UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS. Opsusective: > To study the effect of varying the mass of central sleeve for Porter and Proell governors > To study the effect of varying initial spring compression for Hartnell governor Am: > Determination of characteristics curves of sleeve position agairst speed for all governors. : > Determination of characteristics curves of radius of rotation against controlling force for all governors. Intropuction: The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease, obviously its speed will, respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This variation of speed has to be controlled by the governor, within small limits of mean speed. This necessitales that when the load increase and consequently the speed decrea the supply of fuel to the engine has to be increased accordingly to compensate for the loss of the speed, so as to bring back the speed to the mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases and speed increases, the supply of fuel has to be reduced. Tueory: ‘The function of the governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specific limit whenever there is a variation of load. The governor should have its mechanism working in such a way, that the supply of fuel is automatically regulated according to achieved the load requirement for maintaining approximately a constant speed. Thi by the principle of centrifugal force. ‘The centrifugal type governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial foree, known as the controlling force. Universal Governor Apparatus 1Governors are broadly classified as: a) Centrifugal Governors. b) Inet ‘The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of the centrifugal force on the Governors. rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force, known as conirolling force. In Inertia governors the position of the balls are affected by the forces set by an angular acceleration or deceleration of the given spindle in addition to centrifugal forces on the balls. Description: The apparatus is designed to exhibit the characteristics of the spring-loaded governor and centrifugal governor. The experiments shall be performed on followings centrifugal type governors: 1, Watt governor Porter governor Proell governor awn Hartnell governor The drive unit consists of a DC motor connected to the shaft through V belt. Motor and shaft are mounted on a rigid MS base frame in vertical position. The spindle is supported in ball bearing. The optional governor mechanism can be mounted on spindle. The speed control unit controls the precise speed and speed of the shaft is measured with the help of hand tachometer. A counter sunk has been provided at the topmost bolt of the spindle. A graduated scale is fixed to measure the sleeve lift. The center sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve to which weights can be added. The Hartnell governor consists of a frame, spring and bell crank lever. The spring tension can be increased or decreased to study the governor. Universal Governor Apparatus 2a a ee Unites Regutren: 1. Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 VAC, 5-15 amp socket with earth connection. 2. Bench Area Required: 1.5 mx 1.5m. Expermenrat Procepure: . STARTING PROCEDURE: . Assemble the governor to be tested. 2. Complete the electrical connections. 3. Switch ON the main power. 4. Note down the initial reading of pointer on the scale, .. Switch ON the rotary switch. 6. Slowly increase the speed of governor untills the sleeve is lifted from its initial position by rotating variac. 7. Let the governor be stabilized. Note down the sleeve’s height and relative RPM (with help of hand tachometer). 9. Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift at different RPM. CLosiNG PROCEDURE: 1. Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing the vaciac to zero position and then switch off the motor. Switch OFF all switches. N 3. Disconnect all the connections. Universal Governor Apparatus 3se Experiment No. 1 Wart Governor | It is assumed that mass of the arms; links & sleeve are negligible in comparison with the mass of the balls and are neglected in the analys Fe~ WATT GOVERNOR Figure 1 In Figure 1, taking moments about point A FtH=m*g*R ie. m*o*R*H=m*g*R There fore, == o 2a No Also o radian! sec Therefore, Universal Governor Apparatus 48(A) Onservations & CaLcuLation: Data; Lo = 125mm hg = 100 mm woo = 0750kg 8 981m /s* s a = 52.5 mm OBSERVATION: xv = OBSERVATION TABLE: S.No. X’,mm Nuc. RPM 1. BD) Bi 4, CALCULATIONS: X=(X-X), w{( = Ah nh tana. _ 60 [21000 Te RPM= R={a+(Lsina)}, mm = a x pee ENE eiheo = 60 Fg, = ZEAE ig 2x 1000 Universal Governor Apparatus 5_wxR ‘ho = Plot the graph for follo 1. RH Vs Nino RUE vs Nast X vs Nuvo X vs Nact ey ing curves:~ 9 (A) Nomenctaure: a = Fiteo = Fae = g H h ea wv = ce 7 Universal Governor Apparatus Distance of pivot to center of spindle, mm Theoretical centrifugal force, ke : Actual centrifugal force, kg Acceleration due to gravity, m/s” Height of governor, mm Final height, mm Initial height, mm Length of link, mm Theoretical speed of governor, RPM Actual speed of governor, REM Radius of rotation, mm Weight of ball, kg Final height of Sleeve, mm Height of sleeve at N rpm, mm Initial reading of pointer on sleeve Angular velocity, rad/secma a Exreriment No. 2 Porter Governor Porter Governor differs from Watt's Governor only in extra sleeve weight, else is ilar to Watt Governor. PORTER GOVERNOR Figure 2 8(B) Osservations & CaLcutation: Data: a = $2.5 mm L bad 125 mm he = 100 mm w= 0.750 kg e = 981m Wi = 2120kg Wr = 0.763 kg Ws i 0.165 kg OBSERVATION: Un versal Governor Apparatus 7OBSERVATION TABLE: SNo. x, mm Nac, RPM 1 2: = ry CALCULATIONS: X=(X'-X’) (eam R={a+(Lsina)}, mm= wxRxo? = “gx1000 ” ee alien = 60 y= 2 a £71080) Rie Qn na [we orn) tana , kg or k= Fug, = [(w + W)x tana], ke = Plot the graph for following curves: - 1. RIM VS Noo BUH vs Nact Xvs Nino X vs Nt et Universal Governor Apparatus,9(B) Nomenctaure: a Fico. Poet = xe \ Universal Governor Apparatus Distance of pivot to center of spindle, mm Theoretical centrifugal force, kg Actual centrifugal foree, kg Acceleration due to gravity, m/s* Height of governor, mm Final height, mm Initial height, mm Length of link, mm Theoretical speed of governor, R.P.M ‘ Actual speed of governor, RP.M Radius of rotation, mm Weight of ball, kg Weight of cast iron sleeve, kg Dead weight applied on sleeve, kg, Weight of arms on one side, ka Total dead weight on sleeve, kg Final height of Sleeve, mm Height of sleeve at N rpm, mm Initial reading of pointer on sleeve Angular velocity, rad/seeExperiment No. 3 Proett Governor 2 PROELL GOVERNOR Figure 3 8(C) Onservarions & CaLcutaTion: Data: Lo = 105mm he. = 100 mm a 17.753" Y 23.611" wo = 0750 kg 2 = 9.81 misec? a = 52.5 mm GC = 155.33mm Wi o= 2.120 kg Wr = 0.763 kg W; = 0.156 kg Universal Governor Apparatus 10OBSERVATION oa OBSERVATION TABLE: S.No. x’,mm ‘Naciy RPM. 5 2 a: ry ‘CALCULATIONS: X=(X-X"),mm= b= = i 7=|e-«)+y]- R= {a+(GCsiny)}, mm = _wxRxo g-1000 BD Fg, = 4 (W + 2w )x —— ten {c + 2w )x ce W=W,+W, +W,,k Universal Governor Apparatus un_ =) wxR Plot the graph for following curves: - 1. RWS No 2. RH Vs Nec + 3. Sleeve (X) vs Nino “4, Sleeve (X) vs Nex : 9(C) Nomenctaure: a Distance of pivot to center of spindle, mm : Fis, ‘Theoretical centrifugal force, ke Fe Actual centrifugal force, kg cc Displacement between points G & C of lower link, mm g Acceleration due to gravity, m/s” H Height of govemor, mm h Final height, mm W Initial height, mm i Length of link, mm Ni Theoretical speed of governor, RPM Naa Actual speed of governor, R.P.M R Radius of rotation, mm w Weight of ball, kg wi Weight of cast iron sleeve, ke We Dead weight applied on sleeve, ke Ws Weight of arms on one side, ke w Total dead weight on sleeve, kg x Final height of Sleeve, mm Bc Height of sleeve at N rpm, mm Ke Initial reading of pointer on sleeve o Angular velocity, rad/see a Initial Angle Y Initial Angle Universal Governor Apparatus nDExperiment No. 4 Hartnett Governor 1 HARTNELL GOVERNOR Figure 4 8(D) Onservarions & CaLcutation: Data: = 15mm b = 30mm Re = 195mm w = 0.74kg g = 9.81 m/s? wi = 2.120 kg W. = 0.763 kg OBSERVATION: eo = mm = Universal Governor Apparatus SPRING SLEEVE WEIGHTOBSERVATION TABLE: S.No. xX’, mm Nace, RPM t al els CALCULATIONS: X =(X -X°),mm= 27 Ne sadicec = 60 = (2x2) ag Plot graph for following curve: - 1. Xvs. New 9(D) Nomencaure: = Length of vertical arm, mm b = Length of horizontal arm, mm Fo = Centrifugal force, kg Acceleration due to gravity, m/s” Universal Governor Apparatus iNe: = Actual speed of governor, R.P.M. R = Radius of rotation, mm R = _ Initial radius of rotation, mm s = Force exerted by spring, ke s - Stiffness of spring, kg/mm W = _ Total dead weight on sleeve, kg . w = Weight of each ball, kg . Wi = _ Weight of cast iron sleeve, kg W2 = _ Dead weight applied on sleeve, kg W = _ Total dead weight on sleeve, kg X = _ Final height of Sleeve, mm : X= Height of sleeve at N rpm, mm X” = _ Initial reading of pointer on sleeve, mm © = __ Angular velocity, rad/see 10. Precautions & Maintenance Instructions: 1. No voltage fluctuation is desirable, as it may affect results. Always increase the speed gradually. Take the sleeve displacement reading when steady state is achieved. Athigher speed the load on sleeve should not hit the upper sleeve of the governor. Always switch off the motor after bringing the variac to zero position. Keep the apparatus free from dust. Dass Ye Before performing any experiment clean the sleeve properly and lubricate it properly, 11. Troustesnoorine: 1, Ifmain indicator is not glowing, then check the main supply. 12. Rererences: 1. Prof. P.L.Ballaney, “Theory Of Machines & Mechanisms”, 23" ed., 2003, Khanna Publishers; ND, Page 889-891, 893-895,904-906,914-917, Universal Governor Apparatus 1s