Comparison of MPPT Strategies Applied in Three-

Phase Photovoltaic Inverters during

Harmonic Current Compensation
Victor Magno R. de Jesus!, Lucas S. Xavier!, Allan F. Cupertin0 2 , Heverton A. Pereira3 and Victor F. Mendes!
1 Graduate
Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
2 Department of Materials Engineering, Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais
Av. Amazonas 5253, 30421-169, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
3 Gerencia de Especialistas em Sistemas Eletricos de Potencia, Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Viyosa
Av. P.H. Rolfs, 36570-900, Viyosa, MG, Brazil
emails:victormagno@ufing.br.lsantx@gmai1.com.allan.cupertino@yaboo.com.br.heverton.pereira@ufv.br.victormendes@cpdee.ufing.br

Abstract- The main objective of a photovoltaic (PV) inverter is
to inject the PV power into the ac-grid. Generally, due to
variations in solar irradiance, inverters operate bellow their rated
current. Therefore, this current margin can be used to ancillary
services, such as harmonic current compensation. However, it is
necessary to evaluate the effects of the harmonic current
compensation in the efficiency of the algorithms of maximum
power point tracking (MPPT). In this context, this work
compares, based on the European Standard, the instantaneous
and dynamic efficiency of four MPPT algorithms used in
photovoltaic systems: perturb and observe, dP - perturb and
observe, modified perturb and observe and incremental
conductance. The instantaneous power theory (IPT) is used to
detect the harmonic current. Simulation results show the
instantaneous and dynamic efficiency of MPPT algorithms
during rapidly irradiance changes and harmonic compensation.
According to the results, it can be concluded that the proposed
multifunctional inverter has a slightly impact in the efficiency of
the maximum power point algorithms.
I. INTRODUCTION
standby mode. This idleness can be explored to compensate
harmonic currents from non-linear loads.
Several works propose different techniques to harmonics
compensation using control structures such as: proportional-
integral (PI) [3 - 4], resonant control (PR) [4] and nonlinear
control strategies. The harmonic detection used in this paper is
based on the method of instantaneous power theory (IPT)
proposed by [5], allowing a correct understanding of the
problem, even on the presence of distortions. The used control
strategy can separate the power components and then generate
a current reference for compensation.
Furthermore, inverter switches have a current limit which
cannot be exceeded [6]. The inverter current reference is
composed by active and harmonics components. If resultant
waveform has a peak value higher than the limit of the inverter,
this reference needs to be saturated. In this situation, injected
current will contain low order harmonics. Therefore, techniques
to compensate partially harmonics of the load are necessary [7
- 9].

Power quality is a recurrent topic within the distribution
system due to the increased use of non-linear loads. The non-
linear loads introduce different frequency components which
causes deformation of the voltage and current waveforms and
may cause, depending on the level of distortion: increased
losses in the transformers, interference in electronic equipment,
vibration in electrical machines, among others [1].
Because of this impact on the system, standards set the
limits of individual and total harmonic distortion (THD) [2]. In
view of the complications caused by current and voltage
harmonics, several works have proposed the operation of
photovoltaic inverters supporting the power system with
ancillary services, adding functions to compensate harmonic
currents and/or supporting the ac-system with reactive power.
A very important point is that during variations of the solar
radiation throughout the day, the PV system does not operate
injecting nominal power during all day, besides at night it is in
An essential part in the photovoltaic generation process is
the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). It is important to
point that the main function of the converter is to provide
active power. Therefore, it is a crucial issue to know the effects
of the implementation of ancillary functions as harmonic
compensation in the efficiency of the MPPT algorithm. The
literature presents several algorithms that perform MPPT. In
this work four strategies are studied: Perturbation &
Observation (P&O) [10], Modified Perturbation &
Observation (MPO) [11], dP - P&O [12] and Incremental
Conductance (IncCond) [13]. The effects caused by harmonic
compensation in the efficiency of such techniques are analyzed
for instantaneous and dynamic behavior. It was contemplated
in simulations a two level voltage source converter topology
without DC/DC stage. For evaluate the dynamic and
instantaneous behavior ofMPPTs algorithm was used standard
irradiance profile proposed in [14, 15].

The authors would like to thank to CNPQ, FAPEMIG and CAPES for
their assistance and financial support.
 II. MODELING OF THE SYSTEM Req can be influenced by many factors, a frequency wei is
A. Control Strategy defined [16], and the integral gains are calculated by:

Complete inverter control strategy is shown in Fig. 1. Grid- (5)

side control (GSC) is designed to keep the dc-bus voltage
constant, controlling the power injection into the grid. (6)
Ifbalanced grid conditions are assumed, one can obtain the Closed-loop transfer functions are obtained for current
following relation: control topology, given by:
di
v. =Ri. +L~+v (1)
KI KI dt J (7)

where V gj and v j represent the converter alternating terminal

where ZL (s) = R + L s . In the outer loop control design, the
voltage and the grid voltage of phase j = a, b, C , respectively,
energy stored in the capacitor is used:
igj represents the output converter current. For 2L-VSC (two
level voltage source converter) converters Rand L represent 1 2
W="2CeqVde' (5)
the filter resistance and inductance, respectively. Equation (1)
can be written in a d-q rotating reference frame, as given by:
Considering the time derivative of (5) equal the
. di instantaneous capacitor power, in frequency domain:
= Rlgd + L -dtgd- -
•
vgd W
n
Llgq + vd (2)
(6)
(3)
Thus, considering Ppv (power supplied by the PV plant) as
a feedforward term, a linear relation between the injected
From (2), considering v d as a feedforward term, wnLigq as power Pc (s) and squared dc-bus voltage is obtained. In the
a decoupling term, a linear system is obtained to control the outer loop controller design, PI(s), the inner loop is regarded
grid current igd • ideal. Thus, the closed-loop transfer function is obtained:

B. Methodology a/Tuning the Controllers

(7)
The inner loop current controllers are designed based on
Fig. 1, with a proportional-integral (PI) controller given by: where is allocated two poles at frequencies W e2 and We3, smaller
than Wei (generally between five and ten times smaller). Thus,
the outer loop controller gains can be calculated by:
(4)
_ 2kp2 Ceq ( W e2 + W e3 )
W e2 +Wc3 ---=> k p2 (8)
Considering the open-loop transfer function, one plant pole Ceq 2
can be canceled when T, =L / R , [14]. Considering the
closed-loop transfer function, a pole is allocated at a frequency 2k p2 Ceq (We2 * W e3 )
W e2 * W e3 =--=>ki2 (9)
we' smaller than the switching frequency (generally twenty- Ceq T i2 2
times smaller), resulting in an integral gain k i = R We' Since

Harmonic
Saturation

Figure 1. Complete inverter control strategv.

 C. Harmonic detection
The 1FT consists of separating a current signal in three
orthogonal components: active, reactive and harmonic
component. Description details about this theory are shown by
[5]. When IPT was proposed, the main application was in
control strategies of active power filters [5].
In this case, three phase load voltage and current are
measured and transformed to stationary coordinates (uPO),
mutually orthogonal. Considering the load voltages and
currents and using (10), the zero sequence power Po' real
power P and reactive power q are calculated, where Po is
zero if the three phase system is balanced [5]. Currents and
voltages in (10) are instantaneous and generic, and may
contain unbalances and harmonics. Thus, in more general case
that these imperfections are present, Po' P and q will have
mean and oscillating components, according to (11) and (12),
or
where "-" represents mean value, and ,,~" oscillating value.
0 transformed to abc-coordinate and added to the load oscillating
[:H~ Va
Vp
~p
Va
~a
lp
(10)
p=p+p (11)
q=q+ij.
(12)
Using a high pass filter, the oscillating components p and
ij are separated from p and q. This filter can modify the
compensation dynamic [15]. Therefore, considering a
balanced system, the oscillating currents fa and fp can be
calculated by:
(13)
Harmonic detection based on IPT is presented in the block-
diagram of Fig. 2.
Figure 2. Hannonic detection scheme.
D. PMR Controller Design
PMR controller is based on proportional and multiplies
resonant controllers. It can be expressed in the s-domain as:
(14)
where K p is a proportional gain and K 1h is the resonant gain.
The last term of (14) consists in resonant controllers for
tracking harmonics of order h ( (O1 is the fundamental
frequency). Implementing this controller in up-reference
frame, each resonant controller can compensate only one
harmonic order. The resonant compensators must be carefully
adjusted, since some harmonics can be found above the
crossover frequency of the current loop. This can lead
instabilities, which are more easily identified by means of
Nyquist diagrams [4]. Thus, this work uses the method
proposed by [4] to adjust the resonant controller with
robustness.
E. Harmonic Saturation
In order to ensure that the inverter current does not exceed
the rated current, a harmonic current dynamic saturation is used,
as the one presented in reference [7]. Furthermore, this strategy
provides partial or total compensation of the load harmonic,
depending ofthe inverter current margin. Therefore, the priority
ofthis work is the active power injection and subsequently, load
harmonic current compensation.
In the harmonic saturation, laP components are
components fLabe • Thereby, due to existence of various
frequencies in the current signal, analytical expression of the
saturation limit is complex. Thus, this paper uses a method to
ponder the current harmonic component according with the
inverter current peak value, ensuring it works below the
nominal value [9].
Harmonic current saturation scheme is presented in Fig. 3.
Basically, a peak detection algorithm is used to obtain the
maximum value only one phase of the inverter current
reference, formed by the average and oscillating current
component. This algorithm compares samples of one
fundamental period and determines the maximum value. This
maximum value is compared with the inverter current limit.
An anti-windup proportional integral controller generates a
K factor (limited between 0 and 1) and it determines if the
compensation will be total or partial. This action ensures the
inverter working below the rated current. The saturator 2 with
i max limit ensures that the inverter instantaneous current does
not exceed the rated current while the K factor does not reach
the steady state [7, 9].
0.aflCv f" iafJ
PI
AI/Ii-Windup
I---'CK'----';>""o-----.,'.o-c_i_Sll,-hC_" -?~~~afI
~-------...~
Slllllrator
Figure 3. Dynamic saturation scheme for harmonic current.
III. MPPT ALGORITHMS
MPPT algorithms are essential in PV systems, since the
characteristic voltage and current are nonlinear and present a
single point which produces maximum power. The maximum
power point depends on factors such as temperature and
irradiance. Although both aspects are stochastic, special
attention is focused on irradiance, on the account of rapid
changes in shorts periods of time due to weather conditions,
mainly due to clouds passing over the PV array.
Various algorithms are proposed in the literature to solve
this problem. The explanation ofthe methods discussed in this
work is detailed in the following sections.
A. Perturbation and Observe - P&O
Perturbation and Observation (P&O) algorithm have been
widely used due to its low complexity. Many other algorithms
are based on P&O method as Modified P&O, Hill Climbing and
Modified Hill Climbing [17]. P&0 algorithm periodically
increments or decrements the solar array voltage and compares
the output power with the previous value. Ifthe delivered power
increased, the perturbation will continue in the same direction
in the next cycle, otherwise the perturbation direction changes.
This means a perturbation in the array terminal voltage every
cycle. When the MPP is reached, P&O algorithm will oscillate
around it [10]. Fig. 4 shows the flow chart of the P&O method.
Figure 5. Flow chart ofthe MPO method.
There are two operation modes named: Mode 1(estimation
stage) and Mode 2 (perturbation stage). Mode 1 measures the
energy variation due to changes in the voltage and in the
atmospheric conditions, and it maintains constant the PV
voltage until the next control period. In Mode 2 is measured the
change in the PV output power and it determines the new strain
PV based on the present and previous variations of energy [11].
C. dp - P&O method
The dP-P&O method is an improvement of the classical
P&O in the sense that it can prevent itself from tracking in the
wrong direction, during rapidly changing in the solar irradiance.
[12]. This method performs an additional measurement of
power in the middle of the MPPT sampling period without any
perturbation, as can be seen in Fig. 6.

Figure 4. Flow chart of the P&O algorithm.

B. Modified PO
The Modified P&O (MP&O) method decouples the PV
power fluctuations caused by hill-climbing process from those
caused by irradiance changing. This method adds a process to
estimate the irradiance change throughout perturbation,
measuring the variation of energy caused by changing
kT kT+T/2 (k+1)T
atmospheric conditions, and then compensates it for the next
process of perturbation [11]. Fig. 5 shows the flow chart of the Figure 6. Measurement of the power between two MPPT sampling
Modified P&O method. instances [12].
Considering that the power rate is constant over one sample
period, which is a good approximation in most of the cases, the
change in power between Pk and ~+1 reflects only the change
due to the environmental changes, since no action has been
made by the MPPT [12]. Fig. 7 shows the flow chart of the
Modified P&O method.
 The instantaneous efficiency [14, 15] is given by:

0/] -100 P FV
17MPPTinst [ /0 -
medida
• (5)
PFV_ideal

dV= 0 yes
?
110

yes yes
dl =0
?
110
Figure 7. Flow chart ofthe dP-P&O method. yes yes 110 yes
11dV= -J dl> 0
D. Incremental Conductance ? ?

The incremental conductance (IncCond) method is based on

the fact that the slope of the PV array power curve is zero at the
MPP, positive on the left of the MPP, and negative on the right
[13]. The basic equations of this method are as follows.
dI I
- -- (1)
dV V
dI I
->-- (2)
dV V Figure 8. Flow chart of the Ie method.

dI I F. Design ofthe MPPT

-<--
dV V The implemented algorithms have their dynamics defined
Thus, the instantaneous conductance ( ~) can be
compared to the incremental conductance (d1:tv ). As result,
the algorithm decrements or increments the reference to track
the MPP. Once the MPP is reached, the operation point of the
PV array is retained until a change in atmospheric conditions.
Fig. 8 shows the flow chart of the IC method.
E. Instantaneous and dynamic MPP-tracking efficiency
The performance impact of the MPPT algorithm in PV
systems can be quantified under two conditions, how well the
algorithm works for a power constant point (instantaneous
efficiency) and how accurately is the performance during
events that change the maximum power point (dynamic
efficiency). Hence, at locations where there are often variable
cloudy conditions, both behavior has to be considered.
Thus, the dynamic MPPT efficiency [14,15] can be defined
as:
f p.
Tm
(3)
primarily by two parameters, the step size of the disturbance
and the sampling frequency of the MPPT algorithm [18], and
both influence in the algorithm dynamics.
The sampling step has to be weighed because small steps
tend to reduce the dynamic performance of the MPPT during
rapid changes in the irradiance. In contrast, bigger steps worsen
the algorithm performance during steady state. The sampling
frequency also influence directly the dynamics ofthe algorithm,
the faster the algorithm frequency is the better. However, the
sampling frequency is limited by the dynamics of the system,
thus, the system has to enter steady-state condition before a new
update of the reference value ofthe MPPT [19].
Thus, it was used the proposed method in [19] to set the
parameters and to determine the sampling frequency and the
step size according to (6).
~v
100
{'
mpJMPPT
< STEP < _l_V {'
100 mpJMPPT (6)
Where, Vmp is the voltage at the maximum power point and

17MPPTdyn [%] = 100 PV mes dt, (4)

° PpV _ideal fMPPT is the sampling frequency of the algorithm.

where Ppv mes is the output power measured in the PV panel

and Ppv _ideal is the maximum available power ofthe PV panel.
 IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

The PV array in this study case is composed of 15 strings

in series and 5 panels in parallel association. The inverter rated
roo~
5 .0
power is 20 kVA. The inverter switching is 12 kHz. Voltage at U
the point of common coupling (PCC) is 380 V. All simulations
c§
'"0

were implemented in Simulink environment. -100

0.95 1 1.05
TABLE 1. SYSTEM PARAMETERS Time (8)
Parameter Value (a)
Power 20kW
<'
Switching frequency 12 kHz
ilOO~
Output voltage - RMS 380V
8 .0
~
Grid frequency 60Hz 1-0

-100 1
Dc-link capacitance 3.5mF .s~ 0.95 1.05
Time (8)
MPPT sampling frequency 120Hz
(b)
MPPT step size 0.65V
Figure 10. Grid current details when harmonic current compensation
is enabled at Is. (a) grid current. (b) inverter current.
Total three-phase load connected to the PCC is composed As stated, the harmonic current compensation is enabled at
by a resistive-inductive load and a nonlinear load simulated by I s and the variation in the irradiance profile starts at 1.5s. In
a current source injected 5th harmonic of 14A per phase. The Fig. II-b curves for CI and MPO present difficulty in tracking
PMR controllers are tuned with frequency of 60 Hz and 300 the value of the maximum power voltage during the harmonic
Hz. current compensation process, in comparison with Fig. II-a.
A. Standard test Furthermore, the dP-P&O algorithm is the only method, based
on the PV power, that improved during harmonic current
The solar irradiance profile is shown in Fig. 9. There are compensation process.

B.7[g]
two irradiance profile scenarios, the first one at l.5s and the
20 ~--~---~---~----'---~~::-:Id'---ea-'-I
::-Po-\\---',er
second on at 1.7s.
-CI
B.6 -dp·P&O
~ 15 B.5 -MPO
1000 ;:>
6
B.4
8.3 -P&O
.......,
'" t; 1.6 1.65 1.7

-€ 800 ~ 10
0..
~
<1l
u
::: 600 5L-_ _~ ~_ _~~_ _~_ _----'
.:S
'"0 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
E Time [ ]
.=:..., 400 (a)
'"
'0
20 ~--~---~L-_~r-----'---~~::-:Id-ea-=-I
P=-o-\\---"er

~
CIl 200 -CI
1B5 -dp.P&O
~ 15 . -MPO
oL-_~-~-~--~-~-~_-----! c, 1B -P&O
1.3 1.4 1.5 [,6 [,7 1.8 [,9 8 1.6 1.65 1.7

Time [s] ~ 10
0..

Figure 9. Irradiance profile used in this study.

5l-_ _~ ~_ _~ L -_ _- '

The harmonic current compensation is enabled at 1s, as 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
shown in Fig. 10. At this instant, the grid current total harmonic Time [s]
distortion decreases from 23.27 % to 2.98 %. This grid current (b)
improvement is detailed in Fig. lOa. Once the solar irradiance Figure 11. PV power for the studied algorithms: (a) Whithout
is 300 W/m2 , the PV inverter can supply almost all the harmonic compensation; (b) with harmonic compensation.
harmonic current load. Moreover, the inverter current is also
shown in Fig. 10. Due to changes in irradiance profile, the maximum output
voltage has a small variation, as can be seen in Fig. 12. Further,
the effect of this variation of the maximum voltage becomes
smaller when analyzing power as can be seen in Fig. 11. Even efficiencies can be noticed especially during the ramps, being
though the capacitance has a negative influence on voltage, dP-P&D the most stable. Although, TABLE I gives overall
this effect is not reflected in efficiency. information about the MPPT's performance, Fig. 11 e Fig. 13
give more detailed information of how each MPPT behave
Dc-bus dynamic is illustrated in Fig. 12. All the methods
during the simulation.
feature larger ripple due to the harmonic compensation, also
during fast transitions in the irradiance they fail to track the 1.05
1 - PO - MI'O -dJ'O - C I
ideal value. The P&D and Ie method presents a similar
~

~
behavior, as can be seen in Fig. 12, while the MP&D overlap >-
;2
the ideal value most of the time during constant irradiance, ;:;
'u
even after the change of irradiance. b:
w
0.95
:_~o ~----- ~ 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85

>
4W
440 t ......... '
~,FpO
,
Time (8)
'.3 1.4 ,.5 1.6 1.7 '.8 1.9
1.05
Time (s) ~

(a) ~
>-
u
c:

"''''''''~~~I
QJ
'u
H:
w
~,.
,.5 1.6 1.7 '.8 1.9
Time (s) 0.95
(b) 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85
Time (8)

i:~f"··'~':·""""""~dpTO ~3
>
Figure 13. Instantaneous efficiency for the studied algorithms for
'.3 1.4 ,.5 1.6 1.7 '.8 1.9 2 irradiance profile: (a) Without harmonic compensation; (b) With
Time (s) harmonic compensation.
(c)
B. Effect ofdc-link capacitance

i:E-"~"""""~~cl~~
> '.3 1.4 ,.5 1.6 1.7 '.8 1.9 2
In the present section, the MPPT efficiency due to changes
in the capacitance versus the harmonic current magnitude are
Time (s) simulated and discussed. This case study was performed with
(d)
P&D algorithm. As can be seen in Fig. 14, varying the
Figure 12. Dynamic behavior ofPV voltage with and without capacitance between 1rnF and 5rnF in combination with a fifth
harmonico compensation: (a) P&O Algorithm; (b) MP&O harmonic current ranging from 0 A to 15 A.
algorithm; (c) dP-P&O algorithm; (d) Incremental conductance
algorithm. The results show a maximum variation in the MPPT
efficiency of 1% for the conditions studied. Thus, it can be
Table I indicates the dynamic efficiency for the studied inferred that the capacitance has a slightly correlation with the
algorithms. Although the performances of all four MPPT deterioration of the MPPT algorithm efficiency. Therefore,
strategies are similar, MP&D has a better performance in a studies must be conducted in order to implement this ancillary
non-harmonic environment and the P&D has the better function in the converter.
performance while compensating harmonics.
TABLE II. DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY

Eficciency (%)
MPPT Whitout Harmonic
compensation compensation ~0,995
c
III
P&O 99.4% 99.54%
~
UJ 0.99
MP&O 99.46% 99.32%

dP-P&O 99.02% 99.26 0.985

5
IncCond 99.42% 99.44 15

2
Capacitance (mF) 1 0
Harmonic CUrrent (A)
The differences between the algorithms decrease to less
than 0.5% for the irradiance profile simulated. Analyzing Fig. Figure 14. Dynamic efficiecy comparison for the P&O algortithm in
13, it is possible to see the instantaneous efficiency of each the presence of fifth harmonic compensation and capacitance
algorithm. A considerable difference in the algorithm variation.

CONCLUSION
This work presented a comparison between four maximum
power point tracking for a grid-connected photovoltaic system
during harmonic current compensation. This concept consists
in aggregate to the inverter control strategy the harmonics
compensation. Results shown that the P&O presents the fastest
response during harmonic compensation based on the results
of the dynamic and instantaneous efficiency. MP&O and CI
appears as more susceptible to the effects of the harmonic
compensation, on the other hand, P&O algorithm was not
affected. Also, results were presented to correlate the
deterioration of the efficiency of the MPPT algorithms due
changes in harmonic magnitude and the capacitance ofthe DC-
link.
The impact of harmonic compensation in the MPPT
efficiency must be considered. In other words, although the
multifunctional solar inverter can improve the grid power
quality significantly, it must be pondered due to the efficiency
deterioration of the MPPT.
Conclusively, for the irradiance profile tested the
algorithms have a similar overall behavior. For the future
work, the authors have worked on a prototype to test and
compare the algorithms using real data of solar irradiance
under different level of harmonic currents conditions.
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