CHAPTER DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS WITH SADDLE SUPPORTS he selection of the type of support for a pressure vessel is dependent on several variables, such as: the size of the ‘vessel, its wall thickness, the floor space available, the ele- vation of the vessel in relation to the ground or floor, the materials of construction, and the operating temperature. Horizontal cylindrical pressure vessels are commonly sup- ported by saddle supports or eradles. If the underside of the vessel is to be located only a short distance above the grade line, steel saddles resting on the top of concrete piers, may be used. When vessels are elevated, a structural-steel frame may be used to support the saddles or cradles. If two equally spaced supports are used, the load resulting from the weight of the vessel and its contents will be equally divided even though one support may settle more than the other. Since the loads may not be equally divided after the supports settle if more than two supports are used, the two-support system has an advantage over a system employing a larger number of supports. Figure 11.1 shows a group of horizontal butane- and gasoline-storage tanks each 12 ft in diameter by 120 ft long, supported on two saddles. Horizontal vessels when resting on saddle supports such as shown in Fig. 112 behave as beams. An analysis of the stresses induced in the shell by the supports was reported by Zick (165) who developed equations for the stresses. Zick’s relationships contain empirical constants determined experimentally. By using this method of analysis the fol- Towing stresses can be evaluated: 1, The maximum longitudinal stress. 2. The tangential shear stress. 3. The circumferential stress at the horn of the saddle. 4. The additional stress in the head used as a stiffener. 203 ‘The maximum unstiffened length of the vessel between the heads, the ring compression in the shell over the saddle, the stresses on the ring stiffeners, and the total horizontal force acting against the horns of the saddle may also be determined. In selecting the location of saddle supports it is preferable tomake dimension A less than dimension F in order to take advantage of the stiffening effect of the head. Dimension Ais often selected so that A = 0.4R. Dimension A should never exceed 20% of dimension L; otherwise the stresses, resulting from cantilever action will be excessive. ‘A cylindrical vessel with dished closures at the ends may be treated as an equivalent cylinder having a length equal to (L + $4) where L ia the distance between the tangent lines of the vessel and H is the depth of a dished closure. ‘This approximation assumes that the weight of the head and the fluid contained in the head is equal to ‘two-thirds of the weight of a cylinder of length H and the fluid contained ‘This approximation is valid for hemispherical heads and elliptical dished heads and can be demonstrated by use of Eq. 5.14 for an elliptical closure for a 100-in.-diameter vessel. V = (0.000076)(100)* = 76 eu ft The depth of dish, from Fig. 5.7, is ID/4 = 25 in. The volume of a cylinder 100 in. in diameter and 25 in. deep is 114 cu ft. ‘The ratio of the volume of the head to the volume of the cylinder is 76/114 or 35. ‘The weight of the fuid and the vessel may be considered to be a uniform load equal to the total weight divided by the equivalent length, or any where w = uniform load, Ib per ft204 Fg. 11.1. Betone ond gosaine horizontl storage tanks 12 fn diameter by 120 f long sported on two saddles. (Courtony of C.F. Braun & Ca) In the loaded condition the shell, over the distance L, behaves as. uniformly loaded bear. ‘The load of the heads introduces a shear load at the junction of the heads and the cylinder equal to 34H. This load produces a vertical couple acting at a distance of 3411 from the point of tan- gency and a horizontal couple acting with a lever arm of R/A where R is the radius of the vessel in feet. {Lm length of vel ongent fo tangent feet Hm depth of head, feet = toto ood = total weight divided by Wwe = radi of vere, fe b= width of soddle lor width of concrete for formed concrete saddles, cher 11.1 LONGITUDINAL BENDING STRESSES ‘As in the case of an overhanging beam with two supports, two maximum bending moments exist in the longitudinal direction of the vessel. One meximum occurs over the saddle supports, and the other maximum occurs in the center of the vessel span. ‘The shell acts as a beam over the two supports under the uniform load of the vessel and its con- tents, as shown in Fig. 11.3. ‘The maximum moment over the supports, Mg, may be determined by referring to Fig. 11.3 and by taking bending ‘moments about the center of reaction, Q, over the distance H+A: Vertical shear moment = $1/0(4) Vertical couple = $Hu(BH) counterclockwise counterclockwise Overhanging-shell moment = wA (3) ‘counterclockwise ; A Vora ce = (2) clockwise ‘Therefore a2)te a pate Bending. mement diagram in Fg. 1. fo Zick (165). boom over supports, occording ‘of Amaricon Welding Soclaty) ‘The maximum bending moment at the center of the span is determined by taking the summation of the bending ‘moments about the saddle over the distance H + L/2. In addition to the moments over the distance H + A is the moment: w 2A) (L—2AY _ , (L ~ 2A)? 2 7 ‘Taking a summation of these moments with due regard for signs gives the moment M, at the center of the span, or [Gn 2a 2, AP Rte My = wo E240 gHA z R-H oT ais) ort ee , 3L ‘To determine the stress the moment of inertia of the shell must be evaluated. Above each saddle support circum- ferential bending moments are produced which permit the uunstiffened upper portion of the shell to deform. This deformation makes this portion of the shell ineffective as a beam and reduces the effective cross section in the same ‘manner as if a horizontal section were cut from the vessel some distance above the saddle. The are A measured from both sides of the center line of the saddle up to these fictitious “cuts” defines the effective cross section of the vessel, shown in Fig. 11.4. By Eq. 9.15 the moment of inertia, Z., of the are of the shell in the lower two quadrants included by angle 24 Tow ae [sata aa Longitudinal Bending Stresses 205 ‘The centroid of the shell included in angle 2A is located a distance of r(sin A/A) from the z-z axis (where A is meas- ured in radians). ‘Therefore the moment of inertia of the arc of the shell about its own centroid (cent.) is: Teeat, = Ix — Ad? af, sinAcosA] (rsina\?, a’ x aS peo] _ (2808 a8) 3 a wy =is[atanaoua 2324] ‘The section modulus, Z, for the side in tension at the saddle is: (ua) 1 _ 11 + sin A c0s A — 2(sin* 4/a) ¢ r(sin A/A) =r cos & [4 sn 8 0084 = nt 4/8 z “[ aces 2 ] as) ‘The stress fy at the saddle wil be (from Eqs. 1.2 and 115) A+ si ‘2sin? A/a) oye = 204 | 4 art | L 3K.QL foe208 Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports Values of A/L when R= HE mec SESS SHS SS HH sh mica > 7 : PY “ Ky ond Sieg ig 08] 3 ity 08 e 7 , o . [Ss 02 ~ se 02 HiL=0 9 o ‘H/L=0.05 ‘HIL=0.10- OO Values of A/L when R= 2H Fig. 11.5. Plt of longin where Raw faa feet eee =| S aH +a Ina similar fashion, using Eqs. 11.2 and 11.5, we find that the stress at the mid-span, fo, will be: au.) a8) ais) Values of Ki and K; for different design proportions can, be obtained from Fig. 11.5 (165). In Fig. 11.5, Ky nding moment constants Ky ond Ks (1651. (Courtery of American Welding Socaty.) plotted for the condition of H = R when f, governs, and Kq for the condition of H = 0 when fz governs. ‘These ‘approximations simplify the calculations and give conserva- tive designs. It should be noted that Eq. 11.9 was obtained by dividing ‘the maximum bending moment by the corresponding section modulus. The stress s0 obtained will be the maximum ‘axial stress in pounds per square inch in the shell due to ending asa beam, ‘This maximum bending stress may be cither tension or compression. The tensile stress as obtained by Eq. 11.6 or 11.8 when combined with the axial stress due to internal pressure should not exceed the allowable tensile stress of the material times the efficiency of the girth joints. ‘According to Zick (165) the compressive stress 1s deter- mined by Eq. 11.6 or 11.8 when combined with axial pressure stress should not exceed one half of the compression yield point of the material or the value given by: Sato, = XY L where Y = 1 for ~ 2 60 (11.10) 21,600 L 18,000 + wn? x= (uat.000!) (: — #100 A) for! s 0.015 xe tse! 2000s Equation 11.10 is applicable when ¢ & 34 in. (166).(Cour tesy of American Welding Society) Ttshould be noted that the reduction in compression stress asa result of elastic instability is not a factor in a vessel which is designed for pressure or in which /r 2 0.005. Consideration must be given to the atrooo duo to bending ‘moment before adding the stress due to internal or external pressure. This is especially important when the combined stress is less than the bending stress before internal or external pressure is applied. 11.2 TANGENTIAL SHEAR STRESS V1.2a Shell Stiffened by Ring in Plane of Saddle. When the shell is held to a cylindrical shape, the tangential, shear stress varies as the sine of the central angle, ¢, meas- tured from the vertical. The maximum shear stress occurs at, the equator. In this case the analytical solution is simple. Let V = shear force as shown in Fig. 11.6. ‘Then between supports V=Q-w(A+H+m) where w = 2Q/(L + $H) Ib per ft, or Vaq-— 20 (3L + 4H)/3 At the saddle, where m = 0, (A+H+m) (A+ V=0-6 O- O rraH Fig. 1127. Sheer ond momen rom for shell stifened by 1 (185). (Courtesy ot Am Tangential Shear Stress 207, ‘then (= 24 02% eae L+13H Consider a section of shell of length dz, as shown in Fig. 11.7, From Eq. 2.10 My “ @.20) By Eq. 25 £ a @) vt az) T= rt (see Eq. 9.16) ais) yr rcs (Li) dA =Idl=trdo (11.15) aP = dfdA aL.16) On section ABDC the moment at AB is M, and at CD is (M + dM). If the clement WAO on the ring from —¢ to +¢ js isolated, flexural forces will exist on the ends, and longitudinal shear forces on the radial planes at W and 0, tas shown in Fig. 11.8. By a static balance of forces, shown in Fig. 11.8, 2F,=0 Dpdd + Zdfdd —Tfda +2 =0 where o is the total longitudinal shear force on the section W and 0. Substituting Eq. 11.16 into the above equation and can- coling terms, we have: SaP = fdfdA = —26 aun Substituting Eqs. 11.12, 11.13, and 11.14 into Eq. 11.16 gives: ap [ap [°° Venede _ 2vene ans) Welding Society) y x a] oP 5 1 € ality |208 Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports faasaraa x AA ie Fig. 11.8, Shear on side of elament shown in Fig. 117. where AP is the change in the longitudinal force on the por- tion WAO per unit length of the ring. AP is balanced by the longitudinal shear on a unit length of the radial sections W and 0, Substituting Eq. 11.18 into Eq. 11.17 gives: 20 = cancun sens = 2782¢ Unit shear = ¥8¢ aris) Ifa shearing stress occurs at given point on a plane in a stressed body, there must exist a shearing stress of equal ‘magnitude at that point on a second plane at right angles to the frst plane (231). Since the shear has the same intensity on adjacent edges of the rectangular element, the unit shear on the ends of the free body WAO at the points W and 0 also equals (V sin 6/7), and its direction is normal to the radial planes and is, therefore, tangent to the shell, or Vein g where o¢ = transverse tangential shear per unit length of are ‘The shear force g is tangent to the shell at all points and varies from zero at the top toa maximum at mid-point, and back to zero at the bottom. ‘The summation of the vertical components of the trans- verse tangential shears on both sides of the stiffener gives Q. For this case the term V in Eq. 11.20 is replaced by Q (1.20) and the vertical component is r sin ¢ times the shear. * Qin? 2076 sin doosd]t | af Se", ag ~ 20[¢ _ sn sees’ Q 21) ‘The tangential transverse shear stress at, any point on a section on both sides of the stiffener is: Vain g 2A : a-78 CG | 6 KQ[L-24—W fn tee a.22) where K,~ Re (1.23) For the maximum value of fe,sin ¢ = 1,and Ks = 1/x = 0.319. The value for Ks is independent of 8, the angle of contact with the support saddle. For design purposes the value of fs should not exceed the allowable tensile stress of the material times 0.8, or .8 X allowable tensile stress of material 11.26 _Unstiffened Shell with Saddles Away from Head. When the shell of the vessel is free to deform above the saddle, the tangential shear stresses act on a reduced effec- tive cross section, and the maximum stress occurs at the horn of the saddle. Here the shears are proportional to sin ¢ but act only on twice the are given by (6/2) + (6/20) or x —a. This angle is the assumed position at which ‘maximum tangential shears occur on a shell which is free to deform above the saddle and beyond the influence of the head. Zick reported (165) that this assumption was fied very closely by straiu-gauge experiments. . 11.9 represents a section taken in the plane of the saddle for a shell with supports away from the head. If'a portion of the shell is noneffective, as shown in Fi 114, the shear of is increased in the effective portion. ‘Since the summation of the vertical components must still equal the vertical load Q the shears will be increased in inverse proportion to the integral of the function, or [] :-G-"5) Vsing 7 — a+ sin @ 008 @) The shear stress f, will then be: Sesame) Featened) eaaatitened) = - Qsin ¢ -H-2A al 60s a) eal oe E] an where . Keo ane (11.25) Lr ez 11.2. Location of eaumed point of maximum seat in enutiffaned shell (13). (Courtery of American Walding Society.)For design; f4 $ 0.8 X the allowable tensile stress of the material, ‘The saximum shear stress occurs at the point of maxi- mum shear, or where ¢ = a, oat sinacsa Values of K, are given in Fig. 11.10. 11.2c Shell Stiffened by Head. When the saddle sup- ports are located near the head, the tangential shear stresses are first carried from the saddle to the head. Then the load is transferred back to the head side of the saddle by tangential shear stresses which act on an arc of angle larger than the angle of contact of the saddle. Here the shears vary as the sine of gx. The angle $2 varies from (x — a) to. Above angle « these shears are directed downward and vary as the sine of $1 from 0 toa. Below angle a they are directed upward, on the head side of the saddle. This can be represented as shown in Fig. 11.11. In order to have static balance at the left of section AA of Fig. 11.11, the downward forces must balance the upward forces. D teres down = 2 * Qsint #1, ay, fo = 20 [$1 _ sin $1 008 $1 12 2 Ks = Bee — sin a cos.) Yi tres up = 2 f° ose fatty wr | [aint odd wa [Osa oe eg & — § sin 62 008 or 008 a) (11.26) nio| x 00 1 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Kyand Ky Fig. 11.10. Volues of Ky and Ke ot @ firetion of sade angle 6. j 0 ‘Shell stened by bead | ae Shear dagram when Sha ear head Fig. 1.11. Sheor in shell sifened by hood (165), (Courtery of Amaricon Welding Society) ‘The shear stress iu Uke bead, f= 20.80 6 [ a — sina cova ] aister) [= a+ sin a 008 or OKs fen azn Similarly, fu= shear stress in shell = 2K! = qu, hy where sin ¢: Ke i) ‘The maximum stress occurs at $y =a. Then Kk, = 08 somsons | x |x-atsinacsa Values of Ks as a function of @ are given in Fig. 11.10. 11.3 CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS AT HORN OF SADDLE The theoretical analysis leading to the determination of the circumferential stress at the horn of the saddle has not been carried out successfully. ‘The maximum stress occurs at the point of maximum bending moment due to tangential shear. When a stiffening ring is used to restrain the shell, from deforming above the saddle, the mathematical analysis, of the bending moment due to tangential shear can be solved. ‘The one-half arc of Fig. 11.12 is in equilibrium under the action of the forces shown. From symmetry the vertical shear is zero both at point A and at point C. Atany point, U, the shear o per unit length of arc, or for a length of are dl, is: wi Langa210 Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports Py, a la 4 3 sing g 7 G ¥ 1; = maximum shear on both sides of ing per Grav Uni lngth of are ‘axis of are Fig. 1112. Forces ecing on one-half atc of shell stfaned by sing n plone of saddle (165), (Courtesy of Amercon Welding Society) But dl = ry; therefore oi = 2 sin vr ty inv dy ‘The x component of this shear = oz = (Q/x) sin ¥ cos ¥ dy. The moment arm of oz with respect to N= 7 cosy —reos g. The y component of this shear = oy = (Q/=) sin? ¥ df. The moment arm of oy with respect to N =rsin¢—rsiny. Therefore the moment of the tan- sential shear about NV is: M, Hf art [9 sin pcos yer omy ~ reo &) a I, * Q sin? ‘ 3, = [EE sin — rin ya Or by integration M, eh — cos 6 — Ssin | 130) As stated before, from symmetry, the vertical shear is zero at both A and C. ‘There are. therefore, only three ‘unknowns acting on the free body, Py, Ma, and Me, ‘Timoshenko has shown (see Reference 29, Part II, p. 68) that for a thin curved beam the small angle of rotation, dé. between two neighboring cross sections may be expressed as follows: My at BI From symmetry about the vertical axis of the shell, the rotations a ‘and C are both zero, or >) My at Adé = St Me a Roark has shown (see Reference 166, p. 147) ‘that the horizontal deflection of an element in a curved beam may be expressed as follows: Likewise, from symmetry about the vertical axis of the shell, the horizontal movements of A and C are both zero, oor) Mam a Mana at But dl = r d@; therefore e P 3 ste de —00r ace 0 Likewise, m dl = r d@ (r.cos $ —r-cos 8). Therefore ° DY, Mado (con # ~ om} = 0 jase ¢ But ) My d@ = 0; therefore ai.s1) © ym cos $ de = 0 (1.32) From a static balance the total moment is: =M=0 Mg = —Pir(1 — cos 6) + Ma + © a 2e006-osing) (139) Substituting Eq. 11.83 into Eq. 11.31 and integrating from 0 to 8 gives: Pu ~ sin 8) + Ma ~ 218 sin 8 ~ 8 cos 8 ~ 26) ais) Substituting Eq. 11.33 into Eq. 11.32 and integrating from 0 to B gives: —Pusin 8 — $8 — 4 sin 26] + Mg sin 6 = Eh sin 29 — 49 cos 28 + 8 — 2 sin ass) Simultaneous solution of Eqs. 11.34 and 11.35 gives: {3 sint 6 — $ sin 25 — 82 + 46° con 26) Pa eK 1.36)eal ew ea ome Sau a cod % 0.08) 0.04 bg 0.04) tale 002 Ze ; ol ‘020 4 60 0 100 120 140 160 180 Values of 8 in degrees Fig. 1.13, Constnts Kie ond Kit ot fenton of angle A. Ma = 2 tat aC — + 008 8 + ¥9 sin 8 — 4 — 48 sin 8 + 48 cos B(28 + sin 28 — 5 sin 8 +8 cos 6)} (11.37) Substituting Eqs. 11.36 and 11.37 into Eq. 11.33 gives: {cos (sin? 6 — £6 sin 28 + 48" cos 28) + ¢ sin (46? + 4 sin 26 — sin® 6) + 48 cos (28 + sin 28) — sin 6(b8 + 4 sin 28 + 48 cos 28)} (11.38) where K=sintp—is*—tsin2e (11.39) It should be noted that K and the quantities in paren- theses in Eqs. 11.36, 1.37, and 11.38 are functions of 6 and will have the same value for all values of ¢ for a given saddle support, Values of P,/Q and M./Qr computed by the use of Eqs. 11.36 and 11.37 are given by the diagrams of Fig. 11.13, and values of M,/Qr for various values of @ and 8 computed by the use of Eq. 11.38 are given in Fig. 11.14 ston nie 14 (oe p= 108) he moc ‘mum moment occurs at ¢ = 8. Therefore Ms = KeQr (1140) where My = maximum circumferential bending moment in inch-pounds ‘Values of Kg were determined from Fig. 11.14 and plotted in Fig. 11.15. ‘The use of Ke in the design of shells ring stiffeners in the plane of the saddle is treated in section 116. 11.30 Unstiffened Shell. When the saddles are located. away from the head so that the shell is free to deform, the shears tend to accumulate near the horn of the saddle so that the actual maximum circumferential moment in the shell is less than the value obtained for M from Fq. 11.40. Zick reports (165) that this has been confirmed by strait gauge measurements, which show that the effective length on top of the saddle that resists the moment is about four Circumferential Stress at Horn of Saddle 211 times the radius of the shell or one half the length of the vessel, whichever is smaller. Therefore, the use of the value of the hypothetical moment. My given by Eq. 11.40 will render calculated stresses in accord with actual stresses 11.36 Shell Stiffened by Head. When the shell is stiffened by the head, the shear stresses are carried across the saddle to the head, and then the load is transferred back to the saddle, as previously shown. As in the case of the unstiffened shell, the shears tend to concentrate near the horn of the saddle, Since the stiff members are rela- tively short, this transfer reduces the circumferential bend- ing moment still more; that is, the circumferential bending ‘moment is smaller in the shell stiffened by the head than in the unstffened shell. This effect is introduced when the circumferential bending moment is defined as: Mp = KiQr any where Ky = Ke for values of A/R greater than 1, For values of A/R less than 0.5, Kr = ¥4Ke. For design purposes the following equations are recom- mended: a 3KiQ 4b +1.56-Vrt) 20 Q 12K:QR 4b + 1.56 Vb) ifL 2 8R aaa) re ifL
34) the shell alone ‘may not resist the circumferential bending moment. Ring stiffeners are then attached to the shell to alleviate the load on the shell. The length, |, of the shell that will act with ch stiffener canbe assumed (162) tobe equal t 0.78 7. ge 11.19 shows two recommended typen of Ineral ving scant (raat) Fig. 11-18, Loads and reactions on saddles (145), (Courtony of American Welding Society)24 ‘Aternate composite section AA Fg. 11.19. Example of interme sifening Hogs. stiffeners, and Fig. 11.20 shows corresponding types of external ring stiffeners. An inside ring stiffener is most, desirable from the strength standpoint because the maxi- , ‘mum stress is compression in the shell, which is reduced by the internal operating or test pressure. ‘An external ring stiffener is not very desirable from the appearance standpoint and is even less desirable from the strength standpoint because the maximum stress may be either compression in the outer lange or tension in the vessel shell due to load Q. The value of load P; on the top of the ring can be devel- oped by a procedure identical to the one followed to obtain Eq. 11.36. If the radius of the ring is taktn equal as to r, then @ pa aint ; 24 4? Pr = [3 sin* B — § sin 28 — B* + 48? cos 26) (See Eq. 11.36.) P= KwQ ass) where 1 (8 sin # — $ cin 28 — 8° + 46 008 Kio ~ gg @ aint 8 — Bein 29 — 6 + 8 00s 28) aay) in which K = sint 9 — 36? — bain 28 Values of P/Q (equal to Kio) are plotted in Fig. 11.18, for several values of the angle 8. Likewise, the circumferential bending moment at the top will be: (11.39) OF in? ‘s Ma = 90 lsin® BL — 4 008 6 + #8 sin B — 48%) = HB sin 8 + 48 cos B28 + sin 28 — 5 sin B + 8 cos A) Ma = KuQr 1150) where 1 sin? a(L — cos sin 6 — 38%) Ku = 5 lsin® BU — $008 6 + 38 sin 6 — 28") — 48 sin 6 + 48 cos 6(28 + sin 28 — 5 sin 8 + 8 c08 8) Values of M/Qr (equal to 1) are plotted in Fig. 11.13 for several values of the angle 8. ‘The maximum circumferential bending moment occurs at the point at which ¢ = 8, as shown previously. ‘Then by Eq. 11.40 My = KQr ‘The value of K is plotted in Fig. 11.15 asa function of the angle of contact of the saddle, 6 ‘The moment due to the tangential shear at any point is, siyen by Eq. 11.30, or = E(1~ cos ~ Sane) ‘The moment’due to the tangential shear at the horn of the saddle will be: Qe (Mada =F (. — cos 6 ~ $8 sin 8) (Ma = KunQr as) Table 11.1 gives values of Kis for different values of 8. Consider now the section of ring from the vertical to the horn of the saddle (at which the circumferential bending ‘moment is a maximum) under the action of the forces shown 11.21, ‘The load on the ring at the horn of the saddle can be determined by taking moments about the center, 0. (Pet Par + Mp = Ma + (Mads Pym 2M + (Maly Mal =P, (11.52) Substituting Eqs. 11.50, 11.51, 11.40, and 11.48 into Eq, 11.52 give Pp= (Kut Kis — Ke~ K)Q or Pe = Ku (11.53) ‘Table 11.1 gives values for Kis for several values of 8. ‘The stress on the ring will be the sum of the stresses due to the load Ps plus the stress due to the circumferential Fig. 11.20. Exomple of external stiffening ringsTable 11.1. Approximate Values of Constants for the Evaluation of Ring Stresses B89 Ky Ky Kw Ke Kus jas 90 0.03 0.286 0.132 0.082 0.102 120 120 0.02 0.189 0.100 0.0528 0.056 105 150 0.012 0.119 0.078 0.0316 0.021 90 180 0.006 0.0684 0.057 0.017 0.0004 moment Mp, or ~ KaQr ho — Se 11.54) fi Te ass) where A, = cross-sectional area of the ring stiffener, square inches 1 5 = section modulus of the ring When n rings are used,* fom 1.55) nA, (I/e)n When the ring is attached to the outside surface of the shell adjacent to the saddle or to the inside surface of the shell directly over the saddle, the maximum combined stress isa compressive stress in the shel, fao being negative. For design Zick recommends that the maximum combined compressive stress resulting from liquid loed and pressure should not exceed one half the compression yield point of the material (165). The maximum combined tensile stress resulting from liquid load and pressure should not exceed the allowable tensile stress of the material 117 DESIGN OF SADDLES The saddle must be capable of resisting the loads imposed by the vessel. Fig. 11.18 indicates the radial-load condition acting on a saddle, To resist the horizontal components of these radial loads, the saddle must be designed to prevent separation of the horns of the saddle when the vessel is carrying a full liquid load. Therefore, at the lowest point of either a steel or concrete saddle a minimum cross-sectional ‘arca must exist sufficient to resist the horizontal components of the reactions. A summation of the horizontal compo- nents on one half of the saddle is given by: a [O(a cb 0088) i ts f°Grytess eos aise) When two circumferential stiffening vings per saddle are attached to the shell (one on each side of a saddle) the minimum spacing betwen the rings shouldbe 1.56 /rt inches, and the aximum specog, B fst. Zick’s Nomogroph 215 where 1+ cos 8 ~ # sin® 6 pone f — ent as? — B+ sin Boos B ney According to Zick the effective section of the saddle resist- jing this horizontal force should be limited to a distance of 7/3 below the shell at the lowest point of the saddle. This. same restriction should also apply to the reinforcing steel cross section in a concrete saddle. The average design ‘stress should be limited to two thirds of the allowable tensile stress of the saddle material. For a saddle where @ = 120°, 8 = 120°, and 1 + cos 120° ~ J sin? 120° = (120/180) ¥ sin 120° cos 120 Kus Similarly, for a saddle where @ = 150°, Kay = 0.260 11.8 ZICK'S NOMOGRAPH FOR AID IN THE DESIGN ‘OF VESSEL SUPPORTS ‘As an aid in the design of supports for horizontal vessels, Zick (165) has presented the nomograph shown in Fig. 11.22, ‘which indicates the most economical locations and types of supports for vessels on two supports. The nomograph is based on a liquid density of 42 Ib per cu ft. If liquids of different. densities are involved or different materials of construction are to be used, a preliminary design may be ‘obtained by use of the figure. Large-diameter vessels constructed of thin-wall material should be supported near the closures provided that the shell can support the load between the saddles. The closures must be stiff enough to transfer the load to the saddles. Thick-walled horizontal vessels are sometimes too Jong toact as simple beams. According to Zick such vessels, should be supported where the maximum longitudinal bend- ing stress in the shell at the saddles is about equal to the maximum longitudinal bending stress at the mid-span. The shell must be stiff enough to resist this bending and to transfer the load to the saddles. If the shell is unable Fg. 11.21, Forces on rng stffa216 Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports Ne Nee es aT % a Sel thickness «hes =A ® Basis of design ‘-2as cae Caton tel ‘aw 9 par a Example shown by arrows I 129 sade Tangent leith, Z, fet Besevese si Am Bi oes. Cock nod- pate letras a5 Fig. 1.22. Location ond type of spport for horizontol pressure veuss on two supports by LP, Zick (1651. to provide the necessary stiffness, ring stiffeners should be added near the saddles. 11.9 EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF STRESSES Estimate the stresses induced by the supports in a vessel designed for storing lube oil and having the following design, data: Lube-oil API gravity 16.5 Working pressure 75 psi Design pressure 90 psi Design temperature 500° F Material SA.285, Grade C Allowable working stress 13,250 psi Joint efficiency 80% Corrosion allowance 3 in. Shell diameter (ID) 10 fe ‘Shell thickness (including corrosion allow- ance) % in, ‘Head thickness (including corrosion al- lowance) ‘Tangent length Bearing-plate width, b Heads employed (Courtey of American Welding Society) ‘To analyze the type of support to be employed for sup- porting the vessel, use is made of Fig. 11.22. By entering the figure with a shell-thickness value of 54 in. (with allow- tance for corrosion) and with a tangent length of 68 ft, itis found that the resulting zone indicates that A/R 0.5 with # equal to 120° and that the head-plate thickness should be checked. For this vessel R = 5 ft; therefore A will be taken as 234 ft (34 R) in order to take advantage of the stiffening effect of the head. ‘A sketch of the vessel with 120° saddle supports is shown in Fig, 11.23. Following is the calculation of the weight of one head of the vessel. From Fig. 5.12 the required blank diameter for 4 120-in.-diameter elliptical dished head is about 152 in. ‘The weight of the plate is: ¥(152)*(0.75)(490) _ (whcitz5)—_~ $650 IP por ead ‘The weight of two heads is 7700 Ib. ‘The shell weight 1£(10)(68)(0.75)(490) : = 65,500 Ib‘The volume of one head is given by Eq. 5.14. V = 0.000076 Dit = 0.000076(120)* = 131 cu ft per head ‘The total volume of the two heads is 262 cu ft. ‘The volume of the shell 1 OO (6a) = 5340 out ‘The total volume is: 262 + 5840 = 5600 ou ft ‘The density of the fluid is $9.7 Ib per eu ft The total weight of the Quid (vessel full) = (59.7)(5600) ‘= 334,000 Ib ‘The weight of the vessel and its convents = 334,000 + 65,500 + 7700 = 407,200 Ib ‘Therefore @ (load per saddle) = 204,000 Ib and H_A_25 a. 0.0368 ere a Mazimum longitudinal bending stress: ‘The saddles are located close to the heads of the vessel. ‘The maximum longitudinal bending stress exists at the center of the span between the saddles and is given by Eq. 11.8: £BKQL fa 6) From Fig. 115 Ka = 0.82 therefore fy = £1901082) (204,000) (6) = x(60)%C0-625) = $4920 psi Since {/r = 0.625/60 = 0.0104 > 0.005, the compression stress is not a factor in the design. Jp = longitudinal pressure stress, By Eq. 3.15 J = —0)0020) GwE=H ~ H(0.80)(0.635) Lo fy = 103820 < 0.8fcto, = 11,000 pai Tangential shear sre: ‘As the head serves to sliffen the shell, the tangenti shear stress in the head is given by Eq. 11.27. te = 5400 psi OKs f= Example Calculation of Stresses. 217 ‘From Fig. 11.10 and with @ equal to 120° Ky = 0.88 : therefore ‘The tangential shear stress in the shell is given by Eq. 11.28; and as égyen equals fyegas the shear stress in the head equals the shear stress in the shell. OKs ; = OKs _ 790 coy = Circumferential stress al horn of saddle: Since the shell is stiffened by the head and since L > 8R, Eq. 11.42 gives the circumferential stress at the horn of the saddle. f= he Messer) 2F From Fig. 11.16, 4/R = 0.5, and 6 = 120°; therefore Ky = 0.013 For the condition in which no credit for ¢ is taken for the wear-plate thickness, 204,000 (4)(0.625)[10 + 1.56 -V/(60)(0.625)) 204,000) he = —4180 ~ 10,180 = —14,360 psi ‘The maximum permissible stress equals: 12,650 x 1.25 = 15,800 psi [As the stress fr is less than the allowable stress, it is not, necessary to take credit for the wear plate, + fore Section And Fig. 1.23, Sketch of vet in example calevaton.218 Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports Additional sires in head used as stifener: ‘The maximum combined stress in the head equals: ‘The additional stress induced in the head when itis used aera stiffener is given by Eq. 11.44. ‘The maximum allowable stress in the head is: QKs a5 (12,650)(1.25) = 15,800 psi From Fig. 11.17 and with @ equal to 120° Ring compression in shell over saddte: aah ‘The stress in the shell band directly over the saddle is ae ven by Eg. 11.46. : therefore ae ' (204,000)(0.40) OKs fy = ORO) 2180 pst Son ——O _ fe" enycas25) : 1 +156-Ve) For an elliptical dished head (K = 2.0) the maximum ‘From Fig. 11.17 and with 8 equal to 120° pressure stress may be taken as equal to the circumferential hoop stress in the shell (see Chapter 7 and Eq. 7.57). From ere Eq. 157 h (204,000)(0.76 fp = RYE 0.21 = 0} , + (0.625)[10 + 1.56 VW (60) (0.625)] a 2B 6) = 12,700 psi pee ete oe owable stress equals the yield point divided by two. ‘a : According to reference 67 the yield point of SA-285, Grade C Using a one-piece head, we find that E = 1.0. steel equals 30,000 psi. Therefore 90((1)(420) + (0.2)(0.625)} ; 0 : = 2UGYA2O) + (0.2)(0.625)] a = 30.000 _ 15,000 Lp TBI aS) £8650 psi Hlowable stress = “O5°° 15,000 psi PROBLEMS 1. Regalculate the stresses in the vessel described in the example calculation (see Fig. 11.23) If the shell and head thickness is 134g in. rather than 34 in. 2. In reference to Fig. 11.1, the horizontal storage tank is 12 ft, 0 in. in inside diameter x 120 fh, On. long. The vessel is used to store bntane at 100 psi and 400° F and has elliptical dished hheads. The heads and shell have a thickness of 125 in, with a 34-in. corrosion allowance. ‘Assume the saddles are located 80 ft apart, @equala 120°, wear-plate width equals 10 in., wear- plate thickness equals % in., and the wear-plate extends 6 in. above the horn of the saddle. Ascume the vessel is fabricated of ASTMA-285, Grade C steel with a joint efficiency of 80%, ‘and calculate the stresses in the shell and head for the case in which internal stiffeners are not vused. 3, Redesign the storage vessel described in problem 2 for gasoline storage at 50 psi and 400° F using internal stiffeners in the plane of the saddle (soe Fig. 11.19), ASTMA-283, Grade C. steel, a joint efficiency of 80%, and no corrosion allowance. 4. Design the concrete saddles for the vessel described in problem 2, and specify the area of reinforcing steel if a 1:254:834 concrete mix is used (see Table 10.1).