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BA (HONS) PROGRAMME IN INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT
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1. Structure of NATO
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According to the organization, NATO membership is open to "any European state that
is able to develop the principles of this Treaty and contribute to the security of the North
1. Geographically located in Europe. At the same time, the United States and Canada are
members of NATO, since they are at the forefront of the military-political alliance.
3. A country should be able and willing to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic
region.
If the state meets all the criteria, it is invited to sign the NATO Membership Action Plan.
countries in preparation for joining the alliance, as well as NATO requirements and standards
Following a country’s Membership Action Plan does not guarantee that the state will quickly
join the bloc. The policy of the North Atlantic Alliance states that since "there are no two
At present, Bosnia and Herzegovina is participating in the NATO Membership Action Plan,
while Georgia and Ukraine have repeatedly expressed their desire to join the program.
(Nato.int)
The next step is the signing and then ratification by all NATO member countries of the
protocol on the accession of a new country to the alliance. After that, the authorities will be
able to ratify the protocol of the host country, and only then will it officially become a
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Joining NATO entails some financial obligations. At the Wales summit in 2014, bloc
According to NATO, in 2017, the total defense spending of all members of the alliance
amounted to about 957 billion dollars (839 billion euros). The United States contributed 686
Initially, 12 countries became NATO member states: the USA, Canada, Iceland, Great
Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and
Portugal. (Nato.int)
In present days, NATO includes 29 countries: Albania, the USA, Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia,
Spain, Holland, Croatia, Iceland, Italy, Canada, Greece, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, France, Romania, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia, Great Britain,
1949 - Belgium, Netherlands, France, Luxembourg, Great Britain, USA, Canada, Portugal,
1982 - Spain
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2009 - Albania, Croatia, France (rejoined the military command structures)
2017 – Montenegro.
In accordance with the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty, NATO aims to “strengthen stability and
increase prosperity in the North Atlantic region”. “The participating countries have joined
forces to create collective defense and maintain peace and security.”. (Nato.int)
The 2010 NATO Strategic Concept “Active Participation, Modern Defense” presents three of
NATO’s most important tasks - collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative
At the NATO summit in July 2016, Russia was recognized as the main security threat to
NATO, and its deterrence was officially proclaimed a new NATO mission. (Nato.int)
The main political decision-making body in NATO and the only committee created by the
Treaty. Over the years, the CAC has created a network of committees designed to facilitate
the work of the Alliance and resolve all issues on the agenda. (Masters, 2019)
NATO’s core committees include the Nuclear Planning Group (NSG) and the Military
Committee. The Defense Planning Committee, which was also one of the most important
decision-making bodies in NATO, was disbanded during the reform of the committees in
June 2010, its functions were transferred to the Defense Policy and Planning Committee.
(Nato.int)
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1.2 Bodies of NATO
In addition to the CAC, the NSG and the Military Committee, there are a number of
Committee of Deputies
Nonproliferation committee
Operations Committee
Standardization committee
Logistics Committee
Safety committee
Archival Committee
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The NATO Parliamentary Assembly acts as a platform for discussing security issues
As of 2007, there were more than 5 million military personnel in the armed forces of
(Nato.int)
In 2010, the armed forces of NATO countries were about 3.8 million troops.
the combined armed forces (hereinafter - the OVS) transferred to the disposal of the
bloc;
As part of the air force, there are associations, formations and units of the ground forces
and the air forces of the USA, Great Britain, Canada, Germany, Belgium, the
Netherlands, Italy and Turkey, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, as well as the
air forces of Norway and Denmark. In wartime and during the exercise, the naval forces
of these countries, as well as the bulk of the troops of Norway, Denmark, Portugal and
Luxembourg, are transferred to the OVS. The armed forces of France and Greece,
having left the NATO military organization, periodically participate in the joint NATO
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Allied exercises in Europe, coordinate the actions of their country's air defence with the
In 2002, NATO launched a major reform of its military structure. In the process of this
reform, the total number of NATO headquarters was reduced from 20 to 11.
Within the framework of the allied command in Europe, two regional commands
function:
The allied forces of Northern Europe are Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and the Czech Republic. The
headquarters is located in Bursum, the Netherlands (until 1993 - the Northern Army
Group); (Nato.int)
The allied forces of Southern Europe are Hungary, Greece, Italy, Spain and Turkey.
East Atlantic,
West Atlantic,
South Atlantic,
Shock fleet
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The NATO High Command in Europe is located in Mons (Belgium).
The NATO Response Force is designed to provide operational support to NATO operations.
The concept of these forces was approved by the declaration of the meeting of the NATO
Heads of State in Prague on November 22, 2002 and approved by the ministers of defence of
the countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in June 2003; their first headquarters
(NRF-1) was established in October 2003 in Italy. In accordance with the principle of
joint high-level operational task force. These forces of approximately 4,000 are designed to
respond quickly in the event of a Russian attack on a NATO country. The main base and
command centre of the forces are planned to be deployed in the UK. The planned term for the
transfer and deployment of parts in countries bordering Russia (Poland, the Baltic states) does
1.4 Finance
According to an unofficial statement, members of the union should spend at least 2% of GDP
on defence. However, of the 25 European members of the alliance, only Britain, Poland,
Greece and Estonia fulfil this requirement. In 2013, the average rate of military spending by
European Union members was 1.4%. The decrease in military spending in European
countries was the result of cuts in military budgets due to the financial crisis in Europe.
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The exception is the United States, where defence spending in 2013 amounted to 4.4% of
GDP. From 1995 to 2013, the US share in NATO spending rose from 59% to 72%.
NATO has structures (“centres”) whose purpose is analysis and information security. There
are 20 such centres in the alliance countries, three of them are located in the Baltic states:
Located in Riga. The mission of the centre is to conduct research and develop
relations, propaganda. One of the priority areas of the centre’s work was possible ways to
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2 History of NATO
NATO's history is directly related to the events that took place in the world after the Second
World War. But let's try to find out the roots of NATO even more deeply. Three times since
the French Revolution in the last two hundred years, Europe has been able to peacefully
change the foundations of its security. Today, the continent is again on the brink of such
change. The first post-Napoleonic architecture for European security was developed at the
Congress of Vienna in 1815, which contained the threat of a large-scale European war over
99 years. The youth of the United States remained on the side-lines, though they had been
For the second time, the architecture of European security was slightly modified in Versailles
in 1919. The central role in this process was played by President Woodrow Wilson, but the
United States hastened to withdraw from any structures created with their help. The move
contributed to the weakening of America and led to the tragic renewal of the general war
twenty years later. (Masters, 2019) When, in 1945, it was time to revise the principles of
European security, the great powers first built a system based on the principles proclaimed at
the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences and the UN Charter. But already in 1947, realizing that it
was unable to contain Soviet expansion, Western leaders created a more effective collective
security structure for peacetime, based on the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, NATO,
This system reflected the main goals of American politics in Europe in the post-war period.
But in the era after the end of the Cold War, the United States faced new challenges in their
European politics, along with the old ones. This time, the US had to take the initiative of a
European architect in order to cover all the countries of the continent and thus stabilize
Europe as a whole. They were supposed to include their own Western countries, the countries
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of the former socialist camp in Central Europe, and most importantly Russia and the former
Thus, between 1945 and 1949, the states of Western Europe and their allies in North America
On January 22, 1948, Ernest Bevin (Minister for Foreign Affairs of the United Kingdom),
speaking in the House of Commons of the British Parliament, proposed, in one form or
another, an alliance of Western countries. (Masters, 2019) The proposal was supported by the
European community, and by signing in March 1948 the Treaty of Brussels, five Western
European countries, namely: Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom
and France, thus declared their strong commitment to creating an effective and mobile
defence system. to deepen mutual contacts so as to be able to counter the ideological and
Therefore, on September 27-28, 1948, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Brussels Treaty
Afterwards, negotiations were held between the US and Canada to establish a united North
Alliance based on security guarantees and mutual commitments between Europe and North
America. And already on December 10, 1948, representatives of the States Parties to the
Brussels Treaty of the United States and Canada began in Washington negotiations on the
North Atlantic Treaty. The Member States of the Brussels Treaty invited Denmark, Iceland,
Italy, Norway and Portugal to participate in the process. The result of these negotiations was
the signing of the Washington Treaty on April 4, 1949, which established a common security
system based on the partnership of these countries. (Masters, 2019) The tunes that sounded in
the NATO establishment were American, reminding everyone who would now "order music"
to define the military doctrine of the bloc, and the policies of the countries within it. 12
March 1952, the first NATO Secretary General was Lord Ismei of Great Britain was elected.
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In 1952, Greece and Turkey joined the treaty. Germany joined the Alliance in 1955, and
Spain in 1982.
maintaining peace and protecting their freedom on the basis of political solidarity, ensuring
adequate defence to contain and, where appropriate, withdrawing any form of aggression
against them. Established in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter, which affirms the
inalienable right of States to individual or collective defence, the North Atlantic Union is a
community of free states, united in their determination to preserve their own security, on the
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3 The effectiveness of NATO
Until recently, NATO was considered one of the most effective organizations in the world.
However, for 2019, several politicians questioned the continued effectiveness of the
institution. One of them was Emmanuel Macron, who announced the inefficiency of NATO
in 2019. Also, a Pentagon consultant, Major General Paul Vallely said that he did not see any
In total, over the past twenty years, NATO has been constantly active. 35 separate operations
were carried out, each of which carried out a specific mandate and mission, in various
theatres, involving in many cases a wide range of non-NATO countries (for example,
recently in Libya) and using different and separate operational forces and funds. (Nato.int)
Over the past two decades, NATO has repeatedly demonstrated its unique ability to plan and
begin in a short time to carry out (sometimes at a strategic distance from Europe and often
over long periods of time) multinational operations of various sizes and complexity. These
were both combined actions and operations of the SV, Air Force and Navy, for which various
Almost all types of operations have been carried out, covering a wide range: from peace
promote security in Afghanistan, from embargo operations at sea off the coast of the SFRY
and Libya to operations on humanitarian and disaster relief in Albania and Pakistan.
The Alliance has also demonstrated its willingness and ability to work together with other
international organizations such as the UN, WEU, EU, OSCE and AU; the ability to accept
responsibilities from some and transfer responsibilities to others (for example, IFOR from
UNPROFOR, from SFOR - ESFOR in Bosnia); the ability to act in parallel with coalition
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forces (for example, Provide Promise in Bosnia and Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan) under
Many operations involved all Member States, such as IFOR, SFOR, KFOR and ISAF (ISAF).
Some operations were carried out with the involvement of NATO countries, as well as
various countries outside the NATO. Thanks to the participation in the operations and
missions of the armed forces of new NATO members and many partner countries, the
expansion and partnership of NATO has become noticeable and tangible. (Leiby, R., 2013)
However, there were some shortcomings in the planning and conduct of operations by NATO
and NATO countries. These include a systematic shortage of required manpower and
equipment (for example, helicopters in Afghanistan; frigates and patrol aircraft of basic
aviation in the Indian Ocean); insufficient attention paid to the provision of non-military
personnel and funds, for example, civilian development advisers and legal experts to support
(reservations) in the deployment and use of national military contingents by the commanders
countries that sent military contingents, which violates the rhythm of operations; excessive
reliance on special command and control arrangements that depart and ultimately undermine
NATO’s agreed concepts and governance structures. From the point of view of the
effectiveness of individual NATO operations and missions, it would also be useful if Member
States more globally and politically approach the issue of overall management and provision
Through its many operations and missions, NATO has made some progress. Events in Libya
once again demonstrated its ability to act, moreover, promptly and successfully, together with
Alliance members think about the future direction of their transformation by 2020, as well as
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about next steps in Afghanistan and other places, they will be able to rely on their solid and
4 Consequence
Turning to 2020, the prospect of a slowdown in the pace of operations, but at the same time
the need to maintain readiness for action at any time, will force NATO to re-examine, and in
some cases reconsider its plan of action, moving in the following direction: providing new,
visible forms of presence , including due to the greater role of the NRF as a permanent,
highly effective and deployable group, as well as more regular NATO exercises; greater
emphasis on the Navy and onshore information exchange hubs to assist in ensuring maritime
security and overcoming new challenges at sea and in connection with activities at sea;
alternative to various special arrangements; more focused efforts to increase the number of
trainers that can be involved in NATO training missions for local security forces; greater
reliance on military cooperation with partners to enhance their potential contribution to future
NATO operations and missions and to help build local capacities; more systematic
networking between NATO centres of excellence and partner countries in order to create
compatible and coherent forces and assets together. These reforms should ensure that the
lessons learned from two decades of operations are reflected in NATO's changing operational
capabilities. At the same time, care must be taken to ensure that the transition process in
Afghanistan and the gradual return of contingents of NATO countries and partner countries
to places of permanent deployment do not weaken the ability to work together, and
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sometimes to conduct joint military operations, which are the essence of NATO’s ability to
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<https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato>.
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1 Structure of NATO………………………………………………………………1-8
1.4 Finance…………………………………………………………………….…..7-8
2 History of NATO…………………………………………………………………8-11
4 Consequence…………………………………………………………………….14-15
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