 300 , Φ = 600 and various types of the non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids. Further­
more, the obtained data are represented in terms of profiles of the ve­
[N] = [ Ni Nj Nk ] (23) locity components (U, V) and temperature θ at the horizontal and
vertical mean position, local and average Nusselt numbers at the top
where. outer and inner ellipse boundaries, average values of the total entropy,
(ai + bi x + ci y) (aj + bj x + cj y) (ak + bk x + ck y) streamlines and isotherms.
Ni = , Nj = , Nk = Figs. 3-6 illustrates the profiles the local Nusselt number Nutop , the
2Λ 2Λ 2Λ
velocity components V and U at horizontal/vertical mean position and
Also, the temperature distributions at the horizontal mean position at Gr =
ai = xj yk − xk yj , bi = yj − yk , ci = xk − xj 103 ,Ri = 0.01,Ha = 10,Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 ,Φ = 600 ,B = 1. The results
revealed that the intersection point of the left and right parts of the top
aj = xk yi − xi yk , bj = yk − yi , cj = xi − xk wall is a maximum value of Nutop in case of (UL = − 1, UR = 1) while it is a
minimum value of Nutop in case (UL = 1, UR = − 1). The other two cases
ak = xi yj − xj yi , bk = yi − yj , ck = xj − xi give a gradually profiles for Nutop . Fig. 3, also, shows that Nutop is
Additionally, Λ refers to the area of the triangular element as it is increased in direction of movements of the split walls. Additionally, the
depicted in Fig. 1b and it is defined as: velocity components show two opposite behavior in the cases where
⎡ ⎤ UL = − 1 and UL = 1 which indicated to that the direction of left part
1 ⎣
1 xi yi movement controls on the mixture flow. The temperature distributions
Λ = det 1 xj yj ⎦ (24) at the vertical mean position show that the Left-Left case gives a higher
2
1 xk kk fluid temperature where R-L case gives the lowest rate. All these
For each element, the diffusion matrix takes the form: behavior confirm that changing the direction of the split wall movement
⎡ ⎤ can be, well, governing the flow and heat transfer.
⎡ ⎤
b 2
bi b j bi b k c2i ci cj ci ck Fig. 7 displays the features of the streamlines and temperature for
⎢ i ⎥
F(ϕ) ⎢ 2
bj bk ⎥
⎢
F(ϕ) ⎢
cj ci c2j
⎥
cj ck ⎥ (25) various cases of the moving walls at Gr = 103 ,Ri = 0.01,Ha = 10,Da =
[Kp ]e = ⎢ bj bi bj ⎥+
4Λ ⎣ ⎦ 4Λ ⎣ ⎦
10− 2 ,α = 300 ,Φ = 600 ,B = 1. It seen that when the direction of the wall
bk bi bk bj b2k ck ci ck cj c2k
parts movement to the left, this causes a forming of anticlockwise major
circular cell while the right direction gives a major clockwise eddy. On
F(ϕ) =
1 (1 + B− 1 ) ρf μhnf the contrary, two eddies are formulated when the two parts have inverse
ε Re ρhnf μf directions. The isotherms features show a reduction in the thermal
boundary layer in the case where UL = UR = 1 comparing to other cases
Additionally, the convection matrix for each element is given as:
while the values Nuwall and Nuelliptic are the same in the cases where UR =

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
ε− 2 ⎣ (usum +ui)bi (usum +ui)bj (usum +ui)bk
ε− 2 (vsum +vi)ci (vsum +vi)cj (vsum +vi)ck
CP ] = (usum +uj)bi (usum +uj)bj (usum +uj)bk ⎦ + ⎣ (vsum +vj)ci (vsum +vj)cj (vsum +vj)ck ⎦ (26)
24 (usum +uk)bi (usum +uk)bj (usum +uk)bk 24 (vsum +vk)ci (vsum +vk)cj (vsum +vk)ck

where.
usum = ui + uj + uk, vsum = vi + vj + vk
Furthermore, a validation test is performed to check the accuracy of
the present study. This test is presented in Fig. 2. In the figure, the
streamlines and temperature features are compared with those obtained
− 1.
In Fig. 8, features of the streamlines and temperature for elliptic
thermal conditions at UL = 1, UR = − 1 Gr = 103 , Ri = 0.001, Ha = 10,
Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 , Φ = 600 , B = 1 are depiscted. The values of Nuwall
and Nuelliptic are, also, included below each plot. The results disclosed
that the forced convection mode is dominance on the plots due to the

9
S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah
Fig. 15. Streamlines and isotherms for various values of the Darcy number Da at UL = 1, UR = − 1Gr = 103 , Ri = 1, Ha = 10, α = 300 , Φ = 600
low value of Ri. The streamlines did not show any significant changes as
the thermal conditions of the inner shape are varied due to the domi­
nance of the influences of the outer movements. Additionally, the iso­
therms show a big thickness of the thermal boundary layer near the
outer and inner edges in case of a cold ellipse comparing to other cases.
Figs. 9-11 presents profiles of the velocity V, average Nusselt
numbers Nuav at the inner/outer boundaries and the average values of
the entropy Stotal under impacts of the Casson parameter B at UL = 1,
UR = − 1 Gr = 103 ,Ri = 1,Ha = 10,Da = 10− 2 , α = 300 ,Φ = 600 . Also,
comparisons between the various types of the hybrid nanofluids are
carried out in these figures. It is remarkable that the growing the Casson
parameter B reduces the convective process and hence both of the
temperature and velocity gradients are diminishing. As results, the
average Nusselt and entropy coefficients are reduced as B is increased.
Physically, the increase in B enhances the dynamic viscosity of the
mixture and hence the convective flow is weakness. Furthermore, the
10
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549
engine-oil based hybrid nanofluid gives the largest values of the average
coefficient either at the top split wall or at the inner ellipse while
ethylene glycol-Ti6Al4V + AA7075 gives the lowest rate.
Figs. 12-15 illustrate the impacts of the Darcy number Da on Nutop ,
temperature at the vertical mean position, streamlines and isotherms at
UL = 1, UR = − 1 Gr = 103 ,Ri = 1,Ha = 10, α = 300 ,Φ = 600 . Also, the
average Nusselt coefficients either at the top walls or at the inner ellipse
are expressed below the plots. The results revealed that the decrease in
Da causes a diminishing in the convective process and hence the Casson
fluids flow, temperature distributions and rate of the heat transfer are
reduced. Physically, the decrease in Da results in an obstruction for the
flow due to the elements of the porous medium and hence the convective
situation is decreased. Here, there are reductions in Nuwall and Nuelliptic
upto 16.07% and 38.21%, respectively, as Da is varied between 10− 2
and 10− 5 .
S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah
Fig. 15. (continued).
5. Conclusion
Numerical investigations for the mixed convection mode resulting
from split lid-driven wall of a triangular enclosure filled with a porous
medium have been formed. Both of the flow area and the magnetic field
were assumed to be inclined with different two angles. The worked
suspension was the Casson hybrid nanofluids and three types of the
based non-Newtonian fluids, namely, methanol, ethylene and engine oil.
An inner ellipse with various thermal boundary conditions (cold, hot
and thermally insulated) is located at the point (0.3,0.68). The following
major outcomes can be summarized:
Case of UL = − 1, UR = 1 gives the highest rate of the heat transfer on
the top-moving edge.
The case of cold ellipse has largest Nusselt number on the ellipse.
The average heat transfer takes its highest values in case of engine oil
based hybrid nanofluids.
11
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 559 (2022) 169549
Methanol based hybrid nanofluids gives the higher irreversibility
rate.
The mixed convective process, temperature at the vertical mean
position and the Nusselt numbers are diminishing gradually as the Darcy
number is reduced.
The growing in the Casson parameter enhances the mixture dynamic
viscosity and hence the heat transfer rate at either the upper wall or
ellipse is diminishing.
The heat transfer by the forced convection due to the split lid-driven
wall can be found in various situations as avionics and vehicles, blade
cooling, appliances used in buildings for cooling and heating purpose,
mechanisms involved in industrial processes, foods and petrochemical
industries.
This study can be extended, in the future, to include the melting
process of Nanoparticles-enhanced Phase-Change Materials (NePCM).
S.E. Ahmed and Z.A.S. Raizah
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific
Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through Larg
Groups Project under grant number (R.G.P2/22/43).
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