Table of Contents

Thin cylinders: t < 0.1 di ..................................................................................................................... 1

Thin Spheres: t < 0.1 di ...................................................................................................................... 1
Intersecting Spheres ........................................................................................................................... 2
Thin Torus pressure vessels................................................................................................................. 3
Thick cylinders: t ≥ 0.1 di ................................................................................................................... 3
Failure criteria ................................................................................................................................. 3
Changes in cylinder diameter due to pressure:-............................................................................... 4
Shrunkfit cylinder:-.......................................................................................................................... 5
Short thick cylinder subjected to rotation and thermal stress .......................................................... 5
BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ........................................................................................................ 6
Long Beam with load (P) or moment (Mo) at the centre .................................................................. 6
Semi infinite Beam with Mo and P at x = 0 ....................................................................................... 6
DISCONTINUITY STRESSES ................................................................................................................... 9
For cylinder:- ................................................................................................................................... 9
For hemisphere, .............................................................................................................................. 9
NOZZLE REINFORCEMENT ................................................................................................................. 10
PIPING .............................................................................................................................................. 11
THICKNESS OF BEND ..................................................................................................................... 11
External Pressure; ......................................................................................................................... 12
PIPE SCHEDULE ................................................................................................................................. 17
DESIGN OF TALL CYLINDRICAL SELF-SUPPORTING PROCESS COLUMNS.............................................. 20
Skirt base design:- ......................................................................................................................... 23
Base ring design: ........................................................................................................................... 25
Top stiffening Ring: ....................................................................................................................... 25
Skirt to Base Ring weld: ................................................................................................................. 25
Vertical Stiffeners:......................................................................................................................... 26
Anchor Bolts:- ............................................................................................................................... 26
SUPPORTS FOR SHORT VERTICAL VESSELS......................................................................................... 29
Combined Column Stress in Compression. .................................................................................... 30
Limit stress condition: ................................................................................................................... 31
BASE PLATES ................................................................................................................................. 31
 LEG TO SHELL CONNECTING WELD SIZE ......................................................................................... 33
STRESSES IN A SHELL ..................................................................................................................... 34
SIZE OF ANCHOR BOLTS ................................................................................................................ 34
SUPPORT LUGS ............................................................................................................................. 35
Design for Wind Load ........................................................................................................................ 37
Wind load calculation.................................................................................................................... 38
Stresses due to seismic loads ............................................................................................................ 39
HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL ........................................................................................................ 41
Max bending longitudinal bending stress in the shell .................................................................... 41
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES IN THE PLANE OF SADDLE ................................................................. 44
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESSES AT THE HORN OF THE SADDLE ......................................................... 47
ADDITIONAL STRESSES IN A HEAD USED AS A STIFFENER............................................................... 48
RING COMPRESSION IN THE SHELL OVER THE SADDLE .................................................................. 49
DESIGN OF RING OF STIFFENER .................................................................................................... 51
FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS OF PIPE ........................................................................................................... 54
STRESSES IN BIMETALLIC JOINT ......................................................................................................... 55
BUCKLING OF CYLINDERS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE .................................................................... 55
Axial loading ................................................................................................................................. 58
LATERAL BUCKLING ........................................................................................................................... 59
General Expression for Lateral Buckling, ........................................................................................ 59
Minimum crippling stress (Two lobe configuration) ....................................................................... 59
INELASTIC COLLAPSE PRESSURE .................................................................................................... 60
ASME Design For Lateral Buckling ................................................................................................. 60
BUCKLING OF CYLINDER WITH INITIAL DEFORMATION .................................................................. 62
ALLOWABLE STRESS RANGE .......................................................................................................... 62
CHARTS ............................................................................................................................................. 64
 List of tables and charts

Elastic foundation coefficients ................................................................................................... 8

basic allowable stresses in tension for metals ......................................................................... 13
longitudnal weld joint quality factor ........................................................................................ 15
weld joint strength redction factor ,W ..................................................................................... 16
coefficient gamma for t < D/6 .................................................................................................. 16
Pipe schedule ............................................................................................................................ 17
Factor A ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Factor B ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Skirt Base Details ...................................................................................................................... 24
Skirt base details ....................................................................................................................... 28
vertical reaction R on support column ..................................................................................... 29
Stiffness reduction factors........................................................................................................ 32
vessel OD vs Kd ......................................................................................................................... 39
Longitudnal Bending Moment Coefficients .............................................................................. 42
values of k coefficients horizontal vessels................................................................................ 53
Collapse and Buckling coefficients .......................................................................................... 56
Factor A and B........................................................................................................................... 58
Stress range reduction factor ................................................................................................... 63
 Thin cylinders: t < 0.1 di
Hoop stress, i
t= t - thickness of cylinder

i
Longitudinal stress , L =

Radial dilation
( )
δr = ri2

Dilation in length direction

( )
δr = ri2

Thickness calculation based on ASME Code:

 Based on Normal stress(circumferential stress)

t=
.

Based on Shear stress

t=

Thin Spheres: t < 0.1 di

i
t = l =

Radial dilation
( )
δ= ri2

Thickness calculation based on ASME Code:

 Based on Normal stress(circumferential stress)

t=
.

Based on Shear stress

t=

1
 Intersecting Spheres
1. Solid Disc:
H = 2t cosø, t = Thickness of pressure vessel.
ri = Inside radius of pressure vessel.
= poisons ratio.
tr = Thickness of ring

2. Circular Ring:
ø ø
Htr =
( )

Equilibrium Equation:
2 1
= +

Conical Shell:

Hoop stress, 2 =

Longitudinal stress, 1 =

Elliptical Shell:
( )( / )
r1=

( )( / )
r2 =

a = Major axis
b = Minor axis

Longitudinal stress, 1 =

Hoop stress, 2 = (r2 - )

At Crown:

1= 2 =

At Equator:

1 = , 2 = (1- ) dilation, δ = (1 - - )

2
 Thin Torus pressure vessels
1 =
( ) ( )
2 = = ( )

2 in Torus:-
i) Centre line of torus bend θ =0
σ2 =
ℎ
ii) Outside of bend θ = π/2
( )
σ2 = ℎ ( )
iii) Crotch or inside of bend θ = 3π/2
( )
σ2 =
ℎ ( )

Thick cylinders: t ≥ 0.1 di

Equilibrium Equation:

r + r- θ =0

Displacement Equation:

U = Ar +

Hoop stress, σθ = C -

Radial stress, σr = C +

( )
C= =

( ) ( )
D= =
( )

Failure criteria
Fails in Tension, t = ri ( -1)

Fails in Shear, t = ri ( -1)

3
Birnies equation for open ended cylinder:

( )
t = ri ( -1)
( )

= Allowable stress , = poisons ratio

P= Internal pressure ,ri = internal radius

Clavarinos equation for Closed ended cylinder:

( )
t = ri ( -1)
( )

Internal pressure required for Partial yielding:-

Pi =

Internal pressure required for fully yielded:-

Pi ΄= - σypln , Pi΄ = Bursting pressure

Changes in cylinder diameter due to pressure:-

Δdi = +

Δdo = −

4
Shrunkfit cylinder:-
( ) ( ) ( )( )
Ur= − Pc= ( )

Inner cylinder

σr= ( − ) σϴ= ( + )

Outer cylinder

σr= ( − ) , σϴ= ( + )

Short thick cylinder subjected to rotation and thermal stress

Plain stress condition:-

σr = C - −( + ) − [ ]

σϴ= C + −( + ) − + [ ]

For Plain strain condition:-

Replace

ν by

E by

α by (1+ν)α

5
 BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Long Beam with load (P) or moment (Mo) at the centre

a. With central load (P)

i) Deflection, y = ,

= k - Foundation modulus
E - Modulus of elasticity
I - moment of inertia

ii) Slope, θ = -

iii) Moment, M =

iv) Shear Force, V = -

b. With Moment (Mo)

i) y= ii) θ =

iii) M = iv) V = -

Semi infinite Beam with Mo and P at x = 0

y = -

θ = - +
M=- +
V =-P -2

6
7
0-1Elastic foundation coefficients

8
 DISCONTINUITY STRESSES

For cylinder:-
( )
Radial dilation, =

Thermal Dilation ,Yt1 = α1R1ΔT

( ) ( )
Dilation due to , , Y01 = +

( ) ( )
Rotation due to , ϴ01 = +

Longitudinal stress σL,1 = +

Hoop stress σϴ,1 = + +

( )
β1= =
√

.
β1= (when ν=0.3)
√

For hemisphere,
yo = +

θo = +

= βR , R = mean radius
For Flat head,
( )
yo =

( )
θo = -
( )

9
 NOZZLE REINFORCEMENT
treg = . .

Aremoved = Treg(di +2c)

Total area available, Aav = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
Area available, A1 = (di + 2c) (t - treg- tm - tc)
Nozzle area additional available due to H1
A2 = 2H1 (t - treg- tm - tc)
Nozzle area additional available due to H1
A3 = 2H2 (t - tm – 2tc)
Additional area due to welding,
A4 = 4*( )

Aav>Aremoved, No padding required

Adeficit = Aremoved - Aavailable

tpad = ( )

H1 = ( + )( − ) , H2 = ( + )( − )

Thickness of cylindrical shell,

ts = , ts =
. . . .

Thickness of Hemispherical shell,

th =
. . .

10
 PIPING
Tm = ( )
+

Where.
P = Internal Design gauge pressure
D = Outside diameter of pipe
S = Allowable Stress
E = Joint
nt Quality factor
Y = Coefficient from table
C = C1+C2
C1 = Corrosion Allowance
= 1.6mm in general for carbon steel
= 0 for stainless steel
C2 = Depth of thread
(used only up to 1” NB)
W= Weld joint strength reduction
red Factor
The calculated thickness to be corrected to consider the mill
tolerences of 12.5%

THICKNESS OF BEND
ASME B31.3, in its1999 Edition, added the formula as below for establishing the
minimum thickness of bend.
bend after bending, in its finished form, shall be
The minimum thickness of a bend
t=

At the intrados (inside bend radius)

and at extrados (outside bend radius)

11
and at side wall, the bend Centre line radius I=1.
The thickness apply at mid span γ/2
γ/2. Where
W = Weld Joint strength reduction factor.
(tm)extrados < (tm)intrados > (tm)straight pipe

External Pressure;

Pa =4Bt/3Do
Where, Do- outer diameter
t=thickness

12
0-1 basic allowable stresses in tension for metals

13
ASME B 31.3 Appendix ‘A’ Table A-1

14
0-2longitudnal weld joint quality factor

ASME B 31.3, Appendix ‘A’ Table A-1B

15
 0-4coefficient gamma for t < D/6

0-3weld joint strength redction factor ,W

16
 PIPE SCHEDULE

0-1Pipe schedule
17
Thickness of straight pipe under external pressure
A Factor

0-2 Factor A

18
 B Factor

0-3 Factor B

19
DESIGN OF TALL CYLINDRICAL SELF-SUPPORTING PROCESS COLUMNS
Tangential stress, σt= ≤ ( )

Where,
D= mean corroded shell diameter, in.
P= design pressure, psi
t= corroded thickness of the shell, in.
Sa= Code allowable stress, psi, reduced joint efficiency if required
Moment of Inertia:
I=
Stress in longitudinal direction, σL
Where,
P= Pressure, W= Dead weight, M= applied moment
On the windward side,
σL=( + −( ) )
membrane unit stress,
l= + −
.
Shell thickness,
t= + − / a

On the leeward side,

σL=( − −( ) )
membrane unit stress,
l= − −
.
when the internal pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure, leeward side:
σL=− −( )≤
for vacuum vessels:
σL=− + −( )≤

The maximum shear stress on the leeward side under internal pressure is:
τ= or − ≤
Shell thickness,
t= + + / a

Design for internal vacuum or external pressure, Straight line interacting formula:

+ ≤

Where,

20
σLc=collapsing stress under axial load alone
= collapsing pressure under external pressure alone

Design of the support skirt shell

Type 1. Skirt butted to the knuckle portion of the head. Weld joint efficiency E=0.55, based
on the weld leg equal to tsk

21
Type 2. Skirt lapped to the cylindrical portion of the shell. Weld joint efficiency E = 0.80,
based on the weld leg equal to tsk
The maximum longitudinal stress due to the external moment M and weight W at the base:

σL=−( )±

The longitudinal compressive stress at the base under test conditions. If the vessel is tested in
vertical position:
σL=−( )

The maximum stress in the skirt-to-head weld, with the weld joint efficiency E depending on
the type of the skirt and weld used, quite often determines the support skirt thickness,

tsk= + /( )

where, E= weld efficiency

= Diameter of skirt
=Thickness of skirt
The maximum stress at a section through an opening in the skirt:
σL= ± −( )

22
Skirt base design:-

23
0-1 Skirt Base Details

24
Base ring design:
p= + /b kips/in2

where,
p=bearing pressure due to dead weight load
W= dead weight load
M=external moment
The maximum bending stress in the base ring plate:

σb= = ≤

The required base plate thickness:

= in.,

Where,
n= dimension
Sb=allowable bending stress
For Sb=20kips/in2, tb=(0.15pn2)1/2 in.

Top stiffening Ring:

×
σ= = ( )
≤
( )
Z=
×
tr = ( )
in.

Skirt to Base Ring weld:

Windward side,
l1 = − lb/lin.in.

Leeward side,

l2 = + lb/lin.in.

the size of weld leg, w= l2/fwin.

where, the allowable weld unit force,

fw= 1.33Sa x0.55 for wind or earthquake
fw= 1.20Sa x0.55 for the test condition

25
Vertical Stiffeners:
= − .

tv= 0.5in to 1.25in

Anchor Bolts:-
The Maximum tension:

T= − = − lb/in.

The maximum Force on the bolt at distance x=d/2:

26
 F= = − lb/bolt

The required bolt area:

[ ( )]
Ab=

Initial bolt load due to pretightening of the bolt nut:

Fi= −

Fa= −

Total variable load per bolt:

F=Fi + CFa
The minimum tensile stress in the bolt:

S= −

Total Variable load:

F=Fi + Fam±
Where,
27
K = Stress concentration factor from table 4.1
′
Factor, C = ′ ′

0-2 Skirt base details

The required bolt area:

[ ( )]
Ab= = =

Minimum approximate initial torque which is required to get initial pretension of Fi:
′
T= ′

Where N’= no. of threads per unit length of the bold

db= nominal bolt diameter

28
 SUPPORTS FOR SHORT VERTICAL VESSELS
Support-leg columns

0-1 vertical reaction R on support column

29
The maximum total axial load at leeward side (compression)

= + Operating Coditions

= Test Conditions

The maximum axial load on the windward side (uplift)

= − + Operating Conditions

= − + Empty

The eccentric loads P1 and P2 at column top are W0 - operating weight

= − + Operating Conditions We - empty weight

Db - Nominal bore diameter

= Test Conditions
N - Number of legs
= − Operating Conditions

= − Empty

Combined Column Stress in Compression.

a) Operating conditions:

axial compression: =

A= cross section area of the shape

Bending: = +

is section modulus resisting bending of the selected shape

arbitrarily selected to reflect the partial restraining influence at leg base.

30
b) Test conditions:

Axial compression: =

Bending: =

Maximum compressive stress in column:

= +

Limit stress condition:

+ ≤ for ≤ .

+ ≤ for ≥ .
( ′ )

Fe’ can be taken from AISC manual.

BASE PLATES

Maximum compressive unit pressure between base plate and concrete

= ± if ≥

31
0-2 Stiffness reduction factors
32
Base reacting moment:

= C= load

= = moment

= [ ⁄ − ]

=
⁄
′
Bearing pressure: = ≤ = .

is the maximum allowable bearing pressure on concrete

Base-plate Thickness: = ( −. )

= ( −. )

⁄
= = ⁄
=

= ( ) × √( ⁄ )
is allowable bending stress for the plate material

= 0.6 times yield strength for carbon structural steel

Average bending pressure:
( − )
=

LEG TO SHELL CONNECTING WELD SIZE

Shear: =

⁄ ⁄
Bending stress: = ( = linear section modulus of weld)

=( + )

Size of weld leg: =

is allowable unit force for fillet welds

33
STRESSES IN A SHELL

The approximate maximum general longitudinal stress in shell at section a-a.

= + − in tension
E shell weld efficiency
P operating pressure
= + in compression

The maximum localised stress to cause buckling above the leg top at section b-b

= ≤ maximum Code allowable stress for axially loaded cylinderical

shells in compression
= + ( ) is the effective resisting length
Moment: +

SIZE OF ANCHOR BOLTS

4
= −

W=either operating weight or empty weight lb

=allowable tensile stress under operating or empty conditions for bolt,

N= number of leg supports

34
If > no uplift exist and the minimum practical bolt size, usually − 1 in, selected

SUPPORT LUGS

Support Lugs Without Stiffening Rings:

=
2
Maximum compressive stress
6
= +

Gusset thickness:

= (3 − )⁄

is allowable stress in compression

TOP BAR: uniformly distributed load =

ℎ

6 6
= =
8ℎ

Or = 0.75 ℎ

c=2 in. min and 8 max

=the allowable stress in bending for the bar material

35
 Supporting Lugs with full reinforcing rings

1 1
= − cot =
2
R= centroidal radius of the ring
Tangential (axial) thrust:
cot
= =
2
Combined stress at load points

= + <

A is cross section area of ring stiffner

is ring section modulus about x-x axis

Bending moment at mid points between the loads:

1 1
= − =
2 sin
Axial thrust:

= =
2 sin

Combined maximum stress:

= + <

36
Design for Wind Load

37
Wind load calculation

t = PRi / (SE-0.6P) mm
P = design pressure
S = allowable stress
E = weld efficiency (normally 1- RadioGr)
Pw = wind pressure load over area
A = windward projected surface area
B = shape factor - 1.3 for flat surface
0.6 for round surface
Cf = net pressure co_eff depends on geometrical
Shape of structure

38
0-1vessel OD vs Kd

Stresses due to seismic loads

39
40
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Max bending longitudinal bending stress in the shell

θ = angle of contact in degrees

H = depth of head in ft.

b = width of saddle in in.

2Δ = effective portion of shell above saddle in rad.

R = radius of the shell in ft.

r = radius of the shell in in.

t = shell thickness in in.

th = head thickness in in.

L = shell length in ft.

X0 = r sin(Δ/Δ)

Q = load per one saddle in lb.

41
Effective length = L +

Weight per linear foot of the beam =

[ ]

[ ]
Bending moment at the mid span, M1 = − = K1 lb-ft.

Section modulus Z1 = πr2t in3.

Bending stress S1 = ± =± =± psi.

Bending moment in the plane of saddle M2 = QA 1 − lb-ft.

2Δ = 2 + rad.

S’1 =

0-1 Longitudnal Bending Moment Coefficients

42
 .
Shear stress at any point near to the stiffeners S2 = K2 = psi.

S’2 = K’2 psi.

When the shell is stiffened by the ring stiffener in the plane of the saddleor in the planes
adjacent to the saddle, then the section modulus, z = π r2t

Tensile stress (S1 + longitudinal stress due to internal pressure) <= allowable stress of
material.

43
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES IN THE PLANE OF SADDLE

44
45
46
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESSES AT THE HORN OF THE SADDLE

47
ADDITIONAL STRESSES IN A HEAD USED AS A STIFFENER

48
RING COMPRESSION IN THE SHELL OVER THE SADDLE

49
50
DESIGN OF RING OF STIFFENER

51
52
0-2 values of k coefficients horizontal vessels

53
FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS OF PIPE

54
 STRESSES IN BIMETALLIC JOINT

BUCKLING OF CYLINDERS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE

55
0-3 Collapse and Buckling coefficients

56
57
0-4 Factor A and B

Axial loading

58
 LATERAL BUCKLING

Where
M – Bending Moment
υ-Poisson ratio
R – Current radius of curvature
D/2 – Initial radius of curvature
h – Thickness of pressure vessel

& ( )
General Expression for Lateral Buckling,

Where n – Number of lobes

Minimum crippling stress (Two lobe configuration)

, ( )
<=

, ( )
>
Where Et = tangent modulus at that point

59
INELASTIC COLLAPSE PRESSURE
Pp = ηPc

Where η<1 and

Es – Secant Modulus

ASME Design For Lateral Buckling

Long Cylinder,

D
l = 1.11 D
t

(two lobe configuration)

For υ = 0.3,

Short Cylinder

60
Intermediate Cylinder
.
2.6E
P =
+ 0.45

If is very small,then
.
.
and Allowable pressure,Pa = Pc / F.O.S

.
1.3E
σ =

.
.
= = A Factor

If a stiffener ring is used

If F.O.S is not given,then take 4

X = 1.56√Rh
As – Area of stiffener

D L s
I = ∗ Factor A
10.9

61
BUCKLING OF CYLINDER WITH INITIAL DEFORMATION

Cylinder is assumed as elliptical Cylinder

uo - Maximum deformation
u1 - Initial Deformation, = u cos2ϕ
u2 – Deformation due to external pressure
u Pcosϕ
u =
(P − P)
PRu
M =
1−

where P =

PR 6Pu R
σ = +
h 1−

ALLOWABLE STRESS RANGE

Expansion stress range, S ≤ FOS(S +S )

Where, SYc – cold yield strength and SYh– hot yield strength
Sc =Allowable stress at minimum metal temperature
Sh =Allowable stress at maximum metal temperature
Sallow =Allowable stress range
S = FOS(1.6S + 1.6S )
According to ASME B 31, Allowable stress range is equal to 78% of yield
stress.

S = 1.6 ∗ 0.78(S + S ) = 1.25(S + S )

62
From the above total allowable stress, 1 Sh is reserved for the longidudinal stress
developed due to loading. Therefore,

S = 1.25S + 0. 25S (Without considering cyclic condition)

According to ASME 31.3,

S = f(1.25S + 0. 25S ) (considering cyclic condition)

f – stress range factor
.
f = 6(N) ≤1

0-1 Stress range reduction factor

63
CHARTS

64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76