KT & Ky Parafin Oil

DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT II: DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL
Name of students: id
1. KEGNENEH TEFERA R/686/04
2. KIBROM YITBAREK R/697 /04
Assignment issued on:
Submission date:
Specification
SPECIFICATION
 MAIN PARAMETER
Medium = paraffin oil
Inner Service Pressure, [Mpa] = [ 6.3 ]
Nominal Volume, [m3] = 1
Service Temperature, [ C ] = 350
Position = vertical
 Supporting Element
Saddle frame
 CONNECTING PIPES
2 longitudinal & 1 lateral pipes nominal diameter, [mm] = 150
Bottom discharge nominal diameter, [mm] =25
b. One pipe for safety valve nominal diameter 25mm (flange)
c. One sample opening nominal diameter 25mm (flange)
d. One bottom discharge pipe, if necessary with flanges,
Table of Content
PRESSUR VESSEL DESIGN DESIGNED BY: KENGENEH & KIBROM 2015
s
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Classification of Pressure Vessels..................................................................................................1
1.2. Components of pressure vessel....................................................................................................2
1.3. Length and diameter of vessel......................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................7
1.1. MATERIAL SELECTION..................................................................................................................7
1.2. CONCLUSION ABOUT THE MATERIAL SELECTION.......................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................10
3.1. WELDING TYPE................................................................................................................................10
THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF WELDING:.................................................................................................10
CODE REQUIREMENTS:......................................................................................................................11
THE ECONOMY OF WELDING:............................................................................................................11
3.2. CONCLUSION ON THE TYPE OF WELDING TYPE..............................................................................12
CHEPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................13
4.2 Review different type of closure head.............................................................................................15
4.3CALCULATIE REQUIRED HEAD TICKNESS...........................................................................................15
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................17
5.1 IDENTIY DESIGN OF HEAD TO SHHELL TRANSTION..........................................................................17
5.2 SELECTION OF FLANGE BASED ON THE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RATING............................17
5.4 Gaskets............................................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER SIX..............................................................................................................................................29
6.1 CALCULATING WALL THICKNESS OF THE NOZZLE............................................................................29
6.2 REINFORCMENT OF OPENING.........................................................................................................30
6.3 DESIGN OF MANHOLE OR INSPECTION............................................................................................32
CHAPTER SEVEN........................................................................................................................................33
7.1 SUPORET DESGENAND CHECK OF PRESSURE VESSLE......................................................................33
Design of saddles...............................................................................................................................33
STRESSES IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT LOADS..................................................................................33
COMBINATION OF STRESSES.............................................................................................................41
7.2 FABRICATION AND WELDING METHOD...........................................................................................42
DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1

CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that carry, store, or receive fluids are called pressure vessels. A
pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside.
The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside, except for some isolated situations. The
fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boilers, or may
combine with other reagents as in the case of a chemical reactor. Pressure vessels often have a
combination of high pressures together with high temperatures, and in some cases flammable
fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be
such that no leakage can occur. In addition these vessels have to be designed carefully to cope
with the operating temperature and pressure. It should be borne in mind that the rupture of a
pressure vessel has a potential to cause extensive physical injury and property damage. Plant
safety and integrity are of fundamental concern in pressure vessel design and these of course
depend on the adequacy of design codes.
1.1. Classification of Pressure Vessels

1) Based on the thickness and its diameter ratio.
2) Based on the end of constriction open and closed end.
The pressure vessel must be designed with a great care of because of if it the explode it
will hart the works and loss of property .They are most of the time in the shape of
cylindrical , spherical ,closed and open end.
Material for pressure vessel may be brittle (cast iron) and ductile e.g. hydraulic cylinder, gun
barrels, pipes, boilers and storage tanks.
The following table is contains same types of pressure vessel according to pressure rating and
the capacity of volume.
Type Pressure Rating Volume capacity
Chemical Tank Less than 115 psi Less than 0.02 gallons
Expansion Tank 115 to 170 psi 0.02 to 0.13 gallons
Food/beverage Tank 170 to 1,000 psi 0.13 to 9 gallons
Gas Cylinder 1,000 to 6,400psi 9 to 35 gallons
Process Tank 6,400 psi and above 35 gallons and above

High pressure vessels function under greater than normal amount of pressure without
compromising seals or bursting.
Stainless steel pressure vessel are used as storage, mixing, jacketed and reactor tanks in food and
beverage processing, pharmaceutical product, and other sanitary applications, same pressure
vessels control the temperature of their contents and are monitored by a series of gouges on the
outside of the tank, other are designed to store volatile substances at high temperature.
Industrial applications
They have wide application in storing ,transporting ,processing of fluid under high presser in
chemical industries ,sugar industries ,oil and petroleum industries etc .They also appear as
components of aerospace and marine vehicles such as rocket and balloon skins sub marine
hulls .And also used as reactor ,separator and heat exchanger.
Positioning
Boilers and pressure vessels are to be installed on foundations of Substantial strength and in such
a position that there is sufficient access for cleaning, examination and repair anywhere on the
outside?
The clearance between boiler with uptake and tanks for fuel oil, adequate for free circulation of
air to keep the temperature lubricating oil and cargo oil and cargo hold bulkheads are to be
1.2. Components of pressure vessel

The shell
It is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded together
to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shells are cylindrical,
spherical and conical in shape. The pressure vessel , according to their dimensions , may be
classified as thin shell or thick shell. If the wall thickness of the shell ( t ) is less than
1/10 of the diameter of the shell ( d ) , then it is called a thin shell. On the other hand , if
the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell , then is
said to be a thick shell. Thin shells are used in boilers , tanks and pipes , whereas thick
shells are used in high pressure cylinders , tanks , gun barrels etc.
Head
Is part or component used to close both ends the shell. The shape of the heads used can
vary. The most common head shapes are.
Hemispherical head

A sphere is the ideal shape for a head , because the pressure in the vessel is divided
equally across the surface of the head. The radius ( r ) of the head equals the radius of
the cylindrical part of the vessel.
Ellipsoidal head
This is also called a 2:1 elliptical head. The shape of this head is more economical , because
the height of the head is just a quarter of the diameter. Its radius varies between the major
and minor axis.
Tori spherical head
These heads have a dish with a fixed radius ( r ) , the size of which depends on the type
of tori spherical head. The transition between the cylinder and the dish is called the
Knuckle. The Knuckle has a toroidal shape. The most common types of torispherical heads,
Conical head
This is a cone shaped head.
Tori conical head
This is a cone shaped head with knuckle.
Support
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. In all cases , the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied
weight , wind , and earthquake loads. Generally It is component which is used to support
the pressure vessel.
Nozzles
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure

vessel. The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to
permit easy disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following
applications:
-Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
-Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure gauges).
-Provide access to the vessel interior at anyways.
-Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger or mixer)

Flange
Is external or internal rip or tip which is used for strength or for attachment to another
object…etc. i.e. flanged joints are used for connecting pipes and instrument to vessels for
manhole covers and for removal vessel head when easy or access is required.
Fig.4 flange
Manhole
Is a hole through which a man may enter or creep in to adrain , sewer , steam boiler part
of machinery for cleaning or repairing. Identical to a nozzle except it does not bolt to
piping and it has a cover plate (or blind flange) , which is bolted to the flange. When
unbolted it allows access to the inside of the vessel. Generally 18 in. or larger in size.
Gaskets
A gasket is used to create a seal between mating surfaces of machines or piping

assemblies. The seal is necessary to prevent leakage of gas , liquid , or dust into or out of
these assemblies. The gasket must be able to withstand the pressures applied to it and to
be unaffected by the temperature or materials that it comes in contact with. When a
gasket is clamped between the mating surfaces of a joint it must deform enough to
compensate for the imperfections in the finish of the mating surfaces. It would not be
economical to machine all surfaces to a mirror finish , and the bumps , scrapes , and
corrosion of normal use would soon reduce the quality of the finish. Tool marks are
usually evident on the surfaces of most machine pieces. The clamping pressure applied to
these joints does not create enough distortion in the flanges to effect a seal , so a
gasket , placed between these surfaces , deforms to fill in the valleys and compress on the
high points. The gasket must be soft enough to deform , yet strong enough to resist being
squeezed out by the pressure carried in the machinery. It is desirable to have some
roughness (tool markings) on most flange surfaces to help grip the gasket and prevent it
from creeping under internal pressure. These tool marks should run the same way as the

lay of the gasket ; that is , a circular gasket should have circular tool marks in the flange
face.
1.3. Length and diameter of vessel

We know that the volume of a pressure vessel is 2.5m3 and the volume is
equal to the sum of the volume of the head and the volume of the shell (which is in
cylindrical in shape).
According to process equipment design , brown ell and young suggest that the
ratio of L/D can be determined by according to their presser value. And the ratio of L/D is
given blow. The pressure that was given for my operating pressure is 6.3MPa (914.4Psi).
Operating pressure
Is a pressure which required for the process, served by the vessel, at which the is vessel
normal operated.
Design pressure
Is the pressure used in the design of a vessel? It recommended designing a vessel and its parts
for higher pressure than the operating pressure.
Design pressure=operating pressure+ 5 to 10 percent operating pressure
=6.3MPa + 0.1*6.3MPa
=6.93MPa
N.B :- we take 10 percent of operating pressure for safe design.
Pressure
Psi MPa
L/D ratio
3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448
Table 2.The pressure table value that used to find L/D ratio
Since the design pressure greater than 3.448MPa we take the ratio of L/D=5.
Then,
V=2Vh+Vs

Where:-
Vh=volume of the hemispherical head
Vs=volume of the cylindrical shell
( 4 /3)× π × R3 ( 4/3)× π ×( D/2)3 (1/6)× π × D 3

Vh= = =
2 2 2
V h=(1/12) × π × D3 ; D=internal diameter of the shell ( D=2× R)
Vs=π × R 2 × L=π ×(D/2)2 × L=(1 /4)× π × D2 × L ; L=length of the shell
Vs=(1/ 4)× π × D 2 ×(5 D) ; L/ D=5∧L=5 D
Vs=(5 /4)× π × D3
And the sum of the volume is 1m3
V =2V h+V s=1 m3=2(1/12)× π × D 3 +((5 /4)× π × D 3)=4.44833 D3
1m3=4.4483D3
D= (1/4.44833)1/3m=0.668m=0.7m
Therefore:-
D= 0.7m
And L=5D=5*0.7m=3.5m............................ (ans)

CHAPTER TWO
1.1. MATERIAL SELECTION
The following mechanical and physical properties are very important for the selection of
the martial by using different kind standard such as ASMS.
 strength
 corrosion resistance
 resistance to hydraulic attack
 fracture toughness
 fabric ability
A. strength
The strength of the material are based on the mechanical propriety of the material that
used for the most easy ,fast ,strong and low cost of production .some of the mechanical
properties are(yield strength ,ultimate tensile strength ,creep strength and rupture strength).
Yield strength
Yield strength is the region which a material changes from plastic to elastic deformation.
Some of the material I select for my presser vessel are shown below and there yield
strength .The stress level at which the plastic deformation begins.
Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast Stain less

iron steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
Yield 35 69 138 197 205

strength(MPa)
Table2. Yield strength of alloys
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) is a measure of the basic strength of the
material .it is the maximum stress that the material will stand and measure by a standard
tensile test.
Material Aluminum stainless steel Cast iron Copper Nickel

18Cr/8Ni(304)
UTS(MPa) 90 510 414 200 520
Table2. Ultimate tensile strength

Creep test
Material are often placed in a service at elevated temperature and exposed to static
mechanical stress. Deformation under such circumstance is termed creep .The time
dependent and permanent deformation of material when subjected to a constant lode and
stress.
Rupture strength
Is the material resistance to the fracture caused by the internal pressure
of the fluid that was present inside the tank. And it is proportional to tensile
strength(UTS) which means the material have high UTS and it have good
Rupture strength.
B. Corrosion resistance
Corrosion: is partial or complete wearing away, dissolving, or softening of any substance by

chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. The term corrosion specifically
applies to the gradual action of natural agents, such as air or salt water, on metals.
The most familiar example of corrosion is the rusting of iron, a complex chemical reaction in
which the iron combines with both oxygen and water to form hydrated iron oxide. The oxide is a
solid that retains the same general form as the metal from which it is formed but, porous and
somewhat bulkier, is relatively weak and brittle.
Chemical Cast iron Aluminum Nickel Copper Steen less

steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
Oil G G C C G
Table 3.corrstion property
G-good and c-caution-depending on the martial
C. Resistance to hydraulic attack
The tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing
temperature. The temperature that give for my presser vessel is 3500C (662F) above 600F,
hydrogen attack cause irreparable damage through the component thickness & can damaged
carbon and low alloy steel.
Material Cast Aluminum Nickel copper Steen less steel

iron 18Cr/8Ni(304)
Tensile 414 90 520 200 510

strength(ULT)MPa
Design stress at -- -- 230 -- 100

temperature
(3500C)MPa
Table.4 temperature effect on UTS
D. Fracture toughness
The ability of the material that absorb energy up to fracture .brittle fracture without
applicable deformation and by rapid crank propagation .The direction the crack motion is
very nearly perpendicular to the direction the applied tensile stress and yield stress related
with fracture surface. Brittle fracture is depended on the stress concentration (K). And stress
concetration facer is shown below.
Material Steel less Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast

steal18Ni/8Cr iron
Fracture 76 44 Low Low Low

toughness(K),MPa
Table.5 fracture toughness
E. Fabric ability
Based on how it made and cost of production. A guide to the fabrication properties of
common metals and alloys are shown below.
S -satisfactory
D -Difficult, special techniques needed.
U –UN satisfactory.
Martial Mashing Cold Hot Casting Welding Annealing

work work temperate(oC)
Cast iron S U U S U/D _
Stainless S S S D S 1050
steel(18Cr,8Ni)304
Nickel S S S S S 1150
Aluminum S S D S S 550
Copper(dioxides) D S S S D 700

Table.6 fabric ability
1.2. CONCLUSION ABOUT THE MATERIAL SELECTION

I select Stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni(304)because it has good yield strength(205MPa),
tensile(UTS) strength(510MPa), good fracture toughness, good resistance of temperature, good
corrosion resistance and it can fabricate in different method except casting.
Material Tensile( Modulus of Hardness Specific

UTS)stre elasticity, Brinell gravity
ngth, GPa
Mpa
Stainless steel 510 210 160 8.0

18Cr/8NI (304)
Table 7 .Revision of property of stainless steel R [1]
CHAPTER THREE
3.1. WELDING TYPE
Welding, in engineering, any process in which two or more pieces of metal are joined together
by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. There are several methods to make
welded joints. In a particular case the choice of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on:
1. The circumstances of welding.
2. The requirements of the code.
3. The aspect of economy.
THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF WELDING:

In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a small diameter
vessel (under 18-24 inches) from the inside, no manual welding can be applied. Using backing
strip it must remain in plate. In larger diameter vessels if a man way is not used, the last (closing)
joint can be welded from outside only. The type of welding may be determined also by the
equipment of the manufacturer.

CODE REQUIREMENTS:
Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material and
location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of vessels
are also restricted by the Code. The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following pages under
the titles:
(a). TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS: Joints permitted by the code, their efficiency and limitations of
their application. Table UW-12
Type-1 Type-4
Type-2 Type-5
Type-3 Type-6
(b). DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS: Types of joints to be used for vessels in various services and
under certain design conditions.) UW-2, UW-3
(c).JOINT EFICIENCIES AND STRESS REDUCTIONS: Efficiencies of joints at certain locations and
reduced allowable stress to be used in calculations of vessel components.
The data of the table are based on the following Code regulations: Full, spot, partial radiographic
examination or no radiography of A, B, and C joints. UW-11
For longitudinal stress calculation the efficiency of partially radio graphed joints is the same as
for spot radio graphed joints. Seamless vessel sections and heads with Category B,C or D butt
joints that are spot radio graphed shall be designed for circumferential stress using a stress value
equal to 85% of the allowable stress value of the material; UW-12(b)
When the joints are not radio graphed and for joint efficiency, E the value in column of table
“Types of welded joints” are used, in all other design calculation, a stress value equal to 80% of
the allowable stress value of material shall be used except for unstained flat heads, etc. UW-
12(c)
THE ECONOMY OF WELDING:

If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the deciding
factor.
Some consideration concerning the economy of welding-edge preparation, which can be made
by torch cutting, is always more economical than the use of J or U preparation.
Double V preparation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for single V
preparation.

Increasing the size of a fillet weld, its strength increases in direct proportion, while the deposited
weld metal increases with the square of its size. Lower quality welding makes necessary the use
of thicker plate for the vessel. Whether using stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite
is more economical, depends on the size of vessel, welding equipment, etc. this must be decided
in each particular case.
There are different kind of welding based on IS-28-25 it categorized in to 4 select
(A) category A: longitudinal welded joints within the main sheet, communicating, Chambers,
nozzles and any welded joints within a formed or flat Head.
(B) Category B: circumferential welded joints within the main shell communicating chambers,
nozzles and transitions in diameter including joints between the translations and a cylinder at
either the large of small end, circumferential welded joints connecting from heads to main shells
to nozzles and to communicating hampers.
(C) Category c: welded joints connecting flanges, tubes sheets and flat heads to main shells, to
formed heads, to nozzles or to communicating chambers and any welded joints connecting one
side plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel.
(D) Category d: welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to main shell, to
heads and to flat sided vessels and those joints connecting nozzles to communicating chambers
3.2. CONCLUSION ON THE TYPE OF WELDING TYPE

I select Category A (type 1) and butt joint for the shell and head. And its radiographic
examination (full), joint efficiency is (E=1).
Property of the selected welding

CHEPTER FOUR
4.1 Calculate the sell thickness
The body of static equipment under pressure is in many cases a cylindrical shape. The shell
thickness calculation is to calculate the wall thickness of a cylinder, cone,, and sphere under
pressure. And it is therefore a basic strength calculation. Calculation codes are ASME rules.
To find the thickness of the pressure vessel which subjected to internal design pressure of
P=6.93MPa there are different equations and its corrosion allowance for stainless steel
18Cr/8Ni is (2mm) from the table. There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure
that any vessel is sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads.
Where t = min. required thickness of shell, mm
P = internal design pressure, Pa
R = inside radius of shell, mm
S = max. Allowable stress, Pa
E = joint efficiency (min)
C.A=corrosion allowance, mm
CIRCUMFERNTIAL STRESS
It means that the governing stress will be the circumferential stress (hoop stress) in the long
seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 0.385SE .In which case we shall use the
following formulae for thickness of shell
t = PR/ (SE -0.6P) + C.A
LONGITUDINAL STRESS
It means that the governing stress will be the longitudinal stress in the circumferential joint. For
this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 1.25SE. OR if the circumferential joint efficiency is
less than than ½ the longitudinal joint efficiency. In which case we use the formula for thickness
is
t = PR/ (2SE +0.4P) + C.A
Given P=6.93MPa

R=0.35m
S= 100MPa
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m
let’s use these two equation to find the thickness of the pressure vessel and select the smallest
value of them because safety purposes. The weight of the pressure vessel can affect the support
leg.
• Case1 using
(a) Circumferential stress(longitudinal joint)
P ≤ 0.385SE
P ≤ 0.385*100MPa*1
6.93MPa ≤ 38.5MPa............................ (Satisfied)
PR
Therefore t= +C . A
( SE−0.6 P)
(6.93 MPa ×0.35 m)

¿ +0.002 m
(100 MPa ×0.9−0.6 ×6.93 MPa)
t=0.0302 m=30.2 mm
t=30.2mm......................... (Ans)
• case 2 using
(b) Longitudinal stress (circumferential stress)
P ≤ 1.25SE
P ≤1.25 ×100 MPa ×1
6.39MPa ≤ 125MPa................... (Satisfied)
PR
Therefore t= /+C . A
(2 SE+ 0.4 P)

(6.93 MPa∗0.35 m)
= + 0.002 m
(2∗100 MPa∗0.9+0.4∗6.93 MPa)
t= 0.0152m=15.2mm
t=15.2mm............................... (Ans)
And the smallest value is t=15.2mm and for standard value let’s take t=20mm.
Finally let’s fined the external radius and diameter
R o=R+t=0.35 m+0.020 m
Ro =0.37m................................... (Ans)
And
D o=2× R o=2× 0.37 m
Do=0.74m................................. (Ans)
4.2 Review different type of closure head

The ends of cylindrical vessel are closed by heads of various shapes. Some of them are
listed below
a) Flanged head
b) Hemispherical head
c) Elliptical head
d) Tori spherical head
e) Conical head
f) Tori conical head
From the type of heads which is listed above I choose hemispherical head. Because
hemispherical head is the strongest shape , capable of resisting about twice the pressure of tori
spherical head of the same thickness
4.3CALCULATIE REQUIRED HEAD TICKNESS

My pressure vessel is hemispherical head in shape and 6.93MPa internal design pressure is
applied on it and its thickness is given blow
According on the two theory
1) thin-shell theory

S= (PR)/ (2t)
2) ‘’exact’’ theory
S= [PRi3/R30-R3i] [1+R30/2R3i]
Where
P=internal design pressure
E=joint efficiency
R0= external radius
Ri =internal radius
S= allowable shear
tH=thickness of the head
Given
Ri=0.35m
Ro=0.37m
P=6.93MPa
t=20mm=0.020m
E=0.9
C.A=2mm=0.002m
1) thin-shell theory
S= (PR)/ (2t)
S= (6.93MPa*0.35m)/ (2*0.020m)
S=60.64MPa............................. (Ans)
2) ‘’exact’’ theory
S=[ PRi 3/( R 3 0−R 3 i)][1+ R 3 0 /2 R 3i]
S=[(6.93 MPa ×(0.35 m) 3)/(0.37 3−0.353)m3 ]×[0.9+(0.37 3/2× 0.35 3)]

S=60.76MPa.................................... (Ans)
Therefor let’s find the head thickness and take the largest value for S=60.76MPa.
t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P) + C
¿( 6.93 MPa × 0.35 m)/(2 ×60.76 MPa ×0.9 – 0.2× 6.93 MPa)+0.002 m
t¿ 0.024 m=24 mm
t=24mm.......................... (Ans)
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 IDENTIY DESIGN OF HEAD TO SHHELL TRANSTION
To joined the head and shell I use butt walled joint according on the category and the head shell
have deferent thickness in according to CODE UW-9(c),UW-13. Joining of a plate unequal
thickness with butt weld, the thickness of the plate shall be tapered is more than 3.125mm
(1/8in).
Fig 6.waldig type of head to shall
Thickness of head (th=24mm) and shell (ts=20mm), their deference (4mm) is greater than
3.125mm (1/8in) or 3.175mm.
l ≥3 × y ∧ y=4 mm
l ≥ 12mm.

5.2 SELECTION OF FLANGE BASED ON THE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

RATING
For selecting the standard dimension and material for the flange by applying the American
National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981 of temperature and pressure rating. The given
temperature is 350oC (662oF) and pressure is 6.93MPa (1.005KPSi). And I can’t find the
Machu value there for design pressure lets change in to standard value which is
7.756MPa(1125Psi).
Class 300lb.
Hydrostatic test/design pressure MPa(PSi) 7.756(1125)
Temperature ,oC(oF) Maximum allowable non-shock pressure,

MPa(PSi)
350(662) 3.68(535)
Table 8 .Temperature pressure rating R [2]
We know that the flange is class 300lb and the material is Forged steel SA105 R [2].I select
Welding-neck flanges, because have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded
joint. This gradual transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange
and branch, and increases the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable
for extreme service conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear
and vibration loads. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on process
vessels and process equipment. R [1]
There are 4 flange that I used for my pressure vessel their value is shown below.
• Two longitudinal pipe with D=80mm (3.15in).
• One lateral pipe with D=80mm (3.15in).
• One bottom discharge D=40mm (1.575in)
Table 9. 300lb. Flanges standard ANSI B16.5
Nomin Diameter Length Diameter Diameter of Outside Thickness of Outside bolti

al pipe of the through the of the hub the hub at diameter the flange diamete ng
size, bore, hub [C] at the the base flange [H] [J] r the
mm(in mm(in) point of [G] raised
) [A] welding face
[E] [K]
150(5. 154.178(6. 98.425(3.87 168.402(6. 206.375(8.1 317.5(12.5) 36.5125(1.4 215.9(8 M16

9) 07) 5) 63) 25) 375) .5)

25mm( 26.67(1.05 61.9125(2.4 33.528(1.3 53.975(2.12 123.825(4.8 17.4625(0.6 50.8(2) M10

1) ) 375) 2) 5) 75) 875)
fig 7.welding neck flange

4.3FLANGE AND GASKAT DESGIN R[1]
A) FLANGE APPLIED LODE AND FALNGE MOMEANT
The lode on the flange can be given as fallow
m=gasket factor
Pi=internal pressure of flange, Pi=3.68MPa
B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe
B=A/2
b=effective gasket selling width
2b=effective gasket pressure width
tf=thickness of flange , tf=J
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4
hg= (H - G)/4
ht= (G + H)/4
G’=mane diameter of gasket
¿ B+(ht−h g)
Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)

¿ πG’ (2 b) mP i
H=total pressure
¿( π /4)G ’ 2 P i
Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange
¿( π /4)B 2 P i
Ht=pressure for a flange face
¿ H−H d
The moment on the flange is
M op=H d ×h d + H t × ht + H g × h g
Let’s calculate the lode and moment
 There gasket factor width and internal pressure for the flange are the same
m=1.25, b=10mm and Pi=3.68MPa
h d=(G+ H – 2 E)/ 4
For 25 mm=(53.975+123.825−2 ×33.528)mm /4=27.686 mm
For 150 mm=(206.375+317.5−2 ×168.402)mm /4=46.77 mm
h g=( H−G)/ 4
For 25 mm=(123.825−53.975)mm /4=17.4625 mm
For 150 mm=(317.5−206.375)mm /4=27.78 mm
ht =(G+ H)/ 4
For 25 mm=(53.975+123.825) mm/4=44.45 mm
For 150 mm=(317.5+206.375) mm/4=130.97 mm
t f =J
For 25mm=17.4625mm
For 150mm=36.5125mm
B=A/2

For 25mm=26.67mm/2=13.335mm
For 150mm=154.178mm/2=77.09mm
G ’=B+(ht −h g )
For 25 mm=13.335 mm+(44.45−17.4625)mm=40.3225 mm
For 150 mm=77.09 mm+(130.97−27.78)mm=180.28 mm
H=( π /4) G ’ 2 P i
For 25 mm=(π / 4)(40.3225 mm) 2× 3.68 MPa=4,699.3 N
For 150 mm=(π / 4)(180.28 mm)2 ×3.68 MPa=93,936.16 N
H d=(π /4) B 2 Pi
For 25 mm=(π / 4)(13.335 mm)2 3.68 MPa=513.95 N
For 150 mm=(π / 4)(77.09 mm)2 ×3.68 MPa=17,176.46 N
H t =H−H d
For 25 mm=(4,699.3−513.95) N =4,185.35 N
For 150 mm=(93,936.16−17,176.46)N =76,759.7 N
H g =πG’ (2 b)mP i
For 25 mm=π (40.3225 mm)(2 ×10 mm)1.25 ×3.68 MPa=11,654.27 N
For 150 mm=π (180.28 mm)( 210 mm) 1.25 ×3.68 MPa=52,105.7 N
The moment is
M op=H d × hd + H t ×ht + H g ×h g
For 25mm pipe
M op=(513.95 N )(27.686 mm)+(4,185.35 N )( 44.45 mm)+(11,654.27 N )(17.4625 mm)
=403,780.717Nmm=403.780Nm
For 150mm pipe
M op=(17,176.46 N)( 46.77 mm)+(76,759.7 N )(130.97 mm)+(52,105.7 N )(27.78 mm)
¿ 12,304,057.29 Nmm=12,304.057 Nm
The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by
W m1=H + H g
W m1 , 25 mm=4,699.3 N +11,654.27 N=16.353 kN
W m1 , 150 mm=93,936.16 N +52,105.7 N =146.04 kN
The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up conditions. The
moment is given by
M atm=W m 2∗h g
Where Wm2 is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given by Wm2=yπG’b
y=gasket sating pressure (stress) =2.8MPa
W m 2, 25 mm=2.8 MPaπ 40.3225 mm× 10 mm=3,546.95 N=3.54695 KN
M atm ,25 mm=3,546.95 N × 17.4625mm=61,938.61 Nmm=61.93 Nm
W m 2, 150 mm=2.8 MPaπ 180.28 mm ×10 mm=15,858.25 N =15.85825 KN
M atm ,150 mm=15,858.25 N × 27.78mm=440,542.19 Nmm=440.542
B) Flange stress R [2] and R [3]
Flange stress are given by
Longitudinal hub stress
σ hb=F 1 M
Radial flange stress
σ rd=F 2 M
Tangential flange stress
σ tg=F 3 M −F 4 σ rd
where M is taken as Mop/B’ or Matm/B’, whichever is the greater; and the factors F1, F2, F3 and F4
are functions of the flange type and dimensions, and are obtained as followed
F 1=1/ λ g t 2
Where:-

gt =(G−A )/2
λ=δ + γ
δ =t 3 /d
γ =α /T
α =te +1
d=(u/ v) h o g o2
g o=J
h o=(B ’ g o)1 /2=( B’ J )1 /2
d=(u/ v)(B ’ J )1/ 2 J 2
B’=(G− A)/2
F 2=β /λt 2
Where:-
t=thickness of the flange=J
β=1.333 te+1
F 3= y /t 2
Where:-
y=(1−v 2) u
F 4=z
Where:-
z=k-factor
K=A’/B’
A’= (H-G)/2
B’= (G-A)/2
k= (H-G)/ (G-A)
K 25 mm=(123.825−53.975) mm/(53.975−26.67)mm

=2.56
K 150 mm=(317.5−206.375)mm/(206.375−154.178)mm=2.12
And from R [3] we find this table
Nominal pipe K T Z Y, MPa(Psi) U

Dia.(mm)
25 2.56 1.32 1.36 0.015(2.19) 2.41
150 2.12 1.46 1.57 0.019(2.74) 3.01
Table 10.value of (K, T, Z, Y and U) R [3]
Y-gasket seating design stress
• Let’s find the value of (e)
e=F /h o=F/(B ’ J ) 1/2
Let’s find the value of F (in y-axis) by using ASME code, section viii, Dev 1.in x-axis g1/go(or
B’/J) and (**)
h /h o(¿(C−J )/( B ’∗J )1 /2)
After calculating ofthis value I fined F for each flange
And the values are shown blow.
F25mm=0.6
F150mm=0.68
e 25 mm=0.6 /15.44 mm=0.039 /mm
e 150 mm=0.68 /30.87 mm=0.022/mm
and let’s find (α and β)
α 25 mm=10 mm(0.039 /mm)+1=1.39
α 150 mm=10 mm(0.022/mm)+1=1.22
β 25 mm=1.333 ×10 mm( 0.039/mm)+1=1.52
β 150 mm=1.333 ×10 mm(0.022 /mm)+1=1.29
And γ will be

γ 25 mm=1.39/1.32=1.053
1.22
γ 150 mm= =0.8356
1.46
lets find the value of v from ASME code Viii Div. 1 using by the value of (**) and it will be
v 25 mm=0.1
v 150 mm=0.12
d will be
d 25 mm=(2.41/0.1)(13.6525mm × 17.4625mm)1 /2 (17.4625 mm)2
=113,468.98mm3
d 150 mm=(3.01/0.12)(26.0985 mm × 36.5125mm)1/2(36.5125 mm)2
=1,032,297.84mm3
The value of δ will be
δ 25 mm=(10 mm) 3/113,468.98 mm 3
=0.00881
δ 150 mm=(10 mm)3/1,032,297.84 mm 3
=0.00097
Let’s find the value of λ
λ 25 mm=1.06181
λ 150 mm=0.83657
y will be
y 25 mm=(1−0.1 2)2.41=2.386
y 150 mm=(1−0.12 2)3.01=2.96
gt will be
gt =13.6525 mm
gt =26.0985 mm

Nominal Dia. F1(1/mm2) F2 (1/mm2) F3(1/mm2) F4

(mm)
25 0.0050 0.0143 0.0238 1.36
150 0.0017 0.0154 0.0296 1.57
Table 11.value of the constant
To find the stress on the flange we must the value of the moment M and it is the largest of
them (Mop/B’ or Matm/B’). And it is given blow
Nominal diameter(mm) Mop, Nm(KNmm) Matm(Nm)
25 403.78(403.78) 61.93
150 12,304.057(12,304.057) 440.542
Table12.
There for M=Mop/B’ the stress is
σ hb=F 1 M
For 25 mm=0.0050(1/ mm 2)(403.78 KNmm /13.6525 mm)
=147.87MPa
For 150 mm=0.0017(1 /mm 2)(12,304.057 KNmm/26.0985 mm)
=801.46MPa
σ rd =F2 M
For 25 mm=0.0143(1/mm 2)(403.78 KNmm /13.6525 mm)
=422.93MPa
For 150 mm=0.0154(1/mm2)(12,304.057 KNmm/26.0985 mm)
=7,260.28MPa
σ tg =F 3 M −F 4 σ rd
For 25 mm=0.0238(1/ mm 2)(403.78 KNmm /13,6525 mm)−1.36 × 422.93 MPa

=128.71MPa
For 150 mm=0.0296(1/mm 2)(12,304.057 KNmm/26.0985 mm)−1.57 ×7,260.28 MPa
=2,556.2MPa
The flange must be sized so that the stresses given by equations satisfy the following criteria:
when ffo=102.04MPa(14.8KPSi) is the maximum allowable design stress for the flange material
at the operating conditions. R[1] and [2]
σ hb>1.5 f fo
For 25 mm 147.87 MPa>153.06 MPa−−−−(sat isfied)
F 0 r 150 mm 801.46 MPa>153.06 MPa−−−−(satisfied)
σ rd > f fo
For 25 mm 422.93 MPa>102.04 MPa−−−−−−−(satisfied )
For 150 mm 7,260.28 MPa>102.04 MPa−−−−−−(satisfied )
0.5( σ hb +σ rd )> f fo
For 25 mm 285.4 MPa>102.04 MPa−−−(satisfied )
For 150 mm 4,030.87 MPa>102.04 MPa−−−(satisfied )
0.5( σ hb +σ tg )> f fo
For 45 mm138.29 MPa>102.04 MPa−−−(satisfied )
For 80 mm 1,678.83 MPa>102.04 MPa−−−(satisfied )
5.4 Gaskets
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is impractical to machine
flanges to the degree of surface finish that would be required to make a satisfactory seal under
pressure without a gasket. Gaskets are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform
and flow under load to fill the surface irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain sufficient
elasticity to take up the changes in the flange alignment that occur under load
GASKET DESIGN
Gasket is used between assembling of two flanges having connecting pipes.

The minimum seating stress is force per unit area on the gasket which is required to case the
material to flow and fill the surface irregularity and same leakage of medium (in our case
paraffin oil)
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will not
normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for tightening with
a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the maximum bolt
spacing:
From the table R[1] and R[2] the material [SA-193-B7] and maximum allowable stress(fb) for
the bolt is 172.37MPa(25KPSi).
The minimum bolt area is given by
Abf=Wm/fb
Where Wm greatest of Wm1or Wm2
Nominal Dia.(mm) Wm1(KN) Wm2(KN)
25 16.353 3.54695
150 146.04 15.85825
Table13.
Abf =W m / f b
For 25 mm=16.353 KN /172.37 MPa=94.8 mm 2
For 150 mm=146.04 KN /172.37 MPa=847.25 mm 2
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will not
normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for tightening with
a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the maximum bolt
spacing:
Pb=2d b +6 t f /(m+0.5)
Where Pb-bolt pitch (spacing), mm
d b -bolt diameter, mm
t f -flange thickness, mm

M-Gasket factor, 1.25
Pb will be
For 25 mm=2 ×10 mm+6 ×17.4625 mm /(1.25+0.5)=71.3 mm
For 150 mm=2× 24 mm+6 × 36.5125 mm/(1.25+0.5)=152.61mm
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 CALCULATING WALL THICKNESS OF THE NOZZLE R [2]
To find the thickness of the nozzle
t n=PR/( SE−0.6 P)+C . A
Where tn-thickness of the flange
P-maximum allowable
E-joint efficiency (E=0.9)
S-maximum allowable stress
R-internal radius of the pipe
C.A-corrosion allowance
For my nozzle I selects SA-106-B from the table and S=103.42MPa (15.0KPSi). R [2]
Given
Nominal Dia. (mm) P, MPa(PSi) C.A, mm(in) Radius(mm)
25 27.2 (3946) 1.6 (1/16) 12.5
150 7.77 (1128) 0.25 (1/4) 75
Table 14
E=0.9
S=103.42MPa
tn will be
t n , 25 mm=[(27.2 MPa ×12.5 mm)/(103.42 MPa∗0.9−0.6 × 27.2 MPa)]+1.6 mm

=6.03mm
t n , 150 mm=[(7.77 MPa ×75 mm)/(103.42 MPa ×0.9−0.6∗7.77 MPa)]+ 0.25 mm
=6.84mm
6.2 REINFORCMENT OF OPENING

The “equal area method” is the simplest method used for calculating the amount of
reinforcement required, and is allowed in most design codes and standards. The principle used is
to provide reinforcement local to the opening, equal in cross-sectional area to the area removed
in forming the opening. If the actual thickness of the vessel wall is greater than the minimum
required to resist the loading, the excess thickness can be taken into account when estimating the
area of reinforcement required. Similarly with a branch connection, if the wall thickness of the
branch or nozzle is greater than the minimum required, the excess material in the branch can be
taken into account. Any corrosion allowance must be deducted when determining the excess
thickness available as compensation. The standards and codes differ in the areas of the branch
and shell considered to be effective for reinforcement, and should be consulted to determine the
actual area allowed and the disposition of the various types of reinforcement. For branch
connections of small diameter the reinforcement area can usually be provided by increasing the
wall thickness of the branch pipe. Some design codes and standards do not require compensation
for connections below 89 mm (3 in.) diameter. If anything, the equal area method tends to over-
estimate the compensation required and in some instances the additional material can reduce the
fatigue life of the vessel. More sophisticated methods for determining the compensation required
have been introduced into the latest editions of the codes and standards. The equal-area method
is generally used for estimating the increase in thickness required to compensate for multiple
openings. R [1]
First calculate the reinforcement area R [3]
A=D× t × F Where t r−shell thickness=0.64(( D+t n)t n )1 /2`
F-correction factor=0.75
D-diameter of the pipe
tn-nozzle material thickness
E-joint efficiency=0.9
t-Shell material thickness= (for shell 20mm or for head 24mm)
A=D× t × F
A 25 mm=25 mm× 24 mm ×0.75=600 mm2

A 150 mm=150 mm × 20 mm× 0.75=3000 mm 2
By taking A1 as the largest of the A11 or A12 calculating the reinforcement area of the
vessel
A 11=( Et −F × t r ) D∧ A 12=2( E× t−F ×t r )×(t +t n)
A 11, 25 mm=(0.9 ×24 mm−0.75 ×8.75 mm)25 mm=375.93 mm2
A 12 ,25 mm=2(0.9 ×24 mm−0.75 × 8.75 mm)( 24 mm+6.03 mm)=903.15 mm 2
A 11 , 150 mm=(0.9 ×20 mm−0.75× 20.96 mm)150 mm=342 mm2
A 12 ,150 mm=2(0.9 ×20 mm−0.75 ×20.96 mm)(20 mm+6.84 mm)=61.20 mm 2
There for A1 (reinforcement in shell) will be the largest value of (A11 or A12)
A1, 25mm=903.15mm2
A1, 150mm=61.20mm2
By taking A2 as the smaller of A11 or A22 and calculate the available nozzle wall.
A 21=(t n−t rn) 5 t∧A 22=2(t n−t rn)(2.5 t n−t e) ,t e=0( no pad )
A 21 ,25 mm=(6.03 mm−0.9742 mm)5 ×24 mm=606.696 mm2
A 22 ,25 mm=2(6.03 mm−0.9742 mm)(2.5 × 6.03 mm−0)=152.43mm 2
A 21 ,150 mm=(6.84 mm−5.8451 mm)5 × 20 mm=99.49 mm2
A 22 ,150 mm=2(6.84 mm−5.8451 m)(2.5 ×6.84 mm−0)=34.02mm2
A2 will be
A2, 25mm=152.43mm2
A2, 150mm=34.02mm2total
Atotal=A1+A2
A25mm, total = (903.15+152.43) mm2=1,055.58mm2
A40mm, total = (61.20+34.02) mm2=95.22mm2
Nominal Dia.(mm) Atotal(mm2) A(mm2)
25 1,055.58 600

150 95.22 3000
Table 15.
Atotal25> A it is adequately reinforced.
For150mm reinforcement pad is required
Using reinforcing pad, the required area of pad
( A−A total) 150=3000−95.22=2,904.78 mm 2
Using 10mm SA-516-60 plate for reinforcing pad where, W=width

of pad
W 65=2,904.78/10=290.478 mm
Diameter of pad is=W+D Dp=diameter of pad
D p ,150=290.478+150=440.478 mm
6.3 DESIGN OF MANHOLE OR INSPECTION R[9]
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal corrosion, erosion
or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand hole, or other inspection
openings for examination and cleaning. The required inspection openings shown in the table
below are selected from the alternatives allowed by the Code, UG46, as they are considered to be
the most economical. The inside diameter of my pressure vessel is 0.7m(27.56in).
According to the diameter its manhole recommended is 381mm (15in).
Di mm(in) Inspection opening required, mm(in)
700(27.56) 381(15)

CHAPTER SEVEN
7.1 SUPORET DESGENAND CHECK OF PRESSURE VESSLE
The method used to support a vessel will depend on the size, shape, and weight of vessel; the
design temperature and pressure; the vessel location and arrangement; & the internal and
external fittings and attachments. Horizontal vessels are usually mounted on two saddle supports;
Skirt supports are used for tall, vertical columns. Brackets, or lugs, are used for all types of
vessel; the supports must be designed to carry the weight of the vessel and contents, and any
superimposed loads, such as wind loads. Supports will impose localized loads on the vessel wall
and the design must be checked to ensure that the resulting stress concentration is below the
maximum allowable design stress. Supports should be designed to allow easy access to the
vessel and fittings for inspection and maintenance
Design of saddles
The saddles must be designed to withstand the load imposed by the weight of the Vessel and
contents. They are constructed of bricks or concrete, or are fabricated from steel plate. The
contact angle should not be less than 120Ž, and will not normally be greater than 150Ž. Wear
plates are often welded to the shell wall to reinforce the wall over the area of contact with the
saddle. The dimensions of typical “standard” saddle designs are given in Figure below. To take
up any thermal expansion of the vessel, such as that in heat exchangers, the anchor bolt holes in
one saddle can be slotted.
STRESSES IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT LOADS
a) DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE
As we are treating methanator as a thin cylinder so the values of hoop stress & longitudinal stress
are calculated as under
Therefore radial stresses are ignored (very small) so we consider the following primary
membrane stresses
(a)Hoop Stresses and (b) Longitudinal Stresses
• HOOP STRESSES (S 1)
S1= PiDi /2t
= (6.93MPa) (700mm) / 2(20mm)
= 121.27MPa

• LONGITUDINAL STRESS (S 2)
S2= PiDi/ 4t
= (6.93MPa) (700mm) / 4(20mm)
= 60.63MPa
As hoop stress is greater so design is based on hoop stress.
b) STRESS DUE TO WEIGHT OF VESSEL & ATTACHMENT
It is assumed that weight of the vessel and its attachments results in compressive stress only &
eccentricity doesn’t exist and the resulting force coincides with the axis of the vessel.()
The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows.
• Erection weight
• Operating weight
• Test weight
The compressive stress due to the weight is given by
S = W / ct --------------------------------------------- (a)
Where S = unit stress, MPa
W = weight of vessel above the section under consideration, N
c = circumference of shell or skirt on the mean diameter, mm
t = thickness of shell or skirt, mm
The weights of different vessel elements are given in the tables attached.
WEIGHT
A) ERECTION WEIGHT
SHELL=ρ shell ×V shell × g
¿ 8,000 Kg/m3 × 0.1796 m3 ×9.81 m/s 2=14.095 KN
HEADS= ρhead × V head × g
¿ 8,000 Kg/m3 ×1.347 m 3 ×9.81 m/s 2=105.71 KN
3 ¿ FLANGES(6)=n ×¿

¿ 170.7 KN
ERECTION WEIGHT=290.5KN---------------(ANS)
B) OPERATING WEIGHT
Which include the weight of the erection + operatingliquid
Erection weight = 290.5KN
weight for operating liquid=ρliquid × v pressure vessel∗g
¿ 800 Kg/m3 ×2.5 m 3× 9.81 m/s 2
=19.620KN
Total weight=19.620KN + 290.5KN=310.1KN------(ans)
STRESS DUE TO WEGHT
Putting values in the formula (a)
Where, c=π × D mean =3.14 ×700 mm=2,198 mm
t = 20mm
S w=310.1 KN / (2,198 mm× 20 mm)=7 MPa(compressive)−−−−−−−−(1)
c) STRESS DUE TO WIND LOAD:
Towers under wind pressure are considered as uniformly loaded cantilever beams. The
computation of wind is based on standard ANSI A58.1-1982. Where terrain features and local
records indicate that 50 years at standard height are higher than those shown in the map, those
higher values shall be the minimum basic wind speed.
The minimum basic wind speed for determining design wind pressure shall be taken from the
map of wind speed. Design wind pressure shall be determined by the following formula:-
F=wind lode=q × G× C f × A
P=q s × G× C f A / A=q × G× C f
Where, P= Design wind pressure, MPa
q = Wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 9.144m (30 feet) as tabulated:

Basic wind speed, 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

mph, V
Pressure PSf, q 13 17 21 26 31 37 44
Table 16. wind pressure R[2]
Cf = Pressure coefficient (shape factor):
Round or elliptical towers----------------------------0.8
G = Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient as tabulated:
Coefficient G
Height above ground, ft. Exposure C Exposure B
0-20 1.2 0.7
20-40 1.3 0.8
40-60 1.5 1.0
60-100 1.6 1.1
100-150 1.8 1.3
150-200 1.9 1.4
Table 17 .Coefficient of C and B R[2]
Exposure C---------------------The most severe exposure
Exposure B ---------------------Intermediate exposure
For the methanator we will take a wind speed of 112.7Km/hr(70mph), so the value of
q s=0.089 MPa(13 psf )
Cf = 0.7-------------------------For circular vessel
G = 1.2 ---------------Intermediate exposure & vessel height of 5.03m(16.67ft)
There for the value of wind pressure using the above formula will be;
P = 0.074MPa

We will take the wind pressure 0.089MPa.
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
Shear V =P w× D1 × H
Moment at base M =P w × D1 × H ×h 1
Moment at height h(t) M t=M −h t {V −0.5 P w D1 h t }
Stress S=12 M / R 2× π ×t
Table 18. Formula R [2]
Where, D1= width of the vessel with insulation, 7.6m=760mm
E = Efficiency of the welded joints = 0.9
h1= lever arm, ft = H / 2 = 2.51m=2510mm
ht = distance from base to section under consideration, 1.52m=1520mm
H = length of vessel section, 5.03m=5030mm
M = Maximum moment (at the base), Nm
Mt= Moment at height h t, Nm
Pw= Wind pressure, 0.074MPa
R = Mean radius of vessel, 0.35m=350mm
S = Stress due to wind, MPa =?
V = Total shear, N
t = Thickness of shell excluding corrosion, 30mm
The values of shear, moment at base & moment at skirt joint are calculated as under and then the
stress developed in response to the moment M(t) using the formulae listed in the table above. By
putting the values of the parameters listed above for methanator

Shear V =0.074 MPa ×0.76 m× 5.03 m
V = 0.28MN
Moment (at base) M =0.074 MPa × 0.76 m× 5.03m ×2.51 m
=0.71MNm
Moment at head to skirt joint
M t=M – 1.52 m{V – 0.5 ×0.074 MPa ×1.52 m× 0.76 m}
Mt = 0.349MNm
Stressdue ¿ wind=12 × M /(R)2× π ×t
¿ 12× 0.349 MNm/(0.35 m)2× π × 0.02m
= 544.1MPa------------ (tensile)

d) STRESS DUE TO SEISMIC LOAD
a) PERIOD OF VIBRATION
As a result of wind tall towers develop vibration. The period of vibration should be limited, since
large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue failure. The allowable period has been
computed from the maximum permissible deflection.
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
Period of vibration, T sec T=0.0000265(H / D)2*(w*D /t)½
Maximum allowable period of vibration, Ta Ta=0.80(WH /Vg) ½s

sec
Table 19 .Formula for time of vibration R [2]
Where, D = Outside diameter of vessel, 0.76m=706mm
H = Length of vessel including skirt, 5.03m=5030mm
g = 9.81m / sec2 gravitational acceleration
t = Thickness of skirt at the base, 10mm
V = Total shear = ZICW/Rw (calculated ahead)=42.02KN
W= Weight of tower, =310.1KN
w= weight of tower per mater of height, = 61.65KN
Putting values to get period of vibration for methanator
T =0.0000265(5.03 /1)2∗(61.65× 0.76 ×1/0.01)½
T = 0.046 sec
Now allowable period of vibration
T a=0.80 {W × H /V × g }½=0.8 {(310.1 ×5.03)/( 9.81∗42023) }1 /2
Ta = 0.049sec
As ‘T’ is less than ‘Ta’ hence the condition is satisfied
STRESS DUE TO EARTHQUA
= 0.07TV (Ft shall not exceed 0.25V)

= 0, for T < 0.7
H =Length of vessel including skirt, 5.03m=5030mm
I = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for vessels)
K = Horizontal force factor (use 2.0 for vessels)
M = Maximum moment at the base, Nm
Mx= Moment at distance x, Nm
S = Numerical coefficient for site structure resonance
= 1.0
The product CS shall not exceed 0.14
W = Weight of the vessel, 310.1KN
Z = Seismic factor
= 0.15
Shear=(0.15× 1× 2.62× 671.52 KN )/2.9
V = 42,023N
F t=0.07 × T ×V =0.07 ×0.28 × 42,023 N =823.65 N
0.25V = 259.65N
As condition is that Ft should not exceed 0.25V so it is satisfied for methanator
Therefore Moment
M =[823.65× 5.03+(42023−823.65)×(2×5.03 /3)]
M =142.29KNm
Moment at skirt to head joint
Mt = M(x/H) where x=H/3=5.03m/3=1.67m
¿ 142.29 KNm×(1.67 m/5.03 m)
=47,244.06Nm

Therefore stress due to earthquake
S eq=12× M t / R 2× π × t
¿ 12× 47244.06 /(0.35)2 × π ×0.02
¿ 73.65 MPa
COMBINATION OF STRESSES
The stresses induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in combination to
establish the governing stresses.
It is assumed that wind and earthquake loads do not occur simultaneously
Thus the tower should be designed for either wind or earthquake load
Whichever is greater?
In case of methanator the stress due to internal pressure is the hoop stress (membrane stresses),
the stress due to earthquake (greater) & stress due to weight (compressive) is considered
Combination of stresses will be as follows

+stress due to earthquake
+stress due to internal pressure
-stress due to weight
From the previous calculations putting the values of stresses
+73.65MPa
+121.27MPa
-7MPa
Combined stress at the head to skirt joint on the vessel in operating conditions =187.92MPa
COMPARISON
The governing stress will be tensile as shown by the positive sign, which is lesser than allowable
stress of the given material at that particular temperature
Therefore the design is safe.
7.2 FABRICATION AND WELDING METHOD

Fabrication and welding method of the pressure vessel is based on the economic aspects of the
shelland the head. I used for the fabrication of the head and the shell by using but joint welding
for the contacting of the shall and head. We know that the martial for the pressure vessel is
stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni type 304 and its length is 2m by 1m and this stainless steel are join by
but welding joint.
Shall fabrication
Shell is fabricated by rolling the sheet of stainless steel and welds it together to get the
cylindrical shape of the vessel by using but weld joint.
Head fabrication
Head shall is fabricated by making it in to different parts and by using but weld joint.
And finally support joining with the shall by using but joint welding. And different parts of
welding is shown blowin the figure.

REFARANSR BOOKS
R [1]-Coulson and Richardson’s, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Volume 6
R [2]-PREESURE VESSL HANDBOOK, 11th Edition
R [3]-PRESSURE VESLL DESIGN MANUAL,3rd Edition, BY Dennis Moss
R [4]-CHEMICAL ENGNEER’S HANDBOOK, Robert H.Berry and Don
W.Geern
R [5]-Material science and Engineering,7th Edition, By William D.callister Jr.
R [6]-STANDARED HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN, by (Joseph
E.shigey, Charles R.mischke and Thomass H.brown)
R [7]-PRESSURE VSSLE DESIGNE AND PRACTICE
R [8]-TEXTBOOK OF MASIHN DESIGN
R [9]-PREESURE VESSLE HANDBOOK,10th Edition

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DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

PROJECT II: DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Assignment issued on:

c. One sample opening nominal diameter 25mm (flange)

d. One bottom discharge pipe, if necessary with flanges,

DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1

1.1. Classification of Pressure Vessels

2) Based on the end of constriction open and closed end.

Type Pressure Rating Volume capacity

Expansion Tank 115 to 170 psi 0.02 to 0.13 gallons

Food/beverage Tank 170 to 1,000 psi 0.13 to 9 gallons

Gas Cylinder 1,000 to 6,400psi 9 to 35 gallons

Process Tank 6,400 psi and above 35 gallons and above

DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 2

1.2. Components of pressure vessel

DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 3

Tori spherical head

This is a cone shaped head.

Tori conical head

This is a cone shaped head with knuckle.

A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure

-Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.

-Provide access to the vessel interior at anyways.

DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 4

A gasket is used to create a seal between mating surfaces of machines or piping

DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 5

1.3. Length and diameter of vessel

Design pressure=operating pressure+ 5 to 10 percent operating pressure

N.B :- we take 10 percent of operating pressure for safe design.

DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 6

Vh=volume of the hemispherical head

Vs=volume of the cylindrical shell

( 4 /3)× π × R3 ( 4/3)× π ×( D/2)3 (1/6)× π × D 3

V h=(1/12) × π × D3 ; D=internal diameter of the shell ( D=2× R)

Vs=π × R 2 × L=π ×(D/2)2 × L=(1 /4)× π × D2 × L ; L=length of the shell

Vs=(1/ 4)× π × D 2 ×(5 D) ; L/ D=5∧L=5 D

And the sum of the volume is 1m3

V =2V h+V s=1 m3=2(1/12)× π × D 3 +((5 /4)× π × D 3)=4.44833 D3

And L=5D=5*0.7m=3.5m............................ (ans)

DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 7

Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast Stain less

Yield 35 69 138 197 205

Table2. Yield strength of alloys

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)

Material Aluminum stainless steel Cast iron Copper Nickel

UTS(MPa) 90 510 414 200 520

Table2. Ultimate tensile strength

DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 8

Is the material resistance to the fracture caused by the internal pressure

Corrosion: is partial or complete wearing away, dissolving, or softening of any substance by

Chemical Cast iron Aluminum Nickel Copper Steen less

Table 3.corrstion property

G-good and c-caution-depending on the martial

C. Resistance to hydraulic attack

Material Cast Aluminum Nickel copper Steen less steel

Tensile 414 90 520 200 510

DDIT DEP.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 9

Design stress at -- -- 230 -- 100

Table.4 temperature effect on UTS

Material Steel less Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast

Fracture 76 44 Low Low Low

Table.5 fracture toughness

D -Difficult, special techniques needed.