Stelios Kolias 1 and R. L T.

Williams 2

Estimation of the Modulus of Elasticity of Cement

Stabilized Materials

REFERENCE: Kolias, S. and Williams, R. I. T., "Estimation of the 50 ..........

Modulus of Elasticity of Cement Stabilized Materials," Geotechnical ,..E / •
/
Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vot. 7, No. 1. March 1984, pp. 26-35. Z" I t/"
(3 //

ABSTRACT: A method of rapid estimation of the modulus of elasticity >- / ,J

t- /, /
of cement stabilized materials from data that are usually available, with- 4C-
j/f (~ /f /
out the need to resort to laboratory modulus determinations, is desirable // O %/
especially for use in pavement analysis. This paper describes the deriva- I-
c/)
tion of a method for continuously graded materials, which is based on a <
single number grading index, that is, the gradation modulus, which can -J
Ill
readily be calculated from the grading curve of the material to be stabi- ~:>0 /// ~'lean concrete
0
14.
lized. Another method derived empirically and based on the bulk density 0 30- V • /i/
and optimum moisture content of the stabilized material is also pre- 00
sented. Predicting accuracy of the methods is compared with data avail- 0~I.../" DI I
able from the literature and is judged satisfactory for pavement analysis
purposes. cement bound granular
m a t e r i a l (and soil-
cement)
KEYWORDS, elasticity modulus, density, optimum moisture content, (J 2 0 - 0 "~ rl t ~• ' ' "
soil cement, pavement design, anisotropy, gradation modulus, mean ag-
gregate size, strength, cement stabilized materials " o L Y-"
s 1S

The modulus of elasticity and the tensile strength under both

sod-coment
quasistatic and repeated loading are critical properties of cement
stabilized materials in relation to their behavior as road-base mate- / _"
rials. In essence, the modulus of elasticity directly influences the
magnitude of the stress induced by traffic loading and restrained di- ,I, ,~ I
"' o| I I
mensional changes while the strength defines the ability of the ma- 0 1 2 3 4
terial to withstand these stresses. FLEXURAL STRENGTH MN/m 2
Cement stabilized materials differ from concrete in that they may
be produced using materials ranging from fine-grained soils to
coarse-grained aggregates of concrete quality. The consequence is
that equations that estimate modulus of elasticity from strength KEY
Lean concrete, laboratory values
alone or from strength and density, which exist for concrete [1], are
• Lean concrete, site values
of little value unless the range of the stabilized materials considered O CBGM, s~te values, coarse grained rnater~al
is confined to relatively clean granular materials or unless the mate- • CBGM, site values, sandy material
rials are carefully defined; an example of the latter being the use [2] Q Sod-cement, sandy, non plastic, material, laboratory values
of separate equations for cementitious materials based on freshly • Soil-cement, fine grained, plastic, material, laboratory values
crushed rock and on naturally weathered material.
FIG. 1--Modulus of elasticity plotted against flexural strength for lean
The effect of the raw material was identified by Williams [3] and concrete, cement bound granular material, and soil cement [3].
is illustrated in Fig. 1, which was constructed [4] by compiling a
considerable amount of published data. It can be seem that when
ity while fine-grained soils stabilized with cement have low values of
washed aggregates of concrete quality are treated with cement, the
modulus of elasticity even if the cement content is increased so as to
resulting lean concrete mixes have high values of modulus of elastic-
raise the strength substantially. Between these extremes, materials
that might be described as "cement bound granular materials" have
1Civilengineer, Association of the Greek Cement Industry, 8 Iassiou St.,
Athens 140, Greece. intermediate values of modulus.
ZCivilengineer in private practice, Melody Cottage, Kitcombe Lane, Far- In many specifications for cement stabilized materials, a level of
ringdon, Alton, Hants, England GU34 3ND. compressive strength is specified, and, as Figs. 2 and 3 show [4,5],

© 1984 by the American Society for Testing and Materials 0149-6115•84•0003-0026502.50

26

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 KOLIAS AND WILLIAMS ON CEMENT STABILIZED MATERIALS 27

....LEAN C O N C R E T E /
growing interest in pavement analysis and for which, in the case
/
x+ g r a v e l / of relatively stiff materials, an approximate value of modulus is
gravel-granite / acceptable.
0 grit stone / //
4 • limestone /
V rounded g r a v e l /~ I /
irregular gravel ~ fcube • / Theoretical Background and Difficulties
coarse g r a n i t e i/ 6 //
¥ C .B.G.M / / Cement stabilized materials are composite materials consisting in
13 grave I - s a n d - c l a y / x / / their hardened state of hydrated cement paste, water, and soil
3 , sand ~ /(~,
crushed lock// grains, which might cover a size range from clay and silt to coarse
/ / 10 I C u b e aggregate of up to 60 mm or more.
/ • +/
It is theoretically feasible by making some simplifying assump-
Q
/ / tions to simulate cement stabilized materials with mathematical
models of multiphase materials, in a manner similar to that already
/ e+,, "-" used with considerable success for concrete, and to develop equa-
//~. Ig," tions predicting the values of the modulus of elasticity. However, it
x /
is thought that such equations will be of rather limited practical use
4~r'/~ / F i g. 2 a since it is necessary to know the volume fractions of the constituent
/~/ / / LEAN CONCRETE AND CEMENT materials. This is generally outside the current practice of mix de-
BOUND GRANULAR MATERIA L sign of cement stabilized materials and involves determination of
water absorption, which is particularly difficult when the soil con-
tains particles of silt and clay.
o ,b :o 3'o 4'0 In addition, there are some reservations regarding the feasibility
cube strength MN/ml at present of incorporation in the models of factors such as
(t) the effect of adsorbed water on the surface of the grains of the
silt and, especially, the clay fractions;
(2) the effects of cracks and of anisotropy in general since their
+sand incidence may be influenced by environmental conditions and by
"E x sandy loam
o c l a y e y sand
+
/ compaction methods;
• siltyloam v / / (3) the effect of bond variations between continuous and disperse
:~ 1.5 V silty sand j~i/
phases; and
t- (4) the effect of the maximum size, size distribution, and orien-
£3 O e//
+ ,/ tation of particles.
e- [3 /
%'/~ / The above factors are considered as being of some importance for
-- 1
tn cement stabilized materials, and some of them constitute points
• /
that differentiate these materials from ordinary concrete.
[] ~ o V / / It was thought that, for the majority of the cement stabilized ma-
x
_¢ terials used in practice, the magnitude of the modulus of elasticity
~-0~ /
would be influenced by the "coarseness" of the grading of the mate-
[],~ Fig. 2b rial processed and by the stiffness of the matrix, t,~e latter being re-
/ SOIL- CEMENT garded as the cement paste with or without fine soil grains.
f
/
/ The coarseness of the grading may be represented by a measure
O," | I of the average particle size of the entire grading, such as the grada-
o 2 4 tion modulus [6] or the mean aggregate size [7]; the stiffness of the
compressive strengtfi MN/m~
cylinders or p r i s m s matrix may reasonably be assumed, as is the case for cement pastes,
to be mainly influenced by its strength, which, in turn, influences
FIG. 2--Flexural strength plotted against cube strength and against uni-
axial compressive strength [4]. the strength of the composite. Interestingly, the mean aggregate
size has already been used [8, 9] to advantage as a basis for compar-
this implies that a corresponding flexural strength, and uniaxial ing cemented road-base materials.
tensile strength is also achieved within acceptable tolerances. How-
ever, it can be seen from Fig. I that compliance with a specified level
ExperimentaJ Results and Derivation
of strength does not imply that a particular level of modulus of elas-
ticity is also attained. It follows that the field behavior of various The main source of experimental results is a study by Kolias and
materials stabilized with cement might be substantially different, Williams [5] that involved strength and modulus determinations for
even at a given strength, depending upon the type of the material five materials (designated A, B, C, D, and E), the designations re-
processed and upon the relation between modulus of elasticity and lating to the grading and to the type of material shown in Table 1
strength for that material. and Fig. 4. The materials processed included a typical concrete ag-
It is therefore thought that a method giving an approximate but gregate, a natural granular soil, a fine-grained soil and two recon-
rapid estimation of the modulus of elasticity of a cement stabilized stituted granular materials and were selected so as to cover the types
material, without the time consuming laboratory modulus determi- of cement stabilized materials used in road construction in the
nation, will be useful. This is especially important in view of the United Kingdom [10].

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
28 GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL

2,6
I

2A

2.2
A J~""
2.0 J

1.8

16

.iJ t. I1
E ,." /'~' / ' ~ MATERIAL
j" ~ ~ ~ Compaction
12
,/~ AIOE S C
10 2 e

08 i 5.55 28 • • • • •

100 ~9 [] &
06

04 C 10 28 ~ Ill ,~ ~ V

0.2

0 i i ~ i i i i J i i J i i i ~ i i i J

0 2 4 G 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
UNI-AXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MNlm 2

FIG. 3--Uniaxial tensile strength plotted against uniaxial compressive strength [5].

Prismatic specimens (101.6 by 101.6 by 254 mm) and cylindrical
specimens (101.6 mm diameter and 254 mm height) were prepared
for uniaxial compressive strength and modulus tests. Prismatic
specimens (101.6 by 101.6 by 508 mm) were used for dynamic-
modulus uniaxial tension and flexure tests. The specimens were
compacted by a vibrating hammer applied under pressure in accor-
dance with British Standard (BS) Methods of Test for Stabilized
Soils (BS 1924:1967) with the major axis horizontal for the prismatic
specimens and vertical for the cylindrical specimens. In addition,
equivalent cube tests were carried out on portions of prismatic spec-
imens after the uniaxial or flexure tests had been performed. More
information about the materials used and about specimen prepara-
tion and testing is given elsewhere [5].
Another source of experimental results was research reported by
Reinhold [11] in 1955 that involved strength and modulus tests on
prismatic specimens for four synthetic soils produced by combin-
ing, at various percentages, a fine sand with a silty material. More
details of these materials are given in Table 2. Figure 4 shows the
grading of the materials used in these two investigations.
It should be noted that all modulus values reported in the litera-
ture cannot be used indiscriminately since it was found by Kolias
and Williams [5] that a significant anisotropic effect governed by
the direction of compaction occurred in some materials and influ-
enced the results of static modulus determinations. This effect has
also been reported [12] for beams sawn from field soil-cement slabs.
The modulus values in the direction parallel to the direction of
compaction were found to be about 80% for laboratory specimens
[5] and about 75% for field specimens [12] of the modulus values
determined in the other orthogonal directions; the latter being con-
sidered to be of greater importance when account is taken of the
method of compaction in the field in relation to the direction of the
stresses induced in service.
However, since this anisotropic effect and the various factors in-
fluencing it (such as method of compaction and type of material)
have not yet been thoroughly studied, the correction needed to con-
vert modulus values determined in the direction parallel to the di-
rection of compaction to give modulus values orthogonal to the di-
rection of compaction, decreases confidence in the end result.
Therefore, the experimental results based on cylindrical specimens
are used with reservation and are included for comparative pur-
poses only.
In order to examine the influence of the grading of the material
processed on the modulus of elasticity of the cement stabilized ma-
terial, it was necessary to minimize the influence of the matrix stiff-
ness. This was done by examining the modulus of elasticity of the
various cement stabilized materials at the same strength, on the as-
sumption that the stiffness of the matrix was primarily influenced
by its strength, which, in turn, decisively affected the strength of the
composite.
Figures 5 and 6 show the relationships between static modulus of
elasticity and corresponding compressive prism strength established
by Kolias and Williams [5] and by Reinhold [11] for various materi-
als. A compressive strength of 6 MPa was selected to estimate the
value of modulus of elasticity because the modulus values could then
be obtained with very little extrapolation, and, additionally, this
strength value (equivalent perhaps to 9 MPa on cubes) is reasonably
indicative of the in-situ strength of road bases at the time of traffic
loading.
The relationship between static modulus of elasticity and the
mean aggregate size is shown in Fig. 7 while in Fig. 8 the modulus is
related to the gradation modulus determined from the grading of
the various materials processed. For the computation of the mean
aggregate size, a value of 1.5 was assumed for the angularity factor
for all sizes of all the materials examined.
It can be seen that a linear relationship is obtained in the case of
gradation modulus while the relationship is curved in the case of

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 KOLIAS AND WILLIAMS ON CEMENT STABILIZED MATERIALS 29

TABLE 1--Description of materials used by Kotias and Williams [5]. modulus of elasticity determined on cylindrical specimens for a
sandy loam and a silt loam stabilized with cement. These results are
Cement Content, Water Content,
shown with vertical lines, the lower point representing the modulus
% by Weight of % by Weight of Bulk
Description of Aggregate Dry Aggregate Cement Plus Dry Density, value at a cylinder compressive strength of 6 MPa (obtained by lin-
or Soil Processed or S o i l Aggregateor Soil kg/m~ ear interpolation of the published data) while the highest point is an
estimate of the modulus obtained by applying a correction factor [5]
MATERIAL A
of 0.80 in an attempt to allow for the anisotropic effect. The same
Flint gravel aggregate 5.55 6 2353 method has been used in presenting the data reported by Toklu [15]
suitable for use in 7.5 6 in which specimens were compacted by vibro-compression so that
conventionalconcrete 10.0 6
or lean concrete the anisotropic effect may be much reduced. The additional results
give increased confidence in the relationship established for the
MATERIAL B main sources of data.
Gravel-sand-clay 5.55 7.1 2325 It follows that Fig. 8 enables the static modulus of elasticity of a
suitable for producing 7.5 7.1 cement stabilized material at a strength levelfp = 6 MPa to be esti-
a typicalcementbound 10.0 7.1 mated providing the grading of the material is known so that the
granular material
gradation modulus may be calculated.
MATERIAL C In order to estimate the modulus at a strength level other than
6 MPa, use is made of the results plotted in Fig. 10. The basic data
Brickearth suitable for 5.55 14.1 2083
producinga typical 10.0 14.1 for this figure were obtained by Kolias and Williams [5], covering a
fine-grainedsoil range of 0.6 to 5.8 for the strength ratiofp/(fp : 6 MPa) and, the
cement graph has been enriched with data reported by Reinhold [11], Felt
and Abrams [14], Williams and Patankar [13], and by Toklu [•5].
MATERIAL D
The close agreement of the results gives confidence in the relation-
Reconstitutedcement 5.55 6 2374 ship established and especially for the range of the strength ratios
bound granular 7.5 6
material produced by 10.0 6 between 0.4 and 3.4, that is, for uniaxial strength ranging from 2.4
combiningMaterials to 20.4 MPa, which embraces the spectrum of strength associated
A and C with the use of cement stabilized materials used in road construction.
Surprisingly, anisotropy was not detected [5] in strength mea-
MATERIAL E
surements and, pending further studies, it is assumed that strengths
Reconstituted cement 5.55 7 2301 based on cylinders and prisms are equal provided the ratio of height
bound granular 10.0 7
material produced by to lateral dimension is not different. In the above procedure, there-
combiningMaterials fore, cylinder strength can be used instead of prism strength and,
A and C to thereafter, both cylinder and prism strengths are referred to in this
approximate the paper as uniaxial compressive strength. Moreover, because strength
gradingof Material B ratios and not the absolute strength values are used in Fig. 10, the
aDetermined by weighingspecimens or portions of specimens in air and procedure can be used when compressive strength ratios are deter-
in water. mined from specimens such as cubes or Proctor cylinders provided
that the relationship of the measured strength to the uniaxial com-
pressive strength is known for a particular material.
mean aggregate size, although the latter can be transformed to a In summary, the procedure for estimating the modulus of elastic-
linear form by expressing the mean aggregate size on a logarithmic ity of a cement stabilized material is as follows.
scale (to the base ten) as shown in Fig. 9.
The correlation between modulus of elasticity and gradation 1. From the sieve analysis of the material, the gradation modulus
modulus is better than the correlation with mean aggregate size. Al- G is calculated.
though no entirely satisfactory explanation can presently be given 2. From Fig. 8, the value for the modulus of elasticity corre-
for this, it seems that the results may be influenced not only by the sponding to the calculated gradation modulus is noted, this being
fundamental differences between the two grading indices but also the modulus at a uniaxial compressive strength of 6 MPa or at a
by the assumed value of angularity factor, which may in fact be dif- cube strength of about 9 MPa.
ferent for the various materials and for the various particle fractions 3. In order to estimate the modulus value at an uniaxial com-
of the same material. In this paper, the gradation modulus was se- pressive strength other than 6 MPa, Fig. 10 gives the correction fac-
lected as the basis for estimating the modulus of elasticity. tor by which the modulus value, determined for a strength fp =
In order to further examine the general validity of the correlation 6 MPa, should be multiplied.
proposed between modulus of elasticity and gradation modulus,
some additional points have been included in Fig. 8 from interpola- Steps 2 and 3 may be replaced by solving the equation
tion of results reported by Williams and Patankar [13], Fossberg et
al [12], Felton3 and Felt and Abrams [14]. In particular, Felt and E = ( 1 5 . 5 - 1.3G)(fp) 1/2 (1)
Abrams in their classical work [14] give illustrative values of static
E = the modulus of elasticity in GPa at a strength level offp,
3Felton, P. J., unpublished research, Universityof Surrey, United King- fp = the uniaxial compressive strength in MPa, and
dom, 1975. G = the gradation modulus.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
30 GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL

mm
~ ^

B.S. Test sieves

i 1 Illll t ~ ~ ¢fli~ ' ~'.Ja,
r~-~'
' ' ' ",I::'l /'ilI'I f~ 'I "~ lit'
mi 1 l]lll l l I lllli L. ili[I 7/I I [ IJl
I [ Illll i 1 [ llllI~,~-~T.,q" ', felL/Ill ",:
o mI ] IIIIt I I I l~' ;."/~ , IL~I ~ 1 ' Ill
• I IIlil
IlltI iRF~_I
J 2 " ~J,'k~lll
l!l! ,5//[ ': ] ] ] ]
iJ~:] ~ li]J//1/F _JI l
,¢I[11 lll
I[1

-t .t
<

w
t[I;J
I{ttt
~..I/~,l
I k,'L/[IJii
..... I / ] / [ ,RD~_;
I iIl!7,iI
iK.
1~ i
a&E~I
i i'":~"JJ/
i !iiiiz
~{
i
I i
IIikr/; t I
IIN
Ia~A,
! ' "'
i ttII
]

lll[l f'~ [ lllIT,'t[ i ',',i/fii ~ YI~ I ] Jill

o< -j [ I llIl / [ / I I [ [ ~ : '~,I /*,:J', J [ i"b,,rY]',l 1 I [[11
[ I lI Ill 12" J I L(]'~: I t ~'RA ]/~ j : : j ] 1 ~-Ub~] 'I l l /[[I
w• !I I [ lIl!I Y'i ] L.¢I[i[/I i I,/ i::~; M""I..P~i J I I [It
[ t ~[ • " : ,: i tiIt
•
"
1
I
I i il[]4"~/ l,~'~:~t, ' /~!~:'~r~.fl~II Ii i I i Iil
I ] ;J,,'~]l/ .'l' i ii1,411 ! / i ~,'~ I II : J
lt[i,' /1 L.,,4#lltl[,," 4 7'q.er::ij ~ ill ! ~ [I~l
J [ [ [ lJi.:'r.,,.".4,"q I I i l I I T / ~ , / % / T J i [ ABCDE Kotias&W iams(SU
'°I ] ~ ] " ~,~,~,,,,,,,,,,~/ " I - ~ . - ~ .... RA RC RD RE Re n ho d .1)
01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
PARTICLE SIZE mm

.... ~,,. t .mu~" '[ co*~mz t .).t [ MIZmU~ J COARSE t emE [ ..O,U-- l CO.~SE 1
~"EL*v j S~LT ................ $ANO GRAVEL

FIG. 4--Grading curves of materials used by Kolias and Williams [5] and by Reinhold [11].

50
Interpolated values
of Ep for fp= 6 Ms/m2
~, A 2 4.S G"/rn2 A .O _ / /
4C D 24.0 - - T f
o E 1 8.0 a N

UJ C 53 lleJ. f'
A
l-
g 30 O E
MATERIAL

.J
LM ~ to
refutml denstV lean

~ 20~- • A O E B C A E A
U) 2 O
.J ~> 7 i o l o /:, 0
5.55 P I
O 28 e ] II • • v • A •
,o 1o0 .j..•
7.5 20 ®lib
i
• •
C
I0 28 • 01 • • •
)-

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 0 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (prisms) fp MN/m 2

FIG, S--Relation between compressive strength and static modulus of elasticity in compression [5].

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 KOLIAS AND WILLIAMS ON CEMENT STABILIZED MATERIALS 31

TABLE 2--Description of the materials used by Reinhold [11]. The estimate of the modulus of elasticity using Eq 1 may be of
slightly decreased accuracy for high strength ratios because of inac-
Designation Description
curacies involved in expressing the data of Fig. 10 in simple mathe-
RA fine, nonplastic, sand matical form.
RC nonplastic material reconstituted by combining 75% of
material RA and 25% of material RF
RD material reconstituted by combining 50% of material RA Discussion
and 50% of material RF+ LL,25.0; PL,16+07; PI,8+93
RF silt (used for manufacturing tiles) LL,38.5; PL,20.98; It should be noted that the grading modulus, in common with the
PI, 17.52 fineness modulus, is a "single number" grading index that does not
provide an entirely satisfactory means for evaluating the grading of
a material so that, in particular, the relationship given in Fig. 8 and
in Eq 1 is valid only for materials with a continuous grading within
the range of grading examined.
The presence of very fine particles in the material to be stabilized

~
and the location of these particles, in the sense of being either con-
X
14 fined within the finer fraction of the materials or partly attached
onto the surface of the coarser fraction of the material, influences
the strength and the modulus in different ways. This is because the
fine particles reduce the bond between coarse aggregate particles
and the "mortar" matrix and, in addition, allow slip or shear to oc-
- ~o
(J cur. This may give an explanation for the difference in behavior of
Materials E and B, which are shown in Fig. 8, the subject being dis-
~ 8 cussed in more detail elsewhere [16].
Relationships similar in form to that shown in Fig. 8 can be estab-
~ 6 lished between the gradation modulus and either the static or dy-
~ tMATIERIALSANO CS~y namic modulus of elasticity at various strength levels in tension or in
e~
o compression. However, the data available were not sufficient to al-
low such relationships to be given because of, in particular, the need
i- for excessive extrapolation or interpolation in the plots of strength
versus modulus of elasticity. In addition, the influence of the very
fine particles is more pronounced in the case of tension or flexure
0 t t i t i tests, and thus the scatter of results is increased compared to com-
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pression tests.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ( p r i s m s ) fp MN/m2
It should be noted that the data on which the above procedure is
FIG. 6--Relation between compressive strength and static modulus of based concerns specimens compacted either to refusal by a vibrating
elasticity [11]. hammer in accordance with BS 1924 (data of Kolias and Williams

U s

<
eB
118
L s
0 I

a "JfRC
O RD
0 I
Ic
~RF
<
ID

, ,t . . . . . . . . . . I I I ........

I 2 3 4 5
MEAN AGGREGATE SIZE mm

FIG. 7--Relation between modulus of elasticity and the mean aggregate size.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
32 GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL

3O • A
• B
V C KOLIAS & WILLIAMS (5)
z • D
.E

25 •
÷ RA
X RC REINHOLD(11)

~ _ . ~ WILLIAMS & PATANKA.R (13)

~ <~ -0- FOSSBERG et ~1 (12)
(~ 2 0 ~ r 0 FELTON ,3
I--
tJ~<~ ~ ~ FELT &ABRAMS N°2&N°4 (14)
-J
UJ
,'15
O

Estimated value assuming factor

5 ~e---of 0,8 t0 a IIow f . . . . isot ropy
I-- ~)e._ Repor ted value
tJ~ ~ wi t hout a I low a n ce for anisotropy

I I J I I , J l l l I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
GRADATION MODULUS
FIG. 8--Relationship of the static modulus to the gradation modulus determined f r o m the grading of the various materials
processed.

30

DleA
I
>.
P'2(
U
/ I~" AE
tn /
< / 1
t
ee
.,J /
UJ / 1 /

1 1
u') RA I.~ "t

t";
.,, i ~ . I / ~ RC
O
IE /
u
m

<
I--

i I | ! t I ]
Qb2 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 4
MEAN AGGREGATE SIZE mm
(Logarithmic scats )

F I G . 9--Relation of the static modulus to the mean aggregate size on a logarithmic scale.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 KOLIAS AND WILLIAMS ON CEMENT STABILIZED MATERIALS 33

Interpolated values
Of El)for fp= 6 MN/rn2
A 24.5 G./m2
2.0 D 240
E t8.o A
B 16.5 e
C 5.3

• a
1.0 @ s (5)

f
• C KOLIAS & W I L L I A M S
• D
A E
it I )
It REINHOLD
0 F E L T & A B R A M S (t4) ~13)
IIF WILLIAMS & PATANKAR
O T O K L U 116)

. . . . t . . . . I . . . . j . . . . I . . . . 1 . . . . I . , ~ j I . . . . I . . . . i . . . . | . . . . t •
O 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
f,
fp=6 MNlm2

FIG. lO--Estimation of modulus of elasticity from uniaxial compressive strength with values different from 6 MPa.

[5] or to the maximum density of the standard Proctor test (data of of developing, on an entirely empirical basis, an approximate indi-
Reinhold [11]. cation of the modulus of elasticity for pavement analysis purposes,
Since the effect of partial compaction is reflected in strength, the using data that are readily available during mix design. A prelimi-
suggested procedure takes the effect of compaction into account to nary formulation is
a certain degree. It should be noted, however, that the limited data
available [5] suggest that the modulus of elasticity is less critically Ed = 40 ffc)°'5 (D/lOOOm) 1"5 (2)
influenced by the degree of compaction than is strength, as shown
where
in Fig. 11, so that the good agreement of the results of the various
investigations given in Fig. 8 using different methods of compaction Ea = the dynamic modulus, GPa,
may be due to the relative insensitivity of the modulus of elasticity to fc = the cube strength, MPa,
the degree of compaction achieved. It follows that, for the majority D ----the bulk density, kg/m 3, and
of cases in practice, the effect of the degree of compaction is likely to m = the optimum water content for compaction under a vibrat-
be within the accuracy of the method of estimation, but further ing roller as a percentage of the weight of dr), materials.
work, with the results preferably expressed in terms of voids ratio, is
necessary. Addtional correction factors [13,17] can be introduced to modify
Meanwhile, independent of the above approach, the values ob- the expression so as to predict the static rather than the dynamic
tained by Kolias and Williams [5] have been examined with a view modulus, or to take account of uniaxial compressive strength rather

JJ
10G A
Material E / / ~ / / Material'""' OfJ~

9(
i.,0, J o ~
%Q/ " /
8O 8C
uJ 2 //
///// ~ A
Tc

Z
<
Z 6C
Z U
Z
U

~s s o 50
± ~ ~p 0----0 [p
= ~ fp
40 ! 4(]
9" ;7 "8 ;9 10O 96 98 ;9 100
DEGREE OF COMPACTION °Jo D E G R E E OF C O M P A C T I O N °/o

FIG. ll--lnfluence of degree of compaction on strength and modulus values.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
34 GEOTECHNICALTESTING JOURNAL

than cube strength. Thus in Table 3, typical values for the five ma- 80 /
terials studied by Kolias and Williams (Line 6) are compared with Es*Em* V [ [ t - E m ) (18)) / /
Es*Em-Vm ( E,-E m)
predicted values (Lines 4 and 5), and it is concluded that the ap-
m o d u l u s of t h e c o l l i e IggreOJtts
proach shows sufficient promise to justify further consideration. 50 Ee=Elastic

E¢s E I . s t i ¢ m o d u l u s of . . . . . . . . . . . . O \~~ ~
The philosophy underlying Eq 2 is that density and optimum ~m;EIItstl¢ m o d u l u s of t h e matrix
water content are a manifestation of the nature and size distribution
of the particles constituting the material to be stabilized. With par- 3° ~2/,,Y .o~_ ~oo~1
ticles of a material that are finer the density D decreases and the op- .- .,// .,o/:~ t¢-I r
timum moisture content m increases. The ratio D / m therefore, be-
ing very sensitive to these changes, reflects the changes in grading
and hence of the average particle size which is directly represented
by the gradation modulus. The similarity in the end results of the
above independent approaches for estimation of modulus of elastic-
ity is interesting and needs further examination since, in the opin-
ion of the authors, there is merit in developing approaches that al- j/ / " ~
low parameters relevant to pavement analysis to be predicted from
test information that is in common use. 10 J E.,: 3 Vd: 0.5
//
It is pointed out that neither the volume concentration nor the
modulus of elasticity of the coarse fraction of the material is taken
into account in either of the predictive methods proposed in this __-~ IO 2LO 30
i 40
~ *
SO 60 70
810 i
90 1OO
paper. However, volume concentration is in fact reflected, for a
given material, in the values of G, D, and m while it may be seen ~gg~e~ate
from Fig. 12 that the modulus of the coarse fraction does not have a
marked effect on the modulus of the composite materials [18] at the FIG. 12--Influence of aggregate modulus and of matrix modulus on the
modulus of the composite [18].
low values of matrix modulus generally encountered with cement
stabilized materials.
Acknolwedgments
The principal data on which this paper is based stem from a con-
Concluslons tract undertaken by the authors at the University of Surrey for the
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, United Kingdom. The
Gradation modulus and, separately, bulk density together with authors wish in particular to express their sincere thanks to Mr.
optimum moisture content, have been found to be useful parame- K. D. Raithby of the Structural Properties Division of the Trans-
ters in predicting the modulus of elasticity of cement stabilized ma- port and Road Research Laboratory, for his encouragement and
terials. It is thus possible to obtain an approximate value for the guidance.
modulus of elasticity from data that are usually available without
the need for modulus determinations in the laboratory. Continuous
grading of the stabilized material is assumed in order to ensure strict APPENDIX
validity of the predictive method based on gradation modulus. The
two methods presented have satisfactory accuracy of estimation for The following are definitions and analytical expressions for cal-
pavement analysis purposes. culation of the gradation modulus and the mean aggregate size.

TABLE 3--Comparison of predicted and measured [5] values of modulus. Gradation Modulus
Gradation modulus G is computed by adding the percentages
Material A D E B C
passing the standard ASTM 37.5-mm (lY2-in.), 19.0-mm (3/4-in.),
(1) Maximumdensity (Table 1), 2 3 5 3 2 3 7 4 2301 2 3 2 5 2083 9.5-mm (3/8-in.), 4.75-mm (No. 4), 2.36-mm (No. 8), 1.18-mm (No.
kg/m3 16), 600-gin (No. 30), 300-gm (No. 50), 150-t~m (No. 100), and
(2) Optimum water content, 6 6 7 7.1 14.1 75-/~m (No. 200) sieves (including sieves with 100% passing) and by
(Table 1), %
(3) Dynamicmodulusforfc = 29.5 29.9 22.6 22.5 6.8 dividing by 100.
9 MPa, predicted usingEq 2, Analytically, G may be computed from the summation
GPa
(4) Static modulus, GPaa 25.3 25.6 19.4 19.3 5.8 G : ~Pi, i+llOg2~tO, l/~li.i+l
(5) Static modulus, GPab 24.5 24.9 17.6 17.5
(6) Static modulus, GPac 24.5 24.0 18.0 16.5 5.3 where
Pi, i+l = the percentage of particles between sieve sizes di and
aStatie modulus, inferred from the dynamic value using an approximate
correlation [13]: Es.tatic = (6/7) Edynamic, di+ 1 and
bStatic modulus, inferred from the dynamic value using an approximate di, i+l = the effective mean diameter of particles contained be-
correlation [•7]: Estatic = E d y n a m i c - - 5 for modulus values greater than 15 tween sieves i (size of opening di) and i + 1 (size of open-
GPa. ing di+ 1 calculated by
CValues, obtained from Fig. 5, corresponding to a uniaxial compressive
strength of about 6 MPa or to a cube strength of about 9 MPa. ~li,i+ 1 = [0.4343 (d i -- di+ l)]/[log (di/di+ l)]

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 KOLIAS AND WILLIAMS ON CEMENT STABILIZED MATERIALS
A b r a m ' s fineness modulus F M is directly related to the gradation
modulus G (practically, F M is the inversion of G) with the exception
of the exclusion of the particles passing a 150-gm (No. 100) sieve.
More information may be found elsewhere [6].
Mean Aggregate Size
The mean aggregate size M A S represents the geometric m e a n par-
ticle diameter in the grading a n d is calculated from the summation
M A S = ~Pi. i+ 1[(didi+ 1) 1/2/./.]
w h e r e f is the angularity factor.
References
[1] Neville, A. M., Properties of Concrete, Pitman Publishing Ltd., Lon-
don, 1975.
[2] Walker, R. N., Paterson, W. D. O., Freeme, C. R., and Marais, C. P.,
"The South African Mechanistic Pavement Design Procedure," Pro-
ceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Structural De-
sign of Asphalt Pavements, Vol. II, Ann Arbor, MI, Aug. 1977,
pp. 363-415.
[3] Williams, R. I. T., "Developments in Highway Pavement Engineer-
ing-l," Cement Stabilized Materials, P. S. Pell, Ed., Applied Science
Publishers, Barking, Essex, England, 1978, pp. 163-217.
[4] Williams, R. I. T., "Properties of Cement Stabilized Materials," Jour-
nal of the Institution of Highway Engineers, Vol. 14, No. 2, Feb. 1972,
pp. 5-19.
[5] Kolias, S. and Williams, R. I. T., "Cement Bound Road Materials:
Strength and Elastic Properties Measured in the Laboratory," TRRL
Supplementary Report 344, Transport and Road Research Labora-
tory, 1978, p. 62.
[6] Hudson, S. B. and Waller, H. F., "Evaluation of Construction Control
Procedures-Aggregate Gradation Variations and Effects," Report 69,
National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, DC,
1969.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 1 13:59:01 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
Tongji University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
35
[7] Johnston, C. D. and Sidwell, E. H., "Testing Concrete in Tension and
in Compression," Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 20, No. 65,
Dec. 1968, pp. 221-228.
[8] Otte, E., Die spannings-vervormingseienskappe van sementgestab-
liseerde materials, M.S. thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South
Africa, Oct. 1972.
[9] Marais, C. P., Otte, E., and Bloy, L. A., "The Effect of Grading on
Lean-Mix Concrete," Highway Research Record No. 441, Highway
Research Board, Washington, DC, 1973.
[10] Department of the Environment, "Specifications for Road and Bridge
Works," Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1969.
[11] Reinhold, F., Elastic Behaviour of Soil-Cement Mixtures, Highway
Research Bulletin 108, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC,
1955, pp. 128-137.
[12] Fossberg, P. E., Mitchell, J. K., and Monismith, C. L., "Load Defor-
mation Characteristics of a Pavement with Cement-Stabilized Base
and Asphalt Surfacing," Proceedings of the Third International Con-
ference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Surfacing, Vol. 1, Lon-
don, 1972, pp. 795-811.
[13] Williams, R. I. T. and Patankar, V. D., The Effect of Cement Type,
Aggregate Type and Mix Water Content on the Properties of Lean
Concrete Mixes, Roads and Road Construction, Feb. and March 1968.
[14] Felt, E. J. and Abrams, M. S., "Strength and Elastic Properties of
Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures," Papers on Soils, STP 206, Ameri-
can Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1957, pp. 152-178.
[15] Toklu, V. C., Etude des mortiers des graves traite6s aux liants hy-
drauliques et aux liants mixtes en rue de la r6duction de leur fissura-
tion de retrait, Minist6re de l'equipement Laboratoires des Ponts et
Chauss6es, Rapport de recherche No. 60, Oct. 1976, p. 99.
[16] Kolias, S., Evaluation of Strength and Elastic Properties of Cement
Stabilized Materials," Ph.D. thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford,
Surrey, United Kingdom, 1975, p. 301.
[17] Kolias, S. and Williams, R. I. T., "Relationships Between the Static
and the Dynamic Moduli of Elasticity in Cement Stabilized Materials,"
Materials and Structures, Vol. 13, No. 74, March-April 1980, pp. 99-
107.
[18] Hobbs, D. W., "The Dependence of the Bulk Modulus, Young's Mod-
ulus, Creep, Shrinkage and Thermal Expansion of Concrete upon Ag-
gregate Volume Concentration," Materials and Structures, Vol. 4,
No. 20, March-April 1971, pp. 107-114.