Project Report on-

National political parties in India

Project submitted to- MR. KAMAL NARAYAN

(Faculty, POLITICAL SCIENCE)

Project submitted by- SHIVANGI TIWARI

B.A.L.L.B. (Hons.)
Semester I,
Section “B”, Roll no.136

DATE OF SUBMISSION-

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITY
RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH
 DECLARATION

I , SHIVANGI TIWARI hereby declare that, the project work entitled, ‘National political
parties in India’ submitted to H.N.L.U., Raipur is record of an original work done by me and
represents my own ideas and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have
adequately cited and mentioned the original sources’ also declare that I have adhered to all
the principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea\data\sources in my submission.

SHIVANGI TIWARI
SEMESTER I, SECTION B,
ROLL NUMBER- 136
BA LLB (HONS.)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I, SHIVANGI TIWARI, would like to humbly present this project to Mr. Kamal narayan. I would
first of all like to express my most sincere gratitude to Mr. Kamal narayan for his encouragement and
guidance regarding several aspects of this project. I am thankful for being given the opportunity
of doing a project on ‘National political parties in India’.

I am thankful to the IT lab assistants and the library staffs for facilitating my research by helping me
obtain the required material that was so integral to my completing this project.

I am thankful to my parents for their constant support and loving encouragement.

Last but definitely not the least; I am thankful to all the teaching and non teaching staff for their
support, tips and valuable advice whenever needed. I hereby present this project with a humble heart.
.

SHIVANGI TIWARI
Semester-I, Roll no - 136
BA.LLB.(Hons.)

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 OBJECTIVES
The purpose of study is to know the meaning, definition of political parties. Different types
of political parties their tenure, work, achievements, failures and suggestions for
improvement.why are political parties important for any country and how does it work
maintaining an environment of peace and liberty in a society.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The mode of presentation is descriptive. The project is based on secondary sources of data.
Internet and other references as guided by faculty of political science are primarily helpful
for completion of this project. My research methodology requires gathering relevant data
from the specified books and other online sources. Several articles and reports were used in
the study.

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 CONTENT
 DECLARATION

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 OBJECTIVES

 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………
…01

 What is law ?………………………………………….02

 Why are laws made ?................................................03

 Why is law necessary ?...................................................04

 Roles of law……………………………..05

 Functions of law……………………………………….05

 Importance of law in society……………………………07

 The rule of law……………………..08

 Critics of law………………………………………………09

 If there are no laws……………………………….09

 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………
12

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 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………13

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

A Political party is a group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power. Political
parties originated in their modern form in Europe in the 19th century, along with the electoral
and parliamentary systems, whose development reflects the evolution of parties. The term party has
since come to be applied to all organized groups seeking political power, whether by democratic
elections or by revolution.
In earlier, prerevolutionary, aristocratic and monarchical regimes, the political process
unfolded within restricted circles in which cliques and factions, grouped around particular noblemen
or influential personalities, were opposed to one another. The establishment of parliamentary
regimes and the appearance of parties at first scarcely changed this situation. To cliques formed
around princes, dukes, counts, or marquises’ there were added cliques formed around bankers,
merchants, industrialists, and businessmen. Regimes supported by nobles were succeeded by
regimes supported by other elites. These narrowly based parties were later transformed to a greater
or lesser extent, for in the 19th century emerged parties depending on mass support.
The 20th century saw the spread of political parties throughout the entire world. In
developing countries, large modern political parties have sometimes been based on traditional
relationships, such as ethnic, tribal, or religious affiliations. Moreover, many political parties in
developing countries are partly political, partly military.1
Thus putting everything simply a political party consists of a group of people who join hands
to contest the elections in a country. These parties have a shared vision for the country. This
vision in addition to defining the party also guides their actions and the policies formulated for
the citizens of the country. These parties in addition to other activities also promote their
policies and try to convince citizens to vote for them. They aim at winning the elections, so they
can implement their policies after getting selected. Functions of a political party are:

 Contesting elections

 Formulating policies

 Forming government or forming the opposition party

 Shaping public perception

________________
1
https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-party
 CHAPTER 2: POLITICAL PARTIES: MEANING
A political party is an organized group of people with at least roughly similar political aims and
opinions, that seeks to influence public policy by getting its candidates elected to public office. 
Parties tend to be deeply and durably entrenched in specific substructures of the specific society in a
sustainable and well functioning democracy. They can link the governmental institutions to the
elements of civil society in a free and fair society and are regarded as necessary for any modern
democratic system.
Political parties perform key tasks in a democratic society, such as:

1. aggregating and articulating needs and problems as identified by members and supporters
2. socializing and educating voters and citizens in the functioning of the political and
electoral system and the generation of general political values.
3. balancing opposing demands and converting them into general policies.
4. Activating and mobilizing citizens into participating in political decisions and transforming
their opinions into viable policy options.
5. Channeling public opinion from citizens to government

Political parties are also described as institutionalized mediators between civil society and those who
decide and implement decisions. By this, they enable their members' and supporters demands to be
represented in parliament and in government. Even though parties fulfill many vital roles and
perform several functions in a democratic society, the nomination and presentation of candidates in
the electoral campaign is the most visible function to the electorate. A political party is a political
organization that typically seeks to attain and maintain political power within government, usually
by participating in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions. Parties often
espouse an expressed ideology or vision bolstered by a written plate with specific goals, forming
a coalition among disparate interests.

Political parties are one of the earliest available and visible institutions in a democracy. A political
party is an association of people who come together on a common platform with the objective of
contesting elections.

A political party has three components-leaders, active members and followers.

The main functions of political parties are to contest election, put forward policies and programmes,
make laws, form a government, perform role of opposition, share public opinion and undertake
welfare activities.

Political parties are necessary because they lay down foundations of a strong representative democracy.
There are many political parties in a country so that people may have choices.
Political parties are of two types-
1. National, which have representation in the whole country e.g. BJP, Congress.

2.Regional, which are limited to one region only. INC, BJP, BSP, CPI, NCP are recognized as
national parties in India.

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CHAPTER 3: DEFINITION OF NATIONAL PARTY IN INDIA
National parties are political parties which participate in different elections held all over India. Some
of the national parties have their origin even before India's independence.2

The criteria for a political party to be entitled for being a National Party are:

Scenario 1

1. The party must secure a minimum of 6% of the valid votes polled in at least four States
either Lok Sabha or to the State Assembly elections and
2. Win at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha from any of the States.
Scenario 2

The political party has to win at least 2% seats of the total seats in the Lok Sabha.

Scenario 3

The political party has to be recognized as a State party in at least four States of India.

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CHAPTER 4: NATIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES IN INDIA:
BRIEF HISTORY
The oldest national party in India is the Indian National Congress (INC). In was established in 1885
as a pro-British Indian organization. Later it turned into the main voice of India's freedom struggle.
After India's independence, the colonial British passed the administration of India to the leaders of
the Indian National Congress.

Until 1966 the Congress was a stable party. In 1966 Indira Gandhi became the leader of the
Congress and Prime Minister of India. From this period the Congress lost its stability. Some of the
veteran members of the Congress did not accept her leadership and they tried to dispose her. In 1969
the Congress split and her opponents established a new Congress part. But still INC was the largest
and ruling party of India.2

Indira Gandhi's Congress lost the 1977 elections to the Janata Party. A few months after the defeat,
another split happened in the Congress party. The party of Indira Gandhi was called Congress (I ),
the initial denoting of her name. During this period many more splits and coalitions occurred within
the different Congress parties. Some of these new party members including its founders returned
later on to the Congress ( I ) party and the party was renamed Indian National Congress.

But there are others who left the INC at different periods and established parties outside the fold of
Congress and have a name Congress in their party name. The INC is in the Indian political arena
prior to India's independence. There were other parties, which were established after independence,
and, for some period, were challenging the continuous rule of the Congress, some of them were
almost vanished from the political arena.

The first political party which, was seen as challenging the Congress continuous rule was Swatantra
Party. It was established in 1959 and was supported by some big businessmen. It opposed the
socialism policy of the Congress It had members in the Lok Sabha until 1977. Another party, which
challenged the Congress party but later on almost vanished from the political arena, was Janata
Party. Janata Party was the first political party in India to establish a non-Congress government
when it won the 1977 elections.

Janata Party was established before the 1977 elections. The person responsible for the formation of
Janata Party was Jayaprakash Narayan, called in short JP. JP was a freedom fighter and a social
activist. Many in India respected him and saw in him a moral figure

. ________________
2
adaniel.tripod.com/national

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In the early 1970s the reign of Indira Gandhi began to show signs of corruption and dictatorship
and there was a general feeling that liberal democracy is coming to an

end. JP openly attacked Indira Gandhi's policy and asked other leaders to express their views about
the dangers. Between 1975-77 emergency rule was declared. During this period many of Gandhi's
political rivals were arrested and put behind the bars. Censorship was enforced on Indian press. The
justice system was Restricted and turned into 'puppet show' of the government. The people also
suffered a lot from this emergency rule. Under the birth control policy many people were forced to
have sterilization. Even so Indira Gandhi was sure that the Indian people would support her because
her general intention was to make India a better place and so she declared elections in 1977.

To prevent her victory different political parties organized as one party. This party was called
Janata Party. The main factions of this party were, Congress (O), Lok Dal, Jan Sangh, and other
parties. This party won the 1977 elections and Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of India.
But this party as it was formed did not survive for a long time. This party which was actually a
group of factions with one desire to defeat Indira Gandhi did not find anything common among its
members after they defeated Gandhi.

As long as Jayprakash narayan was alive, the different factions still stayed together. But after his
death in 1978 a clear split occurred in the Janata Party between Morarji Desai's supporters and
Charan Singh's supporters. In 1979 Morarji Desai resigned as Prime Minister and other members
tried to replace Prime Minister. During this period Jagjivan Ram, an untouchable according to strict
Hindu society, was very near to become a Prime Minister. But finally Charan Singh of the Lok Dal
faction was proclaimed the new Prime Minister. A few weeks after Charan Singh became the Prime
Minister, because of the instability in the coalition, the president declared on new elections.

In 1980 new national elections took place in which Indira Gandhi's Congress again won the
elections. Later on after these elections, different factions of the Janata Party broke up from the
Janata Party and established their own parties. Among these parties were Jan Sangh which later on
was renamed Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP). Janata Party continues to survive, but is very small. In
the 1996 elections it did not win any seat in the national elections and in the 1998 elections it won
only one seat.

Another political party which, was actually a political bloc of different factions and managed to
form a government was Janata Dal. This party was established because of the claim that there was
corruption in the Congress government. In 1984 Rajiv Gandhi formed the Congress government.
________________
3

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https://www.toppr.com/guides/.

The finance minister of his government was VP Singh. VP Singh found out that a Swedish
company, Bofors, was bribing some senior members of the Congress. Singh tried to investigate this
affair. Gandhi moved him from the office and made him Defense Minister, but Singh resigned from
the government and started a new party called Janata Dal. This party was made up of former Janata
Party, Lok Dal and some INC members. In the 1989 elections this party came second after INC but
it managed to establish a coalition government with other parties. This coalition was called
National Front. This front also broke up after two years.

Between 1996 and 2004 the largest party was the Bhartiya Janata Party. The BJP began its political
career after India's independence with only three members in the first elections held in 1952. The
BJP is a Hindu nationalist party, which draws its inspiration from Hinduism. This party sees in
India a Hindu state and it emphasizes Hindu pride and Hindu past of India.

This party was established after India's independence, but its origin is also pre-independence. In the
19th century a Hindu nationalist organization, Arya Samaj, was established. The ideas of this
organization influenced another Hindu organization established later in British India, the Hindu
Mahasabha. Hindu Mahasabha opposed the secular Congress philosophy and wanted to establish a
Hindu state in British India. Another Hindu organization in British India was Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), meaning national volunteers organization. One person who belonged
in different stages of his life to these two organizations assassinated Mahatma Gandhi in 1948.
After his assassination these two organizations were outlawed for sometime. The leader of the
Hindu Mahasabha, Shyam Mukherji resigned from the party and established with the members of
RSS a new Hindu nationalist party, which was named Jana Sangh. This party had moderate ideas
than it’s’ former components. In its first two decades the party's major holds were in north India's
Hindi speaking regions, because this party supported turning Hindi into the national language of
India.

In 1977 this party was an important faction of the Janata Party. In the 1980s it broke from the
Janata Party and changed its name to Bhartiya Jana Sangh. Later on it renamed itself as Bhartiya
Janata Party.

There are also other national parties, which were established in India. The Bahujan Samaj Party
was established in the 1980s. But even though this party is a national party, its represents only the
oppressed classes of India.

Samajwadi Party was established in 1992. Two communist parties, Communist Party of India (CPI)
and Communist party of India- Marxist (CPM) are also national parties. There are some parties
who have national agendas but participate only in certain regions of India and not all over India.
For example Forward Bloc which participates in elections only in West Bengal and neighboring
states. ________________

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4
http://www.preservearticles.com/2012030424901/short-essay-on-political-parties.html

CHAPTER 5: MAJOR NATIONAL PARTIES OF INDIA:

5.1. CONGRESS PARTY:

5.1.1INTRODUCTION:

The oldest national party in India is the Indian National Congress (INC). It was established in 1885
as a pro-British Indian organization. Founded in 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) was at
the forefront of the nationalist movement in India before 1947. After India’s independence in that
year, the Congress emerged as the ruling party, and it maintained power uninterrupted for three
decades (1947–1977). Since then, the party has been in and out of power.

In the first three decades of its existence the Congress was an elite organization dominated by
English-educated, urban middle-class Indians. The organization was much like a debating society,
but Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who assumed its leadership in 1920 and remained its spiritual
leader until his death in 1948, transformed the Congress into a mass movement and a political
institution with an organizational structure that paralleled the colonial administration. After
independence the Congress, hitherto an all-embracing national movement was transformed into a
political party. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister (1947–1964),
it retained the character of an eclectic political organization with a wide range of positions. The
Congress controlled 70 percent of seats in parliament and held power in most states between 1951
and 1967. This period of one-party dominance has been referred to as the Congress “system” in
Indian politics.

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 The Congress lost its dominant position for the first time in ninety years with its defeat in the 1977
elections, held after the unpopular Emergency Rule Mrs. Indra Gandhi had imposed in 1975. Faced
with criticism of her leadership, Mrs. Gandhi split the party a second time, in 1978, and formed the
breakaway Congress (I) (I for “Indira”). The Congress (I) returned her to power in 1980, but she
was assassinated in 1984. Mrs. Gandhi was succeeded by her older son Rajiv Gandhi (1944–1991),
who lost power in the 1989 elections. When Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in 1991, the party
presidency was offered to his widow, Sonia Gandhi, who declined the offer. Although the party
held power from 1991 to 1996, the Congress was in decline as a national party due primarily to the
lackluster leaderships of P. V. Narasimha Rao (1921–2004) and Sitaram Kesari (1919–2000). In the
2004 parliamentary elections the Congress won enough seats to form a coalition government with
the support of about a dozen center-left parties and Manmohan Singh (b. 1932) became prime
minister.

5.1.2 KEY POINTS OF MANIFESTO OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

(during 2004-14):
1. The charter of minimum socio-economic rights will be

a. Right to Health

b. Right to Pension

c. Right to Homestead or Housing

d. Right to Social Security

e. Right to Dignity and humane working conditions

f. Right to Entrepreneurship that will protect and assist all those who seek to become entrepreneurs

2. To support the Right to Health, the Indian National Congress will increase health expenditure to
3% of GDP and provide universal and quality health care for all Indians (including free medicines).
To support the right to homestead/ housing, will ensure affordable and quality housing for all. The
Indira Awaas Yojana and the Rajiv Awaas Yojana will be expanded to cover all poor rural and urban
households.

3. Restore India’s growth rate to 8% plus growth rate within 3 years

a. India shall have a globally competitive business and investment friendly environment.

b. Continue to take firm action to control inflation even in a difficult global economic scenario.

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c. Promote an open and competitive economy, open to global and domestic competition.

d. Promote an open and competitive economy, open to global and domestic competition. And ensure
a 10% growth in domestic sector.

e. Upgrade India’s power, transport and other development infrastructure.

f. Introduce the Goods and Services Tax Bills and a new Direct Tax Code Bill in Parliament and
ensure they are enacted within one year.

g.Ensure that the unpredictable risk of retroactive taxation is avoided.

h. invest more than 1 trillion dollars over the next decade on upgrading India’s power, transport and
other development infrastructure.

i. promote a more flexible labor policy as needed for maintaining competitiveness, while moving
towards international labor standards

j. promote greater integration with the global economy and encourage Foreign Direct Investment,
especially in labor intensive sectors.

k. Ensure that growth is socially responsible, and comes from genuine value addition, not from
stripping our natural resources

l. Ensure that all our towns and Gram Panchayats are connected with high-speed broadband
connectivity within 18 months

n. Serious and systematic efforts have been made by the Congress-led UPA government to track
down and recover black money

4. Provide skills training to 10 crore youth and provide them with employment opportunities over
the next 5 year.

5. Ensure that every citizen has a bank account within the next five years.

6. Implement the National Youth Policy that sets a new vision for leadership development amongst
youth and for the development of sports.

5.1.3ACHIEVEMNTS OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS DURING ITS

TENURE(2004-14)

1.Education -

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 India had achieved "near universal education" at the primary school level due to Right to
Education and the dropout rates have also decreased. The outlay for education has been
constantly increased. Central universities increased from 17 to 44 during 2004-13.

2.Farmer welfare –

 Minimum support prices (MSP) for wheat and paddy has been doubled since 2004, while
MSP for other grains have increased three fold. More than 650 lakh farmers were financed by
the banking system during 2012-13. The new Land Acquisition Act will provide livelihood
rehabilitation and financial benefits for the affected people.

3.Food security-

 There had been a three-fold increase in food subsidy during UPA tenure. The Food Security
Act will entitle 35 kg of food-grains per month and other families for 5 kg per person at
subsidized rates.

4. Rural employment-

 The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is the
largest welfare scheme of its kind in the world started in 2006. Wages given under the scheme
per day have almost doubled from Rs.65 to Rs. 128 since the launch of the scheme. In 2012-
13, the scheme provided employment to over 4.98 crore households, generating more than
213 crore person-days of employment.

5. Healthcare-

 Consistent investment in public healthcare showed reduction in infant and maternal mortality
rates, while life expectancy had improved..

6.Social security for special sections – 

There has been ten-fold increase in the expenditure on minorities since 2004-04.

7. Economic growth –

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 Per capita income in India has grown three fold since UPA came to power. The average GDP
growth during the period of UPA government has been 7.7 percent despite two global
slowdowns.

8.Infrastructure –

More than 2 lakh km of new roads have been added to the rural road network. Allocation for
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana has increased by 88 percent in the 12th Five Year Plan.

9. Poverty reduction –

 Average decline in poverty was two percent per annum.

10.Direct benefit transfer and Aadhaar card- 

The UID has issued more than 51 crore Aadhaar cards giving people access to direct benefit
transfer in 184 districts.

11. Development of Northeast -

 Internal security has improved and the growth rate in north-eastern region is now higher than
national average. Northeast growth rate is 9.9 percent compared to national average 7.4
percent.

12.*Governance and transparency – 

Right to information, second administrative reforms commission, and e-governance ensured

transparency. Among the anti-corruption measures, the government was able to bring the
Lokpal Act, as also the Whistle Blowers Protection Bill, Grievance Redressal Bill, and
Amendment to Prevention of Corruption Act.

13.*Security of women and children –

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 The law has been amended to provide stringent punishment for sexual offences against
women and children. The government has also passed the Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences Act, 2012. The Women Reservation bill had been passed by the Rajya Sabha.

5.1.4 FAILURES OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS:

1. Failure to curb terror:

The blast in Bangalore or the one before that in Hyderabad show that the UPA Government has
failed to do anything substantial to deal with terror. After the horrendous attack of 26/11 one would
assume that the Government would take a tough stand and act on it. But the results remain to be
seen and till then their approach hasn’t been commendable.

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2. Soft with Pakistan:
The External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid hosted a luncheon for Pakistan PM Raja Pervez
Ashraf in Jaipur when the issue of the beheading of two Indian soldiers along the Line of Control in
Jammu and Kashmir was still rife. This was probably one of those instances when the UPA led
Government showed that it lacked the resolve or the attitude to treat Pakistan in the manner it
should be treated. Are the lives of Indian soldiers dispensable for them?
3. Hurting harmless protestors:
The heart wrenching Delhi rape case was so agonizing that it lead to massive protests by the young
and the old; both men and women alike near India Gate and Raisina Hill. But the government got
nervous and ordered the police to lathicharge the visibly angry public; used tear gas and water
cannons. Since the Delhi Police is under the aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of
India, this was an act which was shameful and reprehensible.
4. FDI in multi-brand retail:
FDI was introduced by the Government in 2011 and was looked upon as one of the Government’s
biggest economic policy decisions. But the government back tracked after 10 days bowing again to
coalition pressure. Of course they went ahead and introduced it again in 2012. But this dillydallying
only proved the foremost concern of the government was- remaining in power. It wasn’t concerned
if a policy which it thought would be good for the country was tossed in the back burner for it to
sustain the government.
5. Inflation:
With prices of every essential commodity sky-rocketing; the burden on the common man who still
believes in earning an honest living is massive. The average rate of inflation in India does not paint
a pretty picture and if anything it makes it worse. But like every other important issue plaguing us,
the Government seems too busy to try and sort out this problem. Instead they are always in a
huddle playing the game of numbers or engrossed in petty regional politics.

6. Dual Power Centers:

The UPA Government’s dual power center functioning model is one of its biggest mistakes. The
malignant policy making crisis that the government suffers from is a result of that. The Prime

15
Minister of India who is supposed to be the power center appears to run the Government for the
Congress President.  This paralysis is self-inflicted and that makes UPA into failing machinery.

7. Stance on Sri Lanka

Foreign policies are determined keeping in mind a wider picture without attacking the
sovereignty of the country in question. While the sentiments of the people of Tamil
Nadu on the issue of Sri Lankan Tamils is understood but for domestic political gains
and saving the coalition the UPA led government cannot make its policy interfering.
Do you like when Pakistan meddles in your country’s internal affairs? Then why the
ambivalence in the Government from taking a neutral stand; without appearing to
meddle in Sri Lankan affairs bowing to alliance pressure .

8. Arresting Anna Hazare:

The Jan Lok Pal Bill movement caught the UPA Government in the wrong foot. The country was
boiling with anger and Anna gave that frustration a voice. But the UPA led government failed to
acknowledge the intention behind the movement and did everything in its power to curb the
movement; finally leading to the arrest of Anna Hazare. The government feeling threatened by a
harmless 75 year old, is perhaps one of the biggest blunders in its tenure.
9. Silence on Black Money:

It is believed that black money amounting to over $1500 billion is parked in tax havens outside
India. If this money is brought back to the country, we could see a huge impetus to our growth as a
nation. But the UPA Government seems disinterested to act on it. But why would a government
shirk from doing what is right? This shady no-can-do attitude of the UPA government on this very
important topic seems shady to say the least.

10. Apathetic towards Scams:

The avalanche of scams under the UPA led Government is an open secret. The Government should
have shown that they are willing to act against the accused. But the approach, if anything, has only
been lethargic. Even if they have acted against those involved, it has been too little too late. The
Government failed to take prompt action against A. Raja or Ashok Chavan or Kalmadi for instance
in the 2G, Adarsh Housing Society and Commonwealth Games Scams.

16
5.1.5 What needs to be done?

Indian national congress was completely decimated in 2014 General elections. In the subsequent
years Congress suffered more embarrassments by conceding power to BJP in Maharashtra,
Haryana, Manipur, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh and it failed to make any major gains in other
states. 2019 General elections are less than a year away. The Congress has a lot do if it wants to
become relevant in Indian politics. Some tactics, if used effectively, can bring back Congress in the
reckoning position.

1. ORGANISATION
One area where the Congress has been completely outclassed is the organisational strength.
Congress, which had a strong pan India organization, has suffered an exodus of its workers to other
political parties especially in states where it hasn’t tasted power for many years like, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Odisha, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh etc. In case of Andhra Pradesh, INC has been pushed to
the periphery because of YSRCP’s Jaganmohan Reddy (broke away from INC). For a turnaround
of fortunes in 2019, Congress needs to reinvigorate its cadres in states, engage more people in its
organization. This has suddenly become important because earlier Congress was a mass based
party. Masses connected with the leader (Indira/Rajiv Gandhi) but since INC has lost its mass
connection, it has to go back to the cadres for an upswing in its political fortunes.

2. PERCEPTION

One thing which the BJP has successfully managed to do is marginalize Congress in a 1 on 1
contest. How has it managed to do that? PERCEPTION. BJP has successfully managed to create
certain perception and pre conceived notions regarding the INC in the minds of the voters. It has
been able to do that with the help of the electronic/print media over whom BJP enjoys immense
control. Many TV channels News have been pandering to BJP’s agenda. Through them BJP has
managed to convince an enormous amount of voters that Congress is anti Dalit, anti Hindu, anti
development and Muslim appeasers. Whether it’s true or not, it’s your guess, but since people have
started believing them, Congress is not getting votes. What INC needs to do is break this
perception. For that Congress needs to convince people that they’re not corrupt or that they’re not
Muslim sympathizers and are fair to all. This is of utmost importance because if these notions are
not taken care of by the Congress then it will be in some real trouble. So INC needs to go to the
people, make them realize that INC is not what others portray them as. If INC is able to do this, it
will be rewarded with electoral success.

3. COMMUNICATION

INC has failed to communicate it’s vision and achievements of the last 10 years to the people.
instead of highlighting its achievements, INC needs to communicate and strike the masses the most
important and functional element of democracy. It needs to address major issues of popular

17
concern like unemployment, slumping economy, social disharmony, they also need to tell the
people what they will do to address the same issues. This way Congress will show its vision to the
people of India.

5.2 BHARTI JANTA PARTY

5.2.1 INTRODUCTION:
The BJP is the country's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament
and state assemblies, and it is the world's largest party in terms of primary membership .its origins
lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee. After the State of
Emergency in 1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party; it
defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election. After three years in power, the
Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form
the BJP. Although initially unsuccessful, winning only two seats in the 1984 general election, it
grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. Following victories in several
state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest party in the
parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its
government lasted only 13 days.
After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic
Alliance (NDA) formed a government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee for a year.
Following fresh elections, the NDA government, again headed by Vajpayee, lasted for a full term
in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the 2004 general election, the
NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years the BJP was the principal opposition
party. Long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi led it to a landslide victory in the 2014
general election. Since that election, Narendra modi has led the NDA government as Prime
Minister and as of February 2018, the alliance governs 20 states.
As of 2018, it is the country's largest political party in terms of representation in the national
parliament and state assemblies, and it is the world's largest party in terms of primary membership.
The BJP is a right-wing party, and its policy has historically reflected Hindu-nationalist positions.It
has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

5.2.2KEY POINTS OF BJP’S MANIFESTO:

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1) Price rise: BJP proposes to lower inflation by taking steps such as; special Courts to stop
hoarding and black marketing, setting up a Price Stabilizations Fund, evolving a single 'National
Agriculture Market, leveraging on technology to disseminate real time data, area specific crops and
vegetables linked to food habits of the people.

2) Employment and Entrepreneurship: BJP has said that it would accord high priority to job
creation and opportunities for entrepreneurship. For the same, it has talked about steps such as
labor-intensive manufacturing, focus on traditional employment bases of agriculture, up gradation
of infrastructure and housing, steps for self-employment opportunities.

3) Corruption: BJP has said that to eliminate the scope of corruption, it will emphasize on
technology enabled e-Governance. Apart from that public awareness, policy-driven governance and
simplification of the tax regime have also been cited as solutions to the problem of corruption.  

4) Centre-State Relations: One salient point of the BJP manifesto is making centre-state relations
smoother. For this, BJP wants to evolve a model of national development, which is driven by the
states. "Team India shall not be limited to the Prime Minister led team sitting in Delhi, but will also
include Chief Ministers and other functionaries as equal partners," the manifesto said.

5) Decentralization and People's Participation: The manifesto proposes a People-Public-Private

Partnership (PPPP) model to involve the people in Governance as functionaries and facilitators.

6) Open Government and Accountable Administration: Administrative reforms will be a

priority for the BJP, the manifesto claims. The measures will include; digitization of government
records, opening up government to draw expertise from the industry, academia and society into the
services. BJP said that the hallmarks of its governance model would be; People-centric, Policy
driven; Time bound delivery, Minimum Government, Maximum Governance.  

7) E-Governance: There is a special mention of e-governance and IT as an enabler of

empowerment. "BJP will focus on increasing the penetration and usage of broadband across the
country, leverage technology for e-Governance, generate IT based jobs in rural and semi-urban
areas, use mobile and e-Banking to ensure financial inclusion," the manifesto said. 

8) Rural and Urban development: "Agriculture, rural development and poverty alleviation go

hand in hand. Major thrust area for rural development would be to improve village level
infrastructure in terms of roads, potable water, education, health, supply chain, electricity,
broadband, job creation, security in rural areas and linkage to markets," the party's manifesto said.

19
Apart from that, BJP has advocated for urban development. "Cleanliness and Sanitation will be
given priority - efficient Waste and Water management systems will be set up. Model towns will be
identified for rolling out integrated waste management infrastructure," the manifesto added.  

9) Higher and Professional Education: "The basic objective of higher and professional education
is not only rapid advancement of the affluent sector of the society but also to improve the lot of the
last man in the line," the document said.  

10) Health Services: BJP has said that India needs a 'comprehensive healthcare policy'. "The
current situation calls for radical reforms in the healthcare system with regards to national
healthcare programs and delivery, medical education and training and financing of healthcare," it
said. Several steps such as modernization of government hospitals, setting up an AIIMS like
institute in every state and use of Yoga and Ayurveda medicines have been propagated 

11) Economic Revival: Fiscal discipline, re-visiting the policy framework, Banking reforms,
encouraging savings and re-energizing the engines of growth are some of the solutions cited to
ensure economic growth.  

12) Taxation & FDI: BJP has said that it will rationalize and simplify the tax regime. It also said
that it will bring on board all State governments in adopting GST, addressing all their concerns.

13) Agriculture, Industry, MSMEs and services sector: For each of these sectors in the
economy, the manifesto has promised measures for better productivity and job creation. The party
said it will aim to make investment and industrial regions as global hubs of manufacturing.

14) Physical Infrastructure development: Expediting work on freight and industrial corridors;

connecting Northeast and Jammu and Kashmir with rest of the country through highways and rail
lines.

15) Other salient points: Science and Technology, focus on flora and fauna, health services,
education sector, women safety, social security, equal opportunities for minorities are among the
other salient points that the manifesto has focused on. 

5.2.3 SIX BIG CHANGES THAT DEFINED FOUR YEARS OF BHARTI JANTA
PARTY (ACHIEVEMENTS):

1. Demonetisation
on November 8, 2016, the government announced that Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 currency notes in

20
circulation would be withdrawn and new Rs 500 and Rs 2,000 notes were issued. The move was
reportedly aimed at targeting black money 

2. Unified Tax
India has been looking at a unified goods and services tax (GST) regime for almost two decades.
The Modi government took it upon itself to push through the indirect taxes reform. The GST has
more tax slabs that envisioned and has been revised multiple times. 
3. Ease of Doing Business
one of the key parameters that the government wanted to improve was ease of doing business.
Government had made it clear that India’s ranking on the World Bank chart should improve. After
slipping briefly, India managed to go up 30 places in the 2018 rankings 

4. Thinking Out of the Box

This government has tried to radically change how governance works in India. A look at some of
those moves: 
Demonetization and GST are among the most radical moves. 
The Budget date was changed to February 1. The advancement from the last day of the month was
to ensure departments get more time to spend the money allocated to them. 
The Railway Budget, an annual event of great political opportunism, was done away with. The
port. 
5. Expanding Political Base
Politically, BJP has expanded its footprint across India during the past four years. It had a
government in seven states in May 2014 — the government was sworn in on May 26. Today, it
either heads the government or is part of the ruling coalition in 22 states. Major electoral gains
include Maharashtra, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Assam and Tripura.

6. Foreign investment

Foreign investment has grown up considerably with bhartiya janta party coming to power the
reason is the easing of norms by government in crucial sectors like crude, retail, aviation and
construction.

5.2.4 FAILURES OF BHARTIYA JANTA PARTY:

1. Corruption: Corruption is central government has increased by 67% as per CVC
report, although there is no corruption found at upper level of government. Government
hasn't taken appropriate actionsagainst black money holder. Government is delaying
appointment of Lokpal, and created lobby for corporate funding to political parties by
redefining rules. Although Demonetization was good ideas, but due to poor
implementation, it failed to achieve it's objectives. 

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 2. Crime:  government has completely ignored it, although government did some reform
in laws but crime rate is still not in control. And government is also not appointing
required judges to solve pending cases. 
3. Employment: Employment growth is lowest, and can go in negative because of mass
lay-offs in IT sector due to automation. Although, government initiated ‘Skill India' and
‘Mudra Yojna' to promote self employment, but still no visible effect. 
4. Foreign policy: Our long time friend Russia is no more our that type of friend, Nepal
has slipped from our hands to China and relation with Myanmar aren't so good now as it
used to be. Although America got closer to us.
5. Kashmir issue: Modi government has completely failed here with poor policies and
should be given zero rating, but Army is doing good Job. 
6. Health care: No significant work in health sectorapart from constructing several new
AIIMS. 
7. Education: No significant improvement in this sector too. 
8. Industrial growth: Despite many initiatives of Modi government like 'FDI in different
sectors', ‘Make in India' and ‘Made in India', the industrial growth is still very low and
export growth is in negative.

5.2.5 CONCLUSION: WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?

1. Direct Tax Code: After GST, the Direct Tax Code is the other big tax reform that the Modi
government is reportedly looking at implementing. News reports say a draft bill could be
introduced in the upcoming monsoon session of parliament. The code could introduce new income
tax slabs and cap the corporate tax at 25%.
With these changes, Modi aims to bring some cheer to middle-class Indians by reducing their actual
tax outgo and make corporate houses more competitive by reducing their tax liability. If he does
manage to pass the direct tax code, the BJP could reap rich dividends in the 2019 elections.
2. GDP growth: India’s economic growth slumped in the quarters following demonetization.
However, the momentum seems to be back in the recent past, with the December quarter clocking
7.2% growth and India reclaiming the tag of the world’s fastest-growing economy from China. The
Modi government would do well to try and keep this momentum going.
But there are some risks ahead. Global crude oil prices have topped $80 a barrel and are unlikely to
go down by much in the near term. This could hurt the balance of payments, and lead to a spike in
inflation and interest rates. In fact, consumer prices in April rose 4.58% reversing a three-month
slide. The government will have to keep its fiscal math in check amid a tough global economic
scenario before the next general elections.
Infrastructure (Roads/ Railways// Power): In September 2017, Modi and his Japanese counterpart
Shinzo Abe laid the foundation stone for the Ahmedabad-Mumbai bullet train project, which is to
be completed by 2022. Although the Modi government has been criticized for prioritizing the Rs
1.1 trillion projects over other necessary development projects, it does underscore the fact that
India’s infrastructure needs an urgent facelift.

22
In fact, the 2018 Economic Survey says India faces a $526 billion infrastructure investment gap by
2040. In October last year, the government had said it planned to build 83,000 km of roads at a cost
of Rs 7 trillion. Railways, power and ports are the other major infrastructure sectors where the
government will invest in a bid to kick-start the country’s sputtering economy. Now, if only it
could follow through with these lofty promises.
3. Jobs: If the Modi government plays its cards well, this could well be its biggest trump card yet,
even as four-fifths of its time in office is already gone. In 2014, during its election campaign, the
government had promised to create 10 million jobs a year. Instead, it ended up creating less than a
million in the four years it has been in power.
In the 2018 budget, the government was widely expected to announce a National Employment
Policy, which would lay a comprehensive roadmap for job creation, but that did not happen. The
government could usher in such a policy now to focus on employment-intensive sectors, especially
in the small and medium enterprises space.

5.3 Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

5.3.1 INTRODUCTION:
The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) is the third largest national political party in India. It was formed
mainly to represent Bahujans (literally meaning "People in majority"), referring to people from
the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes (OBC), as well as religious
minorities that together consist of 85 percent of India's population but still divided into 6000
different castes.
The party claims to be inspired by the philosophy of Gautama Buddha, B.R. Ambedkar, Mahatma
Jyotiba Phule, Narayana Guru, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj. It was
founded by Kanshi Ram in 1984, who named his protégée Mayawati as his successor in 2001.
The BSP was the third most voted-for party in the 2014 general election 

5.3.2KEY POINTS OF MANIFESTO OF BAHUJAN SAMAJ PARTY:

1- Children from the economically weaker sections in primary schools will be given 1 liter ghee
and milk powder every month
2- Free medical services to those earning less than Rs 1.5 lakh a year
3- Establishment of Kishan Kosh or farmers' fund
4- Free smart phones under Samajwadi smart phone scheme
5- Rs 1,000 per month to 1 crore people under expansion of Samajwadi pension scheme
6- Free cycle to girls studying in class 9 to 12
7- Nutritious diet to pregnant women at their place
8- Construction of Purvanchal expressway and Bundelkhand-Terai Expressway
9- River front development in prominent cities
10- Rs 10 lakh to lawyers, less than 60 years age, on untimely deaths

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11- Samajwadi sports school for sports promotion
12- Old age homes for the elderly and 50% subsidy in bus fares for women
13- Electrification of every village in the state
14- Free wheat and rice to the poor, pressure cookers for poor women. Free laptops for students
15- A kisan kosh (treasury) to be initiated for the farmers

5.3.3 TENURE OF BAHUJAN SAMAJWADI PARTY:

The party's power grew quickly with seats in the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and the
Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. In 1993, following the assembly elections,
Mayawati formed a coalition with Samajwadi Party President Mulayam Singh Yadav as Chief
Minister. On 2 June 1995, she withdrew support from his government, which led to a major
incident where Yadav was accused of sending his goons to keep her party legislators hostage at a
Lucknow guest house and shout cattiest abuses at her. Since this event, they have regarded each
other publicly as chief rivals.

Mayawati then obtained support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to become Chief Minister
on 3 June 1995. In October 1995, the BJP withdrew their support and fresh elections were called
after a period of President's Rule. In 2003, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove
that she was not "hungry for power"[34] and asked the BJP-run Government of India to remove
Union Tourism and Culture Minister, Jagmohan. In 2007, she began leading a BSP-formed
government with an absolute majority for a full five-year term. The results of the May 2007 Uttar
Pradesh state assembly election saw the BSP emerge as a sole majority party, the first to do so
since 1991. Mayawati began her fourth term as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and took her oath
of office along with 50 ministers of cabinet and state rank on 13 May 2007, at Rajbhawan in the
state capital of Lucknow. Most importantly, the majority achieved in large part was due to the
party's ability to take away majority of upper castes votes from their traditional party, the BJP.
The party could manage only 80 seats in 2012 as against 206 in 2007 assembly elections. BSP
government was the first in the history of Uttar Pradesh to complete its full five-year term. On 26
May 2018, the party in a major revamp, Ram Achal Rajbhar was replaced by RS Kushwaha as
President of UP Unit.
The 2014 national Lok Sabha elections saw the BSP become the third-largest national party of
India in terms of vote percentage, having 4.2% of the vote across the country but gaining no seats.

5.3.4 ACHIEVEMENTS OF BAHUJAN SAMAJ PARTY:

1.    Uttar Pradesh Mukhyamantri Mahamaya Gharib Arthik Madad Yojna benefits about 31 lakh
families in Uttar Pradesh which have not been able to avail of the benefits of the BPL list or
antyodaya, by providing an assistance of Rs.400per month.

24
2.    Savitribai Phule Shiksha Madad Yojna benefitted a total of 6,86,953 girl students, so far,
with Rs.15,000 and a bicycle given to class 10 students and an additional assistance
of Rs.10,000 on promotion to class 12th.
3.    Mahamaya Gharib Balika Ashirwad Yojna provides for Rs.1lakh to be given to the girl child
immediately on birth, which has benefitted about 3,25,000 girl children.
4.    Dr. Ambedkar Gram Sabha Samagra Vikas Yojna benefitted about 5,598 gram sabhas.
5.  Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Sheri Gharib Awas Yojna provides for free housing facilities,
benefiting about 1lakh families.
6.    Sarvjan Hitay Gharib Awas (Slum Area) Maliqana Haq Yojna benefited about 7,232 families.
7.    BPL card-holders of Sarv-samaj and beneficiaries of Mahamaya Gharib Arthik Madad Yojna
being provided free of charge legal aid by government lawyers to plead their cases in courts.
8.    Under Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Sheri SC/ST Busti Samagra Vikas Yojna, 250 bustees
selected for development.
9.    Lease-hold of 55,000 hectares of agricultural land for about 2.5 lakh poor and unemployed
landless people.
10.  About “3.5 lakh families” allotted residential plots measuring 3,500 hectares.

5.3.5 FAILURE OF BAHUJAN SAMAJWADI PARTY:

 Lack of policies for agriculture

While it's not bad that Akhilesh focused on Industrial growth but in doing so he neglected the woes
of majority of the state’s population – which relies on agriculture for economic sustenance. He
failed to come up with policies for the farmers.

 Law and order

 While UP's law and order situation has never been great it has deteriorated under Akhilesh.
An increasing number of crimes against women, highlighted only by incidents such as the
brutal murder and stories of lawlessness and murders from the badlands of UP show how
bad the situation has been under him.

 BSP was dependent only on one leader Mayavati for mobilizing voters. This was the
greatest weakness of the party.

 Mayavati was not a natural alternative in the assembly election. BJP took that position.
People considered BJP to be the natural alternative to SP.

25
  Large number of scams proved to be the last nail of the coffin.

5.4 Communist Party of India:

5.4.1 INTRODUCTION :

The Communist Party of India (CPI) (Bhāratīya communist Party) is a communist party in India.
There are different views on exactly when it was founded. The date maintained as the foundation
day by the CPI is 26 December 1925 . The Communist Party of India (Marxist), which separated
from the CPI in 1964 following ideological rift between China and Soviet Union, continues to
claim having been founded in 1925. The Communist Party of India has officially stated that it was
formed on 26 December 1920 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, then Cawnpore. But as per
the version of CPI(M), the Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent, Turkestan
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the
Communist International. The founding members of the party were M.N. Roy, Evelyn Trent Roy
(Roy's wife), Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingof (Abani's wife), Mohammad Ali (Ahmed Hasan),
Mohammad Shafiq Siddiqui, Rafiq Ahmed of Bhopal and M.P.B.T. Aacharya, and Sultan Ahmed
Khan Tarin of North-West Frontier Province. The CPI says that there were many communist
groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world and the
Tashkent group was only one of. contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal. Small
communist groups were formed in Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed), Bombay (led by S.A. Dange),
Madras (led by Singaravelu Chettiar), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani) and Punjab and
Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain). However, only Usmani became a CPI party member.

5.4.2 TENURE:

As of January 2018, nine leaders of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) have held the post of
chief minister. A chief minister is the head of government of each of the twenty-nine states and two
union territories (Delhi and Puducherry). According to the Constitution of India, at the state-level,
the governor is de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister.
Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or
coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief
minister, whose council of ministers is collectively responsible to the assembly. Given he has the
assembly's confidence, the chief minister's term is usually for a maximum of five years; there are
no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve.

5.4.3 FAILURE OF COMMUNIST PARTY:

26
1. Communism without conflicts is a wonder. You can expect conflict in whatever they do in India.
I could find the biggest conflict with the agitations of communist comrades. Communist comrades
will protest for the price hike of household products such as rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits etc
against government. They will also protest in favor of farmers (against government) to get good
price for their products.

2. Since India is mixed economy, we can find domination of privatization in all the sectors.
Education is one such domain. Communist comrades will protest in favor of Teachers for salary
increment against the school management. They will also protest against school management for
high fees structure.

3. In Tamil Nadu, government of India built Nuclear power plant at Kootangulam with partnership
of Russia. Every political party and the general public protested against the nuclear power plant, as
they may have adverse effect during the period of emergency. Almost every party shared their
opinion on this issue and few demonstrated strikes in the Kootangulam area. But Communist party
of the state was not found in that place. Since it was built with the help of communist Russia, they
didn’t involve in any agitation against government.

4. Tamil Nadu is facing serious conflict with its neighboring state Kerala on Mullai Periyar Dam.
People of Kerala elect Congress Party and Communist Party in an alternative manner to rule the
state. Whoever forms the government in Kerala, the conflict over Mullai Periyar issue remains the
same. Communist Party of Tamil Nadu will protest and support Mullai periyar issue, when
Congress government is formed in the Kerala and will keep quite if communist government is
formed in Kerala.

5. JNU at Delhi is one of the prestigious Institutions in India. Few months back(2016), few students
from the university involved in some anti national activities by conducting some events in favor
terrorist who demolished India. Few students yelled anti national slogans during the protest in the
university campus which was located in the Nation’s capital. Government took steps against those
anti national activities. The biggest tragedy in the event was, students influenced by communism
where involved in that incidents and Communist parties in the country supported such events,
students. When government took steps against those anti nationals, communist party protested
against the government stating that it is against freedom of speech and expression

6. India follows multiparty system. There are few national parties and regional parties. Two
communist parties are considered as National Party. 10 years back the number of elected
representatives in Lok Sabha(Lower house) was 80+. Now the elected representatives(2014) have
reduced to single digit. The main reason for such drastic change is, Communist parties didn’t have
any common agenda and they were not clear about the alliance agenda. Especially in Tamil Nadu,
communist party faced adverse effect during the past election(s). In TN, Communist party cannot
survive without alliance. They were very much interested in forming alliance with the party which

27
offers higher number of seats than considering the ideology of the alliance party and communism
ideology. That’s the biggest failure for the party and part had lost the trust from the people.

7. Atheism. In my perception Atheist are the kinds of people who don’t have belief on any religion
or God. I know enough Atheists who are against the blind and immoral practices of various
religions. Communist comrades project themselves as atheist in the Public. But their definition of
Atheism is quite different. These pseudo Atheist will have belief, will support, and will favor all the
religion and their god except anything related to Hinduism. In India,

8. Basically communist parties in India are against corporate culture. The biggest failure with such
agenda is, Communist party itself changed as corporate party. Comrades from the communist party
will fight against corporate in the street and will let his son/daughter to work in the corporate office.
In public communist comrades will not consume Pepsi, coco cola or any international cool drinks
since it from USA (Corporate). But they will let his son/daughter or they themselves will consume
inside the house. Communist comrades(Leader) will protest outside the industry in the support of
the labors, inside the room leader will accept the agenda of the management. This is the biggest
reason why they couldn’t form trade union in the corporate offices and lost its value among the
younger generation people. All these things clearly indicate communism is for public and not for
them.

12

Conclusion

The project effectively concludes that Political parties perform an important task in government.
They bring people together to achieve control of the government, develop policies favorable to
their interests or the groups that support them, and organize and persuade voters to elect their
candidates to office. Although very much involved in the operation of government at all levels,
political parties are not the government itself, and the Constitution makes no mention of them

.The basic purpose of political parties is to nominate candidates for public office and to get as many
of them elected as possible. Once elected, these officials try to achieve the goals of their party
through legislation and program initiatives.

Although many people do not think of it this way, registering as a Democrat or Republican makes
them members of a political party. Political parties want as many people involved as possible. Most

28
members take a fairly passive role, simply voting for their party's candidates at election time. Some
become more active and work as officials in the party or volunteer to persuade people to vote. The
most ambitious members may decide to run for office themselves.

A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party. This is clear from the function
performed by the political parties. In case, there are no political parties then:

 Every candidate in the election would be an independent candidate. Any individual candidate
does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people. In such a
scenario, no one will be responsible for how the country is run.

 In the long run, only a representative democracy can survive. Political parties are the
agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government.

Thus political parties are a must for smooth functioning and continuance of a healthy
democracy to flourish and get into its’ full vigor and zest which in turn would help the nation
to prosper which consequently will result into the welfare of citizens which is the ultimate
motto of any democracy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-party

https://www.toppr.com/guides/.

http://www.preservearticles.com/2012030424901/short-essay-on-political-parties.html

www.studyzone.org

https://politics.org/latest-news-articles/pachodo-english-articles/2078-roles-and-definition-of-
political-parties

http://adaniel.tripod.com/national.htm

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https://www.inc.in/images/Pages/English%20Manifesto%20for%20Web.pdf

http://www.bjp.org/documents/manifesto-2014

http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2014/full_manifesto_english_07.04.2014.pdf

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjps-election-manifesto-15-salient-
points-of-its-5-year-road-map-for-india/articleshow/33376625.cms

https://www.vccircle.com/four-years-of-modi-govt-what-worked-what-didnt-and-what-still-can

https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/cpim-improving-organisation-but-is-factionalism-the-real-
issue

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