Passerine

A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of
all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or songbirds, passerines are Passerines
distinguished from other orders of birds by the arrangement of their toes (three pointing Temporal range: Eocene-Recent,
forward and one back), which facilitates perching, amongst other features specific to their 52.5–0 Ma
evolutionary history in Australaves.
PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K PgN
With more than 140 families and some 6,500 identified species,[1] Passeriformes is the
largest order of birds and among the most diverse orders of terrestrial vertebrates.
Passerines are divided into three suborders: Acanthisitti (New Zealand wrens), Tyranni
(suboscines) and Passeri (oscines).[2][3] The passerines contain several groups of brood
parasites such as the viduas, cuckoo-finches, and the cowbirds. Most passerines are
omnivorous, while the shrikes are carnivorous.

The terms "passerine" and "Passeriformes" are derived from the scientific name of the
house sparrow, Passer domesticus, and ultimately from the Latin term passer, which
refers to sparrows and similar small birds.

Clockwise from top right: Palestine

Contents sunbird (Cinnyris osea), blue jay
Description (Cyanocitta cristata), house sparrow
Anatomy (Passer domesticus), great tit (Parus
Eggs and nests major), hooded crow (Corvus cornix),

Origin and evolution southern masked weaver (Ploceus

Fossil record velatus)
Earliest passerines 0:00 MENU
Early European passerines
Song of a purple-crowned fairywren
American fossils
(Malurus coronatus)
Systematics and taxonomy
Scientific classification
Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families
Suborder Acanthisitti Kingdom: Animalia
Suborder Tyranni (suboscines) Phylum: Chordata
Suborder Passeri (oscines)
Class: Aves
Phylogeny
Clade: Psittacopasserae
Notes
Order: Passeriformes
References
Linnaeus, 1758
Further reading
External links Suborders

Acanthisitti
Description Tyranni
Passeri
The order is divided into three suborders, Tyranni (suboscines), Passeri (oscines), and
the basal Acanthisitti.[4] Oscines have the best control of their syrinx muscles among and see text
birds, producing a wide range of songs and other vocalizations (though some of them,
such as the crows, do not sound musical to human beings); some such as the lyrebird are
accomplished imitators. The acanthisittids or New Zealand wrens are tiny birds restricted Diversity
to New Zealand, at least in modern times; they were long placed in Passeri. Roughly 140 families, 6,500
species
Most passerines are smaller than typical members of other avian orders. The heaviest and
altogether largest passerines are the thick-billed raven and the larger races of common
raven, each exceeding 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) and 70 cm (28 in). The superb lyrebird and some birds-of-paradise, due to very long tails
or tail coverts, are longer overall. The smallest passerine is the short-tailed pygmy tyrant, at 6.5 cm (2.6 in) and 4.2 g (0.15 oz).

Anatomy
The foot of a passerine has three toes directed forward and one toe directed backward,
called anisodactyl arrangement, and the hind toe (hallux) joins the leg at approximately the
same level as the front toes. This arrangement enables passerine birds to easily perch
upright on branches. The toes have no webbing or joining, but in some cotingas, the second
and third toes are united at their basal third.

The leg of passerine birds contains an additional special adaptation for perching. A tendon
in the rear of the leg running from the underside of the toes to the muscle behind the
tibiotarsus will automatically be pulled and tighten when the leg bends, causing the foot to
curl and become stiff when the bird lands on a branch. This enables passerines to sleep Pterylosis or the feather tracts in a
while perching without falling off.[5][6] typical passerine

Most passerine birds have 12 tail feathers but the superb lyrebird has 16,[7] and several
spinetails in the family Furnariidae have 10, 8, or even 6, as is the case of Des Murs's wiretail. Species adapted to tree trunk
climbing such as woodcreeper and treecreepers have stiff tail feathers that are used as props during climbing. Extremely long
tails used as sexual ornaments are shown by species in different families. A well-known example is the long-tailed widowbird.

Eggs and nests

The chicks of passerines are altricial: blind, featherless, and helpless when hatched from their eggs. Hence, the chicks require
extensive parental care. Most passerines lay coloured eggs, in contrast with nonpasserines, most of whose eggs are white except
in some ground-nesting groups such as Charadriiformes and nightjars, where camouflage is necessary, and in some parasitic
cuckoos, which match the passerine host's egg. Vinous-throated parrotbill has two egg colours, white and blue. This can prevent
the brood parasitic Common cuckoo.

Clutches vary considerably in size: some larger passerines of Australia such as lyrebirds and scrub-robins lay only a single egg,
most smaller passerines in warmer climates lay between two and five, while in the higher latitudes of the Northern
Hemisphere, hole-nesting species like tits can lay up to a dozen and other species around five or six. The family Viduidae do not
build their own nests, instead, they lay eggs in other birds' nests.

Origin and evolution

The evolutionary history of the passerine families and the relationships among them remained rather mysterious until the late
20th century. In many cases, passerine families were grouped together on the basis of morphological similarities that, it is now
believed, are the result of convergent evolution, not a close genetic relationship. For example, the wrens of the Americas and
Eurasia; those of Australia; and those of New Zealand look superficially similar and behave in similar ways, and yet belong to
three far-flung branches of the passerine family tree; they are as unrelated as it is possible to be while remaining
Passeriformes.[a]

Much research remains to be done, but advances in molecular biology and improved paleobiogeographical data gradually are
revealing a clearer picture of passerine origins and evolution that reconciles molecular affinities, the constraints of morphology
and the specifics of the fossil record.[9][10] The first passerines are now thought to have evolved in the Southern Hemisphere in
the late Paleocene or early Eocene, around 50 million years ago.[3][10]

The initial split was between the New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae) and all other passerines, and the second split involved
the Tyranni (suboscines) and the Passeri (oscines or songbirds). The latter experienced a great radiation of forms out of the
Australian continent. A major branch of the Passeri, parvorder Passerida, expanded deep into Eurasia and Africa, where a
further explosive radiation of new lineages occurred.[10] This eventually led to three major Passerida lineages comprising about
4,000 species, which in addition to the Corvida and numerous minor lineages make up songbird diversity today. Extensive
biogeographical mixing happens, with northern forms returning to the south, southern forms moving north, and so on.

Fossil record

Earliest passerines

Perching bird osteology, especially of the limb bones, is rather diagnostic.[11][12][13] However, the early fossil record is poor
because the first Passeriformes were apparently on the small side of the present size range, and their delicate bones did not
preserve well. Queensland Museum specimens F20688 (carpometacarpus) and F24685 (tibiotarsus) from Murgon,
Queensland, are fossil bone fragments initially assigned to Passeriformes.[11] However, the material is too fragmentary and
their affinities have been questioned.[14] Several more recent fossils from the Oligocene of Europe, such as Wieslochia, Jamna,
and Resoviaornis, are more complete and definitely represent early passeriforms, although their exact position in the
evolutionary tree is not known.

From the Bathans Formation at the Manuherikia River in Otago, New Zealand, MNZ S42815 (a distal right tarsometatarsus of a
tui-sized bird) and several bones of at least one species of saddleback-sized bird have recently been described. These date from
the Early to Middle Miocene (Awamoan (https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gto4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA584) to Lillburnian, 19–
16 mya).[15]

Early European passerines

In Europe, perching birds are not too uncommon in the fossil record from the Oligocene
onward, but most are too fragmentary for a more definite placement:

Wieslochia (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany)

Resoviaornis (Early Oligocene of Wola Rafałowska, Poland) Male superb lyrebird (Menura
novaehollandiae): This very primitive
Jamna (Early Oligocene of Jamna Dolna, Poland)
songbird shows strong sexual
Winnicavis (Early Oligocene of Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland) dimorphism, with a peculiarly
Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Luberon, France) – suboscine or apomorphic display of plumage in
basal[b] males.
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Oligocene of France) – several suboscine and
oscine taxa[17][13]
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene of France and Germany) – basal?[c]
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszőlős, Hungary) – at
least 2 taxa, possibly 3; at least one probably Oscines.[d]
Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Felsőtárkány, Hungary) – oscine?[e]
Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Polgárdi, Hungary) – Sylvioidea (Sylviidae?
Cettiidae?)[20] Wieslochia fossil

That suboscines expanded much beyond their region of origin is proven by several fossil from
Germany such as a broadbill (Eurylaimidae) humerus fragment from the Early Miocene (roughly 20 mya) of Wintershof (https:
//de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintershof_(Eichst%C3%A4tt)), Germany, the Late Oligocene carpometacarpus from France listed
above, and Wieslochia, among others.[12][10] Extant Passeri super-families were quite distinct by that time and are known since
about 12–13 mya when modern genera were present in the corvoidean and basal songbirds. The modern diversity of Passerida
genera is known mostly from the Late Miocene onwards and into the Pliocene (about 10–2 mya). Pleistocene and early
Holocene lagerstätten (<1.8 mya) yield numerous extant species, and many yield almost nothing but extant species or their
chronospecies and paleosubspecies.

American fossils

In the Americas, the fossil record is more scant before the Pleistocene, from which several still-existing suboscine families are
documented. Apart from the indeterminable MACN-SC-1411 (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province,
Argentina),[f] an extinct lineage of perching birds has been described from the Late Miocene of California, United States: the
Palaeoscinidae with the single genus Palaeoscinis. "Palaeostruthus" eurius (Pliocene of Florida) probably belongs to an extant
family, most likely passeroidean.

Systematics and taxonomy

The Passeriformes is currently divided into three suborders:
Acanthisitti (New Zealand wrens), Tyranni (suboscines) and Acanthisitti – New Zealand wrens (1 family containing
Passeri (oscines). The Passeri has been traditionally subdivided 4 species)
into two major groups recognized now as Corvida and
Passerida respectively containing the large superfamilies
Tyranni – suboscines (16 families containing 1,356
Corvoidea and Meliphagoidea, as well as minor lineages, and
species)
the superfamilies Sylvioidea, Muscicapoidea, and Passeroidea
but this arrangement has been found to be oversimplified.
Since the mid-2000s, literally, dozens of studies have Passeri – oscines (125 families containing 5,158
investigated the phylogeny of the Passeriformes and found that species)
many families from Australasia traditionally included in the
Corvoidea actually represent more basal lineages within Phylogenetic relationship of the suborders within the Passeriformes.
oscines. Likewise, the traditional three-superfamily The numbers are from the list published by the International
arrangement within the Passeri has turned out to be far more Ornithologists' Union in January 2020.[1][23]
complex and will require changes in classification.

Major "wastebin" families such as the Old World warblers and Old World babblers have turned out to be paraphyletic and are
being rearranged. Several taxa turned out to represent highly distinct lineages, so new families had to be established, some of
them – like the stitchbird of New Zealand and the Eurasian bearded reedling – monotypic with only one living species.[24] In
the Passeri alone, a number of minor lineages will eventually be recognized as distinct superfamilies. For example, the kinglets
constitute a single genus with less than 10 species today but seem to have been among the first perching bird lineages to diverge
as the group spread across Eurasia. No particularly close relatives of them have been found among comprehensive studies of
the living Passeri, though they might be fairly close to some little-studied tropical Asian groups. Nuthatches, wrens, and their
closest relatives as currently grouped in a distinct super-family Certhioidea.
Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families
This list is in taxonomic order, placing related families next to one another. The families
listed are those recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).[1] The order
and the division into infraorders, parvorders and superfamilies follows the phylogenetic
analysis published by Carl Oliveros and colleagues in 2019.[23][g] The relationships between
the families in the suborder Tyranni (suboscines) were all well determined but some of the
nodes in Passeri (oscines) were unclear owing to the rapid splitting of the lineages.[23]

Suborder Acanthisitti New Zealand rock wren (Xenicus

gilviventris), one of the two surviving
Acanthisittidae: New Zealand wrens species of suborder Acanthisitti

Suborder Tyranni (suboscines)

Infraorder Eurylaimides: Old World suboscines

Philepittidae: asities
Eurylaimidae: typical broadbills
Calyptomenidae: African and green broadbills
Sapayoidae: broad-billed sapayoa
Pittidae: pittas

Infraorder Tyrannides: New World suboscines Javan banded pitta (Hydrornis

guajanus), an Old World suboscine.
Parvorder Furariida

Melanopareiidae: crescentchests
Conopophagidae: gnateaters and gnatpittas
Thamnophilidae: antbirds
Grallariidae: antpittas
Rhinocryptidae: typical tapaculos
Formicariidae: antthrushes
Furnariidae: ovenbirds and woodcreepers

Parvorder Tyrannida

Pipridae: manakins
Cotingidae: cotingas
Tityridae: tityras and allies
Tyrannidae: tyrant flycatchers

Suborder Passeri (oscines) Andean cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola

peruvianus) a New World suboscine
Atrichornithidae: scrub-birds
Menuridae: lyrebirds
Climacteridae: Australian treecreepers
Ptilonorhynchidae: bowerbirds
Maluridae: fairywrens, emu-wrens and grasswrens
Dasyornithidae: bristlebirds
Pardalotidae: pardalotes
Acanthizidae: scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones
Meliphagidae: honeyeaters
Pomatostomidae: pseudo-babblers Male stitchbird or hihi (Notiomystis
Orthonychidae: logrunners cincta) showing convergence with
honeyeaters
Infraorder Corvides

Cinclosomatidae: jewel-babblers, quail-thrushes

Campephagidae: cuckooshrikes and trillers
Mohouidae: whiteheads
Neosittidae: sittellas
 Superfamily Orioloidea[h]

Psophodidae: whipbirds
Eulacestomidae: wattled ploughbills
Falcunculidae: shriketit
Oreoicidae: Australo-Papuan bellbirds
Paramythiidae: painted berrypeckers
Vireonidae: vireos
Pachycephalidae: whistlers
Oriolidae: Old World orioles and figbirds

Superfamily Malaconotoidea[i]

Machaerirhynchidae: boatbills
Artamidae: woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs, and Australian
Male regent bowerbird (Sericulus
magpie
chrysocephalus, Ptilonorhynchidae)
Rhagologidae: mottled whistler
Malaconotidae: puffback shrikes, bush shrikes, tchagras, and boubous
Pityriaseidae: bristlehead
Aegithinidae: ioras
Platysteiridae: wattle-eyes and batises
Vangidae: vangas

Superfamily Corvoidea[j]

Rhipiduridae: fantails
Dicruridae: drongos Tiny goldcrest (Regulus regulus)
Monarchidae: monarch flycatchers belongs to a minor but highly distinct
Ifritidae: blue-capped ifrit lineage of Passeri
Paradisaeidae: birds-of-paradise
Corcoracidae: white-winged chough and apostlebird
Melampittidae: melampittas
Laniidae: shrikes
Corvidae: crows, ravens, and jays

Infraorder Passerides

Cnemophilidae: satinbirds
Melanocharitidae: berrypeckers and longbills
Callaeidae: New Zealand wattlebirds
Notiomystidae: stitchbird
Petroicidae: Australian robins
Eupetidae: rail-babbler
Reed warblers, such as this Blyth's
Picathartidae: rockfowl reed warbler (Acrocephalus
Chaetopidae: rock-jumpers dumetorum), are now in the
Acrocephalidae
Parvorder Sylviida[k]

Hyliotidae: hyliotas
Stenostiridae: fairy flycatchers
Paridae: tits, chickadees and titmice
Remizidae: penduline tits
Panuridae: bearded reedling
Alaudidae: larks
Nicatoridae: nicators
Macrosphenidae: crombecs and African warblers blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and its
Cisticolidae: cisticolas and allies relatives stand well apart from rest of
the Sylvioidea sensu lato
Superfamily Locustelloidea

Acrocephalidae: reed warblers, Grauer’s warbler and allies

 Locustellidae: grassbirds and allies
Donacobiidae: black-capped donacobius
Bernieridae: Malagasy warblers
—
Pnoepygidae: wren-babblers
Hirundinidae: swallows and martins

Superfamily Sylvioidea

Pycnonotidae: bulbuls
Sylviidae: sylviid babblers, parrotbills and myzornis
Zosteropidae: white-eyes
Timaliidae: tree babblers Brown-headed nuthatch (Sitta
Leiothrichidae: laughingthrushes and allies pusilla), nuthatches can climb
Pellorneidae: ground babblers downwards head-first

Superfamily Aegithaloidea

Phylloscopidae: leaf-warblers and allies

Hyliidae: hylias
Aegithalidae: long-tailed tits or bushtits
Scotocercidae: streaked scrub warbler
Cettiidae: Cettia bush warblers and allies
Erythrocercidae: yellow flycatchers
Hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus),
Parvorder Muscicapida
like many Muscicapoidea a stout and
cryptic bird with complex
Superfamily Bombycilloidea
vocalizations.

Dulidae: palmchat
Bombycillidae: waxwings
Ptiliogonatidae: silky flycatchers
Hylocitreidae: hylocitrea
Hypocoliidae: hypocolius
Mohoidae: oos

Superfamily Muscicapoidea

Elachuridae: spotted elachura Like these male (right) and female

Gouldian finches (Erythrura
Cinclidae: dippers
gouldiae), many Passeroidea are
Muscicapidae: Old World flycatchers and chats very colorful
Turdidae: thrushes and allies
Buphagidae: oxpeckers
Sturnidae: starlings and rhabdornis
Mimidae: mockingbirds and thrashers
—
Regulidae: goldcrests and kinglets

Superfamily Certhioidea

Tichodromidae: wallcreeper Lesser striped swallow (Cecropis

Sittidae: nuthatches abyssinica), showing some
apomorphies of its ancient yet highly
Certhiidae: treecreepers
advanced lineage.
Polioptilidae: gnatcatchers
Troglodytidae: wrens

Parvorder Passerida

Promeropidae: sugarbirds
Modulatricidae: dapple-throat and allies
Nectariniidae: sunbirds
Dicaeidae: flowerpeckers
Chloropseidae: leafbirds
 Irenidae: fairy-bluebirds
Peucedramidae: olive warbler
Urocynchramidae: Przewalski's finch
Ploceidae: weavers
Viduidae: indigobirds and whydahs
Estrildidae: waxbills, munias and allies
Prunellidae: accentors
Passeridae: Old World sparrows and snowfinches Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (male)
Motacillidae: wagtails and pipits
Fringillidae: finches and euphonias

Superfamily Emberizoidea (previously known as the nine-primaried oscines[26])[l]

Rhodinocichlidae: rosy thrush-tanager

Calcariidae: longspurs and snow buntings
Emberizidae: buntings
Cardinalidae: cardinals
Mitrospingidae: mitrospingid tanagers
Thraupidae: tanagers and allies
Passerellidae: New World sparrows, bush tanagers
Parulidae: New World warblers
Icteriidae: yellow-breasted chat
Icteridae: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles
Calyptophilidae: chat-tanagers
Zeledoniidae: wrenthrush
Teretistridae: Cuban warblers[m]
Nesospingidae: Puerto Rican tanager
Spindalidae: spindalises
Phaenicophilidae: Hispaniolan tanagers

Phylogeny

Living Passeriformes based on the "Taxonomy in Flux family phylogenetic tree" by John Boyd.[28]

Passeriformes classification
Acanthisitti
Acanthisittidae
Eupasseres Tyranni Eurylaimides
?Sapayoidae

Calyptomenidae

Pittidae

Philepittidae

Eurylaimidae
Tyrannides Tyrannida
Pipridae

Cotingidae

Tityridae

Oxyruncidae

Onychorhynchidae
 Tyrannidae

Pipritidae

Platyrinchidae

Tachurididae

Rhynchocyclidae
Furnariida
Melanopareiidae

Thamnophilidae

Conopophagidae

Grallariidae

Rhinocryptidae

Formicariidae

Furnariidae
Passeri Menurides
Atrichornithidae

Menuridae
Euoscines Climacterides
Ptilonorhynchidae

Climacteridae
Meliphagides
Maluridae

Dasyornithidae

Pardalotidae

Meliphagidae
Orthonychides
Orthonychidae

Pomatostomidae
Corvides
Cinclosomatidae

Campephagidae

Neosittidae

Mohouidae
Orioloidea
Eulacestomidae

Psophodidae

Falcunculidae

Oreoicidae

Paramythiidae

Pteruthiidae

Vireonidae

Pachycephalidae

Oriolidae
Malaconotoidea
Machaerirhynchidae

Artamidae

Rhagologidae

Platysteiridae

Vangidae

Aegithinidae

Pityriaseidae

Malaconotidae
Corvoidea
?Dicruridae

Rhipiduridae

Lamproliidae

Monarchidae

Laniidae

Corvidae

Ifritidae

Melampittidae

Corcoracidae
 Paradisaeidae
Passerides Melanocharitida
Melanocharitidae
Cnemophilida
Cnemophilidae
Petroicida
Petroicidae

Notiomystidae

Callaeidae
Eupetida
Picathartidae

Chaetopida

Eupetidae

Core Passeri
Core Passerides Sylviida Paroidea ​
Stenostiridae

​
Hyliotidae

Remizidae

Paridae
Sylvioidea ​
Nicatoridae

Panuridae

Alaudidae

​ Macrosphenidae

Cisticolidae

Pnoepygidae

Acrocephalidae

Locustellidae

Donacobiidae

Bernieridae

Hirundinidae
 Pycnonotidae

Phylloscopidae

Cettiidae

Hyliidae

Aegithalidae

Sylviidae

Paradoxornithidae

Zosteropidae

Timaliidae

Pellorneidae

Leiothrichidae
Muscicapida Reguloidea
Regulidae
Bombycilloidea
Elachuridae

Mohoidae

Ptiliogonatidae

Bombycillidae

Dulidae

Hypocoliidae
Certhioidea
Tichodromadidae

Sittidae

Certhiidae

Troglodytidae

Polioptilidae
Muscicapoidea
Cinclidae

Turdidae

Muscicapidae
 Buphagidae

Mimidae

Sturnidae
Passerida ​
Promeropidae

​
Arcanatoridae

Dicaeidae

Nectariniidae

Urocynchramidae

Irenidae

Chloropseidae

Peucedramidae

Prunellidae
Estrild clade
Ploceidae

Viduidae

Estrildidae
Passerid clade
Passeridae

Motacillidae

Fringillidae

Calcariidae

Rhodinocichlidae

Emberizidae

Passerellidae

?Zeledonia

?Teretistris

Phaenicophilidae

Icteridae
 Parulidae

Mitrospingidae

Cardinalidae

Thraupidae

Notes
a. The name wren has been applied to other, unrelated birds in Australia and New Zealand. The 27 Australasian "wren"
species in the family Maluridae are unrelated, as are the New Zealand wrens in the family Acanthisittidae; the antwrens in
the family Thamnophilidae; and the wren-babblers of the families Timaliidae, Pellorneidae, and Pnoepygidae. For the
monophyly of the "true wrens", Troglodytidae, see Barker 2004[8]
b. Specimen SMF Av 504. A flattened right hand of a passerine perhaps 10 cm long overall. If suboscine, perhaps closer to
Cotingidae than to Eurylaimides.[16][13]
c. Specimens SMF Av 487–496; SMNS 86822, 86825-86826; MNHN SA 1259–1263: tibiotarsus remains of small, possibly
basal Passeriformes.[12]
d. A partial coracoid of a probable Muscicapoidea, possibly Turdidae; distal tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus of a smallish to
mid-sized passerine that may be the same as the preceding; proximal ulna and tarsometatarsus of a Paridae-sized
passerine.[18][19]
e. A humerus diaphysis piece of a swallow-sized passerine.[20]
f. Distal right humerus, possibly suboscine.[21][22]
g. Oliveros et al (2019) use the list of families published by Dickinson and Christidis in 2014.[23][25] Oliveros et al include 10
families that are not included on the IOC list. These are not shown here. By contrast, the IOC list includes nine families that
are not present in Dickinson and Christidis. In eight of these cases, the position of the additional family in the taxonomic
order can be determined from the species included by Oliveros and colleagues in their analysis. No species in the family
Teretistridae was sampled by Oliveros et al so its position is uncertain.[1][23]
h. The order of the families within the superfamily Orioloidea is uncertain.[23]
i. The order of the families within the superfamily Malaconotoidea is uncertain.[23]
j. The order of the families within the superfamily Corvoidea is uncertain.[23]
k. The taxonomic sequence of the superfamilies Locustelloidea, Sylvioidea and Aegithaloidea is uncertain, although the order
of the families within each of the superfamilies is well determined.[23]
l. The order of some of the families within the superfamily Emberizoidea is uncertain.[23]
m. The family Teretistridae (Cuban warblers) is tentatively placed here. The family was not included in the analysis published
by Oliveros et al (2019).[23] Dickinson and Christidis (2014) considered the genus Teretistris Incertae sedis.[27] Barker et al
(2013) found that Teretistridae is closely related to Zeledoniidae.[26]

References
1. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Family Index" (https://www.worldbirdnames.org/classificatio
n/family-index/). IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
2. Barker, F. Keith; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G. (2002). "A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: Taxonomic
and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC1690884). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1488): 295–308. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1883 (
https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1883). PMC 1690884 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690884).
PMID 11839199 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839199).
3. Ericson, P.G.; Christidis, L.; Cooper, A.; Irestedt, M.; Jackson, J.; Johansson, U.S.; Norman, J.A. (7 February 2002). "A
Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens" (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690883). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 269 (1488): 235–241.
doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1877 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1877). PMC 1690883 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC1690883). PMID 11839192 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839192).
4. Chatterjee, Sankar (2015). The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution. JHU Press. pp. 206–207.
ISBN 9781421415901.
5. Stefoff, Rebecca (2008), The Bird Class, Marshall Cavendish Benchmark
6. Brooke, Michael and Birkhead, Tim (1991) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ornithology, Cambridge University Press
ISBN 0521362059.
7. Jones, D. (2008) "Flight of fancy". Australian Geographic, (89), 18–19.
8. Barker, F.K. (2004). "Monophyly and relationships of wrens (Aves: Troglodytidae): a congruence analysis of heterogeneous
mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 31 (2): 486–504.
 doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.005 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2003.08.005).
9. Dyke, Gareth J.; Van Tuinen, Marcel (June 2004). "The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): Reconciling
molecules, morphology and the fossil record". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (2): 153–177.
doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00118.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2004.00118.x).
10. Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015). "A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds" (https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730849). Science Advances. 1 (11): e1501005. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501005 (https
://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1501005). PMC 4730849 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730849).
PMID 26824065 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26824065).
11. Boles, Walter E. (1997). "Fossil songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia". Emu. 97 (1): 43–50.
doi:10.1071/MU97004 (https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU97004).
12. Manegold, Albrecht; Mayr, Gerald & Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2004). "Miocene Songbirds and the Composition of the
European Passeriform Avifauna". Auk. 121 (4): 1155–1160. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1155:MSATCO]2.0.CO;2 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B1155%3AMSATCO%5D2.0.CO%3B2).
13. Mayr, Gerald & Manegold, Albrecht (2006). "A Small Suboscine-like Passeriform Bird from the Early Oligocene of France".
Condor. 108 (3): 717–720. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[717:ASSPBF]2.0.CO;2 (https://doi.org/10.1650%2F0010-542
2%282006%29108%5B717%3AASSPBF%5D2.0.CO%3B2).
14. Mayr, G (2013). "The age of the crown group of passerine birds and its evolutionary significance–molecular calibrations
versus the fossil record". Systematics and Biodiversity. 11 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1080/14772000.2013.765521 (https://doi.org/10
.1080%2F14772000.2013.765521).
15. Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A.; Douglas, B.J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds
from central Otago, New Zealand". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (1): 1–39. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477201906001957). hdl:2440/43360 (https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F43360).
16. Roux, T. (2002). "Deux fossiles d'oiseaux de l'Oligocène inférieur du Luberon" (http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/ha
ndle/2042/58077/CS_2002_6_38.pdf?sequence=1) [Two bird fossils from the Lower Oligocene of Luberon] (PDF). Courrier
Scientifique du Parc Naturel Régional du Luberon. 6: 38–57.
17. Hugueney, Marguerite; Berthet, Didier; Bodergat, Anne-Marie; Escuillié, François; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile & Wattinne,
Aurélia (2003). "La limite Oligocène-Miocène en Limagne: changements fauniques chez les mammifères, oiseaux et
ostracodes des différents niveaux de Billy-Créchy (Allier, France)" [The Oligocene-Miocene boundary in Limagne: faunal
changes in the mammals, birds and ostracods from the different levels of Billy-Créchy (Allier, France)]. Geobios. 36 (6):
719–731. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geobios.2003.01.002).
18. Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József (1998–99). "Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs,
Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely" [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi
chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.]. Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis. 23: 33–78.
19. Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén, Kókay, József & Márton, Venczel (2000). "Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok a
Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból II. A Mátraszõlõs 2. lelõhely" [Middle Miocene fossils from the section of
the road at the Rákóczi Chapel, Mátraszõlõs. II. Locality Mátraszõlõs 2]. Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis. 24:
39–75.
20. Hír, János; Kókay, József; Venczel, Márton; Gál, Erika & GKessler, Eugén (2001). "Elõzetes beszámoló a felsõtárkányi
"Güdör-kert" n. õslénytani lelõhelykomplex újravizsgálatáról" (http://adatbank.transindex.ro/vendeg/htmlk/pdf6928.pdf) [A
preliminary report on the revised investigation of the paleontological locality-complex "Güdör-kert" at Felsõtárkány, Northern
Hungary] (PDF). Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis. 25: 41–64.
21. Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. (1991). "El más antiguo Passeriformes de America del Sur. Presentation at VIII
Journadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados" (https://books.google.com/books?id=hqDVeF8W8OkC&printsec=fr
ontcover) [The most ancient passerine from South America]. Ameghiniana. 28 (3–4): 410.
22. Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. (1993). "An Early Miocene Passeriform from Argentina" (http://sora.unm.edu/sites/defa
ult/files/journals/auk/v110n04/p0936-p0938.pdf) (PDF). Auk. 110 (4): 936–938. doi:10.2307/4088653 (https://doi.org/10.230
7%2F4088653). JSTOR 4088653 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4088653).
23. Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C6475423). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (16): 7916–7925.
doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1813206116). PMC 6475423 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
/pmc/articles/PMC6475423). PMID 30936315 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30936315).
24. The former does not even have recognized subspecies, while the latter is one of the most singular birds alive today. Good
photos of a bearded reedling are for example here (http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Reedling_bearded-WEH.jpg) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043808/http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Reedling_bearded-WEH.jpg) 16 October
2007 at the Wayback Machine and here (http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/bearded-reedling-05a04012.jpg)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080731170412/http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/bearded-reedling-05a
04012.jpg) 31 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
25. Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2:
Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
26. Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2013). "Going to extremes: contrasting rates of
diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds". Systematic Biology. 62 (2): 298–320.
doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys094 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsys094). PMID 23229025 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/23229025).
27. Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2:
Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
28. John Boyd. "Taxonomy in Flux family phylogenetic tree" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153244/http://jboyd.net/Taxo
/Families.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://jboyd.net/Taxo/Families.pdf) (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved
17 December 2015.
Further reading
Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G.P.; Olsson, Urban & Sundberg, Per (2006). "Phylogeny and classification of the avian super-
family Sylvioidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (2): 381–397. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015 (https://doi.or
g/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.05.015). PMID 16054402 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16054402).
Barker, F. Keith; Barrowclough, George F. & Groth, Jeff G. (2002). "A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds:
taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data" (http://www.tc.umn.edu/~barke042
/pdfs/Barker.et.al02.pdf) (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 269 (1488): 295–308. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1883 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1883). PMC 1690884 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690884).
PMID 11839199 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839199).
Barker, F. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter A.; Feinstein, Julie & Cracraft, Joel (2004). "Phylogeny and diversification of
the largest avian radiation" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503738). PNAS. 101 (30): 11040–11045.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0401892101 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401892101). PMC 503738 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC503738). PMID 15263073 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15263073). Supporting information (http://ww
w.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0401892101/DC1)
Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G. & Crowe, T.M. (2005). "African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri):
molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas' " (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1599865).
Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 272 (1565): 849–858. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.20
04.2997). PMC 1599865 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1599865).
Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Schulenberg, Thomas S. & Pasquet, Eric (2001). "An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds
is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Evolution. 55 (6): 1198–1206. doi:10.1554/0014-
3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2 (https://doi.org/10.1554%2F0014-3820%282001%29055%5B1198%3AAEROMS
%5D2.0.CO%3B2).
Ericson, Per G.P. & Johansson, Ulf S. (2003). "Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and
mitochondrial sequence data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (1): 126–138. doi:10.1016/S1055-
7903(03)00067-8 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2803%2900067-8).
Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G.P. (2003). "Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae
(Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960)" (http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520&%
2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 34 (2): 185–197. doi:10.1034/j.1600-
048X.2003.03103.x (https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-048X.2003.03103.x).
Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)". Zoologica
Scripta. 35 (2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2006.00221.x).
Lovette, Irby J. & Bermingham, Eldredge (2000). "c-mos Variation in Songbirds: Molecular Evolution, Phylogenetic
Implications, and Comparisons with Mitochondrial Differentiation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 17 (10): 1569–1577.
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026255 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a026255). PMID 11018162 (
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11018162).
Mayr, Gerald (2016). Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance. Chichester, West
Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-02076-9.
Raikow, Robert J. (1982). "Monophyly of the Passeriformes: test of a phylogenetic hypothesis" (https://sora.unm.edu/sites/d
efault/files/journals/auk/v099n03/p0431-p0445.pdf) (PDF). The Auk. 99 (3): 431–445. doi:10.1093/auk/99.3.431 (https://doi.
org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F99.3.431). Lay summary (https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/99/3/431/5191643).

External links
The dictionary definition of passerine at Wiktionary
Media related to Passeriformes at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Passeriformes at Wikispecies

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passerine&oldid=953439161"

This page was last edited on 27 April 2020, at 08:09 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use
and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.