Page 01

Concept of Stress
• The main objective of the study of mechanics of materials is to provide the

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
future engineer with the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the determination
of stresses and deformations. This chapter is devoted to the concept of
stress.
Chapter 01
Concept of Stress

02
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Review of Static's Structure Free-Body Diagram

• Structure is detached from supports and

• The structure is designed to the loads and reaction forces are indicated
support a 30 kN load
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
• The structure consists of a ¦ MC 0 Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
boom and rod joined by pins Ax 40 kN
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports ¦ Fx 0 Ax  C x
Cx  Ax 40 kN
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in ¦ Fy 0 Ay  C y  30 kN 0
each structural member and the Ay  C y 30 kN
reaction forces at the supports
• Ay and Cy can not be determined from
these equations
Page 04
Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
Page 05
Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
¦ M B 0  Ay 0.8 m  to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
Ay 0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
Cy 30 kN
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
• Results: form of a force triangle:
&
A 40 kN o C x 40 kN m C y 30 kN n ¦ FB 0
Reaction forces are directed along boom FAB FBC 30 kN
and rod 4 5 3
FAB 40 kN FBC 50 kN

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Axial Loading: Normal Stress Axial Loading: Normal Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
• The internal force represents the resultant of
loaded member is normal to a section cut
elementary forces distributed over the entire area A
perpendicular to the member axis.
(the area of the cross section). Therefore, we write:
V P • The force intensity on that section is defined as
A
the normal stress.
Units : ( N ) Pa
(m 2 ) 'F P
V lim V ave
'Ao0 'A A
• STRESS: Force/unit area or intensity of the forces
distributed over a given section. Positive sign • The normal stress at a particular point may not be
indicates a tensile stress and negative sign equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
indicates a compressive stress. stress distribution must satisfy
• Units of stress (ST metric) P V ave A ³ dF ³ V dA
A
1000 Pa = kPa
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically
106 Pa = MPa indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
109 Pa = GPa alone.
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Stress Analysis Design

Can the structure safely support the 30 kN • Design of new structures requires selection of
load? appropriate materials and component dimensions
• From a statics analysis to meet performance requirements
FAB = 40 kN (compression) • For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
FBC = 50 kN (tension) etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum Vall= 100 MPa) What is an
• At any section through member BC, the appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity P P 50 u103 N
or stress of V all A 500 u10 6 m 2
A V all 100 u 106 Pa
dBC = 20 mm P 50 u 103 N
V BC 159 MPa
A 314 u 10-6 m 2 d2
A S
4
• From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is d
4A 
4 500 u 10 6 m 2  2.52 u 10 2 m 25.2 mm
S S
V all 165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is • An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
adequate adequate

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Centric & Eccentric Loading Shearing Stress

• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
member AB.
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section. • Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end • The resultant of the internal shear force
sections of two-force members are applied at distribution is defined as the shear of the section
the section centroids. This is referred to as and is equal to the load P.
centric loading. • The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
W ave
• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,
then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
A
moment.
• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
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Shearing Stress Shearing Stress Examples

• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member surfaces to maximum Single Shear Double Shear
values that may be much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be uniform.
Y

Wmin

Wmax W

Wave W ave
P F
W ave
P F
A A A 2A

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Bearing Stress in Connections Stress in Two Force Members

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of contact • Axial forces on a two force
or bearing surfaces of the member result in only normal
members they connect. stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
• The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is • Transverse forces on bolts and
equal and opposite to the force pins result in only shear stresses
exerted on the pin. on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
• Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
• Will show that either axial or
stress,
transverse forces may produce both
P P
Vb normal and shear stresses with respect
A td
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
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Stress on an Oblique Plane Maximum Stresses

• Pass a section through the member forming • Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
an angle Twith the normal plane. plane
P P
• From equilibrium conditions, the V cos 2 T W sin T cosT
A0 A0
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P. • The maximum normal stress occurs when the
reference plane is perpendicular to the member
• Resolve P into components normal and
axis,
tangential to the oblique section,
P
F P cosT V P sin T Vm Wc 0
A0
• The average normal and shear stresses on
the oblique plane are • The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at
F P cosT P + 45o with respect to the axis,
V cos 2 T
AT A0 A0 P P
cosT Wm sin 45 cos 45 Vc
A0 2 A0
V P sin T P
W sin T cosT
AT A0 A0
cosT

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Factor of Safety Factor of Safety

• Consider again the case of the a Factor of safety considerations: Structural members or machines must be designed such that the working stresses
member under axial loading. • uncertainty in material properties are less than the ultimate strength of the material.
Consider, also a small cube with faces • uncertainty of loadings FS Factor of safety
respectively parallel to the forces at
• uncertainty of analyses Vu ultimate stress
the member and recall the results FS
• number of loading cycles V all allowable stress
obtained before.
• types of failure Pu
• The same loading condition may lead Vu where V u is the Ultimate Normal Strength
• maintenance requirements and A
to different interpretation of the stress deterioration effects
situation at a given point, depending • importance of member to structures Tu Pu
upon the orientation of the element integrity
considered.
• risk to life and property Necking
Plugging
• influence on machine function

Tu Pu
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Factor of Safety Example #1

Ultimate Shearing Strength: Determined by different procedures.
• From a statics analysis:
Pu Pu
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• Find:
(1) The maximum normal
stresses in AB and BC, and
Double Shear Single Shear (2) The shearing stress and
(3) Bearing stress at each
Vu
Wu where W u is the Ultimate Shearing Strength pinned connection
A

Ultimate Bearing Strength

Pu ,b
V u ,b where V u ,b is the Ultimate Bearing Strength
A

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Example #2 Example #3
Two wooden planks (20 mm thick) are joined by the glued mortise joint shown. If If the allowable bearing stress between Wash
the allowable shearing strength of the glue is 820 kPa, determine the smallest the washer and the wooden blanks equals er
length d to withstand an axial load of 7000 N. to 5 MPa, find the corresponding normal
stress in the bolt. 12
mm
Solution:-
20 mm
When the nut is tightened the bolt becomes in Wooden
150 mm
tension while the blanks are compressed. Blanks
20 mm

15 mm

30 mm

Washer Section
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Example #4 Example #5
For the shown system, Vu and Wu for the wooden post Knowing that Vall and Wall for the weld used in the
is 60 and 7.5 MPa, respectively, whereas Wu for the shown steel pipe are 150 and 100 MPa, respectively,
steel pin passing through the wooden post is 150 determine the largest P that can be applied to the 8 mm
MPa. If P =20 kN, Find: pipe.
(a) Factor of safety against pin failure.
(b) Find dimensions b and c using the F.S calculated
20o
in (a).

Dout 2rout 300 mm

t 8 mm

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Example #6
The steel structure shown has a 6-mm diameter pin at C and 10-mm diameter
pins at B & D. The ultimate stress is 150 MPa for all pins and 400 MPa for link
BD. Knowing that a factor of safety of 3 is desired, determine the largest load P
that can be applied at A?
Example #7
For the shown system, Find: (a) Maximum normal stress in plate A; (b)
Maximum normal stress in plate B; (c) Maximum shear stress in plate A; (d)
Shear stress on each bolt; (e) maximum bearing stress
Diameter = 20 mm

300 mm
500 mm
18 mm A B
6 mm

160 mm 120 mm Plan View 200 mm

F

Side View Thickness = 30 mm